layern.
/ˈleɪə/, U.S. /ˈleɪər/, /ˈlɛ(ə)r/ I. Someone or something that lays.
1. † b. One who lays stones; a mason. (Cf. bricklayer n.) Obsolete.† c. One who lays or fixes the amount of (an impost).
a. One who or that which lays (in various senses); one who lays siege, plots, etc. Also with noun in combination, as †besiege-layer, plate-layer, etc.
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society > armed hostility > warrior > attacker > [noun] > besieger or blockader
sieger1533
besiege-layer1538
besieger1574
pursuera1578
assieger1608
beleaguer1611
beleaguerer1628
town-taker1654
blockader1759
investors1870
the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > [noun] > one who or that which > one who
layer1538
setter1538
installer1611
mounter1747
the mind > will > intention > planning > [noun] > planner
compassera1513
contrivera1522
deviser1523
muser1556
platformer1572
plotter1589
architect1594
projector1596
machinator1611
designer1653
agitant1665
layer1674
concerter1693
schematist1710
planner1716
schemer1724
schemist1753
strategist1821
strategician1841
strategian1860
programmer1875
programmatist1895
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > betting > [noun] > better
bettor1584
gripe1591
better1614
staker1648
wagerer1660
sporting man1742
betting-man1819
fielder1844
investor1850
backer1853
punter1860
layer1871
accumulator1889
society > faith > worship > exorcism > [noun] > one who performs
exorcistc1384
exorcizer1502
layer1884
deliverance minister1955
the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > evil spirit or demon > [noun] > familiar or possessing spirit > exorcism of > exorcist
exorcistc1384
exorcizer1502
layer1884
deliverance minister1955
1538 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 156 It selbe lesum to quhatsumeuer nychtbour that reprehendis the layaris of the said fulze in the place forsayd [etc.].
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Besiege laier, obsessor.
1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 152 Layers of plots and traps.
a1684 R. Leighton Pract. Comm. 1st Epist. Peter (1693) I. 277 The Lord himself is the layer of this corner stone.
1737 Chamberlayne's Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (ed. 33) ii. iii. 93 Layers and Takers of Paper on and from the Rolling-Presses.
1871 R. A. Proctor Light Sci. 311 The layer of the odds.
1884 Mrs. Houstoun Caught in Snare II. vi. 71 A layer of the demon of jealousy.
1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 11 Nov. 6/3 At St. Ouen there was no betting, the layers refusing to do any business.
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society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > workers with specific materials > worker with stone > [noun] > who lays stone
layer1382
setter?1403
stone-layer1562
1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 1 Chron. xxii. 15 Many craftise men, masouns, and leyers [a1425 L.V. leggeris of stonys].
1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Ezra iii. 7 Thei ȝeve money to heweris of stonus, and to leieris [v.r. leggeris, a1425 L.V. liggeris].
1425 in W. Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum III. ii. 164 During all the sayd werke the seid Will. Horwode shall nether set mo nor fewer Free-Masons Rogh Setters ne Leye [r] s there~upon.
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 294/1 Leyare, or werkare wythe stone and mortere, cementarius.
1641 R. Sanderson Serm. II. 194 The workmen, and labourers (layers, fillers, servers, and the rest).
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society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > taxation > [noun] > fixing amount of tax > one who assesses
taxer1377
taxator1424
gauger1483
sessor1496
cessor1565
modifier1570
stentor1574
layer1602
mise-layer1604
assessor1611
stentmaster1624
list-maker1666
lay-layer1669
lister1682
1602 Acct.-bk. W. Wray in Antiquary (1896) 32 80 Imp'm. one laye..of 1d. ob. a noble..Wm. Wray Robt. Hodgesonn and R. Atkingson beinge layers of the sayme.
d. Of a hen (with adjective good, etc.).
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the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Phasianidae (pheasants, etc.) > hen or cock > [noun] > hen > that lays
layer1707
1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 191 The oldest [Hens] being always reckoned the best Sitters, and the youngest the best Layers.
1880 Standard 27 Dec. The hens are of a bad breed and are infrequent layers.
e. with adverbs (see lay v.1 Phrasal verbs): layer-on n. (a) Printing the operator who ‘feeds’ a printing-machine; (b) Engineering ‘an automatic mechanism which in a coining-press, embossing-press, or other analogous machine feeds blanks to the dies of the press’ ( Cent. Dict.).
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the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the skin or complexion > [noun] > one who applies preparations for the complexion
layer-on1797
maker-upper1936
society > communication > printing > printer > [noun] > layer of sheets in press
layer-on1849
pointer1882
stroker-in1888
the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > preparation or treatment of corpse > [noun] > laying out > one who
layer1849
streeker1876
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum A layer out of mony, dispensator.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) v. ii. 227 Old Age, that ill layer vp of Beautie. View more context for this quotation
1635 J. Gore Way to Well-doing 25 A good layer up makes a good layer out, and a good sparer makes a good spender.
1635 Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. IV. 90/1 Overseers and layers out of lots of ground for this presinct of Salem.
1666 S. Pepys Diary 3 July (1972) VII. 192 The worst judge of matters, or layer-together of what he hath read, in the world.
1678 in 2nd Bk. Rec. Southampton (N.Y.) (1877) 72 John Jessup being one of the layers out of land for the town.
1708 in New Jersey Archives (1881) III. 280 The layers out of the High way.
1709 Ld. Shaftesbury Moralists ii. v. 143 Spirit-hunters, Witch-finders, and Layers out for Hellish Storys and Diabolical Transactions.
1797 A. M. Bennett Beggar Girl VII. x. 384 An exceeding good dresser of hair and layer-on of rouge.
1849 A. R. Smith Pottleton Legacy vi One of these [old women] was the layer-out of the village, to whom the management of the last dreary toilet for the grave was, by long usage, always conceded.
1849 Chambers's Information for People (new ed.) II. 720/2 This machine requires a layer-on and taker-off of sheets at each end.
1887 Standard 7 Oct. 3/2 A printer's ‘layer-on’.
1895 T. Hardy Jude iv. ii. 261 In the afternoon, when everything was done, and the layers-out had finished their beer, and gone, he sat down alone in the silent place.
1896 W. Morris in J. W. Mackail Life W. Morris (1899) I. 230 The layer-out of a garden.
1928 Observer 10 June 7/4 Poetry, it is generally known, is dead... Our critics are a generation of layers-out.
1953 R. Campbell tr. E. de Queiroz Cousin Bazilio xiii. 264 The professional layer-out was a woman with a pocked face.
1958 L. Durrell Mountolive xvi. 318 The dead man's clothes are the perquisites of the layer-out.
1974 W. Foley Child in Forest i. 51 His widowed mother..acted midwife and washer-woman, or layer-out of the dead.
f. = gun-layer n. at gun n. Compounds 2.
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society > armed hostility > warrior > armed man > [noun] > one armed with or using firearm > artilleryman > gun-layer
layer1896
gun-layer1901
gun-pointer1904
pointer1904
1896 Daily News 6 Aug. 7/2 Two gun detachments, including layers.
1898 G. S. Robertson Chitral xviii. 167 All the gunners, even the ‘layers’, wore bandages over their eyes.
1911 H. A. Bethell Mod. Artillery in Field x. 147 If any officer or layer fails to locate the target correctly, the result is likely to be considerable waste of time and ammunition.
1971 D. A. Lamb View from Bridge ii. 16 On the twelfth of February three of the new artillerymen became first class layers.
II. Something which is laid.
2. figurative.a1658 J. Cleveland Clievelandi Vindiciæ (1677) 24 So mixt they are one knows not whether's thicker A Layre of Burgess, or a Layre of Vicar.1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda II. iii. xxiii. 110 Gwendolen's better self..made a desperate effort to find its way above the stifling layers of egoistic disappointment and irritation.
a. A thickness of matter spread over a surface; esp. one of a series of such thicknesses; a stratum, course, or bed. In early use chiefly in Cookery.
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the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > a layer > [noun]
leyne?c1390
flake1577
lain1577
lay1588
stratum1599
bed1600
layer1615
strata1676
floor1692
laying1703
the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > by layering > layer
layer1615
1615 G. Markham Eng. House-wife (1660) 83 Take Codlins..and lay a lear thereof in the bottom of the pye.
1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) iii. xlviii. 409 If you lay them [sc. Damaske-plums] betweene mulberrie-leaues, or vine-leaues, one leare aboue another in a close box made for the purpose.
a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 132 Just 10 boards in every chesse or layer.
1644 G. Plattes in S. Hartlib Legacy (1655) 200 I would have all the richest Farmers..to thrash up the most part of their other Corn, and to take down the foresaid Rick, and to make it up again with a leere of thrashed Corn, with chaffe and all together.
a1665 K. Digby Closet Opened (1669) 204 Put no more Collops into one pan, at once, then meerly to cover it with one Lare.
1684 T. Burnet Theory of Earth i. 167 The inner veins and lares of the earth are also broken as well as the surface.
?17.. Receipts in Cookery 11 (Jam.) Lay in a lare of the beef, and throw on it plenty of suet with more spice, salt and fruits, do so lare after lare, till it be full.
1703 R. Neve City & Countrey Purchaser 161 Some Gutters..have a Lair of Sand for the Lead to lie upon.
1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery iv. 60 Then lay in your Dish a Layer of Mince-meat, and a Layer of Yolk of Eggs,..a Layer of Anchovies [etc.].
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth I. 37 These layers of shells..must have been brought there by successive depositions.
1802 J. Playfair Illustr. Huttonian Theory 44 Rocks having their layers exactly parallel are very common.
1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. 30 In the Fir..Each of these circular layers is externally most hard and solid.
1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Layer,..2. a slice from the breast of a fowl.
1845 G. Budd On Dis. Liver 6 A layer of areolar.. tissue.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xviii. 132 A deep layer of fresh snow overspread the mountain.
1880 A. Geikie Elem. Lessons Physical Geogr. (new ed.) iv. xxi. 187 Stripping off the layer of vegetation we see below it the layer of soil on which the plants grow.
b. A formation of aircraft flying at the same height.
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society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > [noun] > an aircraft > a group of aircraft > disposition in flight > specific
layer1940
vic1940
box1941
1940 N. Monks Squadrons Up! iv. 113 One Hurricane, trying to get above the enemy aircraft, observed five layers of ten M.E. 110's each, between 10,000 and 15,000 feet.
1940 N. Monks Squadrons Up! iv. 113 Another Hurricane spent about a quarter of an hour alternately dodging and flying in and out among the enemy layers.
1952 Oxf. Junior Encycl. X. 52 The German fighters usually flew in formation well above the bomber formations... The R.A.F. replied by sending up layer formations, the upper layer to engage the fighters while a lower layer dealt with the bombers.
1959 R. Collier City that wouldn't Die v. 64 Since to-night was a ‘fighter night’..the guns could engage targets only at 12,000 feet and below—2000 feet below the bottom layer of fighters.
1959 R. Collier City that wouldn't Die x. 167 As the youngest he had inevitably drawn the highest ‘layer’ on the Southend–Romford patrol line.
3. Horticulture and Agriculture.
a. A shoot or twig of a plant fastened down and partly covered with earth, in order that it may strike root while still attached to the parent stock, and so propagate the plant.
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1664 J. Evelyn Sylva (1679) 13 Many Trees are also propagated by Cuttings, and Layers.
1666 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 2) 56 Cytisus lunatus will be multiplied by slips in a moist place..but neither by Seeds or Layers.
1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 141 The Dutch Lime..is easily produced by Layers.
1772 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1862) 2nd Ser. I. 475 On examining the layers of my large blooming magnolia I found one remarkably vigorous.
1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. viii. 314 The grasses that propagate themselves by layers.
1832 J. Baxter Libr. Agric. & Hort. Knowl. (ed. 2) 266 Many layers are lost, or prevented from striking kindly, by being covered too deep.
b. plural. Patches of laid or trodden corn.
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1634 W. Tirwhyt tr. J. L. G. de Balzac Lett. 79 When I see the Grasse trodden downe, and..the Corne full of Layers: I am well assured it is neither Wind nor Haile, hath made this work.
c. A field of grass or clover; see also quot. 1793. [Perhaps a special development of lair n.1 5, influenced by association with lay v.1]
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1793 Ann. Agric. 21 611 (note) Layer is the term used in Suffolk for artificial grasses, that rest longer than one year.
1895 W. Rye Gloss. Words E. Anglia Layer, arable land in grass and clover.
1898 H. R. Haggard in Longman's Mag. Oct. 498 Last year it and No. 39 were clover layers, but the crop they yielded was poor.
d. (See quots.)
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1787 W. Marshall Provincialisms in Rural Econ. Norfolk II. 383 Layer, plants of hedgewood; quick.
1794 Trans. Soc. Arts 12 106 Planted with three rows of fine white-thorn layer, inter~mixed with Oak and Ash.
1895 W. Rye Gloss. Words E. Anglia Law or Layer, young plants, such as whitethorn, crab, and brier.
4. Other specific and technical senses.† b. An oyster bed (see quots.).
a. ? Some measure of flax. ? Cf. lea n.4
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1732 Acc. Workhouses 42 Every pound of six-penny flax, spun to 24 layers.
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the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > class Pelecypoda or Conchifera > [noun] > section Asiphonida > family Ostreidae > member of (oyster) > oyster bed
scalp?15..
oyster bed1591
oyster bank1612
layer1667
oyster-lay1703
oyster-laying1761
oyster bar1823
laying1837
oyster park1862
oysterage1866
oyster field1868
lay1902
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > fish-keeping, farming, or breeding > [noun] > breeding oysters > oyster-bed
oyster-leyne1581
oyster bed1591
stew1610
greening-pit1667
layer1735
laying1837
park1867
plantation1881
hive1882
claire1901
1667 T. Sprat Hist. Royal-Soc. ii. 308 This Brood and other Oysters they carry to Creeks of the Sea..and there throw them into the Channel, which they call their Beds or Layers, where they grow and fatten.
1735 W. Pardon Dyche's New Gen. Eng. Dict. Layer,..a Place in the retired Part of a River, Sea, &c. commonly called a Creek, where young Oysters are laid to grow.
1758 R. Griffiths Descr. Thames 238 They [Oysters] are laid in Beds or Rills or Salt-water, in order to fat them, and these they term Layers.
c. Silk Manufacture. (See quot.)
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1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 396 A small light rod of wood, called a layer, which has a wire eye fixed into it, is placed at a little distance from, and opposite, to each bobbin, so as to conduct the thread thereupon; and as the layer moves constantly backwards and forwards, the thread is regularly spread upon the length of the bobbin.
d. A pavior's flag or flagstone.
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1829 S. Glover Hist. County of Derby I. 90 Paviers' flags, or layers.
e. Tanning. = bloomer-pit (see bloomer n.1).
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society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for working with skins or leather > [noun] > equipment for softening hides or leather > vat or receptacle
layer1797
softening machine1875
soak1876
stock1882
milla1884
pinwheel1885
wheel vat1885
1797 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 307/1 They [hides] are then removed into another pit, called a layer, in which they are laid smooth, with bark ground very fine strewed between each hide.
1885 Harper's Mag. Jan. 276/1 Hides remain in a ‘first layer’ for six or eight days. The same process is repeated in a ‘second layer’ in other vats for about two weeks, and in a third, or ‘splitting layer’, for about four weeks.
f. (See quot.)
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1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Layer,..2. (Leather-manufacture.) A welt or strengthening strip.
g. Cartography. An area on a map depicted in a particular colour or tint chosen to represent all land between two specified heights. Cf. layer system n. at Compounds.
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the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > map > [noun] > map colouring > layer system or shading > layer
layer1918
1918 V. S. Bryant & T. H. Hughes Map Work v. 84 Tints, or layers, of colour are used to denote all the land lying between any two named contours.
1932 J. W. Cameron Maps & Map-work iv. 45 Hill features are represented on the map by: 1. Contours. 2. Hachures. 3. Hill-shading. 4. Colour layers or layer-colouring.
1969 C. B. M. Lock Mod. Maps & Atlases iii. 134 When the fifth (Relief) ‘One inch’ series was issued, relief was shown by contours in brown, hachures in orange and hill-shading in grey, with layers in buff tints.
Compounds
layer-board n. (also layer-boarding) boarding for sustaining roof-gutters of lead; also lear-board (Ogilvie).
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1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. ii. iii. 630 Table for guttering..6-inch layer board.
layer cake n. a cake consisting of layers of sponge held together by a sweet filling, and usually iced; also figurative.
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the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > sponge-cake
Savoy cake?1750
sponge cake1808
muffin1835
Madeira cake1845
Victoria sandwich1861
angels' food1865
marble cake1871
sponge1877
angel cake1878
angel food cake1878
layer cake1882
sponge sandwich1884
Lady Baltimore cake1889
sand cake1892
sandwich cake1911
Victoria sponge1934
red velvet1951
1882 F. E. Owens Cook Bk. 265 Lemon butter... Use as sauce, filling for tarts, or as jelly for layer cake.
1895 Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 431/2 Tins for pies and layer cakes.
1902 Daily Chron. 3 May 8/4 Layer cakes can be made in great varieties according to the filling used.
1904 Buffalo Commerc. 2 June 6 The large unwieldy layer cakes that used to be in favor are no longer seen.
1905 N.Y. Evening Post 16 Dec. In the mixing of this literary layer cake most of the humor rose to the top.
1933 ‘R. Crompton’ William—the Rebel iv. 94 He..began to eat the last piece of cream-layer cake.
1962 L. Deighton Ipcress File xxi. 140 The sunset was a layer cake of mauve and gold.
1965 R. Carrier Cookbk. xxii. 473 Mocha layer cake, a subtle blend of chocolate and coffee spiked with rum.
layer cloud n. Meteorology a sheet-like cloud, having little vertical development but pronounced horizontal development.
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the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cloud > [noun] > a cloud > thin layer or sheet
fall cloud1816
sheet1897
layer cloud1951
1920 G. A. Clarke Clouds iv. 73 The beautifully waved structure seen in nearly all of the layer-type of clouds from cirrus downward to stratocumulus is caused by the propagation upwards or downwards of the wave-motion that is produced by the flowing of air-currents of different velocities and directions over each other.]
1951 Rep. Progress Physics XIV. 192 Thick layer clouds often found over the oceans.
1956 Nature 18 Feb. 321/1 The great layer-cloud systems which are associated with cyclones and fronts.
1963 G. M. B. Dobson Exploring Atmosphere iv. 78 The persistence of thick layer-clouds over a city in winter gives rise to a very dark, gloomy day.
layer colour n. Cartography a colour used in the layer system of showing relief on a map; so layer colouring, layer-coloured adj.
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the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > map > [noun] > map colouring > layer system or shading > layer tint or colour
layer tint1918
layer colour1922
1922 Encycl. Brit. XXX. 417/2 He extended and popularized the use of ‘layer’ colours exhibiting relief in land.
1924 Catal. Maps Ordnance Survey 4 Relief is indicated by..layer colouring in shades of brown and green.
1932 J. W. Cameron Maps & Map-work i. 12 There are two editions..: (a) In outline,..without contours. (b) Contoured and layer-coloured.
1969 C. B. M. Lock Mod. Maps & Atlases i. 40 For the best results of all, hill-shading is blended with layer-colouring.
1969 C. B. M. Lock Mod. Maps & Atlases iii. 135 A single-colour shadow tone in blue was printed in half-tone over the layer colours and the layer tints themselves were carefully chosen so as to reduce the ‘step’ effect of the layers.
layer-coral n. a fossil coral of the genus Stromatopora.
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the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Diploblastica > phylum Coelenterata > [noun] > class Hydrozoa > order Hydrocorallinae > member of family Stromatoporidae > fossil of genus Stromatopora
layer-coral1875
1875 J. W. Dawson Life's Dawn on Earth vi. 156 The Stromatoporæ, or layer-corals.
layer lattice n. [translating German Schichtengitter (F. Hund 1925, in Zeitschr. f. Physik XXXIV. 849)] Crystallography a crystal lattice in which the atoms are arranged in layers a few atoms thick that are separated by a distance greater than the interatomic distance within the layers, so that the interlayer forces are relatively weak.
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the world > matter > chemistry > crystallography (general) > crystal (general) > crystal lattice > [noun] > types of
space lattice1895
layer lattice1929
Bravais lattice1938
1929 Trans. Faraday Soc. 25 265 Besides cadmium iodide there are known a number of other types of layer lattices.
1966 A. Cameron Princ. Lubrication xxi. 21 The low friction of graphite may not..be directly related to its layer-lattice structure.
layer pit n. (also layer vat) Tanning = lay-away n. 1, 4e.
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society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for working with skins or leather > [noun] > tan-vat > types of
bark-vatc1440
bark-cobillc1550
handler1771
grainer1813
roundabout1842
rocker1876
suspender1882
lay-away1885
layer pit1901
1901 F. T. Addyman tr. A. M. Villon Pract. Treat. Leather Industry 137 The object of handling is to give body to the plumped skin, so that it may be able to support the weight which will press upon it in the layer-pit.
1949 D. Woodroffe Stand. Handbk. Industr. Leathers iii. 47 The butts or other leather, already completely penetrated in the previous stages of the tanning process, are placed singly in the layer pits, a layer of ground tanning material..is sprinkled over each butt, and the process continued with more pieces of leather until the pit is full. Finally, a very strong tan liquor..is run into the pit.
1969 T. C. Thorstensen Pract. Leather Technol. v. 70 The bends lie in the layer vats for one or two weeks in a warm vegetable tan liquor, and again the liquor may be strengthened and heated to gain better penetration and fixation of the strong tanning liquors.
layer-pudding n. a steamed pudding, consisting of layers of suet crust pastry with a sweet filling.
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the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > puddings > [noun] > sweet or fruit puddings
white pudding1588
quaking puddinga1665
apple pudding1708
cowslip pudding1723
plum pudding1811
roly-poly pudding1821
black cap1822
amber pudding1829
bird's nest pudding1829
slump1831
Bakewell pudding1833
roly-poly1835
dog in a (or the) blanket1842
castle pudding1845
ice pudding1846
pan pie1846
dick1849
roll-up1856
canary pudding1861
roly1861
treacle pud1861
Brown Betty1864
summer pudding1875
parfait1884
schalet1884
Sally Lunn pudding1892
Tommy1895
queen of puddings1903
layer-pudding1909
clafoutis1926
shrikhand1950
chocolate fondant1971
mud-pie1975
tiramisu1982
lava cake1994
1909 Daily Sketch 14 Oct. 14/3 Layer pudding.
1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 489/2 Syrup is used..as a filling for tarts and layer puddings.
layer-reared adj. reared from a ‘layer’.
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1831 On Planting (Libr. Useful Knowl.) iii. 34 Grafted and layer reared species.
layer shading n. Cartography the use of layer tints to show relief on a map.
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the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > map > [noun] > map colouring > layer system or shading
layer system1903
layering1922
layer shading1952
1952 F. J. Monkhouse & H. R. Wilkinson Maps & Diagrams ii. 61 (heading) Layer~shading and tinting.
1971 G. R. P. Lawrence Cartogr. Methods ii. 25 Information relating to the shapes of the floors of lakes and oceans can be presented in much the same way as relief information but in most cases only submarine contour lines are used, layer shading being found in some atlases.
layer-stool n. a root from which layers are produced.
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1831 On Planting (Libr. Useful Knowl.) iii. 35 Transplanting trees from seed-beds, layer-stools, cutting grounds.
layer system n. Cartography on a map, the representation of land between different heights or contours by different colours or tints that are graded so as to show relief at a glance.
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the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > map > [noun] > map colouring > layer system or shading
layer system1903
layering1922
layer shading1952
1903 Man. Field Sketching & Reconnaissance (H.M.S.O.) vi. 28 There is also the layer system of showing hills.
1908 Westm. Gaz. 13 Aug. 10/2 Mr. Fisher Unwin has just issued some Ordnance Survey maps... What is known as the ‘layer’ system has been employed.
1953 A. H. Robinson Elem. Cartogr. x. 215/2 The larger the scale, assuming a reasonable degree of contour simplification, the more useful the layer system.
1969 C. B. M. Lock Mod. Maps & Atlases iii. 135 The layer system was not used, but, instead, two printings in purple-grey tones on the shadow side of the hills and one printing in yellow on the illuminated side were added to the standard base map.
layer tint n. Cartography a layer colour, or a tint of such a colour; so layer tinting, layer-tinted adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > map > [noun] > map colouring > layer system or shading > layer tint or colour
layer tint1918
layer colour1922
1918 V. S. Bryant & T. H. Hughes Map Work v. 84 In high country the layer tints become so dark as to obscure all detail.
1922 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 842/1 The hypsometric, or ‘layer’ tints, which show the successive altitudes of the terrain.
1934 J. Bygott Introd. Mapwork & Pract. Geogr. iv. 21 Certain layer-tinted Ordnance maps, especially the layered quarter-inch and half-inch maps.
1952 H. C. Brookfield in G. H. Dury Map Interpr. xvi. 184 The O.S. 1/63,360 Fifth (Relief) Edition, first published in 1929, employed contours at 50-ft. intervals... There was also layer tinting in buff, the tint changing at each 500 ft.
1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) II. 534/2 On small-scale maps..the intervals are frequently layer-tinted from green to brown.
1969 Geography LIV. 198 Relief is shown by contour and layer tint.
1971 G. R. P. Lawrence Cartogr. Methods ii. 24 Colour has been used in the depiction of relief for a number of years in the method known as ‘layer tinting’.
Draft additions 1997
layer cut v. (transitive) to cut (hair) in overlapping layers; hence as n., a haircut done in this way.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > styles of hair > [noun] > layered
shingle1924
bingle1925
layer cut1964
wedge1976
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > beautify (the hair) [verb (transitive)] > cut > in a specific style > in layers
shingle1857
bingle1960
layer1963
layer cut1964
1964 Hairdo June 65 (caption) The hair is one length except for the nape, which is layer-cut.
1966 J. Stevens Cox Illustr. Dict. Hairdressing & Wigmaking 89/1 Layer cut,..hair cut in layers so that they overlap like roof shingles or fish scales.
1980 Hair Autumn 7 Rather than one length hair, he expects to see it layer cut as well.
1987 New Yorker 23 Mar. 96/3 His blond hair growing naturally in a thick layer cut.
Draft additions 1997
layer dressing n. Fashion the wearing of layers of clothes of varying lengths such that one layer shows beneath the next.
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the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > [noun] > wearing other clothing
shawling1815
petticoating1850
shirtsleeve order1854
overclothing1859
layering1966
layer dressing1975
1975 Times 7 Oct. 11/1 The whole idea of layer dressing was invented by America's Bonnie Cashin.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
layerv.
/ˈleɪə/, U.S. /ˈleɪər/, /ˈlɛ(ə)r/ 1. Horticulture.
a. intransitive. To bend down ‘layers’ to the ground and cover them partly with earth so that they may strike root and propagate the plant.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [verb (intransitive)] > layer
lay1565
supplant1601
layer1831
1831 On Planting (Libr. Useful Knowl.) iii. 27 The root which produces the young shoots for layering is called the stool.
1841–60 T. Rivers Fruit Garden (ed. 9) 4 To make this emission of roots more certain, the stem may be tongued, as usual in layering.
b. transitive. To propagate by ‘layers’.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > propagate [verb (transitive)] > layer
pleacha1398
provine?1440
lay1565
layer1845
1845 Florist's Jrnl. 6 144 Preparation should be made for striking pinks, and layering carnations.
1891 T. E. Kebbel Old & New Eng. Country Life 213 Cutting and ‘layering’ the stiff whitethorn hedges.
c. To make a layer of.
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1858 G. Glenny Gardener's Every-day Bk. (new ed.) 252/1 If a healthy shoot can be layered and struck.
2. Of crops: To be laid flat as by wind or rain in consequence of weakness of growth.
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1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 851 It is on this that the upgrowth of ‘layered’ Wheat depends.
1890 Carter's Seed Catal. 1 Sept. 35 The Goldthorpe Barley is remarkable for stout long straw, rendering it less liable to layer in rainy weather than other Barleys.
1891 Times 10 Oct. 12/4 The layering..of the corn rendered the use of machines impossible.
3. transitive. To place or insert as a layer.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > a layer > arrange in layers [verb (transitive)] > place or insert as a layer
layer1906
1906 Times Lit. Suppl. 12 Jan. 14/1 Mr. Lee has succeeded in neatly layering fallacies of argument.
1974 Nature 8 Mar. 110/2 Sample of 55 ml of a 110 ml linear density gradient..was layered into a 110 ml jacketed isoelectric focusing column.
1974 Nature 5 Apr. 519/2 Each incubation was then layered onto a 10–30% sucrose gradient in TKM.
Draft additions 1997
4. To cut (hair) in layers. Also absol.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > beautify the hair [verb (intransitive)] > cut > in layers
shingle1857
layer1963
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > beautify (the hair) [verb (transitive)] > cut > in a specific style > in layers
shingle1857
bingle1960
layer1963
layer cut1964
1963 Amer. Hairdresser Jan. 40/1 Hair should be cut in one-inch lengths. Next, layer one or two inches longer up to the crown.
1974 G. Moffat Corpse Road v. 74 Chestnut hair which..looked as if it had been layered by Steiner.
1984 J. Updike Witches of Eastwick ii. 188 ‘Wet hair is really the problem, this time of year.’.. ‘I'm thinking of getting mine layered.’
1988 Hairflair Feb. 28 (caption) This versatile style has been layered throughout and dressed away from the face in a quiff shape.
1995 Hair Apr. 76/1 (caption) Above: Gamine crop has been softly layered and gelled over to one side.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1382
v.1831- pubio-femoral
- pubio-ischiatic
- pubio-prostatic
- pubiofemoral
- pubioischiatic
- pubioprostatic
- pubiotomy
- pubis
- pubis bone
- pubises
- pubkeeper
- public
- public access
- public accountability
- public act
- public address
- public address equipment
- public address system
- public affairs
- public analyst
- public attorney
- public bar
- public bath
- public bill
- public box