| 释义 |
lacn.1 Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French lac, laque; Latin lac. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman lac, lak, lacca and Middle French, French laque, †lacque natural lac (13th cent. in Old French as lache ), coloured paint or varnish (mid 16th cent.), lacquerwork (1659 in the passage translated in quot. 1662 at sense 4), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin lac (12th cent. in a British source), lacca (from 13th cent. in British and continental sources), both denoting natural lac, < Arabic lakk lac, the dye produced from it, red ink, sealing wax < Persian lāk , lak lac, the dye produced from it, sealing wax < Prakrit lakkhā < Sanskrit lākshā lac, kind of red dye < raj- to become coloured, to become red (see raga n.).Compare Old Occitan laca (13th cent.), Catalan laca (mid 13th cent.), Spanish laca (13th cent.), Portuguese laca , †lacca (1500), Italian lacca (a1400), and also ( < Italian) Dutch lak (1573), German Lack (1506). Compare further the Romance forms cited at lacquer n. Compare also post-classical Latin lacca (in an undated glossary), Hellenistic Greek λακχά , both denoting a plant used in dyeing (probably from Persian), and Hellenistic Greek λάκκος χρωματικός , denoting a kind of dye. With the form lacta at α. forms compare post-classical Latin lacta (1552 in the passage translated in quot. 1553 at sense 1α. ), Middle French lacta (15th cent. in Chauliac; compare quot. ?c1425 at sense 1α. ), all perhaps originally going back to a scribal error (with confusion of c and t ), perhaps reinforced by association with classical Latin lact- , stem of lac milk (see lacto- comb. form). A modern reflex of Sanskrit lākshā is Hindi lākh , which is now often associated with its unrelated homonym lākh one hundred thousand, many (see lakh n.), leading to a folk-etymological interpretation of the word for the dye as referring to the large number of the insects causing the substance to form. the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > red colouring matter > [noun] > dyes and dyestuffs the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > subclass Pterygota > [noun] > division Exopterygota or Hemimetabola > order Hemiptera > suborder Homoptera > family Coccidae or genus Coccus > red resin left on trees α. ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (Paris) (1971) 167 Troscys [read trociscys] of lacca [?a1425 N.Y. Acad. Med. lacta; L. lacca], þe whiche ben made þus: Take of lacca [L. lacce], of reubarbe [etc.]. 1525 tr. H. von Brunschwig xciv. sig. R.iii Take yelowe eyestone,..sanguis draconis, Lacca. 1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster sig. Eiiijv This countrey bringeth foorth Lacha, Lacca, or Lacta [L. Lac seu lactam], which steyneth silke & cloth in high redde or crimison coloure. 1652 P. Heylyn iii. sig. Xxxv Lacca, (a Gum there made by Ants, as here Bees make wax). 1763 W. Lewis 223 Lacca..is found incrustated on sticks or branches of trees. 1809 T. Wilford in (London ed.) 9 65 This Amber of Ctesias is obviously the Indian Lacca, which has many properties of the Amber. 1915 B. Laufer 477 The story of lacca and the ants producing it was made known in England at the end of the sixteenth century. †2. the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [noun] > types of 1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli v. f. 91 To make Lacca of Brasyll. 1597 J. Gerard iii. cxlii. 1350 The Indian Lacke or Lake which is the rich colour vsed by Painters, is none of that which is vsed in shops, nor here figured or described by Clusius. 1659 R. Lovell 252 The artificiall Lacca made of the scrapings of brasill and saffron, is used of painters, and not in physick. a1678 A. Marvell Last Instr. to Painter in (1689) III. 17 Scarce can burnt Iv'ry feign an Hair so black, Or Face so red thine Oker and thy Lack. 1682 (Faithorne & Kersey) 27 Mar. 74 He also teaches us a way of preparing a sort of Lacca, or Paint, out of every Flower, by which it may be drawn or pictur'd in its own..Native Colour. 1725 P. Shaw II. 103 This method of making lacs we have also practised with madder, which yielded us a red lac. 1748 J. Browne & J. Hill tr. P. Pomet et al. (ed. 4) I. viii. 201/1 They give the Name of Lac, or Lake, to several Kinds of dried Pastes, or Crayons, which the Painters use to paint in Miniature... That which is call'd fine Venetian Lac, is made with Mestick Cochineal. 1763 4 659 There are three sorts of lacque: the fine Venice lacque, the Columbine lacque, and the Liquid lacque. 1820 55 444 The blue precipitate which Diesbach obtained in endeavouring to prepare Florence lac with salt of tartar. the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > [noun] > shades of red > deep red or crimson the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > red colouring matter > [noun] > other red pigments 1682 N. Grew Disc. Colours of Plants v. iii. §13 in 276 Spirit of Sulphur on a Tincture of Violets turns it from Blew to a true Lacke, or midle Crimson. society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > painting or coating materials > [noun] > varnish > types of 1598 W. Phillip tr. J. H. van Linschoten i. lxviii. 117/1 The fayrest workemanshippe thereof commeth from China, as it may be seen, by all things that come from thence, as desks, Targets, Tables, Cubbordes,..and a thousand such like thinges, that are all couered and wrought with Lac [Du. Lack] of all colours and fashions. 1669 (Royal Soc.) 4 985 No Arts are to be met amongst them [sc. the Japonese], that are not known in Europe, except that of making Lacca. 1698 (Royal Soc.) 20 275 The Swelling that often happens to those that work the Lacker'd Ware..is from the Lack, and not the Varnish; which Lack is the Sap or Juice of a Tree which runs out slowly by cutting the Tree. 1699 W. Dampier i. ii. 24 The Lack, with which Cabinets and other fine things are overlaid. 1745 (ed. 2) III. 284 Lac is the sap or juice of a tree that runs slowly from it when cut. 1757 T. Birch IV. 496 Mr Hooke said..that the Chinese junks are varnished with lac only above water. 1859 I. S. Homans & I. S. Homans (ed. 2) 1136/1 A finer quality of lac being used for the later coats, of which there are never less than three. 1887 E. Hart 15/2 The finest lac came from trees of great age. 1911 Jan. 138/1 The term lacquer ware applies only to the thing which has undergone certain preparations before receiving several coats of lac. 1958 77 151/2 Obtaining a product identical with Majima's hydrourushiol from Japanese lac, they wrongly concluded that the antigenic components of the American and Japanese plants were identical. 1994 Aug. 31/2 Imported lacquerwork had a background of black or dull red, partly because of the way the lac was refined, layered and burnished. society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > painting or coating materials > [noun] > varnish > articles coated with 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo i. 43 in Boxes of Lacque [Fr. lacque] or Silver. 1698 J. Crull II. v. 231 Cabinets of Lacque. 1779 N. W. Wraxall Let. 2 Feb. in (1799) II. 121 Ladies..frequently have on their lap a little box of old Lac, and employ themselves in untwisting gold thread. 1861 C. P. Hodgson 28 By degrees, the eye becomes accustomed to old laque... Old laque is, like old lace, inimitable. 1889 M. B. Huish (1892) xi. 169 The Fine Art Society's Exhibition included a considerable number [of suzuribakos, i.e. writing cases], and in nothing was there a finer display of lac. 1904 1 Mar. 3 Magnificent Chinese cabinet of lac. Compounds C1. General attributive. 1874 J. H. Pollen 378 A table with two drawers, the top and drawer fronts of old black lac panels, set in mounts of chiselled gilt bronze. 1925 5 Nov. 1 Display cabinet, lac panel. 2003 A. Ono 60 Japanese China Cabinet, fitted with ebony drawers and lac panels. 1825 15 Jan. 269/1 It is composed of corundum, more or less finely powdered, cemented together by lac resin. 1949 4 553 The Resin section includes chapters on..Lac Resin and Shellac. 2015 B. W. Andaya & L. Y. Andaya iv. 149 Around 90,000 or more insects were needed to produce a single pound..of lac resin. 1688 G. Parker & J. Stalker 1 The other [strainer] for your Lacc-varnish. 1738 G. Smith tr. iii. 85 Make a Paste of Chalk and Lack Varnish. 1887 L. Beard & A. B. Beard xxxviii. 437 Lac-varnish dries very quickly, and it takes only a short time to decorate a window. 1944 G. B. McFarland 179/2 They [sc. the encrusted twigs] are crushed; the lac cleaned, melted and made into lac-varnish, shellac, etc. 2001 L. Carlisle 92/2 The only firm evidence that white lac varnish was ever used is on the back of a painting by John Constable. C2. 1803 W. Bingley III. 284 The Lac Cochineal. 1874 July 71/2 Upon the boughs live..numberless little insects, which are called by learned people Lac-cochineal. 1807 Apr. 199 Mr. Turnbull has lately discovered..a new dye; which he has called a Lac Dye, and is likely to form a valuable article of commerce. 1918 3 342/1 A superior variety of lac dye is prepared by treating stick-lac with dilute ammonia, and adding a solution of stannous chloride to the solution. 2014 G. Chopel v. 101 The women paint their soles, palms, and nails with lac dye. 1782 (Royal Soc.) 71 381 The Lac colour is preserved by the natives upon flakes of cotton dipped repeatedly into a strong solution of the Lac Insect in water, and then dried. 1862 R. Moodliar II. 175 The lac-insect is produced inside the bark of the tree. 1962 (ed. 4) ii. 53 Mohave Indians used the secretion of a North American lac insect to make baskets watertight for cooking. 2005 C. Tudge ix. 190 The jujube is a fine host for the lac insect, which sucks its sap and exudes a reddish resin over the whole surface of the twigs. 1801 19 365 It is probable that the colours from Lac-Lake may prove rather more durable than those from cochineal. 1918 3 342/1 A so-called lac-lake may be obtained in the above process by substituting caustic soda and alum for the ammonia and tin salt. 1936 D. V. Thompson (1956) iii. 110 This lac lake was primarily a panel-painting colour. 2010 1 67/2 Lac lake was also found on a number of English thirteenth- and fourteenth-century artworks. 1659 R. Lovell 252 (heading) Lacca-tree. Lacca. 1763 W. Lewis 331 The species, called by Mr. Miller the true lac tree, was found to contain, in its bark..a somewhat milky juice. 1803 T. Smith V. 30 The lacca-tree, which grows in Malabar, Pegu, and other parts of India, is remarkable for yielding a gum called lacca or lake. 1910 1 iii. 38 The lac trees are leased to contractors who employ labourers to cut the lac-bearing twigs before the larvae swarm. 1979 (National Acad. Sci.–National Res. Council (U.S.)) vii. 246 Of all lac trees, flame-of-the-forest yields the most sticklac per hectare. 2012 L. Justice ii. 21 The first plastic may have been lacquer ware, made from the resin of the lac tree. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). Lacn.2Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: Lacerta n. Etymology: Shortened < Lacerta n., originally as a graphic abbreviation. Astronomy. 1922 1 158 The following resolutions were adopted [at the first General Assembly of the IAU]..(2) The adoption of the three-letter abbreviations proposed by Profs. Hertzsprung and Russell for the representation of the 88 principal constellations... Lac Lacerta. 1930 C. H. Payne 305 (table) Z Lac. 1991 C. A. Ronan 66/2 These [magnetic] fields vary, like BL Lac's radiation output, occasionally becoming 100 times greater than usual. 2015 127 758/2 EV Lac and V1054 Oph are magnetic flare stars of roughly M3–M4 type. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). lacn.3 Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: lactose n. Etymology: Shortened < lactose n. (originally as a graphic abbreviation). Biology. the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [adjective] > specific quality of 1947 J. Lederberg in 32 505 Particular attention was paid to the isolation of ‘lactose-negative’ or ‘Lac−’ mutants [of E. coli]. 1952 24 May 882/2 The number of papillæ forming on surface colonies of lac− bacteria, grown on agar containing lactose and another carbon source, is a reflexion of the number of mutations to the lac+ condition. 1963 50 1052 The majority of the chromosomal recombinants tested were lac+. 1991 21 Sept. 33/1 While lac− bacteria need a carbon source other than lactose, lac+ bacteria are content to grow on lactose. 2007 115 1268/2 In Escherichia coli, starvation of lac− bacteria on lactose medium induces lac+ revertants. 1947 J. Lederberg in 32 508 The locus of V1b can be distinguished from the locus of the other V1 mutants by the demonstration of a different recombination frequency with Lac. 1953 39 425 It is possible that the aberrant behavior of the Lac locus may be due to a linkage of Lac with the original biotin requirement. 1970 J. R. Beckwith in J. R. Beckwith & D. Zipser ii. 5 Since, in such strains, the lac genes are now part of the other operon, nearly all the methodology used for analysis of lac can be used for that operon. 1976 17 103 The essential feature of the classical control system discovered by Jacob and Monod in their studies of lac is the existence of the highly specific repressor protein. 1985 82 6414/1 The lactose permease, the product of the second structural gene, lacY, was the first membrane transport protein studied extensively. 2003 C. R. Sweet in N. Casali & A. Preston xxix. 281 The polymerase, controlled by lac, is inducible by IPTG [= isopropyl-β- d-thiogalactoside]. Compounds1947 J. Lederberg in 32 517 The interaction of the Lac and V segregations is perhaps the most critical datum with which a genetic system for E. coli can be formulated. 1953 39 425 It is possible that the aberrant behavior of the Lac locus may be due to a linkage of Lac with the original biotin requirement. 1961 F. Jacob & J. Monod in 26 197 (caption) Genetic map of the Lac region of E. coli... The lower line represents an enlargement of the Lac region, with the two structural genes z and y and the regulator gene i. 1983 7 52 The precise biochemical events controlled by plasmid encoded lac genes have been established in only a few strains [of streptococci]. 1997 Dec. 30/2 I have written a demonstration page..which examines the interactions between the lac repressor (a protein) and the lac operator (a DNA sequence). 2007 (U.K. ed.) Jan. 38/2 When lactose concentration rises above a certain threshold, the Lac complex lets go of the DNA template, allowing transcription of the genes to commence. C2. 1961 S. E. Luria in 26 210/1 An altered sensitivity of phage-carried lac genes to the specific repressor of the lac operon. 1981 146 893/1 This suggests that expression of the lac operon in S[treptococcus] lactis may be partially constitutive. 2014 81 760 The induction of transcription in the E. coli lac operon is caused by the release of a repressor protein from a specific DNA binding site. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † lacv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: lac n.1 Etymology: < lac n.1 Compare earlier lacquer v. Obsolete. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > japanning and varnishing > japan or lacquer [verb (transitive)] 1698 (Royal Soc.) 20 275 And then with a Brush [they] lay it smooth on any thing they design to Lack. 1727 A. Hamilton I. xi. 125 They make fine Cabinets, both lack'd and inlaid with Ivory. 1906 6 (front matter) (advt.) Re-upholstered in Spanish leatherette, newly lacqued. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2020). <  n.1?c1425n.21922 n.31947 v.1698 |
