labouringlaboringn.

Brit.

/ˈleɪb(ə)rɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈleɪb(ə)rɪŋ/

Forms: see labour v. and -ing suffix¹; also Scottish pre-1700 laboreing, pre-1700 laborring, pre-1700 laboureing.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: labour v., -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: < labour v. + -ing suffix¹.

1. The action of labour v. (in various senses); esp. the action of doing hard (often unskilled) physical work. Also: an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > labour or toil > action of

wrestling?c1225

travailingc1330

tewing1394

labouringc1400

sweatingc1430

toiling1549

moiling1565

carking1583

allaboration1727

fagging1777

bullocking1888

schlepping1937

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > [noun]

earth-tilthOE

earth-tillingOE

tilling?c1225

delving1377

laboura1393

land-tillingc1420

culturec1450

tilthing1495

labouring1523

manurea1547

manuring1550

digging1552

cultivation1553

tilth1565

manurance1572

agriculture1583

nithering1599

culturation1606

gainor1607

delvage1610

agricolation1623

gainage1625

cultivage1632

manurementa1639

groundwork1655

fieldwork1656

proscission1656

field labour1661

manuragea1670

subduing1776

management1799

subjugation1800

geopony1808

clodhopping1847

agriculturism1885

the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > labour or pains

cothec1000

throea1200

pining throesc1225

travailc1300

showera1350

paina1398

travailinga1400

throng1540

labouring1598

travail pang1652

travail pain1662

labour pains1703

mother-pain1709

mother-pang1710

breeding sicknessa1714

bearing pain1787

troublea1825

birth throe1837

the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > [noun] > state or quality of being wearisome or tedious > showing lack of spontaneity

labouring1611

the mind > language > speech > request > [noun] > solicitation of support, custom, etc.

solicitude1556

canvassing1565

appealing1600

labouring1619

touting1731

canvass1790

society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [noun] > rolling and pitching

working1575

rolling1578

travail1687

roll1697

pitching1714

sally1718

labouring1748

pitch1751

tumblification1833

send1836

porpoising1974

the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > manifestation of emotion > [noun] > physical feeling resulting from emotion

rising (up) of one's or the heart?a1475

labouring1887

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. ix. l. 251 (MED) He þat best laborede best was alowede, And leders for here laborynge ouere al þe lordes goodes.

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 6593 That he ne shal..With propre hondis and body also Gete his fode in laboryng.

1486 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 23 Marriners reteyned for the..laboryng in castyng out of the ballast.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxci. 228 There was no labourynge of the yerth.

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. i. 51 Thou variest no more from picking of purses, then giuing direction doth from labouring .

1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 35 b/2 Some woemen ar as yet not vsed unto the labouringe of childe.

1611 Bible (King James) 2 Macc. ii. 31 To vse breuitie, and auoyde much labouring of the worke.

1619 Visct. Doncaster Let. in S. R. Gardiner Lett. Relations Eng. & Germany (1865) 1st Ser. 134 There had beene some..underhand labouring..to promote the Duke of Bavaria.

1644–5 King Charles I Let. in Wks. (1662) 332 There were great labourings to that purpose.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson (ed. 2) i. v. 56 To render the ships stiffer, and..to prevent their labouring [1748 (ed. 1): straining] in hard gales of wind.

1791 Let. in Bee 16 May (1792) 76 The roots are all left in the ground; a circumstance that must prevent the labouring of the land by any other means than that of the spade.

1836 Times 30 Dec. 7/5 It was now found necessary to heave the vessel to, to prevent an increase of injury to the machinery, which had been terribly shaken by the labouring of the vessel.

1887 H. Caine Deemster II. xxv. 195 He..pressed one hand hard at his breast to quiet the labouring of his heart.

1899 Westm. Gaz. 11 Apr. 2/1 Doing a bit of dock~side labouring.

1925 W. Deeping Sorrell & Son ii. 20 Sorrell saw the labouring of the ballooned waistcoat.

1997 C. Brown in S. Golding Eight Technol. of Otherness 131 The earnest labourings of historians.

†2. Scottish. A farm; a piece of land under cultivation. Obsolete. Cf. labour v. 1b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun]

townOE

wick1086

farm1414

gainery1424

farmhold1471

room?a1513

farm place1526

colony1566

labouring1604

podere1605

fund1694

location1813

bowery1842

ranch1865

1604 in D. G. Barron Court Bk. Urie (1892) 5 The detfull serwice that is to be crawet of euerie tennent..according to thair sett and laboring.

1640 in A. M. Munro Rec. Old Aberdeen (1899) I. 69. The haill husbandmen in Auld Aberdeen sall saw the twalff pairt of thair haill laboring in pese.

a1709 Fraser Polichron. 452 We were the first night at Dalcrosse, the Tutor haveing a labouring there.

1782 J. Sinclair Observ. Sc. Dial. 181 A labouring, a farm.

a1814 J. Ramsay Scotl. & Scotsmen 18th Cent. (1888) II. ix. 180 My noble hostess took me then (1792) to see her labouring or farm.

Compounds

C1. General attributive, as labouring day, labouring hour, labouring job, labouring work, etc.

ΚΠ

1597 T. Middleton Wisdome of Solomon Paraphr. x. sig. N His painefull labour, labours riches made, His labouring paine, did plesures profit win.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. i. 4 Vpon a labouring day.

1763 Gen. Orders 11 Jan. in H. Bouquet Papers (1940) Ser. 21634. 129 To Mortar Makers, & Labouring Works of that kind £1.

1856 F. L. Olmsted Journey Slave States 55 A slave woman is commonly esteemed least for her laboring qualities.

1896 J. Conrad Let. 5 Aug. (1956) 65 We must take a labouring cottage somewhere not too far from town.

1911 Fort Wayne (Indiana) News 18 Nov. 5/5 Since the cold weather set in construction work has been abandoned, and laboring jobs are getting scarce.

1942 Times 10 Nov. 2/3 Transfer..of skilled tradesmen..to do labouring work for large contractors in other parts of the country.

2001 New Eng. Q. 74 376 Skilled work..now dominated his laboring hours.

C2.

labouring time n. (a) a time at which labouring takes place; (formerly) spec. (Scottish) †the season for ploughing (cf. labour v. 1b) (obsolete); (b) time spent labouring (in various senses of the verb).

ΚΠ

1549 Protocol Bk. J. Crawford (Edinb. Reg. House) f. 37, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (at cited word) The sayd Walter..sall entyr to the tane half of the maleyng..instantlie at this lawbourin tym.

1678 G. Mackenzie Laws & Customes Scotl. i. xxxi. 311 To poind a labouring Oxe, in labouring time, is in all cases unlawful.

1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. II. iii. vi. 336 By labouring time is understood that time, in which the particular tenant..is plowing.

1877 Times 21 Feb. 4/6 Winter has set in and the labouring time will soon come.

1957 Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier 27 Jan. 19/8 The laboring time will consist of six nine-hour days for a total of 54, which would permit spreading out of time for snow removal.

2007 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 5 May 14 The women were appreciative that they had spent even part of their laboring time at home.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

labouringlaboringadj.

Brit.

/ˈleɪb(ə)rɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈleɪb(ə)rɪŋ/

Forms: see labour v. and -ing suffix²; also Scottish pre-1700 laboureing.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: labour v., -ing suffix².

Etymology: < labour v. + -ing suffix².In labouring moon at sense 2c after classical Latin labōrāns Lūna ( Juvenal Satires 6. 443; although use of labōrāre with Lūna with reference to an eclipse of the moon is found in many classical Latin authors). Quot. 1638 at sense 2c translates the verse in Juvenal: una laboranti poterit succurrere Lunae ‘she alone is able to relieve the labouring moon’. Compare also labour n. 9.

1. That labours or works; esp. (a) (of horses and cattle) used for agricultural work; (b) (of persons) performing hard (often unskilled) physical work, esp. as a means of employment.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > domestic animal > [adjective] > labouring

labouring1377

working1577

worked1707

wrought1725

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > [adjective]

workingOE

labouring1377

manuala1450

mechanicc1550

mechanical1584

manuary1652

blue-collar1929

blue-collared1951

1377 in Somerset & Dorset Notes & Queries (1913) 13 273 (MED) Pishille is comyn felde..Owte take that the tenant that mowe lefe [perh. read lese] her laboryng bests therein..Hangmede Estover is several..save Yatmyster and Chetnolle and no mo shal morwe lese..her laboryng bests therynne.

1452 in Hist. MSS Comm.: Rep. MSS Var. Coll. (1907) IV. 201 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 3218) LXIV. 1 All manere labouring men that holde not londe and tenementes.

1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) ix. xxiv. sig. zii/2 In the euentyde labourynge men ben rewarded & payed and goo to reste.

?1504 W. Atkinson tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) i. ii. 154 A pore homely laborynge man.

1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng xxv. f. 49 Laborynge horses, is the best catell to make good pasture on marres grounde.

1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry f. 47^v Be suer of haye, & of prouender some, for laboring cattle, till pasture be come.

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. i. 117 Labouring Art can neuer ransome nature From her inaydible estate.

1649 W. Blith Eng. Improver ii. 11 Labouring Country people brew their owne beare.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iii. 329 Of labouring Pioners A multitude with Spades and Axes arm'd.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 147 The waxen Work of lab'ring Bees.

c1720 N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio Architecture II. xiii. 21 Stables for labouring cattle, such as oxen and horses.

1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey III. xii. 526 I..oar'd with lab'ring arms along the flood.

1797 E. Burke Third Let. Peace Regicide Directory France 109 We have heard many plans for the relief of the ‘Labouring Poor’.

1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 599 A manger food for the labouring teams.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xx. 421 Other writers did their best to raise riots among the labouring people.

1879 R. Jefferies Wild Life 194 The labouring lads often amuse themselves searching for these creatures [bats].

1941 W. Lewis Vulgar Streak i. iv. 29 He is really a labouring man—an old evil-smelling, aitchless and g-less, serf.

1949 M. McLaverty Game Cock 40 I'm a labouring man and since I'm out of work this past three months my wife told me to go off on the bike and have a swim with myself.

1996 Times Union (Albany, N.Y.) (Nexis) 11 Feb. h1 Inness himself had absolutely nothing to do with the laboring oxen, who were painted by his son, George Inness Jr.

2007 Guardian (Nexis) 3 Aug. 33 This new parliamentary group were..simply the political voice of the labouring people of the country who had been voiceless before.

a. That strives against a difficulty or obstacle; that performs a task or action with great physical or psychological effort; acting or functioning with difficulty; struggling. Also: (of a person) that is in trouble or distress; (of an action) characterized by or performed with effort or difficulty. Cf. labour v. 7.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > [adjective]

angeredc1275

miseasedc1390

woea1398

forpainedc1400

labouringc1425

passive?a1439

painedc1450

loaden1542

sored1557

stressed1559

pinched1566

grieved1586

suffering1609

heavy-laden1611

undergoinga1616

vulned1628

loaded1661

afflicted1690

sick as a parrot1705

crosseda1732

wrung1862

traumatized1935

fraught1966

the world > action or operation > endeavour > [adjective] > striving or struggling

labouringc1425

studient1565

struggling1577

striving1697

uphill1821

wrestling1854

c1425 Bk. Found. St. Bartholomew's (1923) 51 [They] besowght the Apostle that with his woonnte pyte he wolde succur this laborynge virgyne.

1586 C. Marlowe Jew of Malta i. ii I'de passe away my life in penitence,..To make attonement for my labouring soule.

1597 C. Middleton Famous Hist. Chinon ii. sig. B4 Like fire the more it is kept downe the fiercer it riseth..: so fared it with the laboring heart of this lawles louer.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iii. ii. 163 [The blood] Being all descended to the labouring heart.

1693 J. Dryden tr. Juvenal in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal Satires iv. 66 When Falern Wines the lab'ring Lungs did fire.

1706 N. Rowe Ulysses ii. i Her labouring Heart is rent with Anguish.

1737 R. Glover Leonidas i. 268 Her lab'ring bosom blotted with her tears.

1776 Emma; or, Child of Sorrow II. lxxxii. 237 Your tear-swoln eye, and the labouring sigh which at this instant rends your friendly bosom.

1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake i. 10 Embossed with foam, and dark with soil, The labouring stag strained full in view.

1858 Lancet 21 Aug. 193/1 It was neither the wiry pulse indicative of inflammation, nor the full, oppressed, labouring pulse accompanying cerebral effusion.

1878 E. White Life in Christ (ed. 3) iii. xvii. 202 The thought of it weighs more and more heavily on the labouring mind.

1925 Amer. Mercury Dec. 446/1 The crew of the waiting American boat saw a horse at a laboring gallop bearing a ragged, dust-caked rider.

1982 Washington Post (Nexis) 28 Feb. a1 Hiding on a bluff above the road, the group tensed as the sound of a laboring engine approached.

2001 S. Heaney Electric Light 73 Heel-bone and heart-thud, open-mouthed for summer. The older I get, the quicker and the closer I hear those labouring breaths and feel the coolth.

b. Of a ship: that rolls or pitches heavily. Cf. labour v. 7b. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [adjective] > rolling and pitching

labouringa1616

laboursome1625

hawse-full1692

giddy1700

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) ii. i. 188 Let the labouring Barke clime hills of seas, Olympus high.

1685 J. Dryden Threnodia Augustalis v. 10 Like helpless friends, who view from shoar The labouring Ship, and hear the tempest roar.

1789 E. M. Foster Jaquelina of Hainault II. vii. 116 The labouring ship with sails declined moves but as chance directs the anxious Frederick to steer her.

1806 J. Grahame Birds Scotl. 109 The thwarting surge Dashed, boiling, on the labouring bark.

1851 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire III. xxx. 399 The labouring vessel of the state was guided into port by his policy.

1878 in G. P. Lathrop Masque of Poets 53 The labouring vessel, with creak and strain, Struggled and groaned like a thing in pain.

1911 J. H. Rose Pitt & National Revival v. 116 The waverers inside the Cabinet, or those who were chafed by the overbearing ways and personal diplomacy of Shelburne, began to leave the labouring ship.

1992 B. Unsworth Sacred Hunger xvi. 112 The stench of the bilge-water shaken up in the depths of the hold below him like some excretion of the labouring ship.

c. Of the moon (or occasionally the sun): undergoing or causing an eclipse; eclipsed. Now chiefly archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > [adjective] > eclipse

clipsic1400

eclipsed1633

labouring1638

immersed1668

eclipsing1748

1638 Bp. J. Wilkins Discov. World in Moone i. 13 She was able to make noise enough to deliver the labouring Moone.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 665 While the labouring Moon Eclipses at thir charms.

1753 B. Holloway Let. & Spirit 360 They deliver'd the labouring Moon from her Extinction and Deadness under her Eclipses.

1822 W. Wordsworth Memorials of Tour on Continent 44 See! while I speak, the labouring Sun His glad deliverance has begun.

1843 F. Baily in J. Timbs Year-bk. of Facts 276 Suddenly from the border of the black and labouring moon..burst forth, at three distinct points, within the aureola, purple or lilac flames!

1934 J. C. Powys Weymouth Sands xii. 449 A sick, labouring moon, ill-shaped and blurred by mist, threw its distorting light on the heads of three persons.

1996 Cantrills Filmnotes Dec. 61/1 A lament to an absence borne in the labouring moon's eclipse.

3. Of a woman: in labour; undergoing childbirth. Also figurative.Used occasionally of other mammals.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [adjective] > labour or pains

in travailc1300

travailingc1405

labouring1540

child labour1585

laborious1615

in labour1623

the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [adjective] > giving birth

childbearinga1382

childinga1387

puerperc1429

labouring1540

parturient1592

parturing1598

birthing1901

1540 R. Jonas tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde i. f. xx^v The mydwyfe herselfe shall syt before the laboryng woman [L. prægnantem].

1678 J. Shirley Short Compend. Chirurgery vi. 105 Make a subtil Powder thereof, and let the labouring Woman take half an Ounce of it at a time.

1680 Earl of Roscommon tr. Horace Art of Poetry 11 In what will all this Ostentation end? The laboring mountain scarce brings forth a mouse.

a1704 T. Brown Satire upon Quack in Wks. (1720) I. 71 Cure Hogs of Measles, visit labouring Swine.

1781 A. Hamilton Treat. Midwifery 201 Hectic or consumptive habit—It is a melancholy scene to attend a labouring woman in this state.

1884 Lancet 26 Apr. 757/2 An agent which increased uterine action while lessening pain was almost too good to be true, but labouring women would be grateful for such a method.

1942 Lancet 28 Nov. 464/2 The labouring woman must never be left alone with her terrors.

1998 Private Eye 9 Jan. 12/2 Many trusts have barely enough anaesthetists to put people to sleep, let alone administer epidurals to labouring women.

Compounds

labouring class n. now chiefly historical (frequently in plural) = working class n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > [noun] > manual worker > labourer or unskilled > collectively

hewers of wood and drawers of water1535

labouring class1753

volk1882

wananchi1965

1753 W. Hird Remarks Pestilence & Pestilential Dis. 72 Here I cannot avoid taking notice of a most baneful and pernicious practice..amongst the inferior and labouring class of people.

1885 Ld. Pembroke in Pall Mall Gaz. 23 May 2/1 The providence which is all that is necessary in a rich country like ours to bring material prosperity to the labouring class.

1979 P. Mortimer About Time iv. 44 It was..unthinkable (to her) to send him to the village school, to learn his three Rs with the labouring classes.

2005 San Antonio (Texas) Express-News (Nexis) 18 July 1 d Many middle class workers began receiving a week's paid vacation, a benefit that wouldn't be seen among the laboring classes until the 1930s.

labouring oar n. an oar that works or is worked, esp. with difficulty or great effort; (hence figurative) the most difficult or demanding part of an enterprise (now chiefly U.S.). Frequently in to pull (also tug, ply) the labouring oar (and variants).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)] > toil > do main share of toil

to pull (also tug, ply) the labouring oar1602

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > rowing apparatus > [noun] > oar > oar at specific position in boat

labouring oar1602

after oar1820

stroke-oar1836

bow-oar1851

1602 M. Drayton Idea in Englands Heroic. Epist. (new ed.) sig. M2^v Weeping in drops vpon thy labouring oares.

a1630 D. Hume Hist. Houses Douglas & Angus (1644) 439 Let every boistrous winde And threatning wave oppose his labouring oare.

1686 H. Higden Mod. Ess. 13th Satyr Juvenal 30 We predestin'd Reprobates, Are persecuted by the Fates. Like Slaves must drudge and carry double, Tugging the labouring Oar of Trouble.

1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 141. ⁋1 I shall still let the labouring Oar be managed by my Correspondents.

1779 D. Hume Dial. Nature Relig. x. 112 It is your turn now to tug the labouring oar.

1813 W. S. Walker Gustavus Vasa ii. 74 He furl'd the sail, and grasp'd the labouring oar, And sped to Dalecarlia's welcome shore.

1894 W. B. Carpenter Son of Man (ed. 2) iv. 106 They vainly ply the labouring oar.

1901 E. Arnold Voy. Ithobal ii. 39 With rowers seasoned to the labouring oar.

1924 K. Feiling Hist. Tory Party ii. ix. 250 In repeated meetings at Lambeth during the first half of January, in which Ken and Turner bore the labouring oar, they drafted the grounds of their resistance.

2002 Washington Times (Nexis) 21 Feb. a17 Some of our NATO allies are whining about the ‘unilateralist’ way we are pursuing the war against terror. But he who doesn't pull a laboring oar can't demand to be consulted.

Derivatives

ˈlabouringly adv. laboriously; with great effort.

ΚΠ

1750 St. Paul's Cathedral i. 15 When St Paul's he, labouringly, tries, With main Effort to draw, he Points the Skies!

1862 E. Bulwer-Lytton Strange Story II. xxxiv. 276 Reason is coming back to her—slowly, labouringly.

1991 H. Brodkey Runaway Soul 630 She died laboringly—by that I mean that it sounded from her breath and it seemed from her face and neck that it was some kind of dirty thing..she did it with determination.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	labouring
释义	labouringlaboringn. Brit. /ˈleɪb(ə)rɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈleɪb(ə)rɪŋ/ Forms: see labour v. and -ing suffix¹; also Scottish pre-1700 laboreing, pre-1700 laborring, pre-1700 laboureing. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: labour v., -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < labour v. + -ing suffix¹. 1. The action of labour v. (in various senses); esp. the action of doing hard (often unskilled) physical work. Also: an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > labour or toil > action of wrestling?c1225 travailingc1330 tewing1394 labouringc1400 sweatingc1430 toiling1549 moiling1565 carking1583 allaboration1727 fagging1777 bullocking1888 schlepping1937 the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > [noun] earth-tilthOE earth-tillingOE tilling?c1225 delving1377 laboura1393 land-tillingc1420 culturec1450 tilthing1495 labouring1523 manurea1547 manuring1550 digging1552 cultivation1553 tilth1565 manurance1572 agriculture1583 nithering1599 culturation1606 gainor1607 delvage1610 agricolation1623 gainage1625 cultivage1632 manurementa1639 groundwork1655 fieldwork1656 proscission1656 field labour1661 manuragea1670 subduing1776 management1799 subjugation1800 geopony1808 clodhopping1847 agriculturism1885 the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > labour or pains cothec1000 throea1200 pining throesc1225 travailc1300 showera1350 paina1398 travailinga1400 throng1540 labouring1598 travail pang1652 travail pain1662 labour pains1703 mother-pain1709 mother-pang1710 breeding sicknessa1714 bearing pain1787 troublea1825 birth throe1837 the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > [noun] > state or quality of being wearisome or tedious > showing lack of spontaneity labouring1611 the mind > language > speech > request > [noun] > solicitation of support, custom, etc. solicitude1556 canvassing1565 appealing1600 labouring1619 touting1731 canvass1790 society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [noun] > rolling and pitching working1575 rolling1578 travail1687 roll1697 pitching1714 sally1718 labouring1748 pitch1751 tumblification1833 send1836 porpoising1974 the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > manifestation of emotion > [noun] > physical feeling resulting from emotion rising (up) of one's or the heart?a1475 labouring1887 c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. ix. l. 251 (MED) He þat best laborede best was alowede, And leders for here laborynge ouere al þe lordes goodes. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 6593 That he ne shal..With propre hondis and body also Gete his fode in laboryng. 1486 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 23 Marriners reteyned for the..laboryng in castyng out of the ballast. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxci. 228 There was no labourynge of the yerth. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. i. 51 Thou variest no more from picking of purses, then giuing direction doth from labouring . View more context for this quotation 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 35 b/2 Some woemen ar as yet not vsed unto the labouringe of childe. 1611 Bible (King James) 2 Macc. ii. 31 To vse breuitie, and auoyde much labouring of the worke. View more context for this quotation 1619 Visct. Doncaster Let. in S. R. Gardiner Lett. Relations Eng. & Germany (1865) 1st Ser. 134 There had beene some..underhand labouring..to promote the Duke of Bavaria. 1644–5 King Charles I Let. in Wks. (1662) 332 There were great labourings to that purpose. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson (ed. 2) i. v. 56 To render the ships stiffer, and..to prevent their labouring [1748 (ed. 1): straining] in hard gales of wind. 1791 Let. in Bee 16 May (1792) 76 The roots are all left in the ground; a circumstance that must prevent the labouring of the land by any other means than that of the spade. 1836 Times 30 Dec. 7/5 It was now found necessary to heave the vessel to, to prevent an increase of injury to the machinery, which had been terribly shaken by the labouring of the vessel. 1887 H. Caine Deemster II. xxv. 195 He..pressed one hand hard at his breast to quiet the labouring of his heart. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 11 Apr. 2/1 Doing a bit of dock~side labouring. 1925 W. Deeping Sorrell & Son ii. 20 Sorrell saw the labouring of the ballooned waistcoat. 1997 C. Brown in S. Golding Eight Technol. of Otherness 131 The earnest labourings of historians. †2. Scottish. A farm; a piece of land under cultivation. Obsolete. Cf. labour v. 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun] townOE wick1086 farm1414 gainery1424 farmhold1471 room?a1513 farm place1526 colony1566 labouring1604 podere1605 fund1694 location1813 bowery1842 ranch1865 1604 in D. G. Barron Court Bk. Urie (1892) 5 The detfull serwice that is to be crawet of euerie tennent..according to thair sett and laboring. 1640 in A. M. Munro Rec. Old Aberdeen (1899) I. 69. The haill husbandmen in Auld Aberdeen sall saw the twalff pairt of thair haill laboring in pese. a1709 Fraser Polichron. 452 We were the first night at Dalcrosse, the Tutor haveing a labouring there. 1782 J. Sinclair Observ. Sc. Dial. 181 A labouring, a farm. a1814 J. Ramsay Scotl. & Scotsmen 18th Cent. (1888) II. ix. 180 My noble hostess took me then (1792) to see her labouring or farm. Compounds C1. General attributive, as labouring day, labouring hour, labouring job, labouring work, etc. ΚΠ 1597 T. Middleton Wisdome of Solomon Paraphr. x. sig. N His painefull labour, labours riches made, His labouring paine, did plesures profit win. a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. i. 4 Vpon a labouring day. View more context for this quotation 1763 Gen. Orders 11 Jan. in H. Bouquet Papers (1940) Ser. 21634. 129 To Mortar Makers, & Labouring Works of that kind £1. 1856 F. L. Olmsted Journey Slave States 55 A slave woman is commonly esteemed least for her laboring qualities. 1896 J. Conrad Let. 5 Aug. (1956) 65 We must take a labouring cottage somewhere not too far from town. 1911 Fort Wayne (Indiana) News 18 Nov. 5/5 Since the cold weather set in construction work has been abandoned, and laboring jobs are getting scarce. 1942 Times 10 Nov. 2/3 Transfer..of skilled tradesmen..to do labouring work for large contractors in other parts of the country. 2001 New Eng. Q. 74 376 Skilled work..now dominated his laboring hours. C2. labouring time n. (a) a time at which labouring takes place; (formerly) spec. (Scottish) †the season for ploughing (cf. labour v. 1b) (obsolete); (b) time spent labouring (in various senses of the verb). ΚΠ 1549 Protocol Bk. J. Crawford (Edinb. Reg. House) f. 37, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (at cited word) The sayd Walter..sall entyr to the tane half of the maleyng..instantlie at this lawbourin tym. 1678 G. Mackenzie Laws & Customes Scotl. i. xxxi. 311 To poind a labouring Oxe, in labouring time, is in all cases unlawful. 1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. II. iii. vi. 336 By labouring time is understood that time, in which the particular tenant..is plowing. 1877 Times 21 Feb. 4/6 Winter has set in and the labouring time will soon come. 1957 Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier 27 Jan. 19/8 The laboring time will consist of six nine-hour days for a total of 54, which would permit spreading out of time for snow removal. 2007 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 5 May 14 The women were appreciative that they had spent even part of their laboring time at home. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). labouringlaboringadj. Brit. /ˈleɪb(ə)rɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈleɪb(ə)rɪŋ/ Forms: see labour v. and -ing suffix²; also Scottish pre-1700 laboureing. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: labour v., -ing suffix². Etymology: < labour v. + -ing suffix².In labouring moon at sense 2c after classical Latin labōrāns Lūna ( Juvenal Satires 6. 443; although use of labōrāre with Lūna with reference to an eclipse of the moon is found in many classical Latin authors). Quot. 1638 at sense 2c translates the verse in Juvenal: una laboranti poterit succurrere Lunae ‘she alone is able to relieve the labouring moon’. Compare also labour n. 9. 1. That labours or works; esp. (a) (of horses and cattle) used for agricultural work; (b) (of persons) performing hard (often unskilled) physical work, esp. as a means of employment. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > domestic animal > [adjective] > labouring labouring1377 working1577 worked1707 wrought1725 society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > [adjective] workingOE labouring1377 manuala1450 mechanicc1550 mechanical1584 manuary1652 blue-collar1929 blue-collared1951 1377 in Somerset & Dorset Notes & Queries (1913) 13 273 (MED) Pishille is comyn felde..Owte take that the tenant that mowe lefe [perh. read lese] her laboryng bests therein..Hangmede Estover is several..save Yatmyster and Chetnolle and no mo shal morwe lese..her laboryng bests therynne. 1452 in Hist. MSS Comm.: Rep. MSS Var. Coll. (1907) IV. 201 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 3218) LXIV. 1 All manere labouring men that holde not londe and tenementes. 1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) ix. xxiv. sig. zii/2 In the euentyde labourynge men ben rewarded & payed and goo to reste. ?1504 W. Atkinson tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) i. ii. 154 A pore homely laborynge man. 1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng xxv. f. 49 Laborynge horses, is the best catell to make good pasture on marres grounde. 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry f. 47^v Be suer of haye, & of prouender some, for laboring cattle, till pasture be come. a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. i. 117 Labouring Art can neuer ransome nature From her inaydible estate. View more context for this quotation 1649 W. Blith Eng. Improver ii. 11 Labouring Country people brew their owne beare. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iii. 329 Of labouring Pioners A multitude with Spades and Axes arm'd. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 147 The waxen Work of lab'ring Bees. View more context for this quotation c1720 N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio Architecture II. xiii. 21 Stables for labouring cattle, such as oxen and horses. 1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey III. xii. 526 I..oar'd with lab'ring arms along the flood. 1797 E. Burke Third Let. Peace Regicide Directory France 109 We have heard many plans for the relief of the ‘Labouring Poor’. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 599 A manger food for the labouring teams. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xx. 421 Other writers did their best to raise riots among the labouring people. 1879 R. Jefferies Wild Life 194 The labouring lads often amuse themselves searching for these creatures [bats]. 1941 W. Lewis Vulgar Streak i. iv. 29 He is really a labouring man—an old evil-smelling, aitchless and g-less, serf. 1949 M. McLaverty Game Cock 40 I'm a labouring man and since I'm out of work this past three months my wife told me to go off on the bike and have a swim with myself. 1996 Times Union (Albany, N.Y.) (Nexis) 11 Feb. h1 Inness himself had absolutely nothing to do with the laboring oxen, who were painted by his son, George Inness Jr. 2007 Guardian (Nexis) 3 Aug. 33 This new parliamentary group were..simply the political voice of the labouring people of the country who had been voiceless before. 2. a. That strives against a difficulty or obstacle; that performs a task or action with great physical or psychological effort; acting or functioning with difficulty; struggling. Also: (of a person) that is in trouble or distress; (of an action) characterized by or performed with effort or difficulty. Cf. labour v. 7. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > [adjective] angeredc1275 miseasedc1390 woea1398 forpainedc1400 labouringc1425 passive?a1439 painedc1450 loaden1542 sored1557 stressed1559 pinched1566 grieved1586 suffering1609 heavy-laden1611 undergoinga1616 vulned1628 loaded1661 afflicted1690 sick as a parrot1705 crosseda1732 wrung1862 traumatized1935 fraught1966 the world > action or operation > endeavour > [adjective] > striving or struggling labouringc1425 studient1565 struggling1577 striving1697 uphill1821 wrestling1854 c1425 Bk. Found. St. Bartholomew's (1923) 51 [They] besowght the Apostle that with his woonnte pyte he wolde succur this laborynge virgyne. 1586 C. Marlowe Jew of Malta i. ii I'de passe away my life in penitence,..To make attonement for my labouring soule. 1597 C. Middleton Famous Hist. Chinon ii. sig. B4 Like fire the more it is kept downe the fiercer it riseth..: so fared it with the laboring heart of this lawles louer. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iii. ii. 163 [The blood] Being all descended to the labouring heart. View more context for this quotation 1693 J. Dryden tr. Juvenal in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal Satires iv. 66 When Falern Wines the lab'ring Lungs did fire. 1706 N. Rowe Ulysses ii. i Her labouring Heart is rent with Anguish. 1737 R. Glover Leonidas i. 268 Her lab'ring bosom blotted with her tears. 1776 Emma; or, Child of Sorrow II. lxxxii. 237 Your tear-swoln eye, and the labouring sigh which at this instant rends your friendly bosom. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake i. 10 Embossed with foam, and dark with soil, The labouring stag strained full in view. 1858 Lancet 21 Aug. 193/1 It was neither the wiry pulse indicative of inflammation, nor the full, oppressed, labouring pulse accompanying cerebral effusion. 1878 E. White Life in Christ (ed. 3) iii. xvii. 202 The thought of it weighs more and more heavily on the labouring mind. 1925 Amer. Mercury Dec. 446/1 The crew of the waiting American boat saw a horse at a laboring gallop bearing a ragged, dust-caked rider. 1982 Washington Post (Nexis) 28 Feb. a1 Hiding on a bluff above the road, the group tensed as the sound of a laboring engine approached. 2001 S. Heaney Electric Light 73 Heel-bone and heart-thud, open-mouthed for summer. The older I get, the quicker and the closer I hear those labouring breaths and feel the coolth. b. Of a ship: that rolls or pitches heavily. Cf. labour v. 7b. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [adjective] > rolling and pitching labouringa1616 laboursome1625 hawse-full1692 giddy1700 a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) ii. i. 188 Let the labouring Barke clime hills of seas, Olympus high. 1685 J. Dryden Threnodia Augustalis v. 10 Like helpless friends, who view from shoar The labouring Ship, and hear the tempest roar. 1789 E. M. Foster Jaquelina of Hainault II. vii. 116 The labouring ship with sails declined moves but as chance directs the anxious Frederick to steer her. 1806 J. Grahame Birds Scotl. 109 The thwarting surge Dashed, boiling, on the labouring bark. 1851 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire III. xxx. 399 The labouring vessel of the state was guided into port by his policy. 1878 in G. P. Lathrop Masque of Poets 53 The labouring vessel, with creak and strain, Struggled and groaned like a thing in pain. 1911 J. H. Rose Pitt & National Revival v. 116 The waverers inside the Cabinet, or those who were chafed by the overbearing ways and personal diplomacy of Shelburne, began to leave the labouring ship. 1992 B. Unsworth Sacred Hunger xvi. 112 The stench of the bilge-water shaken up in the depths of the hold below him like some excretion of the labouring ship. c. Of the moon (or occasionally the sun): undergoing or causing an eclipse; eclipsed. Now chiefly archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > [adjective] > eclipse clipsic1400 eclipsed1633 labouring1638 immersed1668 eclipsing1748 1638 Bp. J. Wilkins Discov. World in Moone i. 13 She was able to make noise enough to deliver the labouring Moone. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 665 While the labouring Moon Eclipses at thir charms. View more context for this quotation 1753 B. Holloway Let. & Spirit 360 They deliver'd the labouring Moon from her Extinction and Deadness under her Eclipses. 1822 W. Wordsworth Memorials of Tour on Continent 44 See! while I speak, the labouring Sun His glad deliverance has begun. 1843 F. Baily in J. Timbs Year-bk. of Facts 276 Suddenly from the border of the black and labouring moon..burst forth, at three distinct points, within the aureola, purple or lilac flames! 1934 J. C. Powys Weymouth Sands xii. 449 A sick, labouring moon, ill-shaped and blurred by mist, threw its distorting light on the heads of three persons. 1996 Cantrills Filmnotes Dec. 61/1 A lament to an absence borne in the labouring moon's eclipse. 3. Of a woman: in labour; undergoing childbirth. Also figurative.Used occasionally of other mammals. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [adjective] > labour or pains in travailc1300 travailingc1405 labouring1540 child labour1585 laborious1615 in labour1623 the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [adjective] > giving birth childbearinga1382 childinga1387 puerperc1429 labouring1540 parturient1592 parturing1598 birthing1901 1540 R. Jonas tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde i. f. xx^v The mydwyfe herselfe shall syt before the laboryng woman [L. prægnantem]. 1678 J. Shirley Short Compend. Chirurgery vi. 105 Make a subtil Powder thereof, and let the labouring Woman take half an Ounce of it at a time. 1680 Earl of Roscommon tr. Horace Art of Poetry 11 In what will all this Ostentation end? The laboring mountain scarce brings forth a mouse. a1704 T. Brown Satire upon Quack in Wks. (1720) I. 71 Cure Hogs of Measles, visit labouring Swine. 1781 A. Hamilton Treat. Midwifery 201 Hectic or consumptive habit—It is a melancholy scene to attend a labouring woman in this state. 1884 Lancet 26 Apr. 757/2 An agent which increased uterine action while lessening pain was almost too good to be true, but labouring women would be grateful for such a method. 1942 Lancet 28 Nov. 464/2 The labouring woman must never be left alone with her terrors. 1998 Private Eye 9 Jan. 12/2 Many trusts have barely enough anaesthetists to put people to sleep, let alone administer epidurals to labouring women. Compounds labouring class n. now chiefly historical (frequently in plural) = working class n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > [noun] > manual worker > labourer or unskilled > collectively hewers of wood and drawers of water1535 labouring class1753 volk1882 wananchi1965 1753 W. Hird Remarks Pestilence & Pestilential Dis. 72 Here I cannot avoid taking notice of a most baneful and pernicious practice..amongst the inferior and labouring class of people. 1885 Ld. Pembroke in Pall Mall Gaz. 23 May 2/1 The providence which is all that is necessary in a rich country like ours to bring material prosperity to the labouring class. 1979 P. Mortimer About Time iv. 44 It was..unthinkable (to her) to send him to the village school, to learn his three Rs with the labouring classes. 2005 San Antonio (Texas) Express-News (Nexis) 18 July 1 d Many middle class workers began receiving a week's paid vacation, a benefit that wouldn't be seen among the laboring classes until the 1930s. labouring oar n. an oar that works or is worked, esp. with difficulty or great effort; (hence figurative) the most difficult or demanding part of an enterprise (now chiefly U.S.). Frequently in to pull (also tug, ply) the labouring oar (and variants). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)] > toil > do main share of toil to pull (also tug, ply) the labouring oar1602 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > rowing apparatus > [noun] > oar > oar at specific position in boat labouring oar1602 after oar1820 stroke-oar1836 bow-oar1851 1602 M. Drayton Idea in Englands Heroic. Epist. (new ed.) sig. M2^v Weeping in drops vpon thy labouring oares. a1630 D. Hume Hist. Houses Douglas & Angus (1644) 439 Let every boistrous winde And threatning wave oppose his labouring oare. 1686 H. Higden Mod. Ess. 13th Satyr Juvenal 30 We predestin'd Reprobates, Are persecuted by the Fates. Like Slaves must drudge and carry double, Tugging the labouring Oar of Trouble. 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 141. ⁋1 I shall still let the labouring Oar be managed by my Correspondents. 1779 D. Hume Dial. Nature Relig. x. 112 It is your turn now to tug the labouring oar. 1813 W. S. Walker Gustavus Vasa ii. 74 He furl'd the sail, and grasp'd the labouring oar, And sped to Dalecarlia's welcome shore. 1894 W. B. Carpenter Son of Man (ed. 2) iv. 106 They vainly ply the labouring oar. 1901 E. Arnold Voy. Ithobal ii. 39 With rowers seasoned to the labouring oar. 1924 K. Feiling Hist. Tory Party ii. ix. 250 In repeated meetings at Lambeth during the first half of January, in which Ken and Turner bore the labouring oar, they drafted the grounds of their resistance. 2002 Washington Times (Nexis) 21 Feb. a17 Some of our NATO allies are whining about the ‘unilateralist’ way we are pursuing the war against terror. But he who doesn't pull a laboring oar can't demand to be consulted. Derivatives ˈlabouringly adv. laboriously; with great effort. ΚΠ 1750 St. Paul's Cathedral i. 15 When St Paul's he, labouringly, tries, With main Effort to draw, he Points the Skies! 1862 E. Bulwer-Lytton Strange Story II. xxxiv. 276 Reason is coming back to her—slowly, labouringly. 1991 H. Brodkey Runaway Soul 630 She died laboringly—by that I mean that it sounded from her breath and it seemed from her face and neck that it was some kind of dirty thing..she did it with determination. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1400adj.1377
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