kirkn.

Brit.

/kəːk/, U.S.

/kərk/, Scottish English

/kɪrk/

Forms: early Middle English kireke, early Middle English kirrke ( Ormulum), early Middle English krke (transmission error), Middle English kirc, Middle English kirck, Middle English–1500s kerke, Middle English–1500s kyrc, Middle English–1500s kyrk, Middle English–1500s kyrke, Middle English 1600s kirke, Middle English– kirk, late Middle English–1700s kurk, 1500s cayke, 1500s cayrke, 1500s kircke; English regional (chiefly northern) 1600s kyrk, 1800s– kerrk, 1800s– kurk; Scottish pre-1700 keark, pre-1700 keirk, pre-1700 keirke, pre-1700 kerk, pre-1700 kirke, pre-1700 kirkk, pre-1700 kyrik, pre-1700 kyrk, pre-1700 kyrke, pre-1700 1700s– kirk, 1800s kiurk, 1800s kurk.

Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: church n.¹

Etymology: Northern and Scots variant of church n.¹, showing either failure of palatalization and assibilation of /k/ or (more likely) restoration of the velar sounds, probably resulting from the influence of the corresponding forms in early Scandinavian, or even from reborrowing from early Scandinavian (even though the early Scandinavian forms probably resulted ultimately from borrowing from English: see discussion at church n.¹).The modern distribution is characteristically northern and Scots (see senses 1a, 1a(b)), although clearly recessive in England: Eng. Dial. Dict. records the word from Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Westmorland, north Lancashire, each of the ridings of Yorkshire (rare), and north-east Lincolnshire; Surv. Eng. Dial. records it only from Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, north Lancashire, and the North and West Ridings of Yorkshire, in all of which places (except for four locations in Northumberland) it is regarded as rare or obsolescent (with forms of church n.¹ being more usual). In Middle English examples are attested as far south as Norfolk in the east, and Staffordshire in the west (hence outside the Danelaw), and occasionally elsewhere. Such forms are common in Middle English alliterative verse of whatever origin. The element kirk is attested earlier in several place names from the Danelaw, as Kerkeby , Norfolk (1086; now Kirby Cane), Kirchebi , North Riding, Yorkshire (1088; now Kirby Sigston), Kyrkebi , West Riding, Yorkshire (1101–9; 1086 as Chirchebi ; now Kirkby Malzeard), etc., although these examples, showing compounds with a Scandinavian element (see by n.¹), probably reflect the early Scandinavian cognate rather than the English word. In some instances, in compounds with an indisputably English (as opposed to Scandinavian) element, perhaps replacing earlier forms with church n.¹, as Kirkelea, Suffolk (1086; now Kirkley), Kirketuna, Suffolk (1086; now Kirton), Kyrkham, Lancashire (1094; 1086 as Chicheham; now Kirkham), Kerkestede, Norfolk (12th cent. in a copy of a charter of the late 11th cent.; now Kirstead Green), etc., although the possibility that these show original hybrid formations by speakers of early Scandinavian cannot be ruled out. (The ch digraph in several of the examples from Domesday Bk. is probably intended to represent the sound /k/, reflecting the influence of Anglo-Norman spelling conventions.)

a. = church n.¹ I.Cf. mother kirk n. 2.

(a) Scottish. In later use chiefly: a church building. Used in literary Scots until the 17th cent., and still retained in colloquial Scots. Sc. National Dict. (1960) notes: ‘The word is gen[erally] used of a Presbyterian or other non-Episcopal church or congregation as opposed to chapel for a Scottish Episcopalian or Roman Catholic place of worship.’

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > sanctuary or holy place > construction or measurement > [noun] > construction

kirklOE

fabric1611

church building1659

lOE [implied in: Royal Charter: David I to Holyrood, Edinb. in A. C. Lawrie Early Sc. Charters (1905) 116 Et cum Kyrchetune [of St Cuthbert's, Edinburgh] per rectas divisas suas (at kirktown n. 1)].

1389 in C. Innes Liber Sancte Marie de Melros (1837) 449 Thair tendys of thair kyrkes.

1458 in J. Cooper Cartularium Eccl. St. Nicholai Aberdonensis (1892) II. 329 In quhat place of the kirk it plesis thaim to ly.

1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) ii. 71 Quhen he..In-till ye kyrk Schyr Ihone haid slain.

1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 576 The hie Mes was done, The King with mony cumly out of the Kirk is gane.

a1653 H. Binning Serm. (1743) 607 Unless their prayers do it, or their keeping the kirk.

a1704 T. Brown Cupid turn'd Tinker in Wks. (1707) I. i. 152 At Play-House and Kirk, Where he slily did lurk.

1786 R. Burns Twa Dogs iii, in Poems 10 At Kirk or Market, Mill or Smiddie.

1894 ‘I. Maclaren’ Lachlan Campbell in Beside Bonnie Brier Bush iii. 145 Away on the right the Parish Kirk peeped out from a clump of trees.

1927 J. Buchan Witch Wood xi. 188 The little stone manse..stood below the kirk on the knowe at the west gate above the brig of Aller.

1991 R. A. Jamieson Day at Office 12 A half mile away, across the flat plain, the tenements of Tollcross and the spire of some kirk make a ridge of stone against the sky.

(b) Chiefly northern. (See etymological note.) Now rare.Frequently in place names throughout the area of its original use.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > a religion or church > [noun]

churcheOE

kirkc1175

spousea1200

lawa1225

lorea1225

religionc1325

faithc1384

sectc1386

seta1387

leara1400

hirselc1480

professiona1513

congregation1526

communion1553

schism1555

segregation1563

sex1583

hortus conclususa1631

confessiona1641

dispensation1643

sectary1651

churchship1675

cult1679

persuasion1732

denomination1746–7

connection1753

covenant1818

sectarism1821

organized religion1843

society > faith > artefacts > sanctuary or holy place > church or place of worship > [noun]

churcheOE

God's houseOE

kirkc1175

temple1399

steeple1555

church building1605

steeple-house1644

shrine1645

Dominical1659

religion shop1811

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7709 Hiss moderr. Swa shollde to þe kirrke gan..Swa summ ȝho shollde clennsedd beon.

1209 in P. H. Reaney & R. M. Wilson Dict. Eng. Surnames (1991) 266/2 Reginald Attekireke [Lincolnshire].

c1275 ( Will of Ketel (Sawyer 1519) in D. Whitelock Anglo-Saxon Wills (1930) 88 Ic an into þere kirke þat lond þat Withrich hauede vnder hande.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 29296 Þe fifte es man þat kirkes brinnes.

c1450 (?a1400) Sege Melayne (1880) l. 29 Þan his Mawmettes he sett vp there In kirkes and abbayes þat there were.

1500–18 Extracts Bk. Building Louth Steeple (modernized text) in Archaeologia (1792) 10 93 Gold found in the kirk delivered by William Ayleby priest to kirkwardens.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 176^v Kepers of the kirke [i.e. the Palladium].

a1557 J. Cheke in tr. Gospel St. Matthew (1843) xvi. 18 (note) Yis word church..commeth of y^e greek κυριακόν..as ye north doth yet moor truli sound it, y^e kurk, and we moor corruptli and frenchlike, y^e church.

a1656 J. Ussher Power of Princes (1683) ii. 234 That place which..all men did call a Kirk.

1785 W. Hutton Bran New Wark 14 Be serious and devout, net come to kirk with a moon belief.

1805 R. Anderson Ballads in Cumberland Dial. 10 Helter skelter frae the kurk.

1877 F. Ross et al. Gloss. Words Holderness Kirk, a church. Not much used. That at Owthorne on the coast is called the ‘Sister Kirk’.

1886 T. Farrall Betty Wilson's Cummerland Teàls 49 He went ta kirk ov a Sunday mwornin'.

a1919 W. B. Kendall Forness Word Bk. (Cumbria County Archives, Barrow) (transcript of MS) Kirk, church.

1963 H. Orton & W. J. Halliday Surv. Eng. Dial. I. iii. 925 [Yorkshire] I'm going to the kirk (‘old people would say this’).

(c) With reference to the Low Countries and Germany. Now rare. [A rendering of Dutch kerk , Low German kerke , or German Kirche . For further information on these and other cognate forms in other Germanic languages see the etymology at church n.¹]

ΚΠ

1673 J. Ray Observ. Journey Low-countries 25 Here [i.e. in Delft] are two large Churches, the one called the old, the other the new Kirk.

1795 S. J. Pratt Gleanings through Wales III. lxvii. 235 [In Westphalia.] She can do nothing, but drink coffee eight or ten times, and go to the kirk.

1851 H. W. Longfellow Golden Legend ii. 82 I may to yon kirk go, To read upon yon sweet book.

1911 D. S. Meldrum Home Life in Holland xvi. 202 Their philosophy rolls over me from these cards in the accents of a preacher of the Doleerende kirk.

b. = church n.¹ II.Cf. mother kirk n. 1.

†(a) northern. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3533 Hallȝhedd inn hiss kirrke.

a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 67 Ðanne he nimeð to kirke..Forsaket ðore Satanas.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 13334 (MED) Petre es þou, and mi kirk sal O þat stan sett hir grundwall.

c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 1436 Wordes of baptesme may be in euery langage So þat the wordes haf fourme after the trewe Kyrkes vsage.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 16 (MED) Weþer it be þe kirk particuler, as were two or þre are gedrid to gidir in Cristis name.

1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. July f. 27^v To Kerke the narre, from God more farre, has bene an old sayd sawe.

a1708 T. Ward England's Reformation (1710) i. 23 Thou damn'd elf, Dost thou suppose me such a Turk To make a Schism in the Kirk?

(b) Scottish. Now chiefly as in sense 2 and in the names of denominations.

ΚΠ

1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) iv. 12 Noyer off ye kyrk na seculer.

1560 Conf. Faith Scotl. xvi Christ Jesus..is the only Head of the same Kirk..which Kirk is Catholik, that is universall, because it conteanes the Elect of all aiges, all realmes, nationis, and tounges.

1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 11 We trow the kirk Catholik be Ane Faithfull Christin cumpanie.

1621 First & Second Bk. Discipline (Church of Scotl.) i The Kirk of God..is takin sumtymes for them that exercise spiritual function amongis the congregation..The Kirke in this last sense hes a certaine power grantit be God.

1643 Humble Petition Commissioners Gen. Assembly to King's Majesty 4 Jan. 3 The Kirk of England which we ought to tender as our own bowels.

1648 in Rec. Kirk of Scot. (1838) I. 507 All the corruptions that have been formerly in the Kirks of God in these Lands [England and Scotland].

1796 J. Lauderdale Coll. Poems Sc. Dial. 49 Lay thousands on the man o' sin, And swear the kirk o' England blin.

1833 J. S. Sands Poems 50 Langsyne, afore the kirk o' Rome E'er was a kirk.

1873 J. Brown Round Table Club 54 The Kirk o' Englan' 's rinnin' aff tae Roome, I'm tauld, helter skelter, amon' a blaze o' caunels..an' incense.

1918 R. Watson My Brave & Gallant Gentleman xviii. 234 I'll ha'e ye shorn o' your releegious orders and hunted frae the kirk o' God.

2. spec. Usually with capital initial and usually with the. An informal name for: the Church of Scotland. Cf. Free Kirk n., the Wee Free Kirk at wee adj. e.Frequently used to distinguish the Church of Scotland from the Church of England, or from the Scottish Episcopal Church.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [noun] > Free Church > collective

kirk?1566

Auld Kirk1780

Free Church of Scotland1843

Free Kirk1843

free1863

?1566–7 G. Buchanan Opinion Reformation Univ. St. Andros in Vernacular Writings (1892) 16 Office of preachour or teachour in the Kirk.

1602 in A. Peterkin Bk. Universall Kirk Scotl. (1839) 1031 To..ingyre themselves..in the Kirks government.

1658 T. Pierce ᾽Εαυτοντιμωρούμενος: Self-revenger 52 He hath covenanted with the Scots to mould us all after the Kirk; polluted his Church with the Directorie, and many other abominations I spare to name.

1709 J. Swift Let. conc. Sacramental Test 24 To Swear..as they do now in Scotland, to be true to the Kirk.

1791 J. Hampson Mem. J. Wesley II. 19 A member of the kirk.

1831 T. B. Macaulay Hampden in Ess. (1887) 219 This government..called a general assembly of the Kirk.

1850 E. P. Whipple Ess. & Rev. (ed. 3) I. 213 Examples which tell against kirk as well as against church.

1922 G. M. Trevelyan Brit. Hist. 19th Cent. xviii. 286 Like the contemporary English Church, the Kirk failed to take up the fresh opportunities and duties of the changing age.

2009 Herald (Glasgow) 23 May 1 The debate could signal the greatest divide in the Kirk since the Disruption of 1843.

Phrases

Scottish colloquial. to make a kirk and (also or) a mill of: (a) to put to any use one wishes, to do what one likes with; (b) to make the best of.

ΚΠ

1706 Full Acct. Proc. Court of Directors Company of Scotl. 32 They might now make a Kirk or a Mill of it, as they should think fit.

1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 252 Make a Kirk and a Mill of it, that is, make your best of it: It does not answer to the English, ‘Make a Hog or a Dog of it’: For that means, bring it either to one use, or another.

1823 J. Galt Entail I. xviii. 147 The property is my own conquesting..and surely I may make a kirk and a mill o't an I like.

1887 ‘Mrs. Alexander’ Mona's Choice II. vii. 173 I doubt but the man I let the land to is just making a kirk and a mill of it.

1913 Hearst's Internat. Jan. 167/1 He could now starve New England, steal New England, or make a kirk and a mill of New England, as say the Scotch, whenever moved of some bilious or dyspeptic spirit to do so.

1999 Scotl. on Sunday (Nexis) 29 Aug. 12 Thereafter, my classes and I settled down together and I was left to make a kirk or a mill o' it.

Compounds

C1. General attributive. (Cf., in some cases, corresponding combinations of church n.¹).

kirk act n.

ΚΠ

1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xix. sig. F4 The Kirk acts against Kirk-buriall.

1707 W. Nicolson Diary 4 Mar. in London Diaries (1985) 422 At the House, the Union-Bill read a third time, and (after the Rider for Explaining the Assent to the Kirk-Act rejected by 55 against 19) passed.

1844 Tait's Edinb. Mag. June 341/2 Lord Aberdeen's Kirk Act, than which a more useless piece of legislation never enmbered the statute-book!

2006 J. R. Young in E. Boran & C. Gribben Enforcing Reformation in Irel. & Scotl. v. 146 This act gave ‘civill sanctione’ to acts of the General Assembly or other Kirk acts concerning these issues.

kirk elder n.

ΚΠ

1715 W. Tisdall Case of Sacramental Test stated & Argu'd 25 Has not our Legislature a Conscience to direct them, as well as those kirk elders?

1849 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Feb. 226/2 The Campbells of Kirnan were, we doubt not, a highly respectable sept, and performed their duty as kirk-elders for many generations blamelessly in the parish of Glassary.

1948 New Shetlander No. 8. 10 Faider wis a rancelman an' a Kirk elder.

2009 R. Crawford Bard 170 The married farmer who, despite having been a kirk elder for almost a quarter of century, was under fifty when Burns wrote his ‘Prayer’.

kirk floor n.

ΚΠ

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9015 Ȝuw birrþ upp o kirrke flor. Beon fundenn offte.

1590 Edinb. Dean of Guild Accts. 392 in Dict. Older. Sc. Tongue at Kirk For flouris..to cast athort the..kirk flure.

1660 in E. Henderson Kirk-session Rec. Dumfermline (1865) 56 To forbear fra breaking the kirk-floore, and burying within the kirk.

1887 All Year Round 8 Jan. 548/2 The kirk sessions began to lay down regulations against the practice of breaking up the kirk floor for new interments.

1907 G. Tancred Rulewater & its People 9 A hillock like a large molehill appeared on the kirk floor.

2002 M. Todd Culture of Protestantism in Early Mod. Scotl. vii. 318 The more elaborate could..incorporate stairways from the kirk floor or separate outside entrances.

kirk judicatory n.

ΚΠ

1638 A. Johnston Short Relation State of Kirk Scotl. sig. A2^v This was the supreme and highest Kirk judicatorie, to which was made the last appeale.

1740 Diary A. Brodie (To the Reader) p. v Their kirk-judicatories..were dissolved.

1844 T. Stephen Hist. Church Scotl. III. li. 434 No sooner was this storm over, but a tempest arose which did terrible execution; what the council had let fall, the kirk judicatories took up.

1903 D. Butler Life & Lett. R. Leighton 340 On January 9, 1662, a royal proclamation was read, declaring that Kirk judicatories, having now no power nor authority, were forbidden to meet in Synods, Presbyteries or Sessions, until they should be authorized and ordered by the bishops.

2006 J. R. Young in E. Boran & C. Gribben Enforcing Reformation in Ireland & Scotl. 154 These conditions were to apply when particular representations were made by presbyteries or other kirk judicatories concerning individual cases.

kirk minister n.

ΚΠ

?1719 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ IV. 18/1 To this..list of Scepticks and Adiophorists, some would joyn Calamy and Pierce to whom the Aryan Pamphlet against the Kirk Minister Patrick Russel, lately published, boldly and avowedly appeals.

1840 R. Vaughan Hist Eng. under House of Stuart I. i. 4 One of these kirk ministers did not hesitate to tell the king ‘that he had detected the treachery of his heart’.

1982 J. M. Beck J. Howe (1984) I. 78 The conduct of the Kirk ministers, as he himself witnessed it, left him absolutely aghast.

2010 Sunday Times (Scottish ed.) (Nexis) 5 Dec. 10 They said a decision by the Free Church to relax its rules on Sunday services could tempt more kirk ministers to defect.

kirk preacher n.

ΚΠ

1679 J. Kid in G. Hickes Spirit of Popery (1680) 5 I say it consists in the gratuitous redemption of all mankind, and not in the arbitrarious calling and election of this, and that particular man, as this Kirk-Preacher here suggests.

1757 T. Evans Hist. Mod. Enthusiasm (ed. 2) xi. 152 This is a friendly Caveat lest any one should presume to behave disrespectfully before a Kirk-preacher attended by his Zealots.

1877 E. R. Charles On Both Sides of Sea v. 190 From the Pope to the kirk preachers, not a disturbance in the world but you find them at the bottom of it.

1979 Jrnl. Relig. Hist. 9 117 Annual ‘sermons’ to the SPCK in Scotland by leading Kirk preachers provided a stage for debate.

2005 Scotl. on Sunday (Nexis) 15 May 9 In the past many Kirk preachers were depicted as railing against the ‘pleasures of the world and the flesh’.

kirk steeple n.

ΚΠ

1535–6 in H. M. Paton Accts. Masters of Wks. (1957) I. 188 The fore entre to the kirk stepill.

1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. i. xxii. 436 Prescription of fourty yeays was found sufficient to Constitute the Right to a Bell in a Kirk-steeple.

1723 Sc. Rogue: Pt. 2 81 Our Captain..bid us face either to some Hedge or Tree, or Kirk-Steeple.

1829 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xlvii, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 870 The cock on a kirk-steeple.

1900 J. Buchan Half-hearted i. 17 A kirk steeple in a grove of trees proclaimed civilisation.

2007 S. Jayewardene-Pillai Imperial Conversat. ii. 66 Kirk steeples rose in proud majesty.

† kirk writer n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1680 G. Hickes Spirit of Popery Pref. i Citing out of the Kirk-Writers their Papal,..Schismatical and Rebellious Principles.

1730 J. Oldmixon Hist. Eng.: House of Stuart 9/1 You see how boldly he defies Calderwood, and every one of the Kirk Writers.

1842 R. Armitage Dr. Hookwell II. 251 According to true Catholic antiquity and universality, which (to use a very much abused phrase by Kirk writers) is the true pattern in the Mount.

C2.

kirk assembly n. the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (see general assembly n. (a) at general adj. and n. Compounds 2); (also) a meeting of this body.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > ecclesiastical discipline > court > presbyterian > [noun] > general assembly

general assembly1550

assemblya1572

kirk assembly1646

1646 H. Burton Conformitie's Deformity 21 For whosoever shall not in all things conform to the constitutions of that generall Kirk assembly,..then, ipso facto, imprisonment, confiscation of goods, banishment, and what not?

1752 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. III. 425 Going..to the Kirk-assembly at Edenburgh.

1844 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 519/2 The resolutions..carried with only one dissenting voice in the Kirk Assembly.

1910 R. G. Usher Reconstruction of Eng. Church vi. 158 The ‘golden law’ of 1592, on which Presbyterianism in Scotland then rested, had declared that the Kirk Assembly had a right to meet yearly.

2006 Sunday Times (Nexis) 28 May 2 Last week,..the Kirk assembly narrowly voted by 322 votes to 314 to allow ministers to ‘conduct a service marking a civil partnership’.

kirk bell n. = church bell n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > percussion instrument > bell > [noun] > church-bell

knoll1379

mertun1536

church bell1609

kirk bell1629

1629 Reg. Privy Council Scott. 2nd Ser. III. 5 The said James..caused ring the kirk bell and towke thair drwm.

1726 Reclaiming Bill 27 Apr. 205 The Kirk-Bell was wont to be rung twice, every Day of the Week.

1830 J. Galt Lawrie Todd II. vi. ii. 250 To hear the far-off kirk-bell ringing.

1952 J. R. Allan North-East Lowlands Scotl. (1974) 213 About the time when..the kirk bell sounds ten, a long shrill of the whistle ends the game.

2006 F. Hunter Bloodring 179 Long after the distant kirk bell tolled the hour, long after ten, I got out of the bath and dressed.

kirk book n. = church book n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > book (general) > service book (general) > [noun]

church bookOE

servicelOE

standard1466

kirk book1503

service book1553

Hirmologion1850

church service1855

1503–4 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1900) II. 419 Item, giffin to Maister David Traill for binding of ane of the Kingis kyrk bukis, and for coviring of thre bukis, xvij s. iij d.

1650 Let. 9 Sept. in Perfect Diurnall No. 42. 508 For the committing of Adultery, the Kirk Bukes of some of the Ministers which we have found, will shew the names of their Parishioners who have stood in the Stoole from time to time.

1746 W. Forbes Dominie Depos'd (1765) 37 In the kirk-book it would be listed.

1865 G. MacDonald Alec Forbes II. xxxiv. 275 I can fin' oot the date frae the kirk-buiks.

1917 A. E. Barr Christine 246 He is not forgotten, Margot. His name is on nearly every page o' the kirk books.

2004 H. Spears Flourish iv. 54 Here was the press lined with musty kirk books, the stout chest containing the communion vessels.

kirk box n. = church box n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

a1650 D. Calderwood Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1845) VII. 215 He had..stollen out of the kirk boxe the silver gathered for the poore.

1725 T. Orem Descr. of Chanonry in Old Aberdeen (NLS Adv. MS 33.5.23) 42 There were 2000 Merks left by D^r Alex^r Scroggie in the Kirk Box.

1815 J. Arbuthnot Hist. Acct. Peterhead 51 The funds of the Kirk box arise from the weekly collections, and the fines imposed on delinquents, who have been convicted of incontinence by the Spiritual Court.

1909 A. E. Barr Hands of Compulsion x. 212 He will be as discreet and dignified as if he was carrying round the Kirk box for the collection.

2002 M. Todd Culture of Protestantism in Early Mod. Scotl. ii. 105 The Perth elders were outraged at the sacrilege as well as the expense of the 1621 theft that cost £6 from the kirk box to replace the tablecloth borrowed from Patrick Pitcairn's wife.

kirk-burial n. burial within a church building.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > types of burial or entombment > [noun] > burial in specific place

kirk-burial1606

out-funeral1637

tree-burial1901

1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xix. 33 When their bemasked kirk-buriall shall be be-reft of her fig-tree buskings.

1648 in J. Stuart Extracts Presbytery Bk. Strathbogie (1843) 87 Concerning restraint of kirk buriallis.

1862 W. Hunter Biggar & House of Fleming 190 The practice of kirk burial was in popish times quite common throughout the whole country, and, therefore, the Presbyterian clergy, at the Reformation, set themselves with vigour to repress it.

1905 W. M. Metcalfe Hist. County of Renfrew xviii. 259 They..prohibited piping and dancing, forbade penny-weddings, and began a campaign against kirk-burial.

2000 A. Spicer in B. Gordon & P. Marshall Place of Dead 150 The First Book of Discipline considered kirk-burial to be unseemly in a building which was assigned for preaching and the administration of the sacraments.

† kirkchatterer n. Obsolete a person who chatters during a church service; cf. church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 1f.

ΚΠ

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxx. 413 Yit of thise kyrkchaterars Here ar a menee.

kirk door n. = church door n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > door > [noun]

church doorOE

kirk doorc1175

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1327 Hemm birrde. Twa bukkess samenn to þe preost. Att kirrke dure brinngenn.

a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 524 Vre sowle atte kirke-dure ches hire Crist to meche. He is ure soule spuse.

a1425 Rule St. Benet (Lansd.) (1902) 31 (MED) At ilke owre when þe belle ringis sal sho [sc. a penitent] lie by-fore þe kirke dore til alle þe cuuent be cumen in.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 17 He weddit hir at kirkdur with ane ring.

1574 Buik Gen. Kirk Edinb. in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 103 Thai sall compeir upoun Sonday nixt..at the eister kirk duir, cleid in saik cleith.

1670 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1872) II. 268 Not keeping clos the kirk dores before or after sunesetting.

1780 W. Forbes Dominie Depos'd iii. 14 The clout about me shou'd be pricked At the kirk-door.

1859 W. Alexander Pract. Commissary Courts Scotl. vi. 46 That every intimation of petition for the appointment of an executor, in place of being published at the kirk-door, and market cross,..shall be intimated by the commissary clerk affixing on the door of the Commissary Court House.

1916 D. E. Marvin Curiosities in Prov. 378 It was the custom in olden times to give publicity to fairs by an announcement outside the kirk door after the regular Sunday morning's service.

2002 M. Todd Culture of Protestantism in Early Mod. Scotl. iii. 150 Performing repentance often began at the kirk door.

† kirk fast n. Obsolete rare a fast ordained by the Church.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > liturgical year > fast > [noun] > duly appointed

kirk fast1814

1814 W. Scott Waverley II. vii. 117 He would drive a nail for no man on the Sabbath or kirk fast .

† kirk-feuar n. Obsolete rare = church-feuar n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1820 W. Scott Monastery II. iii^*. 129 The son of a kirk-feuar is not the stuff that lords and knights are made of.

kirk gate n. [ < kirk n. + gate n.²] the main road or street leading to a church.Frequently as a street name.

ΚΠ

c1273 in A. B. Scott Old Days & Ways in Newton Mearns (1939) 101 Kirkilgate [i.e. gait or way to the Kirkhill].]

1378 in J. M. Thomson Registrum Magni Sigilli Scotorum (1912) I. 154/1 In vico [de Inuirnys] qui dicitur le Kyrkgate.

1492 in C. Rogers Rental Bk. Cupar-Angus (1879) I. 254 Betwixt the land of Patrick Baxteris..and the Kyrkgait.

1520 Burgh Court Bk. Selkirk f. 83, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Kirk-gat That thar ly na medding in the..Kyrkgait.

1650 in J. Stuart Extracts Presbytery Bk. Strathbogie (1843) 137 Ascending lineallie the forsaid Kirkgate till they come to the kirkyard dyk.

1774 Dialogue on Scotl.'s Glory (title page) To be had at John Breues's Shop, North-end of the Kirk-gate, Perth; or the Printing-office there.

1864 W. Chambers Hist. Peebles. 295 The direct approach to the Cross Church was by the Kirk-gait or paved way above alluded to, which communicated with the Briggate.

1937 Archaeol. Jrnl. 93 318 The Kirkgait now gives access to the outer close through James V's outer ‘entrie’ situated near the west end of the pre-Reformation Kirk of St. Michael.

2007 B. Small Border Lord's Bride 154 The kirk gate leading to St. Michael's Church was crowded with horses and traveling carts.

kirk-goer n. = churchgoer n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > [noun] > worshipper

heryera950

loutera1340

worshipperc1384

honourera1425

praiserc1452

fearer1535

adorer1572

sectary1590

churchgoer1598

thanksgivera1622

votary1639

theophile1647

God-fearer1668

theophilist1677

sacricolist1727

kirk-goer1754

bhakta1828

1754 London Mag. Oct. 456/2 The girl who had the child by the kirk goer was an impudent baggage, and deserved to be whipped out of town.

1888 R. L. Stevenson Lett. (1901) II. 101 I am no great kirkgoer, for many reasons—and the sermon's one of them.

1949 G. M. Trevelyan Illustr. Eng. Social Hist. III. 145 In parts of the Highlands such rites were the main religion of the people; in the Lowlands they were a subordinate but still a real part of life and belief among a nation of Christian kirk-goers.

2001 M. Wiley Down to Bonny Glen 25 Two or three other boats had been assembled to carry the other kirk-goers across to the village.

kirk government n. = church government n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > [noun]

common law?c1430

church government1566

kirk government1608

1608 Informations 15 (heading) A treatise of kirke governement.

1779 J.Glen Wonderful Surprize 14 Jesus Christ..hath instituted and appointed a Kirk Government distinct from the Civill Government.

1845 T. Stephen Hist. Church Scotl. IV. lix. 13 The ministers took the alarm that the kirk government was in danger.

1904 Free Church of Scotl. Appeals, 1903–4 514/2 A set of people who worship in a church, in a particular building, that is to say, under a certain kirk government.

2006 R. A. Houlbrooke James VI & I 5 James's remodelling of Kirk government had been divisive, his Articles disastrous.

kirk greedy adj. zealous in church attendance.

ΚΠ

1860 H. Keddie Wearing Willow x. 205 What business had they in a Scotch kirk? They were not so kirk-greedy across the Channel.

1955 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) 12 Oct. in Sc. National Dict. (1960) V. 395/1 If our Protestant schools..laid a foundation on which the minister could build on a Sunday, perhaps we would see the development of a more ‘kirk greedy’ community.

1994 Independent on Sunday (Nexis) 16 Apr. 13 In each congregation he endeared himself to old and young alike. Those who may not have been abnormally ‘kirk greedy’ knew of his prowess on the football field.

† kirk-keeper n. Scottish Obsolete (with modifying adjective) a person who observes church attendance in the specified way.

ΚΠ

1644 in W. G. Robertson Church Ann. Cullen (1938) 29 All ill kirk-keepers.

1709 in A. W. Johnston Church in Orkney (1940) 99 Ill kirk keepers.

1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. xi. 172 A constant kirk-keeper she is.

1835 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 617/2 I wish she may be in her ordinar' health—sae regular a kirk-keeper, especially on Fast Days.

kirk lair n. [ < kirk n. + lair n.¹ 2] Scottish (now historical) a burial place within a church building; the right of burial within a church.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > grave or burial-place > [noun] > within a church

lair-stall1541

lair-stead1559

kirk lair1606

1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xix. sig. F1 They sacrilegiously will vsurpe a possessiue pronoun, and..say, this kirk, or at least this kirk-laire is mine.

1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xix. sig. F4 Secluding all from the Kirk-laire.

1999 S. Tarlow Bereavement & Commemoration iv. 90 There are plans showing the ownership of kirk lairs dating from the eighteenth century.

† kirk-loom n. Obsolete rare a piece of church equipment; cf. loom n.¹ 1a.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > furniture > [noun]

ornamentsc1384

church stuff1507

kirk-loom1827

1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 201 The mickle pulpit;..was the Cardinal's ain kirk-loom, He brocht it in a ship frae Rome.

kirk militant n. = church militant n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1926) I. 46 We are channounis of His Kyrk militant.

1683 Case Earl of Argyle 20 We, and all God's Elect are subject in this life; and therefere do bear the name of the Kirk-Militant.

1752 T. Evans Hist. Mod. Enthusiasm vi. 47 Richard Cameron, a noted Field-Preacher, and a valiant Champion of the Kirk Militant.

1838 M. Napier Montrose & Covenanters II. xii. 362 The Kirk-militant was becoming doubtful of their champion, and required some management.

1970 R. Mitchison Hist. Scotl. xiii. 226 The lay government, the Committee of Estates, fled, and effective power was in the hands of the Kirk militant.

kirk officer n. a paid official whose job is to maintain the building and property of the church, and to assist the minister in administration; = church officer n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > laity > lay functionaries > church-officer > [noun]

altarist1445

church officer1566

beadle1594

kirk officer1608

churchwarden1660

1608 Informations 63 Setting up, by the devise of Satan, ane Hierarchie, that is, a Spirituall principalitie in the Kirke of God, overthrowing altogither the Ordinance of Christ Iesus in ordering his Kirke officers.

1776 Dunfermline Weekly Mag. 4 June 416 He hoped it would never be considered to be any part of the duty of a minister, to go about like a kirk-officer, collecting certificates for such gentlemen as wanted to sit in that house.

1895 G. H. Kinnear Hist. Glenbervie ix. 57 Even when marriages were discontinued in church the kirk officer was most diligent in demanding his usual prerequisites.

1978 A. Fenton Northern Isles liv. 446 David Trumble, the Kirk Officer of South Ronaldsay, had the task of collecting the small teinds which included wool and lamb.

kirk party n. (also with capital initial(s)) Scottish History a radical and uncompromising faction of the Scottish Covenanters (cf. covenanter n. 2).

ΚΠ

1650 Perfect Diurnall No. 53. sig. Ggg3^v The royall Scots rejoyce at this victory of ours over Kerr, and say they hoped little good of the Kirke party.

1740 Diary A. Brodie (To the Reader) p. iv A great many met, and formed an Association..against the King and the Defection in the Kirk-party.

1911 A. Bullard Panama xx. 353 He was of the Kirk party, but at the same time had a valuable fund of common sense.

2003 D. Stevenson in D. L. Smith Cromwell & Interregnum 188 The split among the Scots into Engagers and their opponents, soon to be known as the Kirk Party, was seen by Cromwell as corresponding to the dichotomy present in his own attitude to the Scots.

† kirkreeve n. Obsolete rare = church reeve n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > laity > lay functionaries > church-warden > [noun]

reeveeOE

kirkmaster1429

church reeve1433

warden1439

kirkreeve1442

churchwarden1443

churchman1457

churchmaster1484

churchward1496

kirkwarden1500

herenach1607

chapelwarden1688

kirkward1883

1442 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 131 That the kirkerevys of the parish chirch of Clerkenwell haue xiijs. iiijd. for to spend on the onourmentz of the same kirke.

kirk rent n. now historical and rare = church rent n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2; usually in plural.

ΚΠ

1562 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 8 Thay ar..bund subditis to..auarice, neuir intendand to clenge thair handis of the kirk rentis.

1599 R. Pont Against Sacrilege iii. sig. H^v All the Kirk rent is exhausted vpon greedie gormandes, carelesse of Religion.

1675 in M. Wood Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1950) X. 247 Collectors of the impositione, chamber annuitie, kirkrents and hospitall.

1869 Proc. Semicentenary Celebration Presbyterian Board of Educ. 39 He was..entitled to a seat in the Presbytery, and was by law paid out of the kirk-rents.

1901 W. Morison Johnston of Warriston 69 It voted him a salary of 1000 merks a year as Advocate to the Kirk, and 50 merks as Clerk—to be paid out of the Kirk rents of the late bishoprics.

1989 J. Kirk Patterns of Reform viii. 312 One critic..depicted the bishop in his later years as squandering kirk rents from St Andrews Priory.

kirk service n. public Christian worship in a church or kirk; a celebration of this, esp. one following a prescribed form; cf. church service n. 2.

ΚΠ

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10606 (MED) Quen þai had..taght hir to þat kirc seruijs [Fairf. chirchis service]..to drightin self þai hir bekend.

1624 D. Calderwood Epist. Christian Brother 9 The holy ministry transformed, rent, and divided.., and restraining the members thereof from their proper functions; the kirke-service, prayers, and other exercises.

1833 A. Picken Traditionary Stories Old Families I. v. 173 I rose, refreshed in body and pious in spirit, on the dull Sunday morning, proposing to walk forward, and be into Hillington in time for the kirk service.

1885 H. Butterworth Zigzag Journeys in Acadia & New France xii. 285 We see the kirk service performed in very much of its original amplitude and heartiness.

1992 I. Rankin Strip Jack (1993) 36 Helen looked either like she'd been to an early Kirk service, or was planning to attend one later on.

kirkshire n. historical (in the early medieval period) an ecclesiastical district consisting of one church and its priest; = priestshire n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > land > [noun] > of priest

kirkshire1844

1844 Dublin Rev. Mar. 169 A tract of country was then separated by the bishop from his own immediate superintendence, and became known as the ‘kirk-shire’.

a1883 J. R. Green Conquest of Eng. (1884) i. 13 It was only by slow degrees that the parish, or kirkshire as it was then called, attained a settled form.

1906 T. W. Shore Origin Anglo-Saxon Race x. 177 Kirkshire in some parts of England appears to have been an early name for parish.

† kirk-skail n. Scottish poetic Obsolete rare = kirk-skailing n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > church-going > [noun] > dispersal of congregation

kirk-skailing1645

kirk-skail1843

1843 A. Bethune Sc. Peasant's Fire-side 283 Hame again At kirk-skail time she came.

kirk-skailing n. Scottish the dispersion of the congregation after a church service.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > church-going > [noun] > dispersal of congregation

kirk-skailing1645

kirk-skail1843

1645 in D. Robertson S. Leith Rec. (1911) 54 That the act of Parliament concerning the exceise should be read at the church dore at the kirk scailing.

1819 J. G. Lockhart Peter's Lett. to Kinsfolk III. lxxiii. 265 When the service is over..(for which moment the Scotch have, in their language, an appropriate and picturesque term, the kirk-skailing).

1905 Trans. Glasgow Archæol. Soc. 5 62 About 1650, after kirk-skailing, those of the Claythron branch who had been at public worship would take a quiet road home.

kirk stile n. now chiefly historical = church stile n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2.Attested earliest in surnames.

ΚΠ

1276 in G. Kristensson Stud. Middle Eng. Topogr. Terms (1970) 72 (MED) Rog. Attekyrkestyhill.

1301 in W. Brown Yorks. Lay Subsidy (1897) 119 (MED) Alanus atte Kirkestile.

1435 in J. Stuart & G. Burnett Exchequer Rolls Scotl. (1880) IV. 623 Pro reparacione domus juxta le Kyrkstile in Edinburgh.

1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 4729 in Wks. (1931) I Thay hauld the Corps at the kirk style.

1652 J. Lamont Diary 28 Mar. (1830) 47 Ther was no money gathered att the tabells, both at the kirke style and at the doore.

1733 J. Currie Def. Church of Scotl. 58 At the Kirk-stile, when People are at a Burial, or coming to wait on the Ordinances.

1896 A. Mackenzie Hist. Frasers of Lovat xv. 202 From the west end of the moor to the Kirk-stile..the armed brigades were drawn up.

2004 G. Redmonds Names & Hist. v. Plate 9 (caption) Formerly each farm and hamlet had access to the ‘kirk’ via the ‘kirk gate’, or footpath, and the ‘kirk stile’.

kirk triumphant n. rare after 17th cent. = church triumphant n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 4972 in Wks. (1931) I Now lauboryng in to thy Kirk Militant, That we may, all, cum to thy kirk Tryumphant.

1561 Confessioun of Faith Professit sig. C2^v This Kirk..comprehendis alswiel (as said is) the elect that be departed (commounlie callit the Kirk tryumphant).

1619 D. Calderwood Perth Assembly 62 How will they proue evidently that the falling of the 24. Elders before the lambe, is to be interpreted of the Kirk triumphant, rather then of the Kirke Militant?

2010 www.fpcportrichey.org 25 June (O.E.D. Archive) We remember those who have passed away to join the Kirk Triumphant.

† kirk vassal n. Obsolete historical = church vassal n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1820 W. Scott Monastery I. iii. 118 To hear ye even the Lady of Avenel, to seeking quarters wi' a Kirk-vassal's widow!

1888 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Apr. 529/2 In later times the Kirk vassals were relatively fortunate.

kirk work n. Scottish (now historical) = church work n. 1.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > other types of work

church worka1225

kirk work1418

fieldwork1441

labour of love1592

life's work1660

shop work1696

outwork1707

private practice1724

tide-work1739

sales-work1775

marshing1815

work in progress1815

life-work1837

relief work1844

sharp practice1847

near work1850

slop-work1861

repetition work1866

side work1875

rework1878

wage-slavery1886

work in progress1890

war work1891

busywork1893

screen work1912

staff-work1923

gig work1927

knowledge work1959

WIP1966

telework1970

playwork1986

laboratory work2002

1418 in C. Innes Liber Sancte Marie de Melros (1837) 502 Nychole has frely gyfen till the hovse and the kyrkwerk of Melros all the fermys..at langis..till the said landis.

1467 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1467/1/4 A tone fraucht to the kirk werk of the toune.

1560 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1875) III. 70 For mair haisty..completing of the said kirk wark..the said siluer wark..to be sauld or cunyet.

1668 in T. Mair Rec. Parish of Ellon (1876) 129 [For the] kirk wark..everie tenant is stented [etc.].

1707 W. Black Privileges of Royal Burrows 15 These altogether first choose the Provost, then four Baillies, then a Dean of Gild, then a Treasurer, then the four Masters of Kirk-work.

1847 Eng. Rev. Sept. 50 In 1449, it was enacted that any person opening his booth on the Sunday should pay a pound of wax to the kirk-work.

1908 R. Renwick Glasgow Memorials 318 In November, 1589, the session resolved that all penalties uplifted from offenders should in future be applied towards the repairing of the High Kirk and kirk work.

2004 P. Franklin in A. Stewart & G. Stone Architect's Legal Handbk. (ed. 8) xxii. 269/1 In 1403 one Simon de Schele was appointed..Keeper of the Kirk Work by Edinburgh Town Council.

kirkwynd n. Scottish a narrow street or lane leading to a church.Frequently (now only) as a street name.

ΚΠ

1517 Burgh Court Bk. Selkirk f. 54^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Kirk All mydynnes..anlank the Kyrk wynd to be removet.

1622 in G. Lauder tr. Popes New-years Gift (title page) Printed at Sainct-Andrewes, By Edward Raban, Dwelling in the Kirke-Wynde.

1775 in J. Wesley Addr. Amer. Colonies (new ed.) (title page) Printed and sold by Laurence Chalmers, at his Printing-Office, in the Kirk-Wynd.

1888 J. M. Barrie When Man's Single i A kitchen in the kirk-wynd of Thrums.

1994 A. Hall 53 Border Pubs & Inns iii. 125 Ascend the steep Kirkwynd (a rail is at hand to assist).

Derivatives

ˈkirklike adj. rare between the 16th and 20th centuries. reminiscent or characteristic of the Christian Church (esp. the Church of Scotland) or of a church.

ΚΠ

a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 82 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 97 Ye plesant pacok..Constant and kirklyk vnder his clere cape Micht as ye manere Is.

1578 J. Rolland Seuin Seages 229 The parische Preist with his Kirklike vestments.

1917 A. E. Barr Christine ix. 245 Becky..isna at a' a kirklike girl, but I canna help liking her weel.

1988 B. M. Krahn Hidden Fires 390 A kirklike silence reigned as Eden made her way to the edge of the ring.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	kirk
释义	kirkn. Brit. /kəːk/, U.S. /kərk/, Scottish English /kɪrk/ Forms: early Middle English kireke, early Middle English kirrke ( Ormulum), early Middle English krke (transmission error), Middle English kirc, Middle English kirck, Middle English–1500s kerke, Middle English–1500s kyrc, Middle English–1500s kyrk, Middle English–1500s kyrke, Middle English 1600s kirke, Middle English– kirk, late Middle English–1700s kurk, 1500s cayke, 1500s cayrke, 1500s kircke; English regional (chiefly northern) 1600s kyrk, 1800s– kerrk, 1800s– kurk; Scottish pre-1700 keark, pre-1700 keirk, pre-1700 keirke, pre-1700 kerk, pre-1700 kirke, pre-1700 kirkk, pre-1700 kyrik, pre-1700 kyrk, pre-1700 kyrke, pre-1700 1700s– kirk, 1800s kiurk, 1800s kurk. Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: church n.¹ Etymology: Northern and Scots variant of church n.¹, showing either failure of palatalization and assibilation of /k/ or (more likely) restoration of the velar sounds, probably resulting from the influence of the corresponding forms in early Scandinavian, or even from reborrowing from early Scandinavian (even though the early Scandinavian forms probably resulted ultimately from borrowing from English: see discussion at church n.¹).The modern distribution is characteristically northern and Scots (see senses 1a, 1a(b)), although clearly recessive in England: Eng. Dial. Dict. records the word from Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Westmorland, north Lancashire, each of the ridings of Yorkshire (rare), and north-east Lincolnshire; Surv. Eng. Dial. records it only from Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, north Lancashire, and the North and West Ridings of Yorkshire, in all of which places (except for four locations in Northumberland) it is regarded as rare or obsolescent (with forms of church n.¹ being more usual). In Middle English examples are attested as far south as Norfolk in the east, and Staffordshire in the west (hence outside the Danelaw), and occasionally elsewhere. Such forms are common in Middle English alliterative verse of whatever origin. The element kirk is attested earlier in several place names from the Danelaw, as Kerkeby , Norfolk (1086; now Kirby Cane), Kirchebi , North Riding, Yorkshire (1088; now Kirby Sigston), Kyrkebi , West Riding, Yorkshire (1101–9; 1086 as Chirchebi ; now Kirkby Malzeard), etc., although these examples, showing compounds with a Scandinavian element (see by n.¹), probably reflect the early Scandinavian cognate rather than the English word. In some instances, in compounds with an indisputably English (as opposed to Scandinavian) element, perhaps replacing earlier forms with church n.¹, as Kirkelea, Suffolk (1086; now Kirkley), Kirketuna, Suffolk (1086; now Kirton), Kyrkham, Lancashire (1094; 1086 as Chicheham; now Kirkham), Kerkestede, Norfolk (12th cent. in a copy of a charter of the late 11th cent.; now Kirstead Green), etc., although the possibility that these show original hybrid formations by speakers of early Scandinavian cannot be ruled out. (The ch digraph in several of the examples from Domesday Bk. is probably intended to represent the sound /k/, reflecting the influence of Anglo-Norman spelling conventions.) 1. a. = church n.¹ I.Cf. mother kirk n. 2. (a) Scottish. In later use chiefly: a church building. Used in literary Scots until the 17th cent., and still retained in colloquial Scots. Sc. National Dict. (1960) notes: ‘The word is gen[erally] used of a Presbyterian or other non-Episcopal church or congregation as opposed to chapel for a Scottish Episcopalian or Roman Catholic place of worship.’ ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > sanctuary or holy place > construction or measurement > [noun] > construction kirklOE fabric1611 church building1659 lOE [implied in: Royal Charter: David I to Holyrood, Edinb. in A. C. Lawrie Early Sc. Charters (1905) 116 Et cum Kyrchetune [of St Cuthbert's, Edinburgh] per rectas divisas suas (at kirktown n. 1)]. 1389 in C. Innes Liber Sancte Marie de Melros (1837) 449 Thair tendys of thair kyrkes. 1458 in J. Cooper Cartularium Eccl. St. Nicholai Aberdonensis (1892) II. 329 In quhat place of the kirk it plesis thaim to ly. 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) ii. 71 Quhen he..In-till ye kyrk Schyr Ihone haid slain. 1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 576 The hie Mes was done, The King with mony cumly out of the Kirk is gane. a1653 H. Binning Serm. (1743) 607 Unless their prayers do it, or their keeping the kirk. a1704 T. Brown Cupid turn'd Tinker in Wks. (1707) I. i. 152 At Play-House and Kirk, Where he slily did lurk. 1786 R. Burns Twa Dogs iii, in Poems 10 At Kirk or Market, Mill or Smiddie. 1894 ‘I. Maclaren’ Lachlan Campbell in Beside Bonnie Brier Bush iii. 145 Away on the right the Parish Kirk peeped out from a clump of trees. 1927 J. Buchan Witch Wood xi. 188 The little stone manse..stood below the kirk on the knowe at the west gate above the brig of Aller. 1991 R. A. Jamieson Day at Office 12 A half mile away, across the flat plain, the tenements of Tollcross and the spire of some kirk make a ridge of stone against the sky. (b) Chiefly northern. (See etymological note.) Now rare.Frequently in place names throughout the area of its original use. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > a religion or church > [noun] churcheOE kirkc1175 spousea1200 lawa1225 lorea1225 religionc1325 faithc1384 sectc1386 seta1387 leara1400 hirselc1480 professiona1513 congregation1526 communion1553 schism1555 segregation1563 sex1583 hortus conclususa1631 confessiona1641 dispensation1643 sectary1651 churchship1675 cult1679 persuasion1732 denomination1746–7 connection1753 covenant1818 sectarism1821 organized religion1843 society > faith > artefacts > sanctuary or holy place > church or place of worship > [noun] churcheOE God's houseOE kirkc1175 temple1399 steeple1555 church building1605 steeple-house1644 shrine1645 Dominical1659 religion shop1811 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7709 Hiss moderr. Swa shollde to þe kirrke gan..Swa summ ȝho shollde clennsedd beon. 1209 in P. H. Reaney & R. M. Wilson Dict. Eng. Surnames (1991) 266/2 Reginald Attekireke [Lincolnshire]. c1275 ( Will of Ketel (Sawyer 1519) in D. Whitelock Anglo-Saxon Wills (1930) 88 Ic an into þere kirke þat lond þat Withrich hauede vnder hande. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 29296 Þe fifte es man þat kirkes brinnes. c1450 (?a1400) Sege Melayne (1880) l. 29 Þan his Mawmettes he sett vp there In kirkes and abbayes þat there were. 1500–18 Extracts Bk. Building Louth Steeple (modernized text) in Archaeologia (1792) 10 93 Gold found in the kirk delivered by William Ayleby priest to kirkwardens. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 176^v Kepers of the kirke [i.e. the Palladium]. a1557 J. Cheke in tr. Gospel St. Matthew (1843) xvi. 18 (note) Yis word church..commeth of y^e greek κυριακόν..as ye north doth yet moor truli sound it, y^e kurk, and we moor corruptli and frenchlike, y^e church. a1656 J. Ussher Power of Princes (1683) ii. 234 That place which..all men did call a Kirk. 1785 W. Hutton Bran New Wark 14 Be serious and devout, net come to kirk with a moon belief. 1805 R. Anderson Ballads in Cumberland Dial. 10 Helter skelter frae the kurk. 1877 F. Ross et al. Gloss. Words Holderness Kirk, a church. Not much used. That at Owthorne on the coast is called the ‘Sister Kirk’. 1886 T. Farrall Betty Wilson's Cummerland Teàls 49 He went ta kirk ov a Sunday mwornin'. a1919 W. B. Kendall Forness Word Bk. (Cumbria County Archives, Barrow) (transcript of MS) Kirk, church. 1963 H. Orton & W. J. Halliday Surv. Eng. Dial. I. iii. 925 [Yorkshire] I'm going to the kirk (‘old people would say this’). (c) With reference to the Low Countries and Germany. Now rare. [A rendering of Dutch kerk , Low German kerke , or German Kirche . For further information on these and other cognate forms in other Germanic languages see the etymology at church n.¹] ΚΠ 1673 J. Ray Observ. Journey Low-countries 25 Here [i.e. in Delft] are two large Churches, the one called the old, the other the new Kirk. 1795 S. J. Pratt Gleanings through Wales III. lxvii. 235 [In Westphalia.] She can do nothing, but drink coffee eight or ten times, and go to the kirk. 1851 H. W. Longfellow Golden Legend ii. 82 I may to yon kirk go, To read upon yon sweet book. 1911 D. S. Meldrum Home Life in Holland xvi. 202 Their philosophy rolls over me from these cards in the accents of a preacher of the Doleerende kirk. b. = church n.¹ II.Cf. mother kirk n. 1. †(a) northern. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3533 Hallȝhedd inn hiss kirrke. a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 67 Ðanne he nimeð to kirke..Forsaket ðore Satanas. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 13334 (MED) Petre es þou, and mi kirk sal O þat stan sett hir grundwall. c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 1436 Wordes of baptesme may be in euery langage So þat the wordes haf fourme after the trewe Kyrkes vsage. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 16 (MED) Weþer it be þe kirk particuler, as were two or þre are gedrid to gidir in Cristis name. 1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. July f. 27^v To Kerke the narre, from God more farre, has bene an old sayd sawe. a1708 T. Ward England's Reformation (1710) i. 23 Thou damn'd elf, Dost thou suppose me such a Turk To make a Schism in the Kirk? (b) Scottish. Now chiefly as in sense 2 and in the names of denominations. ΚΠ 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) iv. 12 Noyer off ye kyrk na seculer. 1560 Conf. Faith Scotl. xvi Christ Jesus..is the only Head of the same Kirk..which Kirk is Catholik, that is universall, because it conteanes the Elect of all aiges, all realmes, nationis, and tounges. 1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 11 We trow the kirk Catholik be Ane Faithfull Christin cumpanie. 1621 First & Second Bk. Discipline (Church of Scotl.) i The Kirk of God..is takin sumtymes for them that exercise spiritual function amongis the congregation..The Kirke in this last sense hes a certaine power grantit be God. 1643 Humble Petition Commissioners Gen. Assembly to King's Majesty 4 Jan. 3 The Kirk of England which we ought to tender as our own bowels. 1648 in Rec. Kirk of Scot. (1838) I. 507 All the corruptions that have been formerly in the Kirks of God in these Lands [England and Scotland]. 1796 J. Lauderdale Coll. Poems Sc. Dial. 49 Lay thousands on the man o' sin, And swear the kirk o' England blin. 1833 J. S. Sands Poems 50 Langsyne, afore the kirk o' Rome E'er was a kirk. 1873 J. Brown Round Table Club 54 The Kirk o' Englan' 's rinnin' aff tae Roome, I'm tauld, helter skelter, amon' a blaze o' caunels..an' incense. 1918 R. Watson My Brave & Gallant Gentleman xviii. 234 I'll ha'e ye shorn o' your releegious orders and hunted frae the kirk o' God. 2. spec. Usually with capital initial and usually with the. An informal name for: the Church of Scotland. Cf. Free Kirk n., the Wee Free Kirk at wee adj. e.Frequently used to distinguish the Church of Scotland from the Church of England, or from the Scottish Episcopal Church. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [noun] > Free Church > collective kirk?1566 Auld Kirk1780 Free Church of Scotland1843 Free Kirk1843 free1863 ?1566–7 G. Buchanan Opinion Reformation Univ. St. Andros in Vernacular Writings (1892) 16 Office of preachour or teachour in the Kirk. 1602 in A. Peterkin Bk. Universall Kirk Scotl. (1839) 1031 To..ingyre themselves..in the Kirks government. 1658 T. Pierce ᾽Εαυτοντιμωρούμενος: Self-revenger 52 He hath covenanted with the Scots to mould us all after the Kirk; polluted his Church with the Directorie, and many other abominations I spare to name. 1709 J. Swift Let. conc. Sacramental Test 24 To Swear..as they do now in Scotland, to be true to the Kirk. 1791 J. Hampson Mem. J. Wesley II. 19 A member of the kirk. 1831 T. B. Macaulay Hampden in Ess. (1887) 219 This government..called a general assembly of the Kirk. 1850 E. P. Whipple Ess. & Rev. (ed. 3) I. 213 Examples which tell against kirk as well as against church. 1922 G. M. Trevelyan Brit. Hist. 19th Cent. xviii. 286 Like the contemporary English Church, the Kirk failed to take up the fresh opportunities and duties of the changing age. 2009 Herald (Glasgow) 23 May 1 The debate could signal the greatest divide in the Kirk since the Disruption of 1843. Phrases Scottish colloquial. to make a kirk and (also or) a mill of: (a) to put to any use one wishes, to do what one likes with; (b) to make the best of. ΚΠ 1706 Full Acct. Proc. Court of Directors Company of Scotl. 32 They might now make a Kirk or a Mill of it, as they should think fit. 1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 252 Make a Kirk and a Mill of it, that is, make your best of it: It does not answer to the English, ‘Make a Hog or a Dog of it’: For that means, bring it either to one use, or another. 1823 J. Galt Entail I. xviii. 147 The property is my own conquesting..and surely I may make a kirk and a mill o't an I like. 1887 ‘Mrs. Alexander’ Mona's Choice II. vii. 173 I doubt but the man I let the land to is just making a kirk and a mill of it. 1913 Hearst's Internat. Jan. 167/1 He could now starve New England, steal New England, or make a kirk and a mill of New England, as say the Scotch, whenever moved of some bilious or dyspeptic spirit to do so. 1999 Scotl. on Sunday (Nexis) 29 Aug. 12 Thereafter, my classes and I settled down together and I was left to make a kirk or a mill o' it. Compounds C1. General attributive. (Cf., in some cases, corresponding combinations of church n.¹). kirk act n. ΚΠ 1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xix. sig. F4 The Kirk acts against Kirk-buriall. 1707 W. Nicolson Diary 4 Mar. in London Diaries (1985) 422 At the House, the Union-Bill read a third time, and (after the Rider for Explaining the Assent to the Kirk-Act rejected by 55 against 19) passed. 1844 Tait's Edinb. Mag. June 341/2 Lord Aberdeen's Kirk Act, than which a more useless piece of legislation never enmbered the statute-book! 2006 J. R. Young in E. Boran & C. Gribben Enforcing Reformation in Irel. & Scotl. v. 146 This act gave ‘civill sanctione’ to acts of the General Assembly or other Kirk acts concerning these issues. kirk elder n. ΚΠ 1715 W. Tisdall Case of Sacramental Test stated & Argu'd 25 Has not our Legislature a Conscience to direct them, as well as those kirk elders? 1849 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Feb. 226/2 The Campbells of Kirnan were, we doubt not, a highly respectable sept, and performed their duty as kirk-elders for many generations blamelessly in the parish of Glassary. 1948 New Shetlander No. 8. 10 Faider wis a rancelman an' a Kirk elder. 2009 R. Crawford Bard 170 The married farmer who, despite having been a kirk elder for almost a quarter of century, was under fifty when Burns wrote his ‘Prayer’. kirk floor n. ΚΠ c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9015 Ȝuw birrþ upp o kirrke flor. Beon fundenn offte. 1590 Edinb. Dean of Guild Accts. 392 in Dict. Older. Sc. Tongue at Kirk For flouris..to cast athort the..kirk flure. 1660 in E. Henderson Kirk-session Rec. Dumfermline (1865) 56 To forbear fra breaking the kirk-floore, and burying within the kirk. 1887 All Year Round 8 Jan. 548/2 The kirk sessions began to lay down regulations against the practice of breaking up the kirk floor for new interments. 1907 G. Tancred Rulewater & its People 9 A hillock like a large molehill appeared on the kirk floor. 2002 M. Todd Culture of Protestantism in Early Mod. Scotl. vii. 318 The more elaborate could..incorporate stairways from the kirk floor or separate outside entrances. kirk judicatory n. ΚΠ 1638 A. Johnston Short Relation State of Kirk Scotl. sig. A2^v This was the supreme and highest Kirk judicatorie, to which was made the last appeale. 1740 Diary A. Brodie (To the Reader) p. v Their kirk-judicatories..were dissolved. 1844 T. Stephen Hist. Church Scotl. III. li. 434 No sooner was this storm over, but a tempest arose which did terrible execution; what the council had let fall, the kirk judicatories took up. 1903 D. Butler Life & Lett. R. Leighton 340 On January 9, 1662, a royal proclamation was read, declaring that Kirk judicatories, having now no power nor authority, were forbidden to meet in Synods, Presbyteries or Sessions, until they should be authorized and ordered by the bishops. 2006 J. R. Young in E. Boran & C. Gribben Enforcing Reformation in Ireland & Scotl. 154 These conditions were to apply when particular representations were made by presbyteries or other kirk judicatories concerning individual cases. kirk minister n. ΚΠ ?1719 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ IV. 18/1 To this..list of Scepticks and Adiophorists, some would joyn Calamy and Pierce to whom the Aryan Pamphlet against the Kirk Minister Patrick Russel, lately published, boldly and avowedly appeals. 1840 R. Vaughan Hist Eng. under House of Stuart I. i. 4 One of these kirk ministers did not hesitate to tell the king ‘that he had detected the treachery of his heart’. 1982 J. M. Beck J. Howe (1984) I. 78 The conduct of the Kirk ministers, as he himself witnessed it, left him absolutely aghast. 2010 Sunday Times (Scottish ed.) (Nexis) 5 Dec. 10 They said a decision by the Free Church to relax its rules on Sunday services could tempt more kirk ministers to defect. kirk preacher n. ΚΠ 1679 J. Kid in G. Hickes Spirit of Popery (1680) 5 I say it consists in the gratuitous redemption of all mankind, and not in the arbitrarious calling and election of this, and that particular man, as this Kirk-Preacher here suggests. 1757 T. Evans Hist. Mod. Enthusiasm (ed. 2) xi. 152 This is a friendly Caveat lest any one should presume to behave disrespectfully before a Kirk-preacher attended by his Zealots. 1877 E. R. Charles On Both Sides of Sea v. 190 From the Pope to the kirk preachers, not a disturbance in the world but you find them at the bottom of it. 1979 Jrnl. Relig. Hist. 9 117 Annual ‘sermons’ to the SPCK in Scotland by leading Kirk preachers provided a stage for debate. 2005 Scotl. on Sunday (Nexis) 15 May 9 In the past many Kirk preachers were depicted as railing against the ‘pleasures of the world and the flesh’. kirk steeple n. ΚΠ 1535–6 in H. M. Paton Accts. Masters of Wks. (1957) I. 188 The fore entre to the kirk stepill. 1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. i. xxii. 436 Prescription of fourty yeays was found sufficient to Constitute the Right to a Bell in a Kirk-steeple. 1723 Sc. Rogue: Pt. 2 81 Our Captain..bid us face either to some Hedge or Tree, or Kirk-Steeple. 1829 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xlvii, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 870 The cock on a kirk-steeple. 1900 J. Buchan Half-hearted i. 17 A kirk steeple in a grove of trees proclaimed civilisation. 2007 S. Jayewardene-Pillai Imperial Conversat. ii. 66 Kirk steeples rose in proud majesty. † kirk writer n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1680 G. Hickes Spirit of Popery Pref. i Citing out of the Kirk-Writers their Papal,..Schismatical and Rebellious Principles. 1730 J. Oldmixon Hist. Eng.: House of Stuart 9/1 You see how boldly he defies Calderwood, and every one of the Kirk Writers. 1842 R. Armitage Dr. Hookwell II. 251 According to true Catholic antiquity and universality, which (to use a very much abused phrase by Kirk writers) is the true pattern in the Mount. C2. kirk assembly n. the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (see general assembly n. (a) at general adj. and n. Compounds 2); (also) a meeting of this body. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > ecclesiastical discipline > court > presbyterian > [noun] > general assembly general assembly1550 assemblya1572 kirk assembly1646 1646 H. Burton Conformitie's Deformity 21 For whosoever shall not in all things conform to the constitutions of that generall Kirk assembly,..then, ipso facto, imprisonment, confiscation of goods, banishment, and what not? 1752 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. III. 425 Going..to the Kirk-assembly at Edenburgh. 1844 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 519/2 The resolutions..carried with only one dissenting voice in the Kirk Assembly. 1910 R. G. Usher Reconstruction of Eng. Church vi. 158 The ‘golden law’ of 1592, on which Presbyterianism in Scotland then rested, had declared that the Kirk Assembly had a right to meet yearly. 2006 Sunday Times (Nexis) 28 May 2 Last week,..the Kirk assembly narrowly voted by 322 votes to 314 to allow ministers to ‘conduct a service marking a civil partnership’. kirk bell n. = church bell n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > percussion instrument > bell > [noun] > church-bell knoll1379 mertun1536 church bell1609 kirk bell1629 1629 Reg. Privy Council Scott. 2nd Ser. III. 5 The said James..caused ring the kirk bell and towke thair drwm. 1726 Reclaiming Bill 27 Apr. 205 The Kirk-Bell was wont to be rung twice, every Day of the Week. 1830 J. Galt Lawrie Todd II. vi. ii. 250 To hear the far-off kirk-bell ringing. 1952 J. R. Allan North-East Lowlands Scotl. (1974) 213 About the time when..the kirk bell sounds ten, a long shrill of the whistle ends the game. 2006 F. Hunter Bloodring 179 Long after the distant kirk bell tolled the hour, long after ten, I got out of the bath and dressed. kirk book n. = church book n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > book (general) > service book (general) > [noun] church bookOE servicelOE standard1466 kirk book1503 service book1553 Hirmologion1850 church service1855 1503–4 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1900) II. 419 Item, giffin to Maister David Traill for binding of ane of the Kingis kyrk bukis, and for coviring of thre bukis, xvij s. iij d. 1650 Let. 9 Sept. in Perfect Diurnall No. 42. 508 For the committing of Adultery, the Kirk Bukes of some of the Ministers which we have found, will shew the names of their Parishioners who have stood in the Stoole from time to time. 1746 W. Forbes Dominie Depos'd (1765) 37 In the kirk-book it would be listed. 1865 G. MacDonald Alec Forbes II. xxxiv. 275 I can fin' oot the date frae the kirk-buiks. 1917 A. E. Barr Christine 246 He is not forgotten, Margot. His name is on nearly every page o' the kirk books. 2004 H. Spears Flourish iv. 54 Here was the press lined with musty kirk books, the stout chest containing the communion vessels. kirk box n. = church box n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2. ΚΠ a1650 D. Calderwood Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1845) VII. 215 He had..stollen out of the kirk boxe the silver gathered for the poore. 1725 T. Orem Descr. of Chanonry in Old Aberdeen (NLS Adv. MS 33.5.23) 42 There were 2000 Merks left by D^r Alex^r Scroggie in the Kirk Box. 1815 J. Arbuthnot Hist. Acct. Peterhead 51 The funds of the Kirk box arise from the weekly collections, and the fines imposed on delinquents, who have been convicted of incontinence by the Spiritual Court. 1909 A. E. Barr Hands of Compulsion x. 212 He will be as discreet and dignified as if he was carrying round the Kirk box for the collection. 2002 M. Todd Culture of Protestantism in Early Mod. Scotl. ii. 105 The Perth elders were outraged at the sacrilege as well as the expense of the 1621 theft that cost £6 from the kirk box to replace the tablecloth borrowed from Patrick Pitcairn's wife. kirk-burial n. burial within a church building. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > types of burial or entombment > [noun] > burial in specific place kirk-burial1606 out-funeral1637 tree-burial1901 1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xix. 33 When their bemasked kirk-buriall shall be be-reft of her fig-tree buskings. 1648 in J. Stuart Extracts Presbytery Bk. Strathbogie (1843) 87 Concerning restraint of kirk buriallis. 1862 W. Hunter Biggar & House of Fleming 190 The practice of kirk burial was in popish times quite common throughout the whole country, and, therefore, the Presbyterian clergy, at the Reformation, set themselves with vigour to repress it. 1905 W. M. Metcalfe Hist. County of Renfrew xviii. 259 They..prohibited piping and dancing, forbade penny-weddings, and began a campaign against kirk-burial. 2000 A. Spicer in B. Gordon & P. Marshall Place of Dead 150 The First Book of Discipline considered kirk-burial to be unseemly in a building which was assigned for preaching and the administration of the sacraments. † kirkchatterer n. Obsolete a person who chatters during a church service; cf. church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 1f. ΚΠ a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxx. 413 Yit of thise kyrkchaterars Here ar a menee. kirk door n. = church door n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > door > [noun] church doorOE kirk doorc1175 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1327 Hemm birrde. Twa bukkess samenn to þe preost. Att kirrke dure brinngenn. a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 524 Vre sowle atte kirke-dure ches hire Crist to meche. He is ure soule spuse. a1425 Rule St. Benet (Lansd.) (1902) 31 (MED) At ilke owre when þe belle ringis sal sho [sc. a penitent] lie by-fore þe kirke dore til alle þe cuuent be cumen in. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 17 He weddit hir at kirkdur with ane ring. 1574 Buik Gen. Kirk Edinb. in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 103 Thai sall compeir upoun Sonday nixt..at the eister kirk duir, cleid in saik cleith. 1670 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1872) II. 268 Not keeping clos the kirk dores before or after sunesetting. 1780 W. Forbes Dominie Depos'd iii. 14 The clout about me shou'd be pricked At the kirk-door. 1859 W. Alexander Pract. Commissary Courts Scotl. vi. 46 That every intimation of petition for the appointment of an executor, in place of being published at the kirk-door, and market cross,..shall be intimated by the commissary clerk affixing on the door of the Commissary Court House. 1916 D. E. Marvin Curiosities in Prov. 378 It was the custom in olden times to give publicity to fairs by an announcement outside the kirk door after the regular Sunday morning's service. 2002 M. Todd Culture of Protestantism in Early Mod. Scotl. iii. 150 Performing repentance often began at the kirk door. † kirk fast n. Obsolete rare a fast ordained by the Church. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > liturgical year > fast > [noun] > duly appointed kirk fast1814 1814 W. Scott Waverley II. vii. 117 He would drive a nail for no man on the Sabbath or kirk fast . View more context for this quotation † kirk-feuar n. Obsolete rare = church-feuar n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1820 W. Scott Monastery II. iii^. 129 The son of a kirk-feuar is not the stuff that lords and knights are made of. kirk gate n. [ < kirk n. + gate n.²] the main road or street leading to a church.Frequently as a street name. ΚΠ c1273 in A. B. Scott Old Days & Ways in Newton Mearns* (1939) 101 Kirkilgate [i.e. gait or way to the Kirkhill].] 1378 in J. M. Thomson Registrum Magni Sigilli Scotorum (1912) I. 154/1 In vico [de Inuirnys] qui dicitur le Kyrkgate. 1492 in C. Rogers Rental Bk. Cupar-Angus (1879) I. 254 Betwixt the land of Patrick Baxteris..and the Kyrkgait. 1520 Burgh Court Bk. Selkirk f. 83, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Kirk-gat That thar ly na medding in the..Kyrkgait. 1650 in J. Stuart Extracts Presbytery Bk. Strathbogie (1843) 137 Ascending lineallie the forsaid Kirkgate till they come to the kirkyard dyk. 1774 Dialogue on Scotl.'s Glory (title page) To be had at John Breues's Shop, North-end of the Kirk-gate, Perth; or the Printing-office there. 1864 W. Chambers Hist. Peebles. 295 The direct approach to the Cross Church was by the Kirk-gait or paved way above alluded to, which communicated with the Briggate. 1937 Archaeol. Jrnl. 93 318 The Kirkgait now gives access to the outer close through James V's outer ‘entrie’ situated near the west end of the pre-Reformation Kirk of St. Michael. 2007 B. Small Border Lord's Bride 154 The kirk gate leading to St. Michael's Church was crowded with horses and traveling carts. kirk-goer n. = churchgoer n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > [noun] > worshipper heryera950 loutera1340 worshipperc1384 honourera1425 praiserc1452 fearer1535 adorer1572 sectary1590 churchgoer1598 thanksgivera1622 votary1639 theophile1647 God-fearer1668 theophilist1677 sacricolist1727 kirk-goer1754 bhakta1828 1754 London Mag. Oct. 456/2 The girl who had the child by the kirk goer was an impudent baggage, and deserved to be whipped out of town. 1888 R. L. Stevenson Lett. (1901) II. 101 I am no great kirkgoer, for many reasons—and the sermon's one of them. 1949 G. M. Trevelyan Illustr. Eng. Social Hist. III. 145 In parts of the Highlands such rites were the main religion of the people; in the Lowlands they were a subordinate but still a real part of life and belief among a nation of Christian kirk-goers. 2001 M. Wiley Down to Bonny Glen 25 Two or three other boats had been assembled to carry the other kirk-goers across to the village. kirk government n. = church government n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > [noun] common law?c1430 church government1566 kirk government1608 1608 Informations 15 (heading) A treatise of kirke governement. 1779 J.Glen Wonderful Surprize 14 Jesus Christ..hath instituted and appointed a Kirk Government distinct from the Civill Government. 1845 T. Stephen Hist. Church Scotl. IV. lix. 13 The ministers took the alarm that the kirk government was in danger. 1904 Free Church of Scotl. Appeals, 1903–4 514/2 A set of people who worship in a church, in a particular building, that is to say, under a certain kirk government. 2006 R. A. Houlbrooke James VI & I 5 James's remodelling of Kirk government had been divisive, his Articles disastrous. kirk greedy adj. zealous in church attendance. ΚΠ 1860 H. Keddie Wearing Willow x. 205 What business had they in a Scotch kirk? They were not so kirk-greedy across the Channel. 1955 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) 12 Oct. in Sc. National Dict. (1960) V. 395/1 If our Protestant schools..laid a foundation on which the minister could build on a Sunday, perhaps we would see the development of a more ‘kirk greedy’ community. 1994 Independent on Sunday (Nexis) 16 Apr. 13 In each congregation he endeared himself to old and young alike. Those who may not have been abnormally ‘kirk greedy’ knew of his prowess on the football field. † kirk-keeper n. Scottish Obsolete (with modifying adjective) a person who observes church attendance in the specified way. ΚΠ 1644 in W. G. Robertson Church Ann. Cullen (1938) 29 All ill kirk-keepers. 1709 in A. W. Johnston Church in Orkney (1940) 99 Ill kirk keepers. 1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. xi. 172 A constant kirk-keeper she is. 1835 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 617/2 I wish she may be in her ordinar' health—sae regular a kirk-keeper, especially on Fast Days. kirk lair n. [ < kirk n. + lair n.¹ 2] Scottish (now historical) a burial place within a church building; the right of burial within a church. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > grave or burial-place > [noun] > within a church lair-stall1541 lair-stead1559 kirk lair1606 1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xix. sig. F1 They sacrilegiously will vsurpe a possessiue pronoun, and..say, this kirk, or at least this kirk-laire is mine. 1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xix. sig. F4 Secluding all from the Kirk-laire. 1999 S. Tarlow Bereavement & Commemoration iv. 90 There are plans showing the ownership of kirk lairs dating from the eighteenth century. † kirk-loom n. Obsolete rare a piece of church equipment; cf. loom n.¹ 1a. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > furniture > [noun] ornamentsc1384 church stuff1507 kirk-loom1827 1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 201 The mickle pulpit;..was the Cardinal's ain kirk-loom, He brocht it in a ship frae Rome. kirk militant n. = church militant n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2. ΚΠ a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1926) I. 46 We are channounis of His Kyrk militant. 1683 Case Earl of Argyle 20 We, and all God's Elect are subject in this life; and therefere do bear the name of the Kirk-Militant. 1752 T. Evans Hist. Mod. Enthusiasm vi. 47 Richard Cameron, a noted Field-Preacher, and a valiant Champion of the Kirk Militant. 1838 M. Napier Montrose & Covenanters II. xii. 362 The Kirk-militant was becoming doubtful of their champion, and required some management. 1970 R. Mitchison Hist. Scotl. xiii. 226 The lay government, the Committee of Estates, fled, and effective power was in the hands of the Kirk militant. kirk officer n. a paid official whose job is to maintain the building and property of the church, and to assist the minister in administration; = church officer n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > laity > lay functionaries > church-officer > [noun] altarist1445 church officer1566 beadle1594 kirk officer1608 churchwarden1660 1608 Informations 63 Setting up, by the devise of Satan, ane Hierarchie, that is, a Spirituall principalitie in the Kirke of God, overthrowing altogither the Ordinance of Christ Iesus in ordering his Kirke officers. 1776 Dunfermline Weekly Mag. 4 June 416 He hoped it would never be considered to be any part of the duty of a minister, to go about like a kirk-officer, collecting certificates for such gentlemen as wanted to sit in that house. 1895 G. H. Kinnear Hist. Glenbervie ix. 57 Even when marriages were discontinued in church the kirk officer was most diligent in demanding his usual prerequisites. 1978 A. Fenton Northern Isles liv. 446 David Trumble, the Kirk Officer of South Ronaldsay, had the task of collecting the small teinds which included wool and lamb. kirk party n. (also with capital initial(s)) Scottish History a radical and uncompromising faction of the Scottish Covenanters (cf. covenanter n. 2). ΚΠ 1650 Perfect Diurnall No. 53. sig. Ggg3^v The royall Scots rejoyce at this victory of ours over Kerr, and say they hoped little good of the Kirke party. 1740 Diary A. Brodie (To the Reader) p. iv A great many met, and formed an Association..against the King and the Defection in the Kirk-party. 1911 A. Bullard Panama xx. 353 He was of the Kirk party, but at the same time had a valuable fund of common sense. 2003 D. Stevenson in D. L. Smith Cromwell & Interregnum 188 The split among the Scots into Engagers and their opponents, soon to be known as the Kirk Party, was seen by Cromwell as corresponding to the dichotomy present in his own attitude to the Scots. † kirkreeve n. Obsolete rare = church reeve n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > laity > lay functionaries > church-warden > [noun] reeveeOE kirkmaster1429 church reeve1433 warden1439 kirkreeve1442 churchwarden1443 churchman1457 churchmaster1484 churchward1496 kirkwarden1500 herenach1607 chapelwarden1688 kirkward1883 1442 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 131 That the kirkerevys of the parish chirch of Clerkenwell haue xiijs. iiijd. for to spend on the onourmentz of the same kirke. kirk rent n. now historical and rare = church rent n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2; usually in plural. ΚΠ 1562 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 8 Thay ar..bund subditis to..auarice, neuir intendand to clenge thair handis of the kirk rentis. 1599 R. Pont Against Sacrilege iii. sig. H^v All the Kirk rent is exhausted vpon greedie gormandes, carelesse of Religion. 1675 in M. Wood Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1950) X. 247 Collectors of the impositione, chamber annuitie, kirkrents and hospitall. 1869 Proc. Semicentenary Celebration Presbyterian Board of Educ. 39 He was..entitled to a seat in the Presbytery, and was by law paid out of the kirk-rents. 1901 W. Morison Johnston of Warriston 69 It voted him a salary of 1000 merks a year as Advocate to the Kirk, and 50 merks as Clerk—to be paid out of the Kirk rents of the late bishoprics. 1989 J. Kirk Patterns of Reform viii. 312 One critic..depicted the bishop in his later years as squandering kirk rents from St Andrews Priory. kirk service n. public Christian worship in a church or kirk; a celebration of this, esp. one following a prescribed form; cf. church service n. 2. ΚΠ a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10606 (MED) Quen þai had..taght hir to þat kirc seruijs [Fairf. chirchis service]..to drightin self þai hir bekend. 1624 D. Calderwood Epist. Christian Brother 9 The holy ministry transformed, rent, and divided.., and restraining the members thereof from their proper functions; the kirke-service, prayers, and other exercises. 1833 A. Picken Traditionary Stories Old Families I. v. 173 I rose, refreshed in body and pious in spirit, on the dull Sunday morning, proposing to walk forward, and be into Hillington in time for the kirk service. 1885 H. Butterworth Zigzag Journeys in Acadia & New France xii. 285 We see the kirk service performed in very much of its original amplitude and heartiness. 1992 I. Rankin Strip Jack (1993) 36 Helen looked either like she'd been to an early Kirk service, or was planning to attend one later on. kirkshire n. historical (in the early medieval period) an ecclesiastical district consisting of one church and its priest; = priestshire n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > land > [noun] > of priest kirkshire1844 1844 Dublin Rev. Mar. 169 A tract of country was then separated by the bishop from his own immediate superintendence, and became known as the ‘kirk-shire’. a1883 J. R. Green Conquest of Eng. (1884) i. 13 It was only by slow degrees that the parish, or kirkshire as it was then called, attained a settled form. 1906 T. W. Shore Origin Anglo-Saxon Race x. 177 Kirkshire in some parts of England appears to have been an early name for parish. † kirk-skail n. Scottish poetic Obsolete rare = kirk-skailing n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > church-going > [noun] > dispersal of congregation kirk-skailing1645 kirk-skail1843 1843 A. Bethune Sc. Peasant's Fire-side 283 Hame again At kirk-skail time she came. kirk-skailing n. Scottish the dispersion of the congregation after a church service. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > church-going > [noun] > dispersal of congregation kirk-skailing1645 kirk-skail1843 1645 in D. Robertson S. Leith Rec. (1911) 54 That the act of Parliament concerning the exceise should be read at the church dore at the kirk scailing. 1819 J. G. Lockhart Peter's Lett. to Kinsfolk III. lxxiii. 265 When the service is over..(for which moment the Scotch have, in their language, an appropriate and picturesque term, the kirk-skailing). 1905 Trans. Glasgow Archæol. Soc. 5 62 About 1650, after kirk-skailing, those of the Claythron branch who had been at public worship would take a quiet road home. kirk stile n. now chiefly historical = church stile n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2.Attested earliest in surnames. ΚΠ 1276 in G. Kristensson Stud. Middle Eng. Topogr. Terms (1970) 72 (MED) Rog. Attekyrkestyhill. 1301 in W. Brown Yorks. Lay Subsidy (1897) 119 (MED) Alanus atte Kirkestile. 1435 in J. Stuart & G. Burnett Exchequer Rolls Scotl. (1880) IV. 623 Pro reparacione domus juxta le Kyrkstile in Edinburgh. 1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 4729 in Wks. (1931) I Thay hauld the Corps at the kirk style. 1652 J. Lamont Diary 28 Mar. (1830) 47 Ther was no money gathered att the tabells, both at the kirke style and at the doore. 1733 J. Currie Def. Church of Scotl. 58 At the Kirk-stile, when People are at a Burial, or coming to wait on the Ordinances. 1896 A. Mackenzie Hist. Frasers of Lovat xv. 202 From the west end of the moor to the Kirk-stile..the armed brigades were drawn up. 2004 G. Redmonds Names & Hist. v. Plate 9 (caption) Formerly each farm and hamlet had access to the ‘kirk’ via the ‘kirk gate’, or footpath, and the ‘kirk stile’. kirk triumphant n. rare after 17th cent. = church triumphant n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 4972 in Wks. (1931) I Now lauboryng in to thy Kirk Militant, That we may, all, cum to thy kirk Tryumphant. 1561 Confessioun of Faith Professit sig. C2^v This Kirk..comprehendis alswiel (as said is) the elect that be departed (commounlie callit the Kirk tryumphant). 1619 D. Calderwood Perth Assembly 62 How will they proue evidently that the falling of the 24. Elders before the lambe, is to be interpreted of the Kirk triumphant, rather then of the Kirke Militant? 2010 www.fpcportrichey.org 25 June (O.E.D. Archive) We remember those who have passed away to join the Kirk Triumphant. † kirk vassal n. Obsolete historical = church vassal n. at church n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1820 W. Scott Monastery I. iii. 118 To hear ye even the Lady of Avenel, to seeking quarters wi' a Kirk-vassal's widow! 1888 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Apr. 529/2 In later times the Kirk vassals were relatively fortunate. kirk work n. Scottish (now historical) = church work n. 1. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > other types of work church worka1225 kirk work1418 fieldwork1441 labour of love1592 life's work1660 shop work1696 outwork1707 private practice1724 tide-work1739 sales-work1775 marshing1815 work in progress1815 life-work1837 relief work1844 sharp practice1847 near work1850 slop-work1861 repetition work1866 side work1875 rework1878 wage-slavery1886 work in progress1890 war work1891 busywork1893 screen work1912 staff-work1923 gig work1927 knowledge work1959 WIP1966 telework1970 playwork1986 laboratory work2002 1418 in C. Innes Liber Sancte Marie de Melros (1837) 502 Nychole has frely gyfen till the hovse and the kyrkwerk of Melros all the fermys..at langis..till the said landis. 1467 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1467/1/4 A tone fraucht to the kirk werk of the toune. 1560 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1875) III. 70 For mair haisty..completing of the said kirk wark..the said siluer wark..to be sauld or cunyet. 1668 in T. Mair Rec. Parish of Ellon (1876) 129 [For the] kirk wark..everie tenant is stented [etc.]. 1707 W. Black Privileges of Royal Burrows 15 These altogether first choose the Provost, then four Baillies, then a Dean of Gild, then a Treasurer, then the four Masters of Kirk-work. 1847 Eng. Rev. Sept. 50 In 1449, it was enacted that any person opening his booth on the Sunday should pay a pound of wax to the kirk-work. 1908 R. Renwick Glasgow Memorials 318 In November, 1589, the session resolved that all penalties uplifted from offenders should in future be applied towards the repairing of the High Kirk and kirk work. 2004 P. Franklin in A. Stewart & G. Stone Architect's Legal Handbk. (ed. 8) xxii. 269/1 In 1403 one Simon de Schele was appointed..Keeper of the Kirk Work by Edinburgh Town Council. kirkwynd n. Scottish a narrow street or lane leading to a church.Frequently (now only) as a street name. ΚΠ 1517 Burgh Court Bk. Selkirk f. 54^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Kirk All mydynnes..anlank the Kyrk wynd to be removet. 1622 in G. Lauder tr. Popes New-years Gift (title page) Printed at Sainct-Andrewes, By Edward Raban, Dwelling in the Kirke-Wynde. 1775 in J. Wesley Addr. Amer. Colonies (new ed.) (title page) Printed and sold by Laurence Chalmers, at his Printing-Office, in the Kirk-Wynd. 1888 J. M. Barrie When Man's Single i A kitchen in the kirk-wynd of Thrums. 1994 A. Hall 53 Border Pubs & Inns iii. 125 Ascend the steep Kirkwynd (a rail is at hand to assist). Derivatives ˈkirklike adj. rare between the 16th and 20th centuries. reminiscent or characteristic of the Christian Church (esp. the Church of Scotland) or of a church. ΚΠ a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 82 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 97 Ye plesant pacok..Constant and kirklyk vnder his clere cape Micht as ye manere Is. 1578 J. Rolland Seuin Seages 229 The parische Preist with his Kirklike vestments. 1917 A. E. Barr Christine ix. 245 Becky..isna at a' a kirklike girl, but I canna help liking her weel. 1988 B. M. Krahn Hidden Fires 390 A kirklike silence reigned as Eden made her way to the edge of the ring. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). kirkv. Brit. /kəːk/, U.S. /kərk/, Scottish English /kɪrk/ Forms: see kirk n. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: kirk n. Etymology: < kirk n. Compare church v. Chiefly Scottish. 1. transitive. Usually in passive. a. = church v. 1a. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > cleanness (ceremonial) > purification > purify [verb (transitive)] > women after childbirth purifyc1350 church1440 kirka1500 a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. l. 4887 In honoure of þat maydyn cleyr Þat was kyrkyt as þat day. 1666 J. Lamont Diary (1830) 117 All these 3 cheldren had the small pox..before ther mother was kirked att this tyme. 1678 Rec. Justiciary Edinb. 13 Sept. in H. Arnot Hist. Edinb. (1779) i. 194 Ye being then with child, the devil did forbear to lie with ye; but, after ye were kirked, the devil had carnal copulation with you. 1790 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. II. 45 The mother never sets about any work till she has been kirked. 1891 J. M. Barrie Little Minister III. xliv. 223 All he had to do was to re-marry him, and kirk him. 1900 Westm. Rev. Jan. 68 After the birth of a child the mother was always assailable by the little people until she had been ‘kirked’. 1984 D. Buchan Sc. Trad. xxxix. 69 I hedna been kirked or the bairn kristened, so the fairies had power owre me an' carried me awa. b. = church v. 1b. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > church-going > attend (church) [verb (transitive)] > be taken to kirk1543 church1596 1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 236 Kyng Wyllyam in Gesine had lyen long, And tyme hym wer been kyrked with good songe. 1854 H. Miller My Schools & Schoolmasters xv. 311 He ‘hadna been kirked for the last ten months, he was just only waiting for a rainy Sabbath to lay in his stock o' divinity for the year’. 1953 3rd Statist. Acct. Scotl. 524 The ‘Mother Church’ of Aberdeen.., where Town Council and other age-old local institutions like the Incorporated Trades are annually kirked. 2006 A. Rowthorn Your Daily Life is your Temple 10 This colorful collection [sc. of fabrics] is blessed (‘kirked’), and the congregation's members are symbolically linked to their origins and to each other. c. Scottish. Of a newly married person or couple: to be received at church for the first time since marriage. Now historical. ΚΠ 1697 in A. W. C. Hallen Acct. Bk. Sir J. Foulis (1894) 215 For the 5 hors and the mens meat and drink at Cramond w[he]n Drylaw and his wife wer kirked after th[ei]r mariage. 1739 A. Nicol Nature without Art 78 Bridegroom and Bride are costly Names; When married Folk's ance kirked, They need na' mare be fash'd wi' them. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian vi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. IV. 115 I'm to be married the morn, and kirkit on Sunday. 1843 A. Bethune Sc. Peasant's Fire-side 282 That day a young and bonny bride Was ‘kirkit’, as they say. 1905 Textile World Rec. Feb. 80/2 In many places it was the fashion for all newly-married women to be ‘kirked’ in a Paisley harness plaid. 2000 N. Millar Once upon Wedding 18 On the following Sunday, the young couple were kirked. In other words, they sat together in the front row at church, thus demonstrating their new status as grownup members of the church and community. †2. transitive. With up. To lay or place (a body for burial) in a church. Cf. church v. 2. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xi. sig. C4^v The wel deseruing by the purse,..was in vse to be Kirked vp in burial. 3. transitive. Scottish. In a ball game formerly played in Duns, Berwickshire, between the married and unmarried men of the parish: to carry (one of the balls) to the parish church, being the object of the game for the married men playing. rare (now historical).The ‘goal’ for the unmarried men was any mill of the parish. ΚΠ 1834 T. Brown in Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 1 No. 2. 46 The person who succeeds in kirking or in milling—such are the phrases—the first or golden ball, receives from the ball-men a reward of 1s 6d., for the second 1s., and for the third 6d. 1953 R. G. Johnston Duns dings A' 35 The prizes were for the Kirking or Milling of the first ball 1/6d., the second 1/- and the third 6d. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.lOEv.a1500
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kirkn.

Phrases

Compounds

Derivatives

kirkv.