laboriousadj.

Brit.

/ləˈbɔːrɪəs/, U.S.

/ləˈbɔriəs/

Forms: Middle English laboriose, Middle English–1500s laboriouse, Middle English–1500s laboryous, Middle English– laborious, 1500s laboryouse, 1500s laboryvs, 1600s labourious; Scottish pre-1700 laborios, pre-1700 laborius, pre-1700 laboryus, pre-1700 lauborios, pre-1700 lauborius, pre-1700 1700s– laborious.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French laborious, laborieux; Latin labōriōsus.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman laborious, laborius, laboryous and Middle French laborieux, labourieux (French laborieux ) given to labour or hard work (c1200 in Old French as laborios ), industrious, diligent (c1370), tiring (c1370), requiring much effort (a1410), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin labōriōsus involving much work or effort, hard-working, industrious, involving hardship or suffering, painful, suffering pain or hardship, in post-classical Latin also (of speech or writings) showing signs of great effort, lacking in fluency, brevity, or eloquence (1555 in the passage translated in quot. 1560 at sense 3) < labor labour n. + -iōsus -ious suffix. Compare Spanish laborioso (first half of the 15th cent.), Italian laborioso (a1308). Compare slightly later laborous adj., and also laboriose adj.

a. Given to labour or hard work; industrious, diligent, hard-working. Formerly also: †able to do physical labour (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [adjective] > laborious or toilsome

soreOE

workfulOE

hardOE

torc1175

beswinkfulc1230

heavya1325

sweatyc1374

travailousa1382

laboriousa1393

laborousc1405

winful1443

painfulc1480

toilous1530

operousa1538

drudging1548

travailsome1549

laboursome1551

moilingc1566

toilsome?1570

toilful1573

sweating1592

insudate1609

sweatfula1618

moliminous1656

operose1659

swinking1693

schleppy1978

the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > [adjective] > diligent or industrious

busyOE

swinkfulOE

laboriousa1393

virtuousc1450

eident1529

operose1546

laboursome1552

industrious1591

work-likea1642

work-brittle1647

notable1666

nitle1673

hard-working1682

worksome1830

shirtsleeve1864

workful1875

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 2636 (MED) Of the Latins, if thou wolt hiere Of hem that whilom vertuous Were and therto laborious.

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) v. l. 491 (MED) Regulus..Be his feithful laborious dilligence Gat al the contres to Cartage toun.

a1456 (a1407) H. Scogan Moral Balade (Ashm.) 69 in F. J. Furnivall Chaucer's Minor Poems (1879) iii. 427/3 Laborious Aught you to beo, beseching god..To geve you might for to be vertuous.

a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 74 (MED) Vs moste considre his age, his helthe and strengþe..and wheþer he be hole and laborious or noȝt.

1542 M. Coverdale tr. H. Bullinger Golden Bk. Christen Matrimonye xii. f. xliii How frutefull, handesome, houswyfelye, laboryous and quycke she is.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 318 Thinhabitauntes are men of good corporature..and laborious.

1635 E. Rainbow Labour 5 The limbs of your industry are so strong and laborious.

a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 93 He..was observed seldom or never..to sweat much though he were very laborious.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 129 All..combine to drive The lazy Drones from the laborious Hive.

1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 21. ⁋5 Laborious Ben's Works will bear this Sort of Inquisition.

1752 D. Hume Polit. Disc. i. 17 Their own steel and iron, in such laborious hands, become equal to the gold and rubies of the Indies.

1857 Ld. Dufferin Lett. from High Latitudes (1867) 78 Those calm laborious minds..pursuing day by day with single-minded energy some special object.

1872 J. Morley Voltaire i. 8 He was always serious in meaning, and laborious in matter.

1927 Amer. Mercury July 333/1 Other Representatives, less laborious, stroll about the corridors of the gloomy building, hob-nobbing with the bootleggers.

1970 Classical Q. New Ser. 20 296 We do not need to imagine death overtaking the laborious scholar while he was still meditating his final version.

2003 Irish Independent (Nexis) 3 June When one thinks about one's final year in school, the image of a laborious student comes to mind whose personal life consists of nothing more than study sessions and weekend trips to the library.

b. That labours or toils, esp. at unskilled manual labour; = labouring adj. 1. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific classes of common people > [adjective] > working-class

laborious1534

mechanicc1550

mechanical1584

aproned1628

working class1833

proletarian1848

lower working class1878

proletary1884

cloth-capped1935

prole1938

cloth cap1959

Coronation Street1962

proly1971

1534–5 in H. M. Paton Accts. Masters of Wks. (1957) I. 128 For the paynttyne of..the knycht and the laborius man.

1627 in A. Peterkin Rentals Earldom & Bishoprick of Orkney (1820) iii. 75 The exacting of mercatt pryce..by and attour the beggering of laborious men it will..make his Majesties land want tennentis.

?1760 J. Shebbeare Hist. Excellence & Decline Sumatrans II. xi. 257 Such were the advantages respecting the People of the trading and laborious Classes.

1777 D. Hume Ess. & Treat. (new ed.) I. 280 By this means..a greater number of laborious men are maintained, who may be diverted to the public service.

a1797 E. Burke Thoughts on Scarcity (1800) 4 What may be called moral or philosophical happiness of the laborious classes.

1830 Lady Morgan France 1829–30 I. 387 The amusements of the laborious classes.

1842 Morning Chron. 27 Jan. 3/6 Nothing can effectually relieve the laborious population but the repeal of the corn and provision laws.

1880 Daily News 30 Dec. 5/6 There is a deep stratum of moral worth in the laborious classes, bourgeois, and others.

1925 W. Anderson Amer. City Govt. ii. 26 Almost the entire population of England, France, and other countries consisted of a laborious peasantry closely bound to the soil.

a. Characterized by or involving hard work or exertion; requiring much time or effort; arduous, tiring; painstaking, tiresomely difficult. Also of a physical action: performed with great effort or difficulty; slow or deliberate; heavy.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > types of difficulty > [adjective] > difficult or laborious

strongc1175

travailousa1382

laborousc1405

laboriousc1410

travailsome1549

laboursome1551

rigorousa1564

Herculean1594

surly1609

Augean1724

dreich1804

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [adjective] > causing weariness or exhaustion > esp. through labour

travailousa1382

laboriousc1410

travailsome1549

break-back1556

toilsome?1570

toilful1573

back-aching1603

back-breaking1904

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > [adjective] > earned with difficulty

laborious1611

c1410 (c1395) G. Chaucer Friar's Tale (Cambr. Dd.4.24) (1901–2) l. 1428 Myn office is ful laborious [c1405 Hengwrt laborous].

1474–5 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 3rd Roll §43. m. 10 The fourme of the levie by your commissions..is so diffuse and laborious.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. Ddii^v Nothyng is more..laborious to kepe, than is virginite.

1549 J. Leland (title) The laboryouse Journey and Serche of Johan Leylande for Englandes Antiquitees.

1611 Bible (King James) Ecclus. vii. 15 Hate not laborious worke, neither husbandrie.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 20 The women..equall if not exceed the men in their more laborious treadings [in dancing].

1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 22 in Justa Edouardo King To scorn delights, and live laborious dayes.

1725 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey I. iii. 127 Shall I the long, laborious scenes review, And open all the wounds of Greece anew?

1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 204. ⁋11 Forced jests, and laborious laughter.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. 202 The subject of minute and laborious disquisition.

1834 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 42 242 He was quite comatose, with slow and very laborious breathing.

1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 70 In a laborious anxiety to be correct, they have evaporated away all the spirit of their book.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. iv. 33 These days were laborious and instructive.

1878 W. S. Jevons Polit. Econ. 43 The great advantage of capital is that it enables us to do work in the least laborious way.

1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) ii. vii. 246 Coco-nuts... The process of husking is laborious but is not difficult.

1965 Listener 23 Sept. 462/3 Punch's tentative introduction of process engraving first heralded the disappearance of the laborious procedure of reproducing line drawings by wood engraving.

1989 B. S. Kirschenbaum tr. P. Drigo Maria Zef 157 A laborious footstep approached the door.

b. Of something produced or constructed: entailing labour in production or execution; produced by or resulting from hard work. Formerly also: †causing fatiguing toil (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > [adjective] > wearisome or tedious

dreicha1300

alangec1330

joylessa1400

tedious1412

wearifulc1454

weary1465

laboriousa1475

tiresome?a1513

irksome1513

wearisome1530

woodena1566

irkful1570

flat1573

leaden1593

barren1600

soaked1600

unlively1608

dulla1616

irking1629

drearisome1633

drear1645

plumbous1651

fatigable1656

dreary1667

uncurious1685

unenlivened1692

blank1726

disinteresting1737

stupid1748

stagnant1749

trist?1756

vegetable1757

borish1766

uninteresting1769

unenlivening1774

oorie1787

wearying1796

subjectless1803

yawny1805

wearing1811

stuffy1813

sloomy1820

tediousome1823

arid1827

lacklustrous1834

boring1839

featureless1839

slow1840

sodden1853

ennuying1858

dusty1860

cabbagy1861

old1864

mouldy1876

yawnful1878

drab1880

dehydrated1884

interestless1886

jay1889

boresome1895

stodgy1895

stuffy1895

yawnsome1900

sludgy1901

draggy1922

blah1937

nowhere1940

drack1945

stupefactive1970

schleppy1978

wack1986

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [adjective] > causing weariness or exhaustion > esp. regarding endurance or patience

wearifulc1454

laboriousa1475

wearing1811

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > ornateness > [adjective] > laboured or pedantic

tricked1549

pedantical1592

laboured1613

pedantic1631

laborious1657

stiff1664

long-nebbed1818

stiltified1820

stiltish1824

overwrought1839

uncolloquial1840

stilty1845

Ollendorffian1848

literose1859

stilted1874

Hisperic1904

a1475 (a1447) O. Bokenham Mappula Angliae in Englische Studien (1887) 10 33 (MED) Þes lytylle & shorte treteys drawyn & abstract out of anoþur mannys longe & laboryous werke.

1542 Dyalogue Defensyue for Women sig. C.iii Laboryous labyrynth, that Dedalus deuysed Suche wyndynges and tournynges, neuer dyd vse As women in temptacyon.

1555 R. Eden in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde Pref. sig. aj The laborious Tabernacle whiche Moises buylded.

1657 S. Purchas' Pol. Flying-Ins. Pref. Verses To the Learned Author of this Bee-like laborious Treatise.

1666 S. Pepys Diary 14 July (1972) VII. 205 Up betimes to the office, to write fair a laborious letter.

1704 J. Swift Tale of Tub i. 47 I have been prevailed on..to travel in a compleat and laborious Dissertation.

1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 169 The long laborious Pavement here he treads.

1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess Prol. 2 Laborious orient ivory sphere in sphere.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. iii. 45 We have a large and laborious outfit to arrange.

1896 Mind 5 273 It is a careful and laborious compilation of all that refers to the child and childhood in popular thought.

1923 Eng. Hist. Rev. 38 629 We have nothing but praise for this excellent and laborious piece of work.

1993 R. J. Pond Introd. Engin. Technol. (ed. 2) ii. 30 Even electrical and plumbing schematics may be layered on the system, precluding the necessity for many laborious drawings of the same building.

c. Of an object, esp. a tool or implement: used in physical toil; requiring or effort to operate.

ΚΠ

c1475 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 823 (MED) Is nat the cart and the laborious plough, Of lordes riches..Roote and grounde?

a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) xv. i. f. 573^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (at cited word) Ane husband man..had certane of his awne laborios instrumentis.

1632 F. Quarles Divine Fancies ii. lxxiii. 100 Thinkst thou, that thy laborious Plough requires Not Winter frosts, as well as Summer fires?

1766 J. Bate Rationale Literal Doctr. Orig. Sin xiii. 270 The Plough is a laborious Tool. A Jew never sets his Hand to it.

1883 W. H. Adams Mountains & Mountain-climbing iii. 133 Beautiful with a wild beauty, it shone with all the splendour of the young earth before man had furrowed it with laborious plough.

1902 O. T. Mason Origins of Invention ii. 47 The axe of savagery is a laborious tool, requiring great force and doing little execution.

1995 G. Greenfield Smattering of Monsters ii. 69 The stitching-together of a book's ‘signatures’..had been done manually or by some laborious contraption, the Brehmer machine.

d. Medicine. Of childbirth: difficult, prolonged. Also: †giving birth with difficulty (obsolete). Now historical or rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [adjective] > labour or pains

in travailc1300

travailingc1405

labouring1540

child labour1585

laborious1615

in labour1623

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 334 For if all the worke lye upon the hand of the mother, then is the byrth hard and laborious.

1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan i. vii. 31 Very apt they are to be with childe, and very laborious when they beare children.

1753 N. Torriano tr. J. B. L. Chomel Hist. Diss. Gangrenous Sore Throat 23 Labours in such Circumstances are generally laborious.

1837 London Med. Gaz. 20 623 Cases of laborious labour must end in one of three ways, viz. in the eventual expulsion of the infant by the natural powers; or..to extract the infant alive..; or in its being impracticable to bring forward a living infant.

1900 Lancet 29 Dec. 1877/2 Parturition was in consequence so frequently laborious.

1995 European Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. & Reprod. Biol. 62 168/2 The general expectation that primiparous deliveries would be more laborious was confirmed.

2006 Med. Hist. 50 359 Laborious labour was subdivided into ‘lingering’ or ‘tedious’, exceeding twenty-four hours but ending in a natural birth, and ‘instrumental’.

3. depreciative. Of speech or writings: showing signs of great effort; lacking in fluency, brevity, or eloquence; over-elaborate; long-winded; laboured. Also of a person's writing style.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective] > not fluent

laborious1560

unfluent1605

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries xxiv. f. cccciij They, taking to them the Ambassadours of the cities, whiche being in dispayre of the matter, were els mynded to departe, after a long & laborious treatie [L. post multam & laboriosam actionem], at the length perswade both partes, and conclude a peace.

1593 W. Rainolds Treat. Holy Sacrifice & Sacrament 188 By these many words & laborious affectation of divers phrases he wovld make his auditory imagine some great matter in their bread & wine.

1599 Christian Let. Eng. Protestants 43 If you doe not..aunswere all these our necessarie doubtes and demandes; what shall we haue cause to thinke of these your tedious and laborious writinges.

1660 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. III. v. 131 Thus may this short Canonick, or treatise of rules, serve instead of a laborious and prolixe Dialectick.

1751 Earl of Orrery in tr. Pliny the Younger Lett. (Dublin ed.) I. p. v His Tusculum and Laurentinum are described in two very long and laborious letters.

1779 H. Boyd Let. 3 Apr. in Misc. Wks. (1800) I. Polit. Ess. 121 As I proposed in my last letter, it may not be improper to advert a little to the long and laborious speech which the Governor has thought to publish.

1824 S. Ferrier Inheritance II. xv. 162 A most laborious and long-winded letter.

1856 Dublin Univ. Mag. May 516/2 This message resembles the preceding ones in the somewhat laborious detail into which it enters.

1891 Belfast News-let. 10 Feb. 4/6 Historians might write volume after volume in learned and laborious style but they could not tell us anything like this.

1924 A. MacLeish Let. 31 May (1983) 136 Someone back of me explains in laborious English that it was here the Germans retreating made a stand in the face of French & American troops.

1961 B. Lippincott Indians, Privateers, & High Soc. iv. 54 One historical authority presents laborious and circuitous testimony.

1992 Antique Collector Jan. 63/3 The Americans didn't go in for long captions. They invented the one-liner when we were still being pretty clumsy and laborious.

†4. That relates to labour. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > work > [adjective]

laborious1632

1632 F. Quarles Divine Fancies ii. lxxvi. 102 Me thinks, that they should change their Trade [sc. that of the theatre], for shame, Or honour't with a more laborious name.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	laborious
释义	laboriousadj. Brit. /ləˈbɔːrɪəs/, U.S. /ləˈbɔriəs/ Forms: Middle English laboriose, Middle English–1500s laboriouse, Middle English–1500s laboryous, Middle English– laborious, 1500s laboryouse, 1500s laboryvs, 1600s labourious; Scottish pre-1700 laborios, pre-1700 laborius, pre-1700 laboryus, pre-1700 lauborios, pre-1700 lauborius, pre-1700 1700s– laborious. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French laborious, laborieux; Latin labōriōsus. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman laborious, laborius, laboryous and Middle French laborieux, labourieux (French laborieux ) given to labour or hard work (c1200 in Old French as laborios ), industrious, diligent (c1370), tiring (c1370), requiring much effort (a1410), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin labōriōsus involving much work or effort, hard-working, industrious, involving hardship or suffering, painful, suffering pain or hardship, in post-classical Latin also (of speech or writings) showing signs of great effort, lacking in fluency, brevity, or eloquence (1555 in the passage translated in quot. 1560 at sense 3) < labor labour n. + -iōsus -ious suffix. Compare Spanish laborioso (first half of the 15th cent.), Italian laborioso (a1308). Compare slightly later laborous adj., and also laboriose adj. 1. a. Given to labour or hard work; industrious, diligent, hard-working. Formerly also: †able to do physical labour (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [adjective] > laborious or toilsome soreOE workfulOE hardOE torc1175 beswinkfulc1230 heavya1325 sweatyc1374 travailousa1382 laboriousa1393 laborousc1405 winful1443 painfulc1480 toilous1530 operousa1538 drudging1548 travailsome1549 laboursome1551 moilingc1566 toilsome?1570 toilful1573 sweating1592 insudate1609 sweatfula1618 moliminous1656 operose1659 swinking1693 schleppy1978 the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > [adjective] > diligent or industrious busyOE swinkfulOE laboriousa1393 virtuousc1450 eident1529 operose1546 laboursome1552 industrious1591 work-likea1642 work-brittle1647 notable1666 nitle1673 hard-working1682 worksome1830 shirtsleeve1864 workful1875 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 2636 (MED) Of the Latins, if thou wolt hiere Of hem that whilom vertuous Were and therto laborious. a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) v. l. 491 (MED) Regulus..Be his feithful laborious dilligence Gat al the contres to Cartage toun. a1456 (a1407) H. Scogan Moral Balade (Ashm.) 69 in F. J. Furnivall Chaucer's Minor Poems (1879) iii. 427/3 Laborious Aught you to beo, beseching god..To geve you might for to be vertuous. a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 74 (MED) Vs moste considre his age, his helthe and strengþe..and wheþer he be hole and laborious or noȝt. 1542 M. Coverdale tr. H. Bullinger Golden Bk. Christen Matrimonye xii. f. xliii How frutefull, handesome, houswyfelye, laboryous and quycke she is. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 318 Thinhabitauntes are men of good corporature..and laborious. 1635 E. Rainbow Labour 5 The limbs of your industry are so strong and laborious. a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 93 He..was observed seldom or never..to sweat much though he were very laborious. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 129 All..combine to drive The lazy Drones from the laborious Hive. View more context for this quotation 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 21. ⁋5 Laborious Ben's Works will bear this Sort of Inquisition. 1752 D. Hume Polit. Disc. i. 17 Their own steel and iron, in such laborious hands, become equal to the gold and rubies of the Indies. 1857 Ld. Dufferin Lett. from High Latitudes (1867) 78 Those calm laborious minds..pursuing day by day with single-minded energy some special object. 1872 J. Morley Voltaire i. 8 He was always serious in meaning, and laborious in matter. 1927 Amer. Mercury July 333/1 Other Representatives, less laborious, stroll about the corridors of the gloomy building, hob-nobbing with the bootleggers. 1970 Classical Q. New Ser. 20 296 We do not need to imagine death overtaking the laborious scholar while he was still meditating his final version. 2003 Irish Independent (Nexis) 3 June When one thinks about one's final year in school, the image of a laborious student comes to mind whose personal life consists of nothing more than study sessions and weekend trips to the library. b. That labours or toils, esp. at unskilled manual labour; = labouring adj. 1. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific classes of common people > [adjective] > working-class laborious1534 mechanicc1550 mechanical1584 aproned1628 working class1833 proletarian1848 lower working class1878 proletary1884 cloth-capped1935 prole1938 cloth cap1959 Coronation Street1962 proly1971 1534–5 in H. M. Paton Accts. Masters of Wks. (1957) I. 128 For the paynttyne of..the knycht and the laborius man. 1627 in A. Peterkin Rentals Earldom & Bishoprick of Orkney (1820) iii. 75 The exacting of mercatt pryce..by and attour the beggering of laborious men it will..make his Majesties land want tennentis. ?1760 J. Shebbeare Hist. Excellence & Decline Sumatrans II. xi. 257 Such were the advantages respecting the People of the trading and laborious Classes. 1777 D. Hume Ess. & Treat. (new ed.) I. 280 By this means..a greater number of laborious men are maintained, who may be diverted to the public service. a1797 E. Burke Thoughts on Scarcity (1800) 4 What may be called moral or philosophical happiness of the laborious classes. 1830 Lady Morgan France 1829–30 I. 387 The amusements of the laborious classes. 1842 Morning Chron. 27 Jan. 3/6 Nothing can effectually relieve the laborious population but the repeal of the corn and provision laws. 1880 Daily News 30 Dec. 5/6 There is a deep stratum of moral worth in the laborious classes, bourgeois, and others. 1925 W. Anderson Amer. City Govt. ii. 26 Almost the entire population of England, France, and other countries consisted of a laborious peasantry closely bound to the soil. 2. a. Characterized by or involving hard work or exertion; requiring much time or effort; arduous, tiring; painstaking, tiresomely difficult. Also of a physical action: performed with great effort or difficulty; slow or deliberate; heavy. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > types of difficulty > [adjective] > difficult or laborious strongc1175 travailousa1382 laborousc1405 laboriousc1410 travailsome1549 laboursome1551 rigorousa1564 Herculean1594 surly1609 Augean1724 dreich1804 the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [adjective] > causing weariness or exhaustion > esp. through labour travailousa1382 laboriousc1410 travailsome1549 break-back1556 toilsome?1570 toilful1573 back-aching1603 back-breaking1904 society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > [adjective] > earned with difficulty laborious1611 c1410 (c1395) G. Chaucer Friar's Tale (Cambr. Dd.4.24) (1901–2) l. 1428 Myn office is ful laborious [c1405 Hengwrt laborous]. 1474–5 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 3rd Roll §43. m. 10 The fourme of the levie by your commissions..is so diffuse and laborious. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. Ddii^v Nothyng is more..laborious to kepe, than is virginite. 1549 J. Leland (title) The laboryouse Journey and Serche of Johan Leylande for Englandes Antiquitees. 1611 Bible (King James) Ecclus. vii. 15 Hate not laborious worke, neither husbandrie. View more context for this quotation 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 20 The women..equall if not exceed the men in their more laborious treadings [in dancing]. 1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 22 in Justa Edouardo King To scorn delights, and live laborious dayes. 1725 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey I. iii. 127 Shall I the long, laborious scenes review, And open all the wounds of Greece anew? 1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 204. ⁋11 Forced jests, and laborious laughter. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. 202 The subject of minute and laborious disquisition. 1834 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 42 242 He was quite comatose, with slow and very laborious breathing. 1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 70 In a laborious anxiety to be correct, they have evaporated away all the spirit of their book. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. iv. 33 These days were laborious and instructive. 1878 W. S. Jevons Polit. Econ. 43 The great advantage of capital is that it enables us to do work in the least laborious way. 1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) ii. vii. 246 Coco-nuts... The process of husking is laborious but is not difficult. 1965 Listener 23 Sept. 462/3 Punch's tentative introduction of process engraving first heralded the disappearance of the laborious procedure of reproducing line drawings by wood engraving. 1989 B. S. Kirschenbaum tr. P. Drigo Maria Zef 157 A laborious footstep approached the door. b. Of something produced or constructed: entailing labour in production or execution; produced by or resulting from hard work. Formerly also: †causing fatiguing toil (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > [adjective] > wearisome or tedious dreicha1300 alangec1330 joylessa1400 tedious1412 wearifulc1454 weary1465 laboriousa1475 tiresome?a1513 irksome1513 wearisome1530 woodena1566 irkful1570 flat1573 leaden1593 barren1600 soaked1600 unlively1608 dulla1616 irking1629 drearisome1633 drear1645 plumbous1651 fatigable1656 dreary1667 uncurious1685 unenlivened1692 blank1726 disinteresting1737 stupid1748 stagnant1749 trist?1756 vegetable1757 borish1766 uninteresting1769 unenlivening1774 oorie1787 wearying1796 subjectless1803 yawny1805 wearing1811 stuffy1813 sloomy1820 tediousome1823 arid1827 lacklustrous1834 boring1839 featureless1839 slow1840 sodden1853 ennuying1858 dusty1860 cabbagy1861 old1864 mouldy1876 yawnful1878 drab1880 dehydrated1884 interestless1886 jay1889 boresome1895 stodgy1895 stuffy1895 yawnsome1900 sludgy1901 draggy1922 blah1937 nowhere1940 drack1945 stupefactive1970 schleppy1978 wack1986 the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [adjective] > causing weariness or exhaustion > esp. regarding endurance or patience wearifulc1454 laboriousa1475 wearing1811 society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > ornateness > [adjective] > laboured or pedantic tricked1549 pedantical1592 laboured1613 pedantic1631 laborious1657 stiff1664 long-nebbed1818 stiltified1820 stiltish1824 overwrought1839 uncolloquial1840 stilty1845 Ollendorffian1848 literose1859 stilted1874 Hisperic1904 a1475 (a1447) O. Bokenham Mappula Angliae in Englische Studien (1887) 10 33 (MED) Þes lytylle & shorte treteys drawyn & abstract out of anoþur mannys longe & laboryous werke. 1542 Dyalogue Defensyue for Women sig. C.iii Laboryous labyrynth, that Dedalus deuysed Suche wyndynges and tournynges, neuer dyd vse As women in temptacyon. 1555 R. Eden in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde Pref. sig. aj The laborious Tabernacle whiche Moises buylded. 1657 S. Purchas' Pol. Flying-Ins. Pref. Verses To the Learned Author of this Bee-like laborious Treatise. 1666 S. Pepys Diary 14 July (1972) VII. 205 Up betimes to the office, to write fair a laborious letter. 1704 J. Swift Tale of Tub i. 47 I have been prevailed on..to travel in a compleat and laborious Dissertation. 1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 169 The long laborious Pavement here he treads. 1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess Prol. 2 Laborious orient ivory sphere in sphere. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. iii. 45 We have a large and laborious outfit to arrange. 1896 Mind 5 273 It is a careful and laborious compilation of all that refers to the child and childhood in popular thought. 1923 Eng. Hist. Rev. 38 629 We have nothing but praise for this excellent and laborious piece of work. 1993 R. J. Pond Introd. Engin. Technol. (ed. 2) ii. 30 Even electrical and plumbing schematics may be layered on the system, precluding the necessity for many laborious drawings of the same building. c. Of an object, esp. a tool or implement: used in physical toil; requiring or effort to operate. ΚΠ c1475 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 823 (MED) Is nat the cart and the laborious plough, Of lordes riches..Roote and grounde? a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) xv. i. f. 573^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (at cited word) Ane husband man..had certane of his awne laborios instrumentis. 1632 F. Quarles Divine Fancies ii. lxxiii. 100 Thinkst thou, that thy laborious Plough requires Not Winter frosts, as well as Summer fires? 1766 J. Bate Rationale Literal Doctr. Orig. Sin xiii. 270 The Plough is a laborious Tool. A Jew never sets his Hand to it. 1883 W. H. Adams Mountains & Mountain-climbing iii. 133 Beautiful with a wild beauty, it shone with all the splendour of the young earth before man had furrowed it with laborious plough. 1902 O. T. Mason Origins of Invention ii. 47 The axe of savagery is a laborious tool, requiring great force and doing little execution. 1995 G. Greenfield Smattering of Monsters ii. 69 The stitching-together of a book's ‘signatures’..had been done manually or by some laborious contraption, the Brehmer machine. d. Medicine. Of childbirth: difficult, prolonged. Also: †giving birth with difficulty (obsolete). Now historical or rare. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [adjective] > labour or pains in travailc1300 travailingc1405 labouring1540 child labour1585 laborious1615 in labour1623 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 334 For if all the worke lye upon the hand of the mother, then is the byrth hard and laborious. 1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan i. vii. 31 Very apt they are to be with childe, and very laborious when they beare children. 1753 N. Torriano tr. J. B. L. Chomel Hist. Diss. Gangrenous Sore Throat 23 Labours in such Circumstances are generally laborious. 1837 London Med. Gaz. 20 623 Cases of laborious labour must end in one of three ways, viz. in the eventual expulsion of the infant by the natural powers; or..to extract the infant alive..; or in its being impracticable to bring forward a living infant. 1900 Lancet 29 Dec. 1877/2 Parturition was in consequence so frequently laborious. 1995 European Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. & Reprod. Biol. 62 168/2 The general expectation that primiparous deliveries would be more laborious was confirmed. 2006 Med. Hist. 50 359 Laborious labour was subdivided into ‘lingering’ or ‘tedious’, exceeding twenty-four hours but ending in a natural birth, and ‘instrumental’. 3. depreciative. Of speech or writings: showing signs of great effort; lacking in fluency, brevity, or eloquence; over-elaborate; long-winded; laboured. Also of a person's writing style. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective] > not fluent laborious1560 unfluent1605 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries xxiv. f. cccciij They, taking to them the Ambassadours of the cities, whiche being in dispayre of the matter, were els mynded to departe, after a long & laborious treatie [L. post multam & laboriosam actionem], at the length perswade both partes, and conclude a peace. 1593 W. Rainolds Treat. Holy Sacrifice & Sacrament 188 By these many words & laborious affectation of divers phrases he wovld make his auditory imagine some great matter in their bread & wine. 1599 Christian Let. Eng. Protestants 43 If you doe not..aunswere all these our necessarie doubtes and demandes; what shall we haue cause to thinke of these your tedious and laborious writinges. 1660 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. III. v. 131 Thus may this short Canonick, or treatise of rules, serve instead of a laborious and prolixe Dialectick. 1751 Earl of Orrery in tr. Pliny the Younger Lett. (Dublin ed.) I. p. v His Tusculum and Laurentinum are described in two very long and laborious letters. 1779 H. Boyd Let. 3 Apr. in Misc. Wks. (1800) I. Polit. Ess. 121 As I proposed in my last letter, it may not be improper to advert a little to the long and laborious speech which the Governor has thought to publish. 1824 S. Ferrier Inheritance II. xv. 162 A most laborious and long-winded letter. 1856 Dublin Univ. Mag. May 516/2 This message resembles the preceding ones in the somewhat laborious detail into which it enters. 1891 Belfast News-let. 10 Feb. 4/6 Historians might write volume after volume in learned and laborious style but they could not tell us anything like this. 1924 A. MacLeish Let. 31 May (1983) 136 Someone back of me explains in laborious English that it was here the Germans retreating made a stand in the face of French & American troops. 1961 B. Lippincott Indians, Privateers, & High Soc. iv. 54 One historical authority presents laborious and circuitous testimony. 1992 Antique Collector Jan. 63/3 The Americans didn't go in for long captions. They invented the one-liner when we were still being pretty clumsy and laborious. †4. That relates to labour. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > [adjective] laborious1632 1632 F. Quarles Divine Fancies ii. lxxvi. 102 Me thinks, that they should change their Trade [sc. that of the theatre], for shame, Or honour't with a more laborious name. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.a1393
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