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kindredn.adj. Origin: Probably formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: kin n.1, -red suffix. Etymology: Probably < kin n.1 + -red suffix. Medial -d- in the modern word may result from the influence of kind n. or may show a phonetic development (see note).Old English evidence. The earliest attested forms appear to show unexpectedly early phonological reduction of the second element for a regular Old English derivative with -rǣden -red suffix. It has been suggested that the form cynred at β. forms may perhaps be an alteration of (or an error for) Old English cynren , cynryn family line, kindred, progeny, generation, race, species, kind (cognate with or formed similarly to late Old High German kunniruns nature, natural course of events (in an isolated attestation) < the Germanic base of kin n.1 + the Germanic base of rune n.1). With the second element perhaps compare also rede n.1, with which -red suffix is ultimately related. It is also uncertain whether the Old English dative or accusative singular form kynrædan should be regarded as an early α. form with loss of the inflectional ending (assuming the word is a strong feminine like other derivatives in -red suffix) or, alternatively, as an early β. form with unexpected weak inflectional ending. Notes on forms. With the α. forms compare α. forms at -red suffix. With the forms kynredynge and kynderyng at α. forms compare δ. forms at -red suffix; the latter occurs as a manuscript variant of the former and probably represents an error for it. With the β. forms compare β. forms at -red suffix. Forms in -rod , -rode may reflect the influence of formations in -hood suffix; compare kinhood n. beside kinhead n. The γ. forms in kind- , kynd- are attested from the early Middle English period (compare quot. a1325 at sense A. 3b), and have been variously explained as showing a parallel formation from the related kind n. or as an alteration by association with that word; however, they may partly reflect development of epenthetic d between n and r (compare from a similar date e.g. β. forms at thunder n.), subsequently reinforced by association with kind n. The δ. forms reflect a Scots variant of the α. forms with metathesis of n : see γ. forms at -red suffix and discussion at that entry. Notes on senses. Earlier currency in sense A. 3a is probably implied by the following example of Old English prefixed forecynrǣd translating classical Latin prōgeniēs progeny n. (compare fore- prefix and quot. lOE at sense A. 3a):eOE Royal Psalter xlviii. 20 Introibit usque in progeniem patrum suorum et usque in aeternum non uidebit lumen : he ingæð oþ on forecynred [lOE Canterbury Psalter forekinred] fædera his & on ecnisse na gesihð leoht. A. n. 1. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [noun] society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > lineage or descent > [noun] OE Royal Charter: William I to Archbishops, Bishops, & Others, supporting Rights of Abbot Baldwin in D. C. Douglas (1932) 53 Eadmundes kynges, & Cnutes, & Hardecnutes, & Eadwardes þæs eþelan kynges þurh þæs kynrædan & gyfe..we sindon yrfweardes Engla rices. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris (1873) 2nd Ser. 83 Hie giuen here elmesse noht for godes luue, ac for neheboreden oðer for kinraden. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) 9552 Þe kunrede iproued was, so þat king lowis þere & elianore is quene vor kunrede departed were. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 29 (MED) Þese tweyne were y-ioyned to gidres boþe by kynrede and affinite. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xi. l. 258 (MED) Of kyn ne of kynredene a-counteþ men bote lytel. 1483 (BL Add. 89074) (1881) 203 A Kynredynge [?c1475 BL Add. 15562 Kynderyng], cognacio, consanguenitas,..geneologia, [etc.]. 1531 tr. E. Fox et al. i. f. 16 They toke them wyues at aduentures, whome so euer they hadde chosen, sparynge or forbearynge no maner degree of affinitie or kynred. 1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay xvi. 290 The kinred that is betweene all men..moueth vs very little, but the vyle kinred of the flesh moueth vs very much. 1632 T. Heywood v. sig. K3v Wee plead not kinred, Or neare propinquity. 1678 S. Butler iii. iii. 220 Though w'are all as near of kindred As th' outward Man is to the inward. 1749 ‘A. Freeman’ in J. Swift (new ed.) Pref. 4 My Indignation rises..against those, who before this Family Quarrel, were proud to boast any Kindred or Affinity with my Mother. 1776 T. Paine iv. 59 Every day wears out the little remains of kindred between us and them. 1807 14 Aug. 178 As friend Teddy seems to be an honest, merry rogue, we are sorry that we cannot admit his claims to kindred. 1874 J. R. Green iii. §7. 148 A secret match with..the King's sister..raised him to kindred with the throne. 1903 W. S. Holdsworth I. iii. 144 Lawsuits in a primitive age, when men are bound more closely together by ties of kindred or neighbourhood, were more exciting than politics. 1962 H. R. Loyn vii. 297 The wider kin, the mægth to seven degrees of kindred, may have been little more than a group that paid and stood guarantors. 2000 G. Marrone 58 Antigone acts out of respect for the divine law and the blood bond of kindred. the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun] > affinity or closeness 1528 W. Tyndale f. lxxxiij What spirituall kynred have they made in baptism. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach ii. f. 60v The smoke, for the kynred it hath with the Onyon. 1620 T. Wilson 82 There is a great neerenesse of kindred betweene faith and obedience. 1638 F. Rous iv. 34 Yet have we other fruits, that by some kindred may seeme to counterfeit some lineaments of that taste. 1707 M. West 21 The Mystery of the Spiritual Kindred, which is by Faith. 1779 No. 37. ⁋8 The delightful occupations of a country life, which Cicero well said..are next in kindred to true philosophy. 1850 Ld. Tennyson lxxii. 101 I..know Thy likeness to the wise below, Thy kindred with the great of old. View more context for this quotation 1860 7 353 Their inability to stand as finals.., etc., are too powerful indications to be overlooked of their close kindred with our sounds. 1903 C. Black tr. J. Partsch ix. 134 In Holland and Flanders the sense of kindred with the West Germans persists. 1973 S. Monas in O. E. Mandelstam Introd. 6 They [sc. Byzantine monks] had created no sense of communality, no family sense of kindred. 2001 A. H. A. Rushdy iv. 116 When Dana returns to the past..her blood ancestors become less important to her sense of home and family than those people who are spiritual kindred. 2. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > relations or kindred > [noun] OE xxi. 24 Qui timetis dominum laudate eum, uniuersum semen Iacob, glorificate eum : ge þe ondrædaþ drihten heriaþ hine eall cynred Iacobes wuldriaþ hine. c1225 (?c1200) (Royal) 459 Þu leddest moysen..þurh þe reade sea ant his cunreden [c1225 Bodl. cunredden]. c1275 (?c1250) (Calig.) (1935) 1677 Alle heo beoþ of mine kunrede. c1410 tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 161 For hatreden of hir kynrede. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) ii. l. 196 On our kynrent, deyr god, quhen will thou rew? a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in (1557) 41/1 The worlde woulde put her and her kinred in the wyght, and say that thei had..broken the amitie and peace. c1600 (1875) I. 77 An Irishman of my Lord Garrattes kynnered. 1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus xxiv. iv. 246 I have neither wealth to uphold me, nor kinred to backe me, descended though I am of noble parentage. 1653 H. Holcroft tr. Procopius Gothick Warre iii. 94 in tr. Procopius Sending others, and one of his own Kinred with them. 1726 A. Pope tr. Homer IV. xv. 20 Her kindred's wishes, and her Sire's commands. 1813 P. B. Shelley vii. 94 All around The mouldering relics of my kindred lay. 1883 II. ccixx. 1504 If the intestate shall leave no wife, nor husband, nor kindred, his or her estate..shall escheat to the people of this state for the use of the primary school fund. 1896 R. Lydekker V. 533 The spiny dog-fishes, rays, saw-fishes, and their kindred. 1916 G. F. Young II. iv. xix. 117 The Burgundian princess at whose request Attila invites her kindred, the Nibelungs, to Hunland. 1968 H. Orton & M. F. Wakelin IV. iii. 952 If people are connected with you by birth, they are your..[Somerset] Kindred. 2003 R. Lavelle 14 (caption) The defence of a hall (and within it the lord's kindred and followers) was a highly important aspect of Anglo-Saxon society. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > [noun] a1450 (Pierpont Morgan) (1865) l. 2211 He had wedded hir nigh kynrede, He was the more trew to hir in dede. a1627 T. Middleton & W. Rowley (1656) iii. 44 Cleanthes. Be I nere so well I must be sick of thee... Eug. What ailes our kindred? 1631 T. Powell 24 Some such helpe, as To be a Favourite, A Kindred. 1706 G. Farquhar i. i. 2 Brother! Hold there Friend, I'm no Kindred to you that I know of, as yet. 1728 E. Young (ed. 2) vi. 145 Wives..ask, what kindred is a spouse to them? 3. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] > collectively > at each stage of descent lOE xlvii. 14 Distribuite gradus eius ut enarretis in progeniae altera : todeleð stepæs his ðette gesegæn uel cyþen on cneowrise uel cynrede oðrum. a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xvii. 9 Þou þenn schalt kepe my couenaunt & þi seed after þe in here kynredeȝ [a1425 L.V. generaciouns; L. generationibus]. ?c1400 (c1340) R. Rolle (Sidney Sussex) (1884) ix. §28. 36 Kynreden into kynreden [a1500 Univ. Oxf. 64 I sall noght be stirid fra getynge in getynge]. ?1450 Duke of Suffolk in (2005) III. 83 Þat youre blood may..from kynrede to kynrede multeplye. 1530 (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 160 Hys mercy ys from kynred in to kynredes. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinship group > stock, race, or family > [noun] the world > people > [noun] a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 141 Þa twelf kunreden sculden þer mide heore þurst kelen. c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) l. 586 (MED) Þu leddest þurh moyses..bute brugge & bat þurh þe reade sea al his cunredden [c1225 Royal cunreden]. a1325 (c1250) (1968) l. 4127 Ðo twelue kinderedes,..He gaf bliscing. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxiv. 30 Alle kynredis, or lynagis, of erthe schulen weyle. c1400 (?a1300) (Laud) (1952) 6413 Vnlouerede is þat kynrede. a1439 J. Lydgate (Bodl. 263) viii. l. 2112 Aftir Noes flood..bi dissente of his sonis thre..Al kynreedis dilatid been abrod. ?1533 G. Du Wes sig. Ddiii To dye for the humaine kyndred. 1591 G. Fletcher xxiv. f. 101v His friends bow themselues to the Bride, in token of affinity & loue, euer after betwixt the two kinreds. 1674 N. Fairfax To Rdr. A patcht up Tongue from Lands and Kinreds round about. 1760 R. Clarke 135 The Time for the Peoples and Kindreds, and Tongues and Nations to rejoice and make merry. 1840 June 373/2 Happiness is apportioned amongst the human kindred by the hand of wisdom and love. 1874 W. Stubbs I. iii. 57 The little territory of Dithmarschen was colonised by two kindreds from Friesland. 1917 15 564 The physical help, if necessary, of other members of the kindred. 2001 W. Brown 98 The dispute between Freising and the Mohingara shows that one kindred was satisfied..with ensuring continued de facto control of donated property. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] > collectively c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham (1902) 43 God ches folk specialliche Hys holy folk amonge; Þat was þe kenred of leuy, Offyce for to fonge..For to seruy ine godes house. a1400 (a1325) (Gött.) l. 10730 Þe kin of dauid kindred all. ?a1425 (Egerton) (1889) 22 He was successour of Macomete and of his kynredyn. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil i. v. 39 Bot we thi bluide, thy kinrent and afspryng..Hes lossit our schippis. 1581 J. Marbeck 323 Vnder the title of Circumcision and the kinred of Abraham. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius 208 They were of the posterity and kinred of their Prophet Aaly. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot i. 30 The Kindred of Mahomet..wear a green Turban. 1737 W. Whiston tr. Josephus Antiq. Jews xvii. xii, in tr. Josephus 565 A certain young man..ingrafted himself into the kindred of Herod, by the resemblance of his countenance. 1796 C. Tomkins I. 10 In this church were buried the mother and several of the kindred of Walter de Merton. 1829 2 279 We do not learn that the Egyptian priesthood presented the kindred of Apis to Osiris. 1853 Apr. 386 Young men descended, e. g., from the kindred of Archbishop Chichley. 1911 20 63 The Harlestons, of Alabama, are the kindred of Dr. Robert Broun and wife. 1996 B. Murdoch iii. 82 The threat... does not come from any monsters or from the kindred of Cain, but rather from Adam's inheritance. 2012 S. J. Reza 78 The special shares for God, His Prophet and the kindred of the Prophet. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > lineage or descent > genealogy as study > [noun] > genealogical record > tree, diagram, etc. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 289 (MED) Þe genelegies of þe Hebrewes and rekenynge of kynrede [c1400 Tiber. kynrad, L. generationes] of oþer naciouns were i-write in bookes. c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate Letabundus (Harl.) l. 75 in (1911) 51 (MED) Isaak, Iacob, Rekne vp kynredys alle, Whoo can Remembre his generacioun? 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas ii. ii. 455 So farre, the branches of his fruitfull Bed, Past all the Names of Kindreds-Tree did spread. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > ancestor > [noun] > ancestral stock or root c1200 Serm. in (1961) 7 65 (MED) Efter iudas vas þet iudaisse folk icleped, and of þet folk and of kinreden vas vre leuedi seinte marie. a1275 St. Margaret (Trin. Cambr.) l. 39 in A. S. M. Clark (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 16 Yef ho is boren of cunraden free, of al hire cunne best scal hire bee. c1300 St. Margarete (Harl.) 62 in O. Cockayne (1866) 26 Tel me of wham þu ert icome, & of what cunrede. 1340 (1866) 89 Hy ham yelpeþ of hare gentylete uor þet hy weneþ by of gentile woze; and þe ilke kenrede [Fr. parage] hy conne riȝt wel telle. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) v. l. 979 Þat ye ben of noble and heigh kynrede. a1439 J. Lydgate (Bodl. 263) vi. l. 1294 In hihe berthe, mene, or louh kynreede, Deeme no man gentil. a1475 Bk. Curtasye (Sloane 1986) l. 280 in (2002) i. 307 And he be comen of gret kynraden, Go no be-fore þawgh þou be beden. a1500 (?a1450) (Harl. 7333) (1879) 71 (MED) Þe knyȝt..betokenyth gentilmen þat..ioyeth for her kynrede & for habundaunce of richesse. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil v. v. 75 Of Creit, as to hir kynrent, born was sche. 1598 R. Grenewey tr. Tacitus iv. xiiii. 112 P. Dolabella was..issued of noble kinred, and allied to Varus. a1637 N. Ferrar tr. J. de Valdés (1638) sig. *** Iohn Valdesso was..a Spaniard of noble kindred of an honourable degree. 1796 M. Robinson iii. xi. 51 The fond endearments of new friends, Of noble kindred. 1816 W. Scott Black Dwarf in 1st Ser. I. 73 Friend's or their ain—that should be by nae bidding of mine, or of ony body that's come of a gentle kindred–But it winna gang out of a grey head like mine, that to gang to seek for evil that's no fashing wi' you, is clean against law and Scripture. 1828 July 71/1 A member of the Mulgrave train, but not of noble kindred vain. 1930 E. R. Eddison tr. 54 There was a man named Grim, the son of Thorir the son of Ketil Keelfarer, a man of great kindred. 2001 T. Pálosfalvi tr. P. Engel (2005) 125 The nuclei of these provinces were almost everywhere the private domains of a noble kindred. B. adj.the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adjective] 1340 (1866) 228 Huet is uayr chastete kenrede mid briȝtnesse. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. iv. 14 Who hath read, or heard Of any kindred-action like to this? View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden v. 5 'Twas but a Kindred-Sound to move; For Pity melts the Mind to Love. ?1770 W. J. Mickle tr. L. de Camoens 35 Her eyes, well pleas'd, in Lusus' sons could trace A kindred likeness to the Roman race. 1830 Sept. 81 ‘Original’, and ‘elegant’, with other kindred epithets, are lavished in profusion upon literary exploits. 1878 W. de W. Abney xxviii. 186 Prints are obtained from the surface of a film of gelatine, or other kindred substance. 1936 J. G. Brandon x. 90 Police ‘narks’, ‘noses’, and all such kindred brethren. 2014 45 152 A thesis for an essay is kindred to a hypothesis for an experiment; both are propositional. 2. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [adjective] 1530 J. Palsgrave 624 I make kynred, or make one a kynne to an other, jemparente. 1617 L. Digges tr. Claudian iii. sig. Iv Her conuersation lost With kindred gods. 1687 J. Dryden ii. 54 The Dame..looking upward to her kindred sky. 1725 G. St. Amand ii. 90 Our Saxon Ancestors..did here as their kindred Nations did elsewhere Practise at first. 1781 E. Gibbon III. xxx. 161 The countries towards the Euxine were already occupied by their kindred tribes. 1815 W. Scott iii. viii. 93 I long'd for Carrick's kindred shore. 1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus lxiv. 160 Yet to your household thou, your kindred palaces olden, Might'st have led me. 1911 F. W. H. Migeod I. i. 38 The Moshis and other kindred tribes evidently prevented the extension of the Nta in a northerly direction. 1952 28 341 The Goths, together with such kindred peoples as the Vandals..emigrated from the Proto-Germanic homeland. 2004 E. P. Kohn (title) This kindred people. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > relations or kindred > [adjective] 1550 22 Dec. And that for the kindred lwif..towart the said Jhone my broder son. 1597 W. Shakespeare ii. i. 183 His hands were guilty of no kinred [1623 kindreds] bloud. View more context for this quotation 1693 S. Wesley ii. 35 From the same Spring our kindred blood we drew, And what's our Rise can be unknown to few. 1718 N. Rowe tr. Lucan 10 The tender Ties of Kindred-love were torn. 1749 T. Smollett iv. vi. 58 What kindred Crime (alas!) am I decreed To expiate. 1839 Sept. 429 Civil and kindred strife may rage..in the splendid abodes of the mightiest and most glorious of royalties. 1874 J. G. Holland xx. 210 Hands in kindred blood imbued. 1958 C. Achebe iv. 22 A man had contradicted him at a kindred meeting which they held to discuss the next ancestral feat. 2005 (Nexis) 13 Sept. 15 These encounters are celebrations of kindred rivalry. Compounds the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [noun] > fellow or one of the same kind 1706 I. Watts ii. 164 Were kindred Spirits born for Cares? 1779 T. Moore 22 That incomparable lady his sister: who indeed was his kindred spirit. 1849 ‘G. Eliot’ 13 Sept. (1954) I. 307 She says, ‘You won't find any kindred spirits at Plongeon.’ 1898 E. Howard viii. 83 They can see their way to join with a sufficient number of kindred spirits. 1949 Mar. 126/2 That old-time tinkerer, Ben Franklin, would find a kindred spirit in Jimmie Sutherland.., who can't resist electromagnets. 1994 May 50/1 Bukowski would scour libraries in search of kindred souls that might help him find his voice as a writer. 2013 11 Oct. 64/3 (advt.) Bonny lass, been to hell and back..seeks kindred spirit. Derivatives society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [noun] 1826 109 He felt a kindredness between his old and his new contemplations. 1931 16 July 9/5 As we have a feeling of kindredness, we think we should be allowed to decide the name of the Fort. 2002 N. Tosches 93 There had been a sense of kindredness.., a sense of breathing together. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.adj.OE |
