knaven.

Brit.

/neɪv/, U.S.

/neɪv/

Forms: Old English cnafa, early Middle English cneaue (south-west midlands), Middle English cnafe, Middle English cnaue, Middle English kanue (transmission error), Middle English knaf, Middle English knaffe, Middle English knafvys (plural), Middle English knau- (in compounds), Middle English knawe, Middle English 1600s knafe, Middle English–1600s knaue, Middle English– knave, 1500s knaff, 1600s nave; Scottish pre-1700 cnaue, pre-1700 knaf, pre-1700 knafe, pre-1700 knaif, pre-1700 knaif, pre-1700 knaife, pre-1700 knaiff, pre-1700 knaive, pre-1700 knaiwe, pre-1700 knav, pre-1700 knaw, pre-1700 knawe, pre-1700 knayf, pre-1700 knayff, pre-1700 kneaff, pre-1700 kneave, pre-1700 kneaw, pre-1700 kneawe, pre-1700 kneff, pre-1700 kneif, pre-1700 knev, pre-1700 kneve, pre-1700 kniffe, pre-1700 nave, pre-1700 1700s– knave, 1800s kanave.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with (i) Middle Low German knābe , knāve boy, lad, young servant, schoolboy, Old High German knabo boy, child (Middle High German knabe boy, youth, lad, servant, page, squire, German Knabe boy, lad, fellow), and apparently further with (ii) Old Frisian knappe , Middle Dutch cnappe , both ‘boy, young man’, (iii) Old High German knappo boy (Middle High German knappe page, squire, German Knappe miner), Swedish regional knabbe , and (iv) Old English cnapa and its cognates (see knape n.), all probably < a Germanic n-stem noun base showing variation in the root-final consonant: further etymology uncertain and disputed.Germanic cognates. Although it is generally accepted that the four groups of Germanic words listed here are cognate, the relationship between them presents phonological difficulties, and various explanations have been made for the variation in the root-final consonant. No related words have been identified elsewhere in the Indo-European languages, and it has been suggested that this variation may be a feature inherited from a non-Indo-European substrate language (see e.g. F. B. J. Kuiper in North-Western Eur. Lang. Evolution (1995) 25 70, D. Boutkan in Historische Sprachforschung (1998) 111 116–7). An alternative view sees this variation as arising in within Germanic, arguing that all of the attested form-types are explicable if derived from a single n -stem noun with phonologically regular variation (and gemination) of the root-final consonant in different parts of its paradigm, with subsequent analogical levelling: see further G. Kroonen Proto-Germanic N-stems: Study in Diachronic Morphophonol. (2011) 70–2. Notes on forms. In Old English a weak masculine (cnafa ); the word is rare with only a handful of attestations, as against more than two hundred for the synonymous cnapa knape n. In Middle English, however, knave is more commonly attested than knape . The early Middle English form cneaue apparently reflects an Old English (Mercian) form with back mutation (*cneafa).

†1. A male child, a boy. Also: a young man. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > child > boy > [noun]

knightc893

knapec1000

knaveOE

knape childc1175

knave-childa1225

groom?c1225

knight-bairnc1275

pagec1300

mana1382

swainc1386

knave-bairna1400

little mana1425

man-childa1438

boy1440

little boya1475

lad1535

boykin1540

tomboya1556

urchin1556

loonc1560

kinchin-co(ve)1567

big boy1572

dandiprat1582

pricket1582

boy child1584

callant1597

suck-egg1609

nacketc1618

custrel1668

hospital-boy1677

whelp1710

laddie1721

charity-boy1723

pam-child1760

chappie1822

bo1825

boyo1835

wagling1837

shirttail boy1840

boysie1846

umfaan1852

nipper1859

yob1859

fellow-my-lad?1860

laddo1870

chokra1875

shegetz1885

spalpeen1891

spadger1899

bug1900

boychick1921

sonny boy1928

sonny1939

okie1943

lightie1946

outjie1961

oke1970

OE tr. Defensor Liber Scintillarum (1969) lv. 333 Non conuenit ei qui ad perfectionem nititur iocari, id est ludere cum paruulo: na gedafenað þam se to fulfremednysse hogað gamenian mid cnafan.

OE Regularis Concordia (Tiber.) (1993) xxxvii. 75 Sint duo ad hoc idem destinati pueri in dextera parte chori : syn twegen to þam sylfan gescyfte cnafan on swyðran dæle chores.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 148 Þa þe time com. þat þe cnaue wes iboren.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1151 So ðat he haueð..on eiðer here a knaue bi-geten.

a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 7353 (MED) Þe fyrst ys fornycacyon, whan two vnweddyd haue mysdon, As sengle knaue and sengle tarne [= young woman].

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10267 (MED) Þe lagh..Biclepis þat man for maledight þat has na barn, ne mai ne knaue.

c1480 (a1400) St. Mary Magdalen 362 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 266 Grant ws grace a barne to hafe, othire a madyne or a knaf.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xiii. 149 Is youre chyld a knaue?

1528 tr. Aristotle De Cursione Lune xxx. sig. bviii What chyld that day borne is..Be it mayden be it knaue Ioy ynough shall it haue.

1595 T. Lodge Fig for Momus sig. E4 Thy selfe, thy wife, thy maid, thy knaue.

a1675 M. Woodward in Country Life (1972) 30 Mar. 789/3 I gave backe again 4d. a piece to each one [of the 6s. offered], as being knaves.

2. A male attendant, page, or other servant; (also more generally) a man of low rank or status; a commoner, a peasant. Often contrasted with knight. Now archaic and historical.Often with the implication of relative youth.foot-, horse-, mill-knave, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > servant > [noun] > man or boy

knightc950

knapec1000

shalkOE

knaveOE

sergeantc1200

swainc1275

groom1297

garcion13..

ladc1300

harlota1350

serving-mana1400

manservant1409

varlet1483

handman1496

custrelinga1556

Sim Shakebuckler?1560

lackey-boy1575

vadelect1586

muchacho1591

round robin1591

varlettoa1616

vadelet1661

gossoon1684

skip1699

mozo1811

Jack1836

tea-boy1847

John1848

OE Cambridge Psalter (1910) lxxxv. 16 Da potestatem puero tuo et saluum fac filium ancille tuę: syle mihte cnafan þinum & halne doa sunu þeowyne þinre.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 278 Þe cokes cnaue þe weschedisch incuchene.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6845 Heo..to þan inne wende. in-to Winchæstre & sloȝen heore sweines. & heore burh-þeines heore cokes & heore cnaues.

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 458 We ne haue Herinne neyther knith ne knaue Þat yeueth us drinken.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 1836 A king mai make of lord a knave, And of a knave a lord also.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 3153 He bad cum wit him knaues tua.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. vi. l. 54 Men sholde constreyne no clerke to knauene werkes.

a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 506 (MED) Ther may no lord tak vp no newe gyse, But þat a knaue shal þe same vp take.

a1475 Bk. Curtasye (Sloane 1986) l. 3 in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 299 Yf thow be gentylmon, ȝomon, or knaue, The nedis nurture for to haue.

1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1845) xxix. 135 Icham a gentylman of much noble kynne, Thoughe Iche be clad in a knaves skynne.

1550 R. Crowley Way to Wealth sig. Biii^v The pore men (whom ye cal paisaunte knaues).

c1600 J. Dymmok Treat. Ireland (1842) 7 Every Horseman hath two or thre horses, and to every horse a knave.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Pastorals iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 11 What Nonsense wou'd the Fool thy Master prate, When thou, his Knave, can'st talk at such a rate!

1755 T. Smollett tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote I. iii. i. 82 I will in no shape whatever, use my sword against either knight or knave.

1820 W. Scott Monastery II. i. 15 A man seeks but his awn, and yet folks shall hold him for both miller and miller's man, that is miller and knave.

1927 Boys' Life Feb. 43/2 Now was the fight all but over, for FitzBrian's knaves had been too surprised to put up more than a weak defense.

2003 J. Dallas Desires in Confl. (rev. ed.) viii. 167 In the Legend of the Knights of the Round Table, a young knave called Percival was fascinated by the knight Sir Lancelot.

a. A dishonest unprincipled man; a cunning unscrupulous rogue; a villain; (in early use also) †an unpleasant or disagreeable man (obsolete). Often contrasted with fool. Frequently as a term of abuse.Now the most common sense, but somewhat archaic in modern use.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > [noun] > one who deceives

swikec1000

wielerOE

adderOE

knavec1275

treacherc1290

guiler1303

gabbera1325

tricharda1327

faitoura1340

jugglera1340

beswiker1340

wernard1362

knackerc1380

beguilera1382

deceiver1382

illusor1382

deceivant1393

fob1393

falsea1400

mocker?c1450

feature14..

deceptor1484

seductor1490

bullera1500

troker?a1500

craftera1529

circumventorc1540

bobber1542

cloyner?1550

illuder?1550

tricker1550

double-dealer1567

treacherer1571

falsary1573

abuser1579

falser1579

treachetour1590

deluder1592

ignis fatuus1592

foolmonger1593

prestigiator1595

aguiler1598

baffler1606

cog-foist1606

feaguer1610

guile-man1614

hocus-pocus1624

colt1632

hoodwink1638

blindfoldera1649

napper1653

cheat1664

fooler1677

underdealer1682

circumvenerc1686

chincher1688

dodger1698

nickum1699

sheep-shearer1699

trickster1711

bilker1717

trickologist1723

taker-in1776

bilk1790

duper1792

Yorkshire bite1801

intake1808

gammoner1819

doer1840

delusionist1841

fiddler1857

snide1874

hoodwinker1884

tanger1886

take-down1888

tiddlywinker1893

wangler1912

frost1914

twicer1924

lurkman1945

jive-ass1964

skanker1973

society > morality > moral evil > wickedness > roguery, knavery, or rascalry > [noun] > rogue, knave, or rascal

harlot?c1225

knavec1275

truantc1290

shreward1297

boinarda1300

boyc1300

lidderon13..

cokinc1330

pautenerc1330

bribera1387

bricouna1400

losarda1400

rascal?a1400

knapea1450

lotterela1450

limmerc1485

Tutivillus1498

knavatec1506

smy?1507

koken?a1513

swinger1513

Cock Lorel?1518

pedlar's French1530

cust1535

rabiator1535

varletc1540

Jack1548

kern1556

wild rogue1567

miligant1568

rogue1568

tutiviller1568

rascallion1582

schelm1584

scoundrel1589

rampallion1593

Scanderbeg1601

scroyle1602

canter1608

cantler1611

skelm1611

gue1612

Cathayana1616

foiterer1616

tilt1620

picaro1622

picaroon1629

sheepmanc1640

rapscallion1648

marrow1656

Algerine1671

scaramouch1677

fripon1691

shake-bag1794

badling1825

tiger1827

two-for-his-heels1837

ral1846

skeezicks1850

nut1882

gun1890

scattermouch1892

tug1896

natkhat1901

jazzbo1914

scutter1940

bar steward1945

hoor1965

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 8136 For vn-wis is þe king...& a cnaue is his broðer.

c1330 Otuel (Auch.) (1882) l. 1332 Sarazin, þou smitest fol sore; Suþen þi berd was ischaue, Þou art woxen a strong knaue.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 855 He wonded no woþe of wekked knauez.

a1483 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 315 Yf any Brother..dysspysse anoder, callenge hym knaffe or horson or deffe or any yoder mysname.

a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 158 In hevin ȝe salbe sanctis full cleir, Thocht ȝe be knavis in this cuntre.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. vii. f. 33 His accusers..were nowghtye felowes, abhominable knaues and vylaynes.

1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iii. v. 30 A couple of as arrant knaues as any in Messina.

1607 T. Middleton Revengers Trag. ii. i. sig. D2 The world's diuided into knaues and fooles.

1668 S. Pepys Diary 29 Jan. (1976) IX. 41 The veriest knave and bufflehead that ever he saw in his life.

1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. vi. 96 The honest Dealer is always undone, and the Knave gets the advantage.

1780 J. Wesley Let. 17 Nov. (1931) VII. 39 To..believe every one a knave till I proved him honest..would turn me into a man-hater.

1800 Duke of Wellington Let. to Lieut. Col. Close in Dispatches (1837) I. 258 The common practice is to accuse a man of being either a fool or a knave.

1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess iv. 71 Knaves are men, That lute and flute fantastic tenderness, And dress the victim to the offering up.

1900 S. J. Weyman Story Francis Cludde (new ed.) v. 51 You lying knave!..You Judas!

1946 Lincoln (Nebraska) Jrnl. 15 Mar. 2/3 The drunk, Sir Toby,..craftily leads the plots against the two knaves, Sir Andrew and Malvolio.

2003 Ireland on Sunday 20 July 14/1 Those who ridiculed the UN and the sane voices of France and Germany..stand exposed as fools or knaves.

b. In weakened use. A man or boy whose behaviour invites disapproval, but who is nonetheless likeable; a wag, a rogue (rogue n. 3). Frequently as a term of endearment, or as a playful term of reproof. Now archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > man > [noun]

churla800

werec900

rinkeOE

wapmanc950

heOE

wyeOE

gomeOE

ledeOE

seggeOE

shalkOE

manOE

carmanlOE

mother bairnc1225

hemea1250

mother sona1250

hind1297

buck1303

mister mana1325

piecec1325

groomc1330

man of mouldc1330

hathela1350

sire1362

malea1382

fellowa1393

guestc1394

sergeant?a1400

tailarda1400

tulka1400

harlotc1405

mother's sona1470

frekea1475

her1488

masculinea1500

gentlemana1513

horse?a1513

mutton?a1513

merchant1549

child1551

dick1553

sorrya1555

knavea1556

dandiprat1556

cove1567

rat1571

manling1573

bird1575

stone-horse1580

loona1586

shaver1592

slave1592

copemate1593

tit1594

dog1597

hima1599

prick1598

dingle-dangle1605

jade1608

dildoa1616

Roger1631

Johnny1648

boy1651

cod1653

cully1676

son of a bitch1697

cull1698

feller1699

chap1704

buff1708

son of a gun1708

buffer1749

codger1750

Mr1753

he-man1758

fella1778

gilla1790

gloak1795

joker1811

gory1819

covey1821

chappie1822

Charley1825

hombre1832

brother-man1839

rooster1840

blokie1841

hoss1843

Joe1846

guy1847

plug1848

chal1851

rye1851

omee1859

bloke1861

guffin1862

gadgie1865

mug1865

kerel1873

stiff1882

snoozer1884

geezer1885

josser1886

dude1895

gazabo1896

jasper1896

prairie dog1897

sport1897

crow-eater1899

papa1903

gink1906

stud1909

scout1912

head1913

beezer1914

jeff1917

pisser1918

bimbo1919

bozo1920

gee1921

mush1936

rye mush1936

basher1942

okie1943

mugger1945

cat1946

ou1949

tess1952

oke1970

bra1974

muzhik1993

a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. iii. sig. E.j Good night Roger olde knaue.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear iv. 93 How now my prety knaue, how do'st thou?

1670 J. Eachard Grounds Contempt of Clergy 4 Lads that are arch knaves at the Nominative Case.

1758 Scots Mag. July 365/1 Cupid's self, that little knave, That chains all mortal race.

1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) v. 33 A roar would follow from all the circle of young knaves, usher and all.

1889 E. Gilliat John Standish xxii. 239 Look hither, my dear knave,..it is my policy to seem to be a doting fool.

1999 D. Wharry tr. H. Minczeles in G. Silvain & H. Minczeles Yiddishland 17 The lovable knave and gang leader, Benia Krik.

†4. Spinning and Weaving. A device on which a spool or spindle revolves. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture of thread or yarn > [noun] > spinning > machine > parts of

knave1564

porcupine roller1776

catch box1809

jack-frame1814

Jack-in-the-box1814

flyer frame1825

sneck1825

thread-wire1825

creel1835

fly-frame1835

self-actor1835

trumpet-mouth1835

counter-faller1836

Jack1875

trumpet1877

back-shaft1879

builder1884

pot-eye1884

twizzle1884

rice creel1895

1564 Inventory in J. Noake Worcs. Relics (1877) 13 In the weaving shoppe ij pare of shuttels, a swiste and a knave to the quiltourne.

1587 Stratford Inventory in H. M. Hulme Explor. Shakespeare's Lang. (1962) 328 i knave to wynde yarne on.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 287/2 The Reeling Pin (which some call a Knave..) is for the Spool to run or turn upon whilst it is Reeling upon the Reel.

5. Cards. The card in each suit bearing the representation of a servant or soldier, normally used as the lowest face card, ranking next below the queen and above the ten.Now usually referred to as a jack (Jack n.² 24).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > card or cards > [noun] > picture-card > jack

knave1568

varlet1568

knight1585

noddy1611

Jack1674

Pam1898

1568 U. Fulwell Like wil to Like sig. Aii^v (stage direct.) Heer entreth Nichol Newfangle..& hath a knaue of clubs in his hand.

a1612 J. Harington Epigrams (1615) sig. B2 A sawcy knaue to trump both King and Queene.

a1672 F. Willughby Bk. of Games (2003) 129 The Knave wins all the rest from ten downwards.

1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) iii. 24 The Knave of Diamonds now exerts his Arts, And wins..the Queen of Hearts.

1796 E. Hamilton Lett. Hindoo Rajah I. 150 If any one of the figures has any claim to European origin, it is that of Knaves.

1821 Dublin Inquisitor Feb. 90 Is it not extraordinary..that whenever this same lady deals, she is sure to turn up an ace or knave?

1868 G. F. Pardon Card Player 11 The old German cards had neither queen nor knave.

1957 Encycl. Brit. XX. 727/2 The games in which only knaves are trumps are called grand (or grando).

2006 J. Griswold Ian Fleming's James Bond 119 The ace and king of hearts were definitely in his hand and most likely the knave of clubs also.

Phrases

P1. to play the knave: to act like a knave (in sense 3a); to act dishonourably or unscrupulously. Now somewhat archaic.

ΚΠ

a1529 J. Skelton Poems against Garnesche in Poet Wks. (1843) I. 131 I cannat let the the knaue to play, To dauns the hay or rune the ray.

1565 R. Wever Lusty Juventus sig. Di Yea, by Gods foot that I wyll be busye And I may saye to you I can play the knaue secretly.

a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iii. ii. 289 I wil speake to him like a sawcie Lacky, and vnder that habit play the knaue with him.

1649 J. Lilburne Strength out of Weaknesse 6 Cromwell was resolved to play the knave, and I stood in his way.

1685 tr. M. Alemán Spanish Rogue i. xxii. 97 Perceiving me to play the Knave with him, he would neither speak, nor beckon to me any more.

1830 A. Royall Southern Tour 121 It was painful to see such a number of people playing the fool, (or playing the knave rather).

1884 R. H. Newell There was once Man xix. 340 You have played the knave with me, Pa Jenna—with me, your..blood-friend!

1936 Rolfe (Iowa) Arrow 21 May I was here to play the knave, and Instead I was playing the fool.

2003 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 1 Feb. a18 When poets trade in politics, Said Laura Bush, they play the knave. They get up to all kinds of tricks And can't be trusted to behave.

P2. In various proverbial expressions. Now archaic.

ΚΠ

1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. xi. sig. Diii^v Two fals knaues nede no broker..men saie.

1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. ii. sig. G^v An olde knaue is no chylde.

1556 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbs Eng. Tounge (rev. ed.) i. xi. sig. L Some saie also it is mery when knaues meete.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary iii. 5 Thus the English Prouerb saith, No knaue to the learned knaue.

1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 44 An honest Man is soon bound; and you cannot bind a Knave.

1897 W. J. Locke Derelicts xi. 182 Once a knave always a knave.

1999 A. Whimbey & J. Lochhead Probl. Solving & Comprehension (ed. 6) xii. 340 Knaves and fools divide the world.

Compounds

C1. Appositive and instrumental. See also knave-bairn n., knave-child n.

† knave-born adj. Obsolete rare

ΚΠ

1860 T. P. Thompson Audi Alteram Partem (1861) III. cxxxviii. 112 Get up knave-born falsehoods against the people and governors of foreign countries.

† knave-fool n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. i. iv. 69 (heading) Obseruations of M. Polo, of Armenia, Turkie,..Cobniam, Ormus, Knaue-fooles Paradise, and other Easterne parts in Asia, and Armenia the lesse.

1627 M. Drayton Moone-calfe in Battaile Agincourt 163 Whilst that Knaue-foole..Smiles at the Coxcombe, which admires him so.

1809 Morning Post 29 June Do you know whom we mean by knave-fool?

knave priest n.

ΚΠ

?1556 J. Bradford Copye Let. to Erles sig. C.i^v We reade, saith another simple soule, that god made man, but we neuer reade that a knaue priest coulde make Christe.

1694 J. Strype Memorials T. Cranmer iii. xxxi. 438 I had thought that the Knave Priest, which you have discharged and sent Home, should have recanted at Pauls-Cross on Sunday next.

1834 Monthly Repository Feb. 116 The regal interview with the sophistical knave-priest, Pandulf.

1977 Albion 9 329 No knave priest could make God's body.

C2.

† knave-seller n. Obsolete rare a slave-dealer.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in slaves

knave-seller1552

mango1602

Guinea merchant1719

slave-merchant1746

Guinea-man1756

Guinea trader1756

soul driver1774

Negro-dealer1799

slave-trader1813

nigger jockey1838

Negro-hunter1839

slaver1842

fleshmonger1845

man-dealer1860

blackbirder1876

1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Knaue seller, or he that selleth knaues or slaues.

† knave's grease n. Obsolete rare (probably) sweat or moisture produced by a villain who is about to be beaten.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > [noun] > beating > instance of

threshingOE

fustigation1428

breeching1520

trouncingc1550

bace1575

firking1594

belting1602

knave's grease1602

oil of baston1604

oil of birch1604

oil of hazel1604

oil of holly1604

oil of whip1604

lamb-pie1607

lamming1611

drubbing1650

vapulation1656

warming1681

floggation1688

working over1695

cullis1719

thrashing1720

halberd1756

licking1756

dressing1769

leathering1790

nointing1794

dusting1799

teasing1807

hiding1809

whopping1812

thrumming1823

toco1823

flaking1829

teaser1832

lathering1835

welting1840

pasting1851

towelling1851

whaling1852

hickory oil1855

swishing1859

slating1860

going-over1881

six of the best1912

belt beating1928

ass-kicking1943

stomping1958

seeing to1968

butt-kicking1970

1602 W. Clerk Withals's Dict. Eng. & Lat. (new ed.) 73/2 Such moisture, or fatnes, which droppeth from villanie, Adeps Mastigophorus, ri, m. g. that is worthy to be beaten, or scourged, they cal it knaues grease.

† knave's mustard n. Obsolete rare a white-flowered cruciferous plant, perhaps hoary cress, Lepidium draba.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Cruciferae (crucifers) > [noun] > other crucifers

Raphanusa1398

watercress?a1450

boor's mustard1548

dish-mustard1548

rocket1548

treacle mustard1548

heal-dog1551

Thlaspi1562

candy mustard1597

Grecian mustard1597

Italian rocket1597

knave's mustard1597

madwort1597

mithridate mustard1597

moonwort1597

mithridate1605

wall-rocket1611

broom-wort1614

candytuft1629

draba1629

Turkey cress1633

rock cress1650

shepherd's cress1713

pennycress1714

alyssum1731

arabis1756

tower mustard1760

faverel1770

molewort1770

stinkweed1793

wall cabbage1796

wall-cress1796

awl-wort1797

sickle-pod1846

Kerguelen cabbage1847

sun cress1848

sand rocket1854

wall mustard1904

buckler-mustard-

tower-cress-

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 206 The thirde kinde of treacle Mustarde, named knaues Mustard, (for that it is too bad for honest men).

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	knave
释义	knaven. Brit. /neɪv/, U.S. /neɪv/ Forms: Old English cnafa, early Middle English cneaue (south-west midlands), Middle English cnafe, Middle English cnaue, Middle English kanue (transmission error), Middle English knaf, Middle English knaffe, Middle English knafvys (plural), Middle English knau- (in compounds), Middle English knawe, Middle English 1600s knafe, Middle English–1600s knaue, Middle English– knave, 1500s knaff, 1600s nave; Scottish pre-1700 cnaue, pre-1700 knaf, pre-1700 knafe, pre-1700 knaif, pre-1700 knaif, pre-1700 knaife, pre-1700 knaiff, pre-1700 knaive, pre-1700 knaiwe, pre-1700 knav, pre-1700 knaw, pre-1700 knawe, pre-1700 knayf, pre-1700 knayff, pre-1700 kneaff, pre-1700 kneave, pre-1700 kneaw, pre-1700 kneawe, pre-1700 kneff, pre-1700 kneif, pre-1700 knev, pre-1700 kneve, pre-1700 kniffe, pre-1700 nave, pre-1700 1700s– knave, 1800s kanave. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with (i) Middle Low German knābe , knāve boy, lad, young servant, schoolboy, Old High German knabo boy, child (Middle High German knabe boy, youth, lad, servant, page, squire, German Knabe boy, lad, fellow), and apparently further with (ii) Old Frisian knappe , Middle Dutch cnappe , both ‘boy, young man’, (iii) Old High German knappo boy (Middle High German knappe page, squire, German Knappe miner), Swedish regional knabbe , and (iv) Old English cnapa and its cognates (see knape n.), all probably < a Germanic n-stem noun base showing variation in the root-final consonant: further etymology uncertain and disputed.Germanic cognates. Although it is generally accepted that the four groups of Germanic words listed here are cognate, the relationship between them presents phonological difficulties, and various explanations have been made for the variation in the root-final consonant. No related words have been identified elsewhere in the Indo-European languages, and it has been suggested that this variation may be a feature inherited from a non-Indo-European substrate language (see e.g. F. B. J. Kuiper in North-Western Eur. Lang. Evolution (1995) 25 70, D. Boutkan in Historische Sprachforschung (1998) 111 116–7). An alternative view sees this variation as arising in within Germanic, arguing that all of the attested form-types are explicable if derived from a single n -stem noun with phonologically regular variation (and gemination) of the root-final consonant in different parts of its paradigm, with subsequent analogical levelling: see further G. Kroonen Proto-Germanic N-stems: Study in Diachronic Morphophonol. (2011) 70–2. Notes on forms. In Old English a weak masculine (cnafa ); the word is rare with only a handful of attestations, as against more than two hundred for the synonymous cnapa knape n. In Middle English, however, knave is more commonly attested than knape . The early Middle English form cneaue apparently reflects an Old English (Mercian) form with back mutation (cneafa). †1. A male child, a boy. Also: a young man. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > child > boy > [noun] knightc893 knapec1000 knaveOE knape childc1175 knave-childa1225 groom?c1225 knight-bairnc1275 pagec1300 mana1382 swainc1386 knave-bairna1400 little mana1425 man-childa1438 boy1440 little boya1475 lad1535 boykin1540 tomboya1556 urchin1556 loonc1560 kinchin-co(ve)1567 big boy1572 dandiprat1582 pricket1582 boy child1584 callant1597 suck-egg1609 nacketc1618 custrel1668 hospital-boy1677 whelp1710 laddie1721 charity-boy1723 pam-child1760 chappie1822 bo1825 boyo1835 wagling1837 shirttail boy1840 boysie1846 umfaan1852 nipper1859 yob1859 fellow-my-lad?1860 laddo1870 chokra1875 shegetz1885 spalpeen1891 spadger1899 bug1900 boychick1921 sonny boy1928 sonny1939 okie1943 lightie1946 outjie1961 oke1970 OE tr. Defensor Liber Scintillarum* (1969) lv. 333 Non conuenit ei qui ad perfectionem nititur iocari, id est ludere cum paruulo: na gedafenað þam se to fulfremednysse hogað gamenian mid cnafan. OE Regularis Concordia (Tiber.) (1993) xxxvii. 75 Sint duo ad hoc idem destinati pueri in dextera parte chori : syn twegen to þam sylfan gescyfte cnafan on swyðran dæle chores. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 148 Þa þe time com. þat þe cnaue wes iboren. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1151 So ðat he haueð..on eiðer here a knaue bi-geten. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 7353 (MED) Þe fyrst ys fornycacyon, whan two vnweddyd haue mysdon, As sengle knaue and sengle tarne [= young woman]. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10267 (MED) Þe lagh..Biclepis þat man for maledight þat has na barn, ne mai ne knaue. c1480 (a1400) St. Mary Magdalen 362 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 266 Grant ws grace a barne to hafe, othire a madyne or a knaf. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xiii. 149 Is youre chyld a knaue? 1528 tr. Aristotle De Cursione Lune xxx. sig. bviii What chyld that day borne is..Be it mayden be it knaue Ioy ynough shall it haue. 1595 T. Lodge Fig for Momus sig. E4 Thy selfe, thy wife, thy maid, thy knaue. a1675 M. Woodward in Country Life (1972) 30 Mar. 789/3 I gave backe again 4d. a piece to each one [of the 6s. offered], as being knaves. 2. A male attendant, page, or other servant; (also more generally) a man of low rank or status; a commoner, a peasant. Often contrasted with knight. Now archaic and historical.Often with the implication of relative youth.foot-, horse-, mill-knave, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > servant > [noun] > man or boy knightc950 knapec1000 shalkOE knaveOE sergeantc1200 swainc1275 groom1297 garcion13.. ladc1300 harlota1350 serving-mana1400 manservant1409 varlet1483 handman1496 custrelinga1556 Sim Shakebuckler?1560 lackey-boy1575 vadelect1586 muchacho1591 round robin1591 varlettoa1616 vadelet1661 gossoon1684 skip1699 mozo1811 Jack1836 tea-boy1847 John1848 OE Cambridge Psalter (1910) lxxxv. 16 Da potestatem puero tuo et saluum fac filium ancille tuę: syle mihte cnafan þinum & halne doa sunu þeowyne þinre. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 278 Þe cokes cnaue þe weschedisch incuchene. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6845 Heo..to þan inne wende. in-to Winchæstre & sloȝen heore sweines. & heore burh-þeines heore cokes & heore cnaues. c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 458 We ne haue Herinne neyther knith ne knaue Þat yeueth us drinken. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 1836 A king mai make of lord a knave, And of a knave a lord also. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 3153 He bad cum wit him knaues tua. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. vi. l. 54 Men sholde constreyne no clerke to knauene werkes. a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 506 (MED) Ther may no lord tak vp no newe gyse, But þat a knaue shal þe same vp take. a1475 Bk. Curtasye (Sloane 1986) l. 3 in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 299 Yf thow be gentylmon, ȝomon, or knaue, The nedis nurture for to haue. 1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1845) xxix. 135 Icham a gentylman of much noble kynne, Thoughe Iche be clad in a knaves skynne. 1550 R. Crowley Way to Wealth sig. Biii^v The pore men (whom ye cal paisaunte knaues). c1600 J. Dymmok Treat. Ireland (1842) 7 Every Horseman hath two or thre horses, and to every horse a knave. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Pastorals iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 11 What Nonsense wou'd the Fool thy Master prate, When thou, his Knave, can'st talk at such a rate! 1755 T. Smollett tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote I. iii. i. 82 I will in no shape whatever, use my sword against either knight or knave. 1820 W. Scott Monastery II. i. 15 A man seeks but his awn, and yet folks shall hold him for both miller and miller's man, that is miller and knave. 1927 Boys' Life Feb. 43/2 Now was the fight all but over, for FitzBrian's knaves had been too surprised to put up more than a weak defense. 2003 J. Dallas Desires in Confl. (rev. ed.) viii. 167 In the Legend of the Knights of the Round Table, a young knave called Percival was fascinated by the knight Sir Lancelot. 3. a. A dishonest unprincipled man; a cunning unscrupulous rogue; a villain; (in early use also) †an unpleasant or disagreeable man (obsolete). Often contrasted with fool. Frequently as a term of abuse.Now the most common sense, but somewhat archaic in modern use. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > [noun] > one who deceives swikec1000 wielerOE adderOE knavec1275 treacherc1290 guiler1303 gabbera1325 tricharda1327 faitoura1340 jugglera1340 beswiker1340 wernard1362 knackerc1380 beguilera1382 deceiver1382 illusor1382 deceivant1393 fob1393 falsea1400 mocker?c1450 feature14.. deceptor1484 seductor1490 bullera1500 troker?a1500 craftera1529 circumventorc1540 bobber1542 cloyner?1550 illuder?1550 tricker1550 double-dealer1567 treacherer1571 falsary1573 abuser1579 falser1579 treachetour1590 deluder1592 ignis fatuus1592 foolmonger1593 prestigiator1595 aguiler1598 baffler1606 cog-foist1606 feaguer1610 guile-man1614 hocus-pocus1624 colt1632 hoodwink1638 blindfoldera1649 napper1653 cheat1664 fooler1677 underdealer1682 circumvenerc1686 chincher1688 dodger1698 nickum1699 sheep-shearer1699 trickster1711 bilker1717 trickologist1723 taker-in1776 bilk1790 duper1792 Yorkshire bite1801 intake1808 gammoner1819 doer1840 delusionist1841 fiddler1857 snide1874 hoodwinker1884 tanger1886 take-down1888 tiddlywinker1893 wangler1912 frost1914 twicer1924 lurkman1945 jive-ass1964 skanker1973 society > morality > moral evil > wickedness > roguery, knavery, or rascalry > [noun] > rogue, knave, or rascal harlot?c1225 knavec1275 truantc1290 shreward1297 boinarda1300 boyc1300 lidderon13.. cokinc1330 pautenerc1330 bribera1387 bricouna1400 losarda1400 rascal?a1400 knapea1450 lotterela1450 limmerc1485 Tutivillus1498 knavatec1506 smy?1507 koken?a1513 swinger1513 Cock Lorel?1518 pedlar's French1530 cust1535 rabiator1535 varletc1540 Jack1548 kern1556 wild rogue1567 miligant1568 rogue1568 tutiviller1568 rascallion1582 schelm1584 scoundrel1589 rampallion1593 Scanderbeg1601 scroyle1602 canter1608 cantler1611 skelm1611 gue1612 Cathayana1616 foiterer1616 tilt1620 picaro1622 picaroon1629 sheepmanc1640 rapscallion1648 marrow1656 Algerine1671 scaramouch1677 fripon1691 shake-bag1794 badling1825 tiger1827 two-for-his-heels1837 ral1846 skeezicks1850 nut1882 gun1890 scattermouch1892 tug1896 natkhat1901 jazzbo1914 scutter1940 bar steward1945 hoor1965 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 8136 For vn-wis is þe king...& a cnaue is his broðer. c1330 Otuel (Auch.) (1882) l. 1332 Sarazin, þou smitest fol sore; Suþen þi berd was ischaue, Þou art woxen a strong knaue. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 855 He wonded no woþe of wekked knauez. a1483 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 315 Yf any Brother..dysspysse anoder, callenge hym knaffe or horson or deffe or any yoder mysname. a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 158 In hevin ȝe salbe sanctis full cleir, Thocht ȝe be knavis in this cuntre. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. vii. f. 33 His accusers..were nowghtye felowes, abhominable knaues and vylaynes. 1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iii. v. 30 A couple of as arrant knaues as any in Messina. View more context for this quotation 1607 T. Middleton Revengers Trag. ii. i. sig. D2 The world's diuided into knaues and fooles. 1668 S. Pepys Diary 29 Jan. (1976) IX. 41 The veriest knave and bufflehead that ever he saw in his life. 1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. vi. 96 The honest Dealer is always undone, and the Knave gets the advantage. 1780 J. Wesley Let. 17 Nov. (1931) VII. 39 To..believe every one a knave till I proved him honest..would turn me into a man-hater. 1800 Duke of Wellington Let. to Lieut. Col. Close in Dispatches (1837) I. 258 The common practice is to accuse a man of being either a fool or a knave. 1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess iv. 71 Knaves are men, That lute and flute fantastic tenderness, And dress the victim to the offering up. 1900 S. J. Weyman Story Francis Cludde (new ed.) v. 51 You lying knave!..You Judas! 1946 Lincoln (Nebraska) Jrnl. 15 Mar. 2/3 The drunk, Sir Toby,..craftily leads the plots against the two knaves, Sir Andrew and Malvolio. 2003 Ireland on Sunday 20 July 14/1 Those who ridiculed the UN and the sane voices of France and Germany..stand exposed as fools or knaves. b. In weakened use. A man or boy whose behaviour invites disapproval, but who is nonetheless likeable; a wag, a rogue (rogue n. 3). Frequently as a term of endearment, or as a playful term of reproof. Now archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > man > [noun] churla800 werec900 rinkeOE wapmanc950 heOE wyeOE gomeOE ledeOE seggeOE shalkOE manOE carmanlOE mother bairnc1225 hemea1250 mother sona1250 hind1297 buck1303 mister mana1325 piecec1325 groomc1330 man of mouldc1330 hathela1350 sire1362 malea1382 fellowa1393 guestc1394 sergeant?a1400 tailarda1400 tulka1400 harlotc1405 mother's sona1470 frekea1475 her1488 masculinea1500 gentlemana1513 horse?a1513 mutton?a1513 merchant1549 child1551 dick1553 sorrya1555 knavea1556 dandiprat1556 cove1567 rat1571 manling1573 bird1575 stone-horse1580 loona1586 shaver1592 slave1592 copemate1593 tit1594 dog1597 hima1599 prick1598 dingle-dangle1605 jade1608 dildoa1616 Roger1631 Johnny1648 boy1651 cod1653 cully1676 son of a bitch1697 cull1698 feller1699 chap1704 buff1708 son of a gun1708 buffer1749 codger1750 Mr1753 he-man1758 fella1778 gilla1790 gloak1795 joker1811 gory1819 covey1821 chappie1822 Charley1825 hombre1832 brother-man1839 rooster1840 blokie1841 hoss1843 Joe1846 guy1847 plug1848 chal1851 rye1851 omee1859 bloke1861 guffin1862 gadgie1865 mug1865 kerel1873 stiff1882 snoozer1884 geezer1885 josser1886 dude1895 gazabo1896 jasper1896 prairie dog1897 sport1897 crow-eater1899 papa1903 gink1906 stud1909 scout1912 head1913 beezer1914 jeff1917 pisser1918 bimbo1919 bozo1920 gee1921 mush1936 rye mush1936 basher1942 okie1943 mugger1945 cat1946 ou1949 tess1952 oke1970 bra1974 muzhik1993 a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. iii. sig. E.j Good night Roger olde knaue. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear iv. 93 How now my prety knaue, how do'st thou? View more context for this quotation 1670 J. Eachard Grounds Contempt of Clergy 4 Lads that are arch knaves at the Nominative Case. 1758 Scots Mag. July 365/1 Cupid's self, that little knave, That chains all mortal race. 1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) v. 33 A roar would follow from all the circle of young knaves, usher and all. 1889 E. Gilliat John Standish xxii. 239 Look hither, my dear knave,..it is my policy to seem to be a doting fool. 1999 D. Wharry tr. H. Minczeles in G. Silvain & H. Minczeles Yiddishland 17 The lovable knave and gang leader, Benia Krik. †4. Spinning and Weaving. A device on which a spool or spindle revolves. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture of thread or yarn > [noun] > spinning > machine > parts of knave1564 porcupine roller1776 catch box1809 jack-frame1814 Jack-in-the-box1814 flyer frame1825 sneck1825 thread-wire1825 creel1835 fly-frame1835 self-actor1835 trumpet-mouth1835 counter-faller1836 Jack1875 trumpet1877 back-shaft1879 builder1884 pot-eye1884 twizzle1884 rice creel1895 1564 Inventory in J. Noake Worcs. Relics (1877) 13 In the weaving shoppe ij pare of shuttels, a swiste and a knave to the quiltourne. 1587 Stratford Inventory in H. M. Hulme Explor. Shakespeare's Lang. (1962) 328 i knave to wynde yarne on. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 287/2 The Reeling Pin (which some call a Knave..) is for the Spool to run or turn upon whilst it is Reeling upon the Reel. 5. Cards. The card in each suit bearing the representation of a servant or soldier, normally used as the lowest face card, ranking next below the queen and above the ten.Now usually referred to as a jack (Jack n.² 24). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > card or cards > [noun] > picture-card > jack knave1568 varlet1568 knight1585 noddy1611 Jack1674 Pam1898 1568 U. Fulwell Like wil to Like sig. Aii^v (stage direct.) Heer entreth Nichol Newfangle..& hath a knaue of clubs in his hand. a1612 J. Harington Epigrams (1615) sig. B2 A sawcy knaue to trump both King and Queene. a1672 F. Willughby Bk. of Games (2003) 129 The Knave wins all the rest from ten downwards. 1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) iii. 24 The Knave of Diamonds now exerts his Arts, And wins..the Queen of Hearts. 1796 E. Hamilton Lett. Hindoo Rajah I. 150 If any one of the figures has any claim to European origin, it is that of Knaves. 1821 Dublin Inquisitor Feb. 90 Is it not extraordinary..that whenever this same lady deals, she is sure to turn up an ace or knave? 1868 G. F. Pardon Card Player 11 The old German cards had neither queen nor knave. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XX. 727/2 The games in which only knaves are trumps are called grand (or grando). 2006 J. Griswold Ian Fleming's James Bond 119 The ace and king of hearts were definitely in his hand and most likely the knave of clubs also. Phrases P1. to play the knave: to act like a knave (in sense 3a); to act dishonourably or unscrupulously. Now somewhat archaic. ΚΠ a1529 J. Skelton Poems against Garnesche in Poet Wks. (1843) I. 131 I cannat let the the knaue to play, To dauns the hay or rune the ray. 1565 R. Wever Lusty Juventus sig. Di Yea, by Gods foot that I wyll be busye And I may saye to you I can play the knaue secretly. a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iii. ii. 289 I wil speake to him like a sawcie Lacky, and vnder that habit play the knaue with him. View more context for this quotation 1649 J. Lilburne Strength out of Weaknesse 6 Cromwell was resolved to play the knave, and I stood in his way. 1685 tr. M. Alemán Spanish Rogue i. xxii. 97 Perceiving me to play the Knave with him, he would neither speak, nor beckon to me any more. 1830 A. Royall Southern Tour 121 It was painful to see such a number of people playing the fool, (or playing the knave rather). 1884 R. H. Newell There was once Man xix. 340 You have played the knave with me, Pa Jenna—with me, your..blood-friend! 1936 Rolfe (Iowa) Arrow 21 May I was here to play the knave, and Instead I was playing the fool. 2003 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 1 Feb. a18 When poets trade in politics, Said Laura Bush, they play the knave. They get up to all kinds of tricks And can't be trusted to behave. P2. In various proverbial expressions. Now archaic. ΚΠ 1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. xi. sig. Diii^v Two fals knaues nede no broker..men saie. 1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. ii. sig. G^v An olde knaue is no chylde. 1556 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbs Eng. Tounge (rev. ed.) i. xi. sig. L Some saie also it is mery when knaues meete. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary iii. 5 Thus the English Prouerb saith, No knaue to the learned knaue. 1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 44 An honest Man is soon bound; and you cannot bind a Knave. 1897 W. J. Locke Derelicts xi. 182 Once a knave always a knave. 1999 A. Whimbey & J. Lochhead Probl. Solving & Comprehension (ed. 6) xii. 340 Knaves and fools divide the world. Compounds C1. Appositive and instrumental. See also knave-bairn n., knave-child n. † knave-born adj. Obsolete rare ΚΠ 1860 T. P. Thompson Audi Alteram Partem (1861) III. cxxxviii. 112 Get up knave-born falsehoods against the people and governors of foreign countries. † knave-fool n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. i. iv. 69 (heading) Obseruations of M. Polo, of Armenia, Turkie,..Cobniam, Ormus, Knaue-fooles Paradise, and other Easterne parts in Asia, and Armenia the lesse. 1627 M. Drayton Moone-calfe in Battaile Agincourt 163 Whilst that Knaue-foole..Smiles at the Coxcombe, which admires him so. 1809 Morning Post 29 June Do you know whom we mean by knave-fool? knave priest n. ΚΠ ?1556 J. Bradford Copye Let. to Erles sig. C.i^v We reade, saith another simple soule, that god made man, but we neuer reade that a knaue priest coulde make Christe. 1694 J. Strype Memorials T. Cranmer iii. xxxi. 438 I had thought that the Knave Priest, which you have discharged and sent Home, should have recanted at Pauls-Cross on Sunday next. 1834 Monthly Repository Feb. 116 The regal interview with the sophistical knave-priest, Pandulf. 1977 Albion 9 329 No knave priest could make God's body. C2. † knave-seller n. Obsolete rare a slave-dealer. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in slaves knave-seller1552 mango1602 Guinea merchant1719 slave-merchant1746 Guinea-man1756 Guinea trader1756 soul driver1774 Negro-dealer1799 slave-trader1813 nigger jockey1838 Negro-hunter1839 slaver1842 fleshmonger1845 man-dealer1860 blackbirder1876 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Knaue seller, or he that selleth knaues or slaues. † knave's grease n. Obsolete rare (probably) sweat or moisture produced by a villain who is about to be beaten. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > [noun] > beating > instance of threshingOE fustigation1428 breeching1520 trouncingc1550 bace1575 firking1594 belting1602 knave's grease1602 oil of baston1604 oil of birch1604 oil of hazel1604 oil of holly1604 oil of whip1604 lamb-pie1607 lamming1611 drubbing1650 vapulation1656 warming1681 floggation1688 working over1695 cullis1719 thrashing1720 halberd1756 licking1756 dressing1769 leathering1790 nointing1794 dusting1799 teasing1807 hiding1809 whopping1812 thrumming1823 toco1823 flaking1829 teaser1832 lathering1835 welting1840 pasting1851 towelling1851 whaling1852 hickory oil1855 swishing1859 slating1860 going-over1881 six of the best1912 belt beating1928 ass-kicking1943 stomping1958 seeing to1968 butt-kicking1970 1602 W. Clerk Withals's Dict. Eng. & Lat. (new ed.) 73/2 Such moisture, or fatnes, which droppeth from villanie, Adeps Mastigophorus, ri, m. g. that is worthy to be beaten, or scourged, they cal it knaues grease. † knave's mustard n. Obsolete rare a white-flowered cruciferous plant, perhaps hoary cress, Lepidium draba. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Cruciferae (crucifers) > [noun] > other crucifers Raphanusa1398 watercress?a1450 boor's mustard1548 dish-mustard1548 rocket1548 treacle mustard1548 heal-dog1551 Thlaspi1562 candy mustard1597 Grecian mustard1597 Italian rocket1597 knave's mustard1597 madwort1597 mithridate mustard1597 moonwort1597 mithridate1605 wall-rocket1611 broom-wort1614 candytuft1629 draba1629 Turkey cress1633 rock cress1650 shepherd's cress1713 pennycress1714 alyssum1731 arabis1756 tower mustard1760 faverel1770 molewort1770 stinkweed1793 wall cabbage1796 wall-cress1796 awl-wort1797 sickle-pod1846 Kerguelen cabbage1847 sun cress1848 sand rocket1854 wall mustard1904 buckler-mustard- tower-cress- 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 206 The thirde kinde of treacle Mustarde, named knaues Mustard, (for that it is too bad for honest men). This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). knavev. Brit. /neɪv/, U.S. /neɪv/ Forms: see knave n. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: knave n. Etymology: < knave n. Now rare. 1. transitive. To treat (a person) like a knave; to make a knave of; to behave towards (a person) in a knavish manner; esp. to trick, cheat. Also in early use: to call (a person) a knave. Cf. beknave v. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > invective or abuse > abuse [verb (transitive)] > call names > specific knavec1525 beknavea1529 ass1593 berascal1596 rascal1598 belout1605 behypocrite1612 bewhorea1616 beslave1630 beroguea1658 bebeast1659 bemonster1692 slave1719 bevillaina1734 be-coward1752 be-blockhead1768 bescoundrel1786 bedog1794 c1525 J. Rastell Of Gentylnes & Nobylyte sig. B.iii What thou proud horeson fole whom dost thou knaue. 1598 Health to Gentlemanly Profession Seruingmen sig. I2^v What cares a Gentleman now adayes, to knaue & rascall his Man at euery worde? 1605 1st Pt. Jeronimo sig. B3 Hees a great man, therefore we must not knaue him. c1630 Cucking of Scould (single sheet) The Constable she called knaue. And knau'd him all the day. 1659 J. Rogers Διαπολιτεία Ep. Ded. sig. A4^v Those who were but fooled into an expectation of better things..and such as were knaved into..a Perpetration of worser things. 1712 W. Darrell Gentleman Instructed: 3rd Pt. i. 16 How many Nets do they lay to ensnare the Squire, and knave themselves. 1846 McGauran Will, or, Half-brothers I. v. 75 Now, by the saints, I am fooled, knaved—outwitted. 1888 News & Observer (Raleigh, N. Carolina) 22 Feb. Nor do many people care how much they are knaved cheated or defrauded so long as they don't see you in the very act. 1910 Amer. Mag. Dec. 147/1 At all events, between the New York tax-law and the trust company, she was knaved out of half her income. 2. transitive. To steal. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > steal [verb (transitive)] pick?c1300 takec1300 fetch1377 bribec1405 usurpc1412 rapc1415 to rap and rendc1415 embezzle1495 lifta1529 pilfer1532 suffurate1542 convey?1545 mill1567 prig1567 strike1567 lag1573 shave1585 knave1601 twitch1607 cly1610 asport1621 pinch1632 snapa1639 nap1665 panyar1681 to carry off1684 to pick up1687 thievea1695 to gipsy away1696 bone1699 make1699 win1699 magg1762 snatch1766 to make off with1768 snavel1795 feck1809 shake1811 nail1819 geach1821 pull1821 to run off1821 smug1825 nick1826 abduct1831 swag1846 nobble1855 reef1859 snig1862 find1865 to pull off1865 cop1879 jump1879 slock1888 swipe1889 snag1895 rip1904 snitch1904 pole1906 glom1907 boost1912 hot-stuff1914 score1914 clifty1918 to knock off1919 snoop1924 heist1930 hoist1931 rabbit1943 to rip off1967 to have off1974 1601 N. Breton No Whippinge, nor Trippinge sig. D6 To bring vp boyes vnto the beggers crafte,To take a thresholde, for his cushen-stoole, To knaue a crust, and drinke a sorry draft. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall iii. 48 To be knav'd out of our graves. 1940 Charleston (W. Virginia) Daily Mail 6 Mar. 6/2 When with love I would go play, A shadow knaved my lust away. †3. transitive. To make (one's way) in a sly or crafty manner. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 18 Sad deeds bewailing of the prowling fox; How in the roost the thief had knav'd his way. Derivatives † ˈknaving n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1683 Observator 14 Aug. 1/1 When the Worst comes to the Worst, 'tis but Fooling and Knaving in Good Company. 1773 London Evening Post 2 Jan. 1/4 Thousands there are, who live by knaving, By whoring, drinking, and by gaming. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.OEv.c1525
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knaven.

Phrases

Compounds

knavev.

Derivatives