kerneln.¹

Brit.

/ˈkəːnl/, U.S.

/ˈkərn(ə)l/

Forms: α. Old English cyrnel, Middle English–1500s curnel, (Middle English–1500s kurnel, Middle English curnyll, 1500s– curnell), Middle English–1700s cornel, (1500s cornell), 1500s coornel(l. β. Middle English–1600s kirnel, (Middle English kirnelle, 1500s–1600s kirnell), Middle English–1500s kyrnel, ( kyrnele, etc.) γ. Middle English–1600s kernell, kernelle, Middle English– kernel. δ. Middle English–1500s karnel, Middle English–1600s carnell, (1500s carnill), Middle English–1600s carnel.

Etymology: Old English cyrnel , diminutive of corn seed, grain, corn n.¹ < Old Germanic *kurnilo- . Compare (without umlaut) Middle High German kornel a grain, Middle Dutch cornel coarse meal; also Middle Dutch kernel ( < kern ; see kern n.²). Old English cyrnel gave Middle English curnel in southern and kirnel in midland and northern dialect; < curnel came cornel, coornel, while kirnel became kernel, whence again carnel.

†1. A seed; esp. the seed contained within any fruit; the pip of an apple or similar fruit; a grape-stone. Obsolete exc. dialect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > nut > [noun] > kernel

nut kerneleOE

kernelc1000

gristle?1537

kern1570

nucleus1704

nut-meat1860

α.

c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 236 Men geseoð oft þæt of anum lytlum cyrnele cymð micel treow.

c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 7/218 Ane Appel þare-of he nam And bi-tok Seth þreo curneles þar-of.

13.. Creation (Vernon MS.) in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1878) 226 Þreo curnels of an appel þe angel tok.

c1420 Pallad. on Husb. x. 163 By cornels or sleuynge The bisynesse of settynge [apples] ful wel spende is.

1572 L. Mascall tr. in Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees 65 Apples..in a leape yeare (as some doe say) the curnelles or Pepines are turned contrary.

1653 J. Hall Paradoxes 96 They may dye by the cornel of the grape.

1738 G. Smith Curious Relations II. v. 150 Take some of the Cornels of Pine-Apples.

β. a1300 Cursor Mundi 1385 Mani kirnels of a tre mast.a1400–50 Alexander 2070 The kyng..on þe kirnels [= onion-seed] bote.c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 276/1 Kyrnel of frute, granum, granellum.1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 36^v Sowe kirnels & hawe, where ridge ye did drawe.1632 R. Sanderson 12 Serm. 554 A kirnel sprowt and grow into a tree.γ. 1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) xvii. cxxii. 684 Whan the pyne appyll kernell shall be vsed: it nedyth to hete easely all the pyne appyll vpon coles.1599 H. Buttes Dyets Dry Dinner sig. C7 Granatum, or Pome-granate, of his multitude of grains or kernels.a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. iii. 257. 1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine ii. x. 219 Grapes of goodly greatness; yea the Hebrews report them to have been without any kernels.1764 T. Harmer Observ. Passages Script. iii. v. 209 The pounded kernels of dates.1863 W. Barnes Gram. & Gloss. Dorset Dial. Kernel,..commonly applied to the pips of pomaceous fruit.δ. 1375 Creation 800 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1878) 134 Þat angel ȝaf him þre Karnelis of þat appel-tre.c1460 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Laud) l. 1385 Thise carnellis lest & most Come from the holy gost.a1535 T. More Treat. Passion in Wks. (1557) 1282/2 All the sowre crabes..do take theyr sowrenes of the carnell whereof the tree grew.1610 Bible (Douay) II. Psalms viii. Comm. The huskes and carnels [of grapes] cast to hogges.

2. The softer (usually edible) part contained within the hard shell of a nut or stone-fruit.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > [noun]

corna700

kernelc1000

seedOE

grain1377

pippina1382

acinusa1398

acine1597

seedling1675

vegetable egg1675

seedlet1754

pip1773

oilseed1887

c1000 Sax. Leechd. III. 134 And oþera hnutena cyrnlu.

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 79 Me brekeð þe nute for to habbene þe curnel.

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14682 Luytel notes þey toke, & holede þem, þe kerneles out schoke.

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xi. 253 After þat bitter barke Is a kirnelle [v.r. curnel] of conforte.

c1440 Gesta Romanorum (Add. MS.) lvi. 373 The ape wil gladly Ete the kyrnell of the note, for it is swete.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Biiii^v As the shale of the nut to be broken, that he may fede of the cornell.

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. K5^v Bicause he cannot come by the carnell at the first, will therefore cast awaie both the nut and the carnell.

1640 F. Quarles Enchyridion ii. xxxvi He..casts away the Kirnell, because hee hath lost the Shell.

1780 W. Cowper Progress of Error 419 We slight the precious kernel of the stone, And toil to polish its rough coat alone.

1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. xii. 245 A man..so strong that he could shake a nut till the kernel went to powder.

3. The body of a seed within its husk or integuments:

a. A grain of wheat or other cereal or graminaceous plant.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > [noun] > part of > grass-seed(s)

kernelc1230

chess1562

hayseed1577

vernal1784

c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 133 Ha breken þe eares bi þe wei. & gnuddeden þe curnles ut.

1483 W. Caxton tr. Caton 2 b At theyre ful rypyng there is no carnel ne good corn but chaff for the mooste parte.

1599 H. Buttes Dyets Dry Dinner sig. E8^v Rize. Bright and cleare kernels, like Pearles Margarite.

1610 A. Willet Hexapla in Danielem 195 The henne..contemneth a pearle, and preferreth a barley curnell.

1746 W. Ellis Agric. Improv'd I. May iii. 8 Long Heads [of wheat] full of plump, milky Kernels.

1891 ‘S. C. Scrivener’ Our Fields & Cities 146 The grain could not multiply to its natural extent when thirty kernels are thrown down upon a square foot of soil.

b. Of other seeds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > [noun] > parts of > body within covering

nucleus1704

kernel1796

1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 307 Seeds thread-shaped, containing a kernel at the base.

1832 J. Baxter Libr. Agric. & Hort. Knowl. (ed. 2) 525 Good seed [sainfoin] may be known by the husks being of a bright colour, the kernel full and plump.

1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 898 Bonastre employed the same method to analyze the husk and the kernel of the seeds [of Jamaica pepper].

1880 A. Gray Struct. Bot. 417/2 Kernel, the nucleus of an ovule, or of a seed, i.e., the whole body within the coats.

4. A morbid formation of rounded form in any part of the body; esp. an enlarged gland in the neck or groin; an inflamed tonsil. Usually in plural. Now chiefly dialect. wax or waxing kernels, a popular term for enlarged lymphatic glands in children, esp. in the neck.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > swelling > [noun] > a swelling or protuberance

ampereOE

kernelc1000

wenc1000

knot?c1225

swella1250

bulchc1300

bunchc1325

bolninga1340

botcha1387

bouge1398

nodusa1400

oedemaa1400

wax-kernel14..

knobc1405

nodule?a1425

more?c1425

bunnyc1440

papa1450

knurc1460

waxing kernel?c1460

lump?a1500

waxen-kernel1500

bump1533

puff1538

tumour?1541

swelling1542

elevation1543

enlarging1562

knub1563

pimple1582

ganglion1583

button1584

phyma1585

emphysema?1587

flesh-pimple1587

oedem?a1591

burgeon1597

wartle1598

hurtle1599

pough1601

wart1603

extumescence1611

hulch1611

peppernel1613

affusion1615

extumescency1684

jog1715

knibloch1780

tumefaction1802

hunch1803

income1808

intumescence1822

gibber1853

tumescence1859

whetstone1886

tumidity1897

Osler's node1920

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > glandular disorders > [noun] > swollen glands

kernelc1000

glander1483

fugill1543

bocion1547

glandules?1550

malis1607

farcy1762

c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 240 Missenlica adla..cyrnelu uneaðlacnu & þam gelic.

c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 4 Of scrofules & glandeles þat buþ curnellys þat comyth in þe fflessch.

1483 W. Caxton in tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 326/1 Of kyrnellys and botches of his face.

1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni R By kyrnels are vnderstande impostumes, whiche commonly chance vnder y^e arme pittis and in the groynes.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 250 The flesh of Goats decocted in Water, take[s] away all bunches and kernels in the body.

1711 London Gaz. No. 4921/4 A Kernel on the near side of his Neck.

1886 W. Som. Word-bk. Kernels are very frequent with some individuals, and are often painful.

a. A gland or glandular body; a tonsil; a lymphatic gland or ganglion; a rounded fatty mass (see quot. 1790). Now rare or dialect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > [noun]

kernel1398

glandulec1400

aden1653

gland1692

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) v. lxii. lf. 31/2 Þe curnels vnder þe tunge þat bredeþ þe spotell to saue þe mouþe tunge..[from] greete drynes.

c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 84 Glandeles, þat ben kirnelis [MS. B. kurnellys] þat ben in þe ground [= groin].

1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) ii. xiii. f. 31^v The kernelles and gristell..if they be welle dygested, they make good nourishment.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 685 The beginning of this disease is in the Almonds, or kernels of the throate.

1674 R. Boyle Excellency Theol. ii. iii. 148 That little kernel in the brain, called by many writers the Conarion.

1790 W. Marshall Agric. Provincialisms in Rural Econ. Midland Counties II. 439 Kernel, a bundle of fat before the shoulder; the shift.

1893 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 15 Apr. 812 The thyroid [in the calf] is situated at the upper part of the neck..though the lobes are closer together than in man, they are spoken of as two, each being named a ‘kernel’ or ‘gland’.

Categories »

b. dialect. The dug of a heifer. Craven Dial. (1828).

†a. A granule, as of sand or salt. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a piece or bit > a particle > hard and round

cornc888

grainc1290

kernelc1450

cornel1590

sand1596

granule1652

kern1753

parvule1887

c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 230 Þe kyrnelys of þe grauel or of sande arn wyth-oute noumbre.

1542 T. Becon Pleasaunt Newe Nosegaye sig. G.viij^v Who hauyng but a carnell of Christen salte in his brest, wyl not hang wholy on thys God?

a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) (at cited word) A kernel of salt.

†b. Mining. (See quot. 1925) Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1925 H. L. Mencken Let. 27 May in H. L. Mencken & S. Haardt Mencken & Sara (1987) 333 Kernel is the best and richest small ore.

a. The nucleus of any structure or formation; a core; a centre of formation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > central condition or position > [noun] > central part > central or innermost part

hearteOE

yolk1340

centruma1398

marrow1434

core1614

kernela1642

centrals1649

nucleus1702

centrepiece1739

a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 26 The lambes stones..are accounted a very dainty dish beinge fryed with parsley... After they are fryed browne yow are to take of the two uppermost filmes and to eate nothinge but the very innermost kernells.

1666 Philos. Trans. 1665–6 (Royal Soc.) 1 301 The Head..having in its middle onely one round, but very bright and big Kernel or speck.

1693 J. Ray Three Physico-theol. Disc. (ed. 2) i iii. 21 The middle part, or as he calls it, the kernel of that Mountain.

1793 T. Holcroft tr. J. C. Lavater Ess. Physiognomy (abridged ed.) xii. 63 This point may be called the kernel of the future bone.

1799 R. Kirwan Geol. Ess. 49 The solid kernel of the globe.

1850 J. Leitch tr. K. O. Müller Ancient Art (new ed.) §85 Those images of the gods..in which a kernel of wood was overlaid with ivory and gold.

1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. iv. 186 This settlement, the kernel of the great Norman Duchy.

b. A crystal or almond-shaped nodule of some mineral embedded in a trappean rock or the like.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > mineral structure or appearance > [noun] > nodule

kernel1839

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > texture or colour > [noun] > texture > having embedded crystals > crystalline substance in

mica1681

kernel1839

phenocryst1889

idioblast1920

porphyroblast1920

porphyroclast1932

poikiloblast1944

1839 R. I. Murchison Silurian Syst. i. xxxvi. 500 The trap is, for the most part, an amygdaloidal greenstone, containing kernels of white calcareous spar.

c. A stone consisting of a nodule.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > stone > a stone > [noun] > concretionary or nodular

cinder1562

yolk1665

sinapite1681

race1728

rance1728

pluma1817

pot-lid1822

Suffolk coprolite1867

kernel1892

1892 J. Kerr in J. M. Heathcote & C. G. Tebbutt Skating (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) 344 If it can be secured as a boulder or kernel, it is perhaps of all stones the best.

d. Chemistry. = core n.¹ 7f.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > electrons > plus nucleus

kernel1916

1916 G. N. Lewis in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 38 768 In every atom is an essential kernel which remains unaltered in all ordinary chemical changes.

1916 G. N. Lewis in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 38 769 It must not be assumed..that the distinction between kernel and shell is absolutely hard and fast.

1927 E. N. da C. Andrade Struct. Atom (ed. 3) xv. 552 The interaction of the outer electrons with one another is large compared to the interaction of the single electrons with the core. We may refer to it as the kernel scheme.

1927 J. W. Fisher & D. R. Hartree tr. M. Born Mech. Atom iii. 130 This one electron is in an orbit..far removed from the rest of the atom, or ‘core’. [Note] German, Rumpf. The English equivalent of this word is not completely standardised: the alternatives ‘body’, ‘trunk’, ‘kernel’ have been used by different writers.

1957 M. J. Sienko & R. A. Plane Chem. iii. 64 The letters represent the entire core, or kernel, of the atom.

a. figurative. The core or central part of anything non-material; the gist of a narrative, the basis of a system, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > that which is important > essential or central

pitheOE

effectc1405

substancec1450

kernel1556

nick1577

keystone1641

vitals1657

narrow1702

secret1738

ganglion1828

nub1833

primality1846

keyword1848

knub1864

buzzword1946

in word1964

1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie lxxviii. 73 Of my tale: the verie carnell or core, Must stand on two points.

1806 A. Knox in Mem. I. 13 That which is the kernel of Christianity—to be spiritually minded.

1843 T. Carlyle Past & Present iv. ii. 342 Wherein lies, for him, the true kernel of the matter.

b. Linguistics.

(a) The stem or common basis of a set of inflectional forms, such as lach- in the German verb lachen.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [noun] > stem or base

theme1530

thema1615

crude form1805

base1836

stem1851

base form1864

word base1865

kernel1894

stem-form1928

nucleus1932

base word1935

1894 O. Jespersen Progress in Lang. vi. 143 I shall have to separate word and case-ending, as far as this is feasible... We want a special term for this distinction; and I propose to call the substantial part of the word, felt as such by the instinct of each generation as something apart from the ending (eag in the example chosen [sc. O.E. eage]), the kernel of the word, while eagan is the historic ‘stem’.

1918 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 39 91 I think it unfortunate that the author feels it necessary to use the term kernel in place of the now generally used name root.

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xiii. 225 This lach-, strictly speaking, is a bound form; it is called the kernel or stem of the paradigm.

(b) In full kernel sentence. In an early version of transformational grammar: a relatively simple sentence that results from the application of only a few (obligatory) transformations, and to which other sentences may be related by further transformations; a set of such sentences.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > sentence > specific types of

clause?c1225

compound sentence1772

complex sentence1881

run-on1892

kernel1957

simplex1960

matrix sentence1964

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > change of word order or position > specifically in transformational grammar > structure derived from

transform1955

kernel1957

1957 N. Chomsky Syntactic Struct. v. 45 We define the kernel of the language (in terms of the grammar G) as the set of sentences that are produced when we apply obligatory transformations to the terminal strings.

1961 R. B. Long Sentence & its Parts 494 ‘Kernels’. This term is applied to stripped-down nucleuses.

1963 J. Lyons Struct. Semantics ii. 14 It appears that the kernel for English consists of simple, active, declarative sentences.

1969 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 15 25 Sentences of the form she is eager to please demand that the subject, but no other nominal, of their embedded kernels be deleted.

1969 Neuphilol. Mitt. LXX. 204 The oft-repeated claim that all ‘well-formed’ sentences of a language are derivable from a single syntactic kernel is clearly unfounded.

c. Mathematics. [translating German kern (D. Hilbert 1904, in Nachrichten von d. Königl. Ges. d. Wissensch. zu Göttingen (Math.-physik. Kl.) 49).] A function of two or more variables which, multiplied by one or more functions each of just one of the variables, constitutes the integrand of an integral with respect to these latter variables. (Originally defined for integral equations in which the kernel is known and the other function(s) unknown, but now used in other situations also.)

ΚΠ

1909 M. Bôcher Introd. Study Integral Equations 13 Comparing Abel's equation..with Liouville's equation..we see that they come respectively under the following types: f(x) = xaK(x, ξ)u(ξ)dξ [and] u(x) = f(x) + xaK(x, ξ)u(ξ)dξ in which f(x) and K(x, ξ) are to be regarded as known functions and u(x) is the function to be determined... K is called the kernel of these equations.

1924 W. V. Lovitt Linear Integral Equations i. 6 An integral equation is also said to be singular if the kernel becomes infinite for one or more points of the interval under discussion.

1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Nucl. Energy 762/2 The function P(r, r₀, E, E₀) is called the slowing-down kernel of the moderator. It cannot, in general, be calculated exactly, but various approximations have been developed.

1971 J. W. Miles Integral Transforms in Appl. Math. i. 1 We define F(p) = ^b_aK(p, x)f(x)dx to be an integral transform of the function f(x); K(p, x), a prescribed function of p and x, is the kernel of the transform.

d. Mathematics. The set of all the elements that are mapped by a given homomorphism into the identity element (for the group operation in the case of groups, for addition in the case of rings).

ΚΠ

1946 E. Lehmer tr. L. S. Pontryagin Topol. Groups i. 11 The set of all the elements of the group G which go into the identity of the group G* under the homomorphism g is called the kernel of this homomorphism.

1959 G. James & R. C. James Math. Dict. (ed. 2) 224/2 If a homomorphism maps a ring R onto a ring R*, then the kernel of the homomorphism is the set I of elements which map onto the zero element of R*.

1971 G. Glauberman in M. B. Powell & G. Higman Finite Simple Groups i. 9 Since ϕ maps G into an abelian group, (G′ is contained in the kernel of ϕ.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

kernel bed n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivation of fruit > [noun] > seed-bed

kernel bed1693

1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Dict. in Compl. Gard'ner sig. Ai^v, at Beds.. Kernel Beds are Nursery Beds, wherein the Seed or Kernels of Kernel Fruit are sown in order to raise Stocks to Graff upon.

kernel flavour n.

ΚΠ

1789 E. Darwin Bot. Garden: Pt. II 92 Apricot-kernels, Peach-leaves..and whatever possesses the kernel-flavour.

kernel oil n.

ΚΠ

1877 A. B. Horton in Moloney Forestry W. Afr. (1887) 41 Second Palm Kernel Oil.

kernel refuse n.

b. (Sense 8b (ii).)

kernel string n.

ΘΚΠ

kernel string1957

input1961

1957 N. Chomsky Syntactic Struct. viii. 88 Alternative transformational developments from the same kernel strings.

kernel word n.

ΚΠ

1965 Language 41 392 Variants occurring under unique operators or kernel-words.

kernel-bearing adj.

ΚΠ

1667 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 2 511 Those that are Kernel-bearing Animals, or chewing the Cud.

kernel-breaking adj.

ΚΠ

1887 C. A. Moloney Sketch Forestry W. Afr. 65 Kernel-breaking machines have been introduced.

kernel-like adj.

ΚΠ

1898 P. Manson Trop. Dis. xxxi. 472 Hard kernel-like pieces can be felt in their interior.

C2.

† kernel-fruit n. Obsolete fruit having seeds or pips (distinguished from stone-fruit); so kernel fruit-tree.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > [noun] > fleshy fruit or pome

apple1577

kernel-fruit1612

pomum1670

pippin fruit1675

pome1783

amphisarca1854

1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion xviii. 298 Pippin, which we hold of kernell-fruits the king.

1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Dict. in Compl. Gard'ner sig. Aiv^v, at Fruit Kernel-Fruit, is Fruit that comes of Kernels or Seeds, as Apples, Pears, Quinces.

1719 G. London & H. Wise J. de la Quintinie's Compl. Gard'ner (ed. 7) 41 The time that Kernel Fruit-Trees require before they attain to a fit Age for Bearing.

† kernel-relished adj. Obsolete flavoured with seeds or kernels.

ΚΠ

1708 J. Philips Cyder ii. 63 Blissful Cups Of Kernell-relish'd Fluids.

kernel sentence n. see quot. 1968 and 8b (ii) above.

ΚΠ

1957 N. Chomsky Syntactic Struct. viii. 89 Both ‘the hunters shoot’ and ‘they shoot the hunters’ are kernel sentences.

1968 J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics vi. 256 A kernel sentence..is any sentence which is generated from a single kernel string without the application of any optional transformations.

1972 Science 23 June 1304/1 The basic units of information in language are the ‘kernel sentences’—primitive nondecomposable sentences that can be modified and combined in various ways..to produce a very large number of different messages.

kernel-substance n. the substance forming the nucleus of an ovum or other cell; nuclein.

† kernel-water n. Obsolete see quot.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > distilled drink > liqueur > [noun] > kinds of

rosa solis1564

rose wine1603

rose of solace1604

ros solis1607

ratafia1670

brandy-cherrya1687

cherry-brandy1686

kernel-water1706

cherry cordial1710

visney1733

walnut-water1747

aniseed1749

maraschino1770

noyau1787

rosolio1796

cherry-bounce1798

absinthe1803

Parfait Amour1805

curaçao1813

ginger cordial1813

citronelle1818

pine1818

crèmea1821

alkermes1825

Goldwasser1826

citronella1834

anisette1837

goldwater1849

crème de cassis1851

Van der Hum1861

chocolate liqueur1864

kümmel1864

chartreuse1866

pimento dram1867

Trappistine1877

green muse1878

rock and rye1878

Benedictine1882

liqueur brandy1882

mandarin1882

green1889

Drambuie1893

advocaat1895

Grand Marnier1900

green fairy1902

green peril1905

cassis1907

Strega1910

quetsch1916

cointreau1920

anis1926

Izarra1926

Southern Comfort1934

amaro1945

Tia Maria1948

amaretto1969

Sabra1970

sambuca1971

Midori1978

limoncello1993

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Kernel-water,..Liquor made of the Kernels of Cherries and Apricocks, pounded and steep'd in Brandy.

† kernel-wort n. Obsolete the figwort, Scrophularia nodosa.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Scrophulariaceae (figwort and allies) > [noun] > figwort and allies

brownwortc1000

scrophularyc1400

water betonyc1400

bishop-leaves1597

fig-wort1597

kernel-wort1597

pilewort1640

scrophularia1663

water figwort1670

rose noble1808

snake's head1834

salpiglossid1846

salt-rheum weed1846

Cornish money-wort1848

turtle-head1857

scrophulariad1866

fiddlewood1878–86

stinking Christopher1878

stinkwort1890

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 580 Figge woort or Kernell woort, is called in Latine Scrophularia maior.

Draft additions January 2002

Computing. The most basic level or core of an operating system, which allocates system resources to the other parts of the operating system and to the programs that run under it, may manage files and memory, and is responsible for low-level hardware interfaces.

ΚΠ

1972 K. C. Sevcik et al. in Proc. AFIPS Conf. 41 i. 332/1 The Kernel is a layer of software which uses the hardware to implement processes.., protection, simple management of memory channels, and timing facilities.

1984 B. W. Kernighan & R. Pike UNIX Programming Environment i. 1 What is ‘UNIX’? In the narrowest sense, it is a time-sharing operating system kernel: a program that controls the resources of a computer and allocates them among its users.

1989 Byte Aug. 126/1 Apple intends to create a new operating system that depends on a brand-new system kernel.

1992 Sun World May 49/2 Alisa and Pacer may require the kernel to be reconfigured, especially if you aren't running a generic kernel.

1999 Personal Computer World Feb. 237/2 The bootloader..uses primitive BIOS calls to install the Linux kernel and kick the system into life.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	kernel
释义	kerneln.¹ Brit. /ˈkəːnl/, U.S. /ˈkərn(ə)l/ Forms: α. Old English cyrnel, Middle English–1500s curnel, (Middle English–1500s kurnel, Middle English curnyll, 1500s– curnell), Middle English–1700s cornel, (1500s cornell), 1500s coornel(l. β. Middle English–1600s kirnel, (Middle English kirnelle, 1500s–1600s kirnell), Middle English–1500s kyrnel, ( kyrnele, etc.) γ. Middle English–1600s kernell, kernelle, Middle English– kernel. δ. Middle English–1500s karnel, Middle English–1600s carnell, (1500s carnill), Middle English–1600s carnel. Etymology: Old English cyrnel , diminutive of corn seed, grain, corn n.¹ < Old Germanic kurnilo- . Compare (without umlaut) Middle High German kornel* a grain, Middle Dutch cornel coarse meal; also Middle Dutch kernel ( < kern ; see kern n.²). Old English cyrnel gave Middle English curnel in southern and kirnel in midland and northern dialect; < curnel came cornel, coornel, while kirnel became kernel, whence again carnel. †1. A seed; esp. the seed contained within any fruit; the pip of an apple or similar fruit; a grape-stone. Obsolete exc. dialect. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > nut > [noun] > kernel nut kerneleOE kernelc1000 gristle?1537 kern1570 nucleus1704 nut-meat1860 α. c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 236 Men geseoð oft þæt of anum lytlum cyrnele cymð micel treow. c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 7/218 Ane Appel þare-of he nam And bi-tok Seth þreo curneles þar-of. 13.. Creation (Vernon MS.) in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1878) 226 Þreo curnels of an appel þe angel tok. c1420 Pallad. on Husb. x. 163 By cornels or sleuynge The bisynesse of settynge [apples] ful wel spende is. 1572 L. Mascall tr. in Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees 65 Apples..in a leape yeare (as some doe say) the curnelles or Pepines are turned contrary. 1653 J. Hall Paradoxes 96 They may dye by the cornel of the grape. 1738 G. Smith Curious Relations II. v. 150 Take some of the Cornels of Pine-Apples. β. a1300 Cursor Mundi 1385 Mani kirnels of a tre mast.a1400–50 Alexander 2070 The kyng..on þe kirnels [= onion-seed] bote.c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 276/1 Kyrnel of frute, granum, granellum.1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 36^v Sowe kirnels & hawe, where ridge ye did drawe.1632 R. Sanderson 12 Serm. 554 A kirnel sprowt and grow into a tree.γ. 1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) xvii. cxxii. 684 Whan the pyne appyll kernell shall be vsed: it nedyth to hete easely all the pyne appyll vpon coles.1599 H. Buttes Dyets Dry Dinner sig. C7 Granatum, or Pome-granate, of his multitude of grains or kernels.a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. iii. 257. 1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine ii. x. 219 Grapes of goodly greatness; yea the Hebrews report them to have been without any kernels.1764 T. Harmer Observ. Passages Script. iii. v. 209 The pounded kernels of dates.1863 W. Barnes Gram. & Gloss. Dorset Dial. Kernel,..commonly applied to the pips of pomaceous fruit.δ. 1375 Creation 800 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1878) 134 Þat angel ȝaf him þre Karnelis of þat appel-tre.c1460 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Laud) l. 1385 Thise carnellis lest & most Come from the holy gost.a1535 T. More Treat. Passion in Wks. (1557) 1282/2 All the sowre crabes..do take theyr sowrenes of the carnell whereof the tree grew.1610 Bible (Douay) II. Psalms viii. Comm. The huskes and carnels [of grapes] cast to hogges. 2. The softer (usually edible) part contained within the hard shell of a nut or stone-fruit. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > [noun] corna700 kernelc1000 seedOE grain1377 pippina1382 acinusa1398 acine1597 seedling1675 vegetable egg1675 seedlet1754 pip1773 oilseed1887 c1000 Sax. Leechd. III. 134 And oþera hnutena cyrnlu. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 79 Me brekeð þe nute for to habbene þe curnel. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14682 Luytel notes þey toke, & holede þem, þe kerneles out schoke. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xi. 253 After þat bitter barke Is a kirnelle [v.r. curnel] of conforte. c1440 Gesta Romanorum (Add. MS.) lvi. 373 The ape wil gladly Ete the kyrnell of the note, for it is swete. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Biiii^v As the shale of the nut to be broken, that he may fede of the cornell. 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. K5^v Bicause he cannot come by the carnell at the first, will therefore cast awaie both the nut and the carnell. 1640 F. Quarles Enchyridion ii. xxxvi He..casts away the Kirnell, because hee hath lost the Shell. 1780 W. Cowper Progress of Error 419 We slight the precious kernel of the stone, And toil to polish its rough coat alone. 1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. xii. 245 A man..so strong that he could shake a nut till the kernel went to powder. 3. The body of a seed within its husk or integuments: a. A grain of wheat or other cereal or graminaceous plant. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > [noun] > part of > grass-seed(s) kernelc1230 chess1562 hayseed1577 vernal1784 c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 133 Ha breken þe eares bi þe wei. & gnuddeden þe curnles ut. 1483 W. Caxton tr. Caton 2 b At theyre ful rypyng there is no carnel ne good corn but chaff for the mooste parte. 1599 H. Buttes Dyets Dry Dinner sig. E8^v Rize. Bright and cleare kernels, like Pearles Margarite. 1610 A. Willet Hexapla in Danielem 195 The henne..contemneth a pearle, and preferreth a barley curnell. 1746 W. Ellis Agric. Improv'd I. May iii. 8 Long Heads [of wheat] full of plump, milky Kernels. 1891 ‘S. C. Scrivener’ Our Fields & Cities 146 The grain could not multiply to its natural extent when thirty kernels are thrown down upon a square foot of soil. b. Of other seeds. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > [noun] > parts of > body within covering nucleus1704 kernel1796 1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 307 Seeds thread-shaped, containing a kernel at the base. 1832 J. Baxter Libr. Agric. & Hort. Knowl. (ed. 2) 525 Good seed [sainfoin] may be known by the husks being of a bright colour, the kernel full and plump. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 898 Bonastre employed the same method to analyze the husk and the kernel of the seeds [of Jamaica pepper]. 1880 A. Gray Struct. Bot. 417/2 Kernel, the nucleus of an ovule, or of a seed, i.e., the whole body within the coats. 4. A morbid formation of rounded form in any part of the body; esp. an enlarged gland in the neck or groin; an inflamed tonsil. Usually in plural. Now chiefly dialect. wax or waxing kernels, a popular term for enlarged lymphatic glands in children, esp. in the neck. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > swelling > [noun] > a swelling or protuberance ampereOE kernelc1000 wenc1000 knot?c1225 swella1250 bulchc1300 bunchc1325 bolninga1340 botcha1387 bouge1398 nodusa1400 oedemaa1400 wax-kernel14.. knobc1405 nodule?a1425 more?c1425 bunnyc1440 papa1450 knurc1460 waxing kernel?c1460 lump?a1500 waxen-kernel1500 bump1533 puff1538 tumour?1541 swelling1542 elevation1543 enlarging1562 knub1563 pimple1582 ganglion1583 button1584 phyma1585 emphysema?1587 flesh-pimple1587 oedem?a1591 burgeon1597 wartle1598 hurtle1599 pough1601 wart1603 extumescence1611 hulch1611 peppernel1613 affusion1615 extumescency1684 jog1715 knibloch1780 tumefaction1802 hunch1803 income1808 intumescence1822 gibber1853 tumescence1859 whetstone1886 tumidity1897 Osler's node1920 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > glandular disorders > [noun] > swollen glands kernelc1000 glander1483 fugill1543 bocion1547 glandules?1550 malis1607 farcy1762 c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 240 Missenlica adla..cyrnelu uneaðlacnu & þam gelic. c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 4 Of scrofules & glandeles þat buþ curnellys þat comyth in þe fflessch. 1483 W. Caxton in tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 326/1 Of kyrnellys and botches of his face. 1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni R By kyrnels are vnderstande impostumes, whiche commonly chance vnder y^e arme pittis and in the groynes. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 250 The flesh of Goats decocted in Water, take[s] away all bunches and kernels in the body. 1711 London Gaz. No. 4921/4 A Kernel on the near side of his Neck. 1886 W. Som. Word-bk. Kernels are very frequent with some individuals, and are often painful. 5. a. A gland or glandular body; a tonsil; a lymphatic gland or ganglion; a rounded fatty mass (see quot. 1790). Now rare or dialect. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > [noun] kernel1398 glandulec1400 aden1653 gland1692 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) v. lxii. lf. 31/2 Þe curnels vnder þe tunge þat bredeþ þe spotell to saue þe mouþe tunge..[from] greete drynes. c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 84 Glandeles, þat ben kirnelis [MS. B. kurnellys] þat ben in þe ground [= groin]. 1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) ii. xiii. f. 31^v The kernelles and gristell..if they be welle dygested, they make good nourishment. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 685 The beginning of this disease is in the Almonds, or kernels of the throate. 1674 R. Boyle Excellency Theol. ii. iii. 148 That little kernel in the brain, called by many writers the Conarion. 1790 W. Marshall Agric. Provincialisms in Rural Econ. Midland Counties II. 439 Kernel, a bundle of fat before the shoulder; the shift. 1893 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 15 Apr. 812 The thyroid [in the calf] is situated at the upper part of the neck..though the lobes are closer together than in man, they are spoken of as two, each being named a ‘kernel’ or ‘gland’. Categories » b. dialect. The dug of a heifer. Craven Dial. (1828). 6. †a. A granule, as of sand or salt. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a piece or bit > a particle > hard and round cornc888 grainc1290 kernelc1450 cornel1590 sand1596 granule1652 kern1753 parvule1887 c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 230 Þe kyrnelys of þe grauel or of sande arn wyth-oute noumbre. 1542 T. Becon Pleasaunt Newe Nosegaye sig. G.viij^v Who hauyng but a carnell of Christen salte in his brest, wyl not hang wholy on thys God? a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) (at cited word) A kernel of salt. †b. Mining. (See quot. 1925) Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1925 H. L. Mencken Let. 27 May in H. L. Mencken & S. Haardt Mencken & Sara (1987) 333 Kernel is the best and richest small ore. 7. a. The nucleus of any structure or formation; a core; a centre of formation. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > central condition or position > [noun] > central part > central or innermost part hearteOE yolk1340 centruma1398 marrow1434 core1614 kernela1642 centrals1649 nucleus1702 centrepiece1739 a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 26 The lambes stones..are accounted a very dainty dish beinge fryed with parsley... After they are fryed browne yow are to take of the two uppermost filmes and to eate nothinge but the very innermost kernells. 1666 Philos. Trans. 1665–6 (Royal Soc.) 1 301 The Head..having in its middle onely one round, but very bright and big Kernel or speck. 1693 J. Ray Three Physico-theol. Disc. (ed. 2) i iii. 21 The middle part, or as he calls it, the kernel of that Mountain. 1793 T. Holcroft tr. J. C. Lavater Ess. Physiognomy (abridged ed.) xii. 63 This point may be called the kernel of the future bone. 1799 R. Kirwan Geol. Ess. 49 The solid kernel of the globe. 1850 J. Leitch tr. K. O. Müller Ancient Art (new ed.) §85 Those images of the gods..in which a kernel of wood was overlaid with ivory and gold. 1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. iv. 186 This settlement, the kernel of the great Norman Duchy. b. A crystal or almond-shaped nodule of some mineral embedded in a trappean rock or the like. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral structure or appearance > [noun] > nodule kernel1839 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > texture or colour > [noun] > texture > having embedded crystals > crystalline substance in mica1681 kernel1839 phenocryst1889 idioblast1920 porphyroblast1920 porphyroclast1932 poikiloblast1944 1839 R. I. Murchison Silurian Syst. i. xxxvi. 500 The trap is, for the most part, an amygdaloidal greenstone, containing kernels of white calcareous spar. c. A stone consisting of a nodule. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > stone > a stone > [noun] > concretionary or nodular cinder1562 yolk1665 sinapite1681 race1728 rance1728 pluma1817 pot-lid1822 Suffolk coprolite1867 kernel1892 1892 J. Kerr in J. M. Heathcote & C. G. Tebbutt Skating (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) 344 If it can be secured as a boulder or kernel, it is perhaps of all stones the best. d. Chemistry. = core n.¹ 7f. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > electrons > plus nucleus kernel1916 1916 G. N. Lewis in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 38 768 In every atom is an essential kernel which remains unaltered in all ordinary chemical changes. 1916 G. N. Lewis in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 38 769 It must not be assumed..that the distinction between kernel and shell is absolutely hard and fast. 1927 E. N. da C. Andrade Struct. Atom (ed. 3) xv. 552 The interaction of the outer electrons with one another is large compared to the interaction of the single electrons with the core. We may refer to it as the kernel scheme. 1927 J. W. Fisher & D. R. Hartree tr. M. Born Mech. Atom iii. 130 This one electron is in an orbit..far removed from the rest of the atom, or ‘core’. [Note] German, Rumpf. The English equivalent of this word is not completely standardised: the alternatives ‘body’, ‘trunk’, ‘kernel’ have been used by different writers. 1957 M. J. Sienko & R. A. Plane Chem. iii. 64 The letters represent the entire core, or kernel, of the atom. 8. a. figurative. The core or central part of anything non-material; the gist of a narrative, the basis of a system, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > that which is important > essential or central pitheOE effectc1405 substancec1450 kernel1556 nick1577 keystone1641 vitals1657 narrow1702 secret1738 ganglion1828 nub1833 primality1846 keyword1848 knub1864 buzzword1946 in word1964 1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie lxxviii. 73 Of my tale: the verie carnell or core, Must stand on two points. 1806 A. Knox in Mem. I. 13 That which is the kernel of Christianity—to be spiritually minded. 1843 T. Carlyle Past & Present iv. ii. 342 Wherein lies, for him, the true kernel of the matter. b. Linguistics. (a) The stem or common basis of a set of inflectional forms, such as lach- in the German verb lachen. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [noun] > stem or base theme1530 thema1615 crude form1805 base1836 stem1851 base form1864 word base1865 kernel1894 stem-form1928 nucleus1932 base word1935 1894 O. Jespersen Progress in Lang. vi. 143 I shall have to separate word and case-ending, as far as this is feasible... We want a special term for this distinction; and I propose to call the substantial part of the word, felt as such by the instinct of each generation as something apart from the ending (eag in the example chosen [sc. O.E. eage]), the kernel of the word, while eagan is the historic ‘stem’. 1918 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 39 91 I think it unfortunate that the author feels it necessary to use the term kernel in place of the now generally used name root. 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xiii. 225 This lach-, strictly speaking, is a bound form; it is called the kernel or stem of the paradigm. (b) In full kernel sentence. In an early version of transformational grammar: a relatively simple sentence that results from the application of only a few (obligatory) transformations, and to which other sentences may be related by further transformations; a set of such sentences. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > sentence > specific types of clause?c1225 compound sentence1772 complex sentence1881 run-on1892 kernel1957 simplex1960 matrix sentence1964 the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > change of word order or position > specifically in transformational grammar > structure derived from transform1955 kernel1957 1957 N. Chomsky Syntactic Struct. v. 45 We define the kernel of the language (in terms of the grammar G) as the set of sentences that are produced when we apply obligatory transformations to the terminal strings. 1961 R. B. Long Sentence & its Parts 494 ‘Kernels’. This term is applied to stripped-down nucleuses. 1963 J. Lyons Struct. Semantics ii. 14 It appears that the kernel for English consists of simple, active, declarative sentences. 1969 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 15 25 Sentences of the form she is eager to please demand that the subject, but no other nominal, of their embedded kernels be deleted. 1969 Neuphilol. Mitt. LXX. 204 The oft-repeated claim that all ‘well-formed’ sentences of a language are derivable from a single syntactic kernel is clearly unfounded. c. Mathematics. [translating German kern (D. Hilbert 1904, in Nachrichten von d. Königl. Ges. d. Wissensch. zu Göttingen (Math.-physik. Kl.) 49).] A function of two or more variables which, multiplied by one or more functions each of just one of the variables, constitutes the integrand of an integral with respect to these latter variables. (Originally defined for integral equations in which the kernel is known and the other function(s) unknown, but now used in other situations also.) ΚΠ 1909 M. Bôcher Introd. Study Integral Equations 13 Comparing Abel's equation..with Liouville's equation..we see that they come respectively under the following types: f(x) = xaK(x, ξ)u(ξ)dξ [and] u(x) = f(x) + xaK(x, ξ)u(ξ)dξ in which f(x) and K(x, ξ) are to be regarded as known functions and u(x) is the function to be determined... K is called the kernel of these equations. 1924 W. V. Lovitt Linear Integral Equations i. 6 An integral equation is also said to be singular if the kernel becomes infinite for one or more points of the interval under discussion. 1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Nucl. Energy 762/2 The function P(r, r₀, E, E₀) is called the slowing-down kernel of the moderator. It cannot, in general, be calculated exactly, but various approximations have been developed. 1971 J. W. Miles Integral Transforms in Appl. Math. i. 1 We define F(p) = ^b_aK(p, x)f(x)dx to be an integral transform of the function f(x); K(p, x), a prescribed function of p and x, is the kernel of the transform. d. Mathematics. The set of all the elements that are mapped by a given homomorphism into the identity element (for the group operation in the case of groups, for addition in the case of rings). ΚΠ 1946 E. Lehmer tr. L. S. Pontryagin Topol. Groups i. 11 The set of all the elements of the group G which go into the identity of the group G* under the homomorphism g is called the kernel of this homomorphism. 1959 G. James & R. C. James Math. Dict. (ed. 2) 224/2 If a homomorphism maps a ring R onto a ring R, then the kernel of the homomorphism is the set I of elements which map onto the zero element of R. 1971 G. Glauberman in M. B. Powell & G. Higman Finite Simple Groups i. 9 Since ϕ maps G into an abelian group, (G′ is contained in the kernel of ϕ. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. kernel bed n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivation of fruit > [noun] > seed-bed kernel bed1693 1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Dict. in Compl. Gard'ner sig. Ai^v, at Beds.. Kernel Beds are Nursery Beds, wherein the Seed or Kernels of Kernel Fruit are sown in order to raise Stocks to Graff upon. kernel flavour n. ΚΠ 1789 E. Darwin Bot. Garden: Pt. II 92 Apricot-kernels, Peach-leaves..and whatever possesses the kernel-flavour. kernel oil n. ΚΠ 1877 A. B. Horton in Moloney Forestry W. Afr. (1887) 41 Second Palm Kernel Oil. kernel refuse n. b. (Sense 8b (ii).) kernel string n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > change of word order or position > specifically in transformational grammar > structure which is transformed kernel string1957 input1961 1957 N. Chomsky Syntactic Struct. viii. 88 Alternative transformational developments from the same kernel strings. kernel word n. ΚΠ 1965 Language 41 392 Variants occurring under unique operators or kernel-words. c. kernel-bearing adj. ΚΠ 1667 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 2 511 Those that are Kernel-bearing Animals, or chewing the Cud. kernel-breaking adj. ΚΠ 1887 C. A. Moloney Sketch Forestry W. Afr. 65 Kernel-breaking machines have been introduced. kernel-like adj. ΚΠ 1898 P. Manson Trop. Dis. xxxi. 472 Hard kernel-like pieces can be felt in their interior. C2. † kernel-fruit n. Obsolete fruit having seeds or pips (distinguished from stone-fruit); so kernel fruit-tree. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > [noun] > fleshy fruit or pome apple1577 kernel-fruit1612 pomum1670 pippin fruit1675 pome1783 amphisarca1854 1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion xviii. 298 Pippin, which we hold of kernell-fruits the king. 1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Dict. in Compl. Gard'ner sig. Aiv^v, at Fruit Kernel-Fruit, is Fruit that comes of Kernels or Seeds, as Apples, Pears, Quinces. 1719 G. London & H. Wise J. de la Quintinie's Compl. Gard'ner (ed. 7) 41 The time that Kernel Fruit-Trees require before they attain to a fit Age for Bearing. † kernel-relished adj. Obsolete flavoured with seeds or kernels. ΚΠ 1708 J. Philips Cyder ii. 63 Blissful Cups Of Kernell-relish'd Fluids. kernel sentence n. see quot. 1968 and 8b (ii) above. ΚΠ 1957 N. Chomsky Syntactic Struct. viii. 89 Both ‘the hunters shoot’ and ‘they shoot the hunters’ are kernel sentences. 1968 J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics vi. 256 A kernel sentence..is any sentence which is generated from a single kernel string without the application of any optional transformations. 1972 Science 23 June 1304/1 The basic units of information in language are the ‘kernel sentences’—primitive nondecomposable sentences that can be modified and combined in various ways..to produce a very large number of different messages. kernel-substance n. the substance forming the nucleus of an ovum or other cell; nuclein. † kernel-water n. Obsolete see quot. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > distilled drink > liqueur > [noun] > kinds of rosa solis1564 rose wine1603 rose of solace1604 ros solis1607 ratafia1670 brandy-cherrya1687 cherry-brandy1686 kernel-water1706 cherry cordial1710 visney1733 walnut-water1747 aniseed1749 maraschino1770 noyau1787 rosolio1796 cherry-bounce1798 absinthe1803 Parfait Amour1805 curaçao1813 ginger cordial1813 citronelle1818 pine1818 crèmea1821 alkermes1825 Goldwasser1826 citronella1834 anisette1837 goldwater1849 crème de cassis1851 Van der Hum1861 chocolate liqueur1864 kümmel1864 chartreuse1866 pimento dram1867 Trappistine1877 green muse1878 rock and rye1878 Benedictine1882 liqueur brandy1882 mandarin1882 green1889 Drambuie1893 advocaat1895 Grand Marnier1900 green fairy1902 green peril1905 cassis1907 Strega1910 quetsch1916 cointreau1920 anis1926 Izarra1926 Southern Comfort1934 amaro1945 Tia Maria1948 amaretto1969 Sabra1970 sambuca1971 Midori1978 limoncello1993 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Kernel-water,..Liquor made of the Kernels of Cherries and Apricocks, pounded and steep'd in Brandy. † kernel-wort n. Obsolete the figwort, Scrophularia nodosa. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Scrophulariaceae (figwort and allies) > [noun] > figwort and allies brownwortc1000 scrophularyc1400 water betonyc1400 bishop-leaves1597 fig-wort1597 kernel-wort1597 pilewort1640 scrophularia1663 water figwort1670 rose noble1808 snake's head1834 salpiglossid1846 salt-rheum weed1846 Cornish money-wort1848 turtle-head1857 scrophulariad1866 fiddlewood1878–86 stinking Christopher1878 stinkwort1890 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 580 Figge woort or Kernell woort, is called in Latine Scrophularia maior. Draft additions January 2002 Computing. The most basic level or core of an operating system, which allocates system resources to the other parts of the operating system and to the programs that run under it, may manage files and memory, and is responsible for low-level hardware interfaces. ΚΠ 1972 K. C. Sevcik et al. in Proc. AFIPS Conf. 41 i. 332/1 The Kernel is a layer of software which uses the hardware to implement processes.., protection, simple management of memory channels, and timing facilities. 1984 B. W. Kernighan & R. Pike UNIX Programming Environment i. 1 What is ‘UNIX’? In the narrowest sense, it is a time-sharing operating system kernel: a program that controls the resources of a computer and allocates them among its users. 1989 Byte Aug. 126/1 Apple intends to create a new operating system that depends on a brand-new system kernel. 1992 Sun World May 49/2 Alisa and Pacer may require the kernel to be reconfigured, especially if you aren't running a generic kernel. 1999 Personal Computer World Feb. 237/2 The bootloader..uses primitive BIOS calls to install the Linux kernel and kick the system into life. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † kerneln.² Forms: α. Middle English–1600s kernel, (plural Middle English kerneaus), Middle English cernel, Middle English kernell. β. (chiefly northern) Middle English–1500s kirnel, (Middle English kirnelle), Middle English–1500s kyrnell, (Middle English kirnelle,) Middle English–1500s kyrnale, (Middle English kirnaill, kirneill). Etymology: < Old Northern French kernel in same sense, variant (by metathesis) of Old French crenel (now créneau ); see crenel n. A third Old French form, carnel , quarnel (modern French carneau ) gave Middle English carnel n.¹ and cornel n.¹ Obsolete. An indentation or embrasure in the battlement of a wall; = crenel n. 1. Also plural (rarely singular) = battlements. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > defensive walls > [noun] > battlements kernel?c1225 abattlementc1400 battlementc1400 battling1430 embattlea1547 embattlementa1552 crenellation1849 castellation1861 society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > defensive walls > [noun] > battlements > embrasure kernel?c1225 cornelc1300 carnelc1320 cornerc1400 vent1429 loop1477 crenel1481 gun-hole1532 spike1577 cannonery1598 spike-hole1598 casemate1611 porthole1637 skitegate1677 embrasure1702 crenelet1860 port1946 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 51 & nis ha..to fol hardi þe hald hire heued bradliche vt of þe opene carnel..þe carneus of þe castel beoð hire hus þurles. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 326 Wallis & kirnels stoute þe stones doun bette. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10016 Þe bailles thre o þat castel, þat ar sa wel wroght wit kirnel [Gött. cernel]. c1400 Rom. Rose 4195 In the kernels heere and there, Of arblasters grete plente were. c1425 Wyntoun Cron. ii. i. 37 Ane archare in a kyrnale stude. c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. iii. 2 At þe kernelles ouer þe yate..j seyh þe penselles hanginge. 1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus ii. f. 28 With subtill wark it was sa roborat. Properlie alswa with kirnalis weill quadrat. 1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 18 Outjetting of kernels, erecting of prickets, barbicans, and such like. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2021). kernelv.¹ Brit. /ˈkəːnl/, U.S. /ˈkərn(ə)l/ Forms: Also Middle English kyr-, 1700s kir-. Etymology: < kernel n.¹An Old English cyrnlian is implied in gecyrnlude appla (rendering Latin mala granata (Napier O.E. Glosses 102/3841). †1. intransitive. To form kernels or seed. Of land: To produce grain or corn. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > plant having seed > be a seed-bearing plant [verb (intransitive)] > produce or form seeds kern1297 seeda1398 kernel1483 corn1632 the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land raising crops > [verb (intransitive)] > yield grain grain1390 to bleed wella1642 kernel1707 1483 Cath. Anl. 204/1 To kyrnelle, granare, granere, granescere, inchoatiuum. 1611 J. Florio Queen Anna's New World of Words Inglandulire,..to glandulate, to kernell. 1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1708) i. v. vii. 108 In Staffordshire they sow Garden-Rouncivals in the Fields, and find them to kernel well. a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 110 This ground kirnelled very fine. 2. transitive. To enclose as a kernel in its shell. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclose [verb (transitive)] > enclose in a receptacle or surrounding mass > in or as the centre kernel1652 core1816 1652 E. Benlowes Theophila xii. xliv. 225 Though in rough shels our Bodies kerneld are, Our Roof is neat. 1869 R. D. Blackmore Lorna Doone I. xvii. 194 The lilacs and the woodbines, just crowding forth in little tufts, close kernelling their blossom. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022). kernelv.² Brit. /ˈkəːnl/, U.S. /ˈkərn(ə)l/ Forms: Also Middle English Scottish kyr-. Etymology: < Old Northern French kerneler, variant of carneler , creneler (modern French créneler ), < kernel , crenel kernel n.² Obsolete exc. historical. transitive. To furnish with embrasures or battlements; to crenellate. (Cf. kernellate v.) ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > defensive walls > wall [verb (transitive)] > furnish with embrasures kernel1377 carnilate1577 crenellate1851 kernellate1851 embrasure1853 crenel1883 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. v. 597 Alle þe wallis ben of witte..And kerneled with crystendome. c1425 Wyntoun Cron. ii. i. 109 And kyrnalit it perfytly. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 753 Licence to fortifie and Kernel his mansion house, that is, to embatle it. 1747 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. I. 688 It is evident..that no body could erect a castle or kernel a house..without a license from the king. 1796 S. Pegge Anonymiana (1809) ix. xxxv. 410 The manor-houses..are called..castles in case they had the privilege of being kernelled. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹c1000n.²?c1225v.¹1483v.²1377
随便看	to miss the etc to miss the globe to miss the market to miss the podium to miss the point to miss, lose stays to mistake a person for to mistake a thing for to mistake for to mistake one's man to mistake one's mark to mistake one's woman to mistread one's shoes to mistress it to mitigate against to mix and match to mix down to mix in to mix it to mix it up to mix moggans to mix moggans with to mix one's drinks to mix one's thigh with to mix up

kerneln.1

Compounds

Draft additions January 2002

† kerneln.2

kernelv.1

kernelv.2

kerneln.¹

† kerneln.²

kernelv.¹

kernelv.²