justifiern.

Brit.

/ˈdʒʌstᵻfʌɪə/, U.S.

/ˈdʒəstəˌfaɪər/

Forms: 1500s iustefyer, 1500s iustifiar, 1500s iustifiare, 1500s iustyfyar, 1500s iustyfyer, 1500s–1600s iustifier, 1500s–1600s iustifyer, 1600s justifyer, 1600s– justifier.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; probably originally modelled on a Latin lexical item. Etymons: justify v., -er suffix¹.

Etymology: < justify v. + -er suffix¹, probably originally after post-classical Latin justificator justificator n. Compare Middle French, French justifieur person who provides or offers justification or a justification (c1495 in an apparently isolated attestation in a theological context with reference to Christ, subsequently from 1617).With the specific uses in printing in senses 4b and 4c compare French justificateur justificator n. (1723 in these senses).

1. Theology (Christian Church). A provider or means of justification in the eyes of God; a source of absolution.

ΚΠ

1509 H. Watson tr. S. Brant Shyppe of Fooles (de Worde) xxviii. sig. G.iv He is the fountayne of all sapyence..& true iustyfyer, in all thynges refulgent and full of grete and inestymable glorye.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rom. iii. 26 That he myght be counted iuste, and a iustifiar of hym which belevith on Iesus.

?1531 J. Frith Disput. Purgatorye i. sig. c3 You must graunte, that we haue a Christ or no Christ:..a iustefyer or no iustefyar.

1658 J. Pitman & J. Batt Truth Vindic. 5 None can know him a Justifier, but they who know him a Sanctifier and a Mortifier.

1712 S. Clarke Scripture-doctrine Trinity i. i. 18 Through the forbearance of God—the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus.

a1771 J. Gill Compl. Body Doctrinal & Pract. Divinity (1796) II. i. 22 They speak of Christ as the justifier of them that know him, and believe in him.

1824 R. Hall Wks. (1832) VI. 355 God can be at once the just and the justifier.

1838 J. H. Newman Justification x. §2 Faith is the sole justifier.

1899 L. Abbott Supernatural 8 That God might both be just and the justifier of him that believeth, someone had to bear the penalty.

2011 M. D. P. Christian Prodigal Son xviii. 253 By crushing Christ on the cross, God was making a just means to become the Justifier of sinners.

2. A person who provides or offers a justification.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > one who

justifier1560

justificator1625

righteouser1866

1560 J. Knox Answer Great Nomber Blasphemous Cauillations 207 God doth not onelie punishe the chief offenders, but also vpon their fauorers, mainteiners, and iustifiers, doth he comonly powre the same plagues and vengeance.

1629 H. Burton Babel No Bethel 32 That I leaue to you, her justifier.

1662 R. L'Estrange Memento i. ii. 8 The Promoters, and Iustifiers of the Murther of the late King.

1711 J. Strype Life M. Parker iii. xiv. 236 Justifiers of themselves and Hypocrites.

1774 Let. to Dr. Tucker on Separation between Great Brit. & Amer. Colonies 32 On the repeal of the Stamp-Act,..the justifiers became the censurers.

1843 Brother Jonathan 5 Aug. 408/2 The crimes of the powerful..have always found justifiers.

1890 Christian Union (N.Y.) 21 Aug. 242/2 He that has justified himself needs no justifier.

1945 S. Cheney Men who have walked with God x. 315 Spinoza remains a justifier of the mystics and not one of them.

2001 T. J. Reynolds & J. P. Rochon in T. J. Reynolds & J. C. Olson Understanding Consumer Decision Making (2008) xii. 290 The Justifier was not satisfied with a quality product; he or she had to justify the purchase through the judgment that it was a good value.

3. A thing which provides or offers a justification; a (good) reason.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > cause or reason > [noun] > reason or ground

achesounc1230

anchesouna1250

reasona1250

groundc1275

matter1340

purposec1350

cause1413

quarrel1476

actiona1500

subject1577

spring of action1583

qualitya1586

inducement1593

place1593

theme1594

instance1597

motive1605

impulsivea1628

justifiera1635

foundation1641

rise1641

plummet1679

mainspring1695

a1635 R. Sibbes Evangelicall Sacrifices (1640) 12 They maintaine the doctrine of Equivocation, which is a lie, a justifier of lies.

1696 R. Howard Twofold Vindic. Late Arch-bishop of Canterbury 7 What can more appear the ridiculing of Providence, than to endeavour to make it the Justifier of Mischief and Injustice.

1792 W. Heberden Strictures upon Discipline of Univ. of Cambr. 2 Those sentiments of respect..are themselves the instigators, and the justifiers of the undertaking.

1845 F. Douglass Narr. Life F. Douglass x. 77 The religion of the south is..a justifier of the most appalling barbarity.

1913 Missionary Voice June 382 Prayer is no justifier of indolence.

1960 ABA Jrnl. Aug. 884/1 A pragmatism which ignored philosophy, or consciously made it the servant, rationalizer and justifier of desires.

2004 N. Danziger Why People buy Things they don't Need iv. 59 The perceived extravagance of a particular purchase usually determines how many justifiers are needed and to what extent.

4. Chiefly Printing.

†a. A wedge or the like for fixing an adjusted part of a printing press, as the stone in the coffin. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > printing machine or press > parts of printers or presses > [noun] > other parts

nut1642

justifier1683

star1819

page-cord1841

joggling-table1849

spur1872

web feed1890

type-lever1908

banjo1964

thimble1979

1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 69 Justifiers of Wood, the length of every side,..must be thrust between the insides of the Coffin and the outsides of the Stone, to Wedge it tight..after the Press-man has Bedded it.

1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. 512 To admit of justifiers between the stone and coffin, which are put to keep the stone steady after it is bedded.

b. A space or blank inserted to justify a line; a wedge which performs this function in a line-casting machine. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > printed matter > arrangement or appearance of printed matter > [noun] > space left intentionally > wide space between words

pigeonhole1683

thick space1683

justifier1755

1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. v. 134 Justifiers, as well for broad as narrow Quotations, are cast, from Double Pica to all the Regular Bodies.

1766 J. Parker Valuation of Printing Office 27 Jan. in B. Franklin Papers (1969) XIII. 61 Quotations, Justifiers &c. at 1s.

1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. iv. 73 Justifiers are cast for broad and narrow quotations, to all sizes.

1894 Inland Printer Oct. 29/1 In Germany the systematic casting of justifiers is carried much farther than in America, and deserves imitation.

1922 P. T. Dodge in H. H. Nugent Bk. Expos. 45 The justifying bar..is driven up and pushes the spaces or justifiers upward.

c. A person employed to justify type or text, or matrices. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > type founding > type-founder > [noun] > maker of correct matrix

justifier1890

1813 ‘T. Martin’ Circle Mech. Arts 360/1 The justifier has it not in his power to alter or amend the face of the letter.

1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Justifier, in type-founding, the workman who fits up a suite of strikes or unjustified matrices for use on one mold.

1912 G. A. Stevens N.Y. Typogr. Union No. 6 in Ann. Rep. Dept. Bureaus 1911 (N.Y. State Dept. Labor) II: Pt. I xxiii. 327 Journeymen employed on machines as operators, justifiers or distributors should receive not less than $18 per week.

1998 F. G. Kilgour Evol. of Bk. x. 115 Two people were required to operate the Young and Delcambre machine: one at the keys and a ‘justifier’ at the galley.

d. A device or (now) computer program for justifying type or text.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > composing equipment > [noun] > type-setting machines > parts of

justifier1855

raceway1875

self-justifier1889

spaceband1895

assembler1902

1855 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. Dec. 375 The line register, and its appurtenances, the lever, rule, or justifier, detent, and the index, and index plate.

1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 10 Sept. 11/2 Even more ingenious is the second machine, or ‘justifier’, to which the type set up by the typotheter is taken. The ‘justifier’..spaces out the lines with great regularity.

1947 Pop. Mech. Nov. 171/2 (heading) Justifier for typewriter evens right margins.

2004 Functional & Logic Programming: 7th Internat. Symp. Proc. 36 We have used the justifier to automatically transform the XMC model checker to construct the evidence for model checking.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	justifier
释义	justifiern. Brit. /ˈdʒʌstᵻfʌɪə/, U.S. /ˈdʒəstəˌfaɪər/ Forms: 1500s iustefyer, 1500s iustifiar, 1500s iustifiare, 1500s iustyfyar, 1500s iustyfyer, 1500s–1600s iustifier, 1500s–1600s iustifyer, 1600s justifyer, 1600s– justifier. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; probably originally modelled on a Latin lexical item. Etymons: justify v., -er suffix¹. Etymology: < justify v. + -er suffix¹, probably originally after post-classical Latin justificator justificator n. Compare Middle French, French justifieur person who provides or offers justification or a justification (c1495 in an apparently isolated attestation in a theological context with reference to Christ, subsequently from 1617).With the specific uses in printing in senses 4b and 4c compare French justificateur justificator n. (1723 in these senses). 1. Theology (Christian Church). A provider or means of justification in the eyes of God; a source of absolution. ΚΠ 1509 H. Watson tr. S. Brant Shyppe of Fooles (de Worde) xxviii. sig. G.iv He is the fountayne of all sapyence..& true iustyfyer, in all thynges refulgent and full of grete and inestymable glorye. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rom. iii. 26 That he myght be counted iuste, and a iustifiar of hym which belevith on Iesus. ?1531 J. Frith Disput. Purgatorye i. sig. c3 You must graunte, that we haue a Christ or no Christ:..a iustefyer or no iustefyar. 1658 J. Pitman & J. Batt Truth Vindic. 5 None can know him a Justifier, but they who know him a Sanctifier and a Mortifier. 1712 S. Clarke Scripture-doctrine Trinity i. i. 18 Through the forbearance of God—the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus. a1771 J. Gill Compl. Body Doctrinal & Pract. Divinity (1796) II. i. 22 They speak of Christ as the justifier of them that know him, and believe in him. 1824 R. Hall Wks. (1832) VI. 355 God can be at once the just and the justifier. 1838 J. H. Newman Justification x. §2 Faith is the sole justifier. 1899 L. Abbott Supernatural 8 That God might both be just and the justifier of him that believeth, someone had to bear the penalty. 2011 M. D. P. Christian Prodigal Son xviii. 253 By crushing Christ on the cross, God was making a just means to become the Justifier of sinners. 2. A person who provides or offers a justification. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > one who justifier1560 justificator1625 righteouser1866 1560 J. Knox Answer Great Nomber Blasphemous Cauillations 207 God doth not onelie punishe the chief offenders, but also vpon their fauorers, mainteiners, and iustifiers, doth he comonly powre the same plagues and vengeance. 1629 H. Burton Babel No Bethel 32 That I leaue to you, her justifier. 1662 R. L'Estrange Memento i. ii. 8 The Promoters, and Iustifiers of the Murther of the late King. 1711 J. Strype Life M. Parker iii. xiv. 236 Justifiers of themselves and Hypocrites. 1774 Let. to Dr. Tucker on Separation between Great Brit. & Amer. Colonies 32 On the repeal of the Stamp-Act,..the justifiers became the censurers. 1843 Brother Jonathan 5 Aug. 408/2 The crimes of the powerful..have always found justifiers. 1890 Christian Union (N.Y.) 21 Aug. 242/2 He that has justified himself needs no justifier. 1945 S. Cheney Men who have walked with God x. 315 Spinoza remains a justifier of the mystics and not one of them. 2001 T. J. Reynolds & J. P. Rochon in T. J. Reynolds & J. C. Olson Understanding Consumer Decision Making (2008) xii. 290 The Justifier was not satisfied with a quality product; he or she had to justify the purchase through the judgment that it was a good value. 3. A thing which provides or offers a justification; a (good) reason. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > cause or reason > [noun] > reason or ground achesounc1230 anchesouna1250 reasona1250 groundc1275 matter1340 purposec1350 cause1413 quarrel1476 actiona1500 subject1577 spring of action1583 qualitya1586 inducement1593 place1593 theme1594 instance1597 motive1605 impulsivea1628 justifiera1635 foundation1641 rise1641 plummet1679 mainspring1695 a1635 R. Sibbes Evangelicall Sacrifices (1640) 12 They maintaine the doctrine of Equivocation, which is a lie, a justifier of lies. 1696 R. Howard Twofold Vindic. Late Arch-bishop of Canterbury 7 What can more appear the ridiculing of Providence, than to endeavour to make it the Justifier of Mischief and Injustice. 1792 W. Heberden Strictures upon Discipline of Univ. of Cambr. 2 Those sentiments of respect..are themselves the instigators, and the justifiers of the undertaking. 1845 F. Douglass Narr. Life F. Douglass x. 77 The religion of the south is..a justifier of the most appalling barbarity. 1913 Missionary Voice June 382 Prayer is no justifier of indolence. 1960 ABA Jrnl. Aug. 884/1 A pragmatism which ignored philosophy, or consciously made it the servant, rationalizer and justifier of desires. 2004 N. Danziger Why People buy Things they don't Need iv. 59 The perceived extravagance of a particular purchase usually determines how many justifiers are needed and to what extent. 4. Chiefly Printing. †a. A wedge or the like for fixing an adjusted part of a printing press, as the stone in the coffin. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > printing machine or press > parts of printers or presses > [noun] > other parts nut1642 justifier1683 star1819 page-cord1841 joggling-table1849 spur1872 web feed1890 type-lever1908 banjo1964 thimble1979 1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 69 Justifiers of Wood, the length of every side,..must be thrust between the insides of the Coffin and the outsides of the Stone, to Wedge it tight..after the Press-man has Bedded it. 1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. 512 To admit of justifiers between the stone and coffin, which are put to keep the stone steady after it is bedded. b. A space or blank inserted to justify a line; a wedge which performs this function in a line-casting machine. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > printed matter > arrangement or appearance of printed matter > [noun] > space left intentionally > wide space between words pigeonhole1683 thick space1683 justifier1755 1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. v. 134 Justifiers, as well for broad as narrow Quotations, are cast, from Double Pica to all the Regular Bodies. 1766 J. Parker Valuation of Printing Office 27 Jan. in B. Franklin Papers (1969) XIII. 61 Quotations, Justifiers &c. at 1s. 1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. iv. 73 Justifiers are cast for broad and narrow quotations, to all sizes. 1894 Inland Printer Oct. 29/1 In Germany the systematic casting of justifiers is carried much farther than in America, and deserves imitation. 1922 P. T. Dodge in H. H. Nugent Bk. Expos. 45 The justifying bar..is driven up and pushes the spaces or justifiers upward. c. A person employed to justify type or text, or matrices. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > type founding > type-founder > [noun] > maker of correct matrix justifier1890 1813 ‘T. Martin’ Circle Mech. Arts 360/1 The justifier has it not in his power to alter or amend the face of the letter. 1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Justifier, in type-founding, the workman who fits up a suite of strikes or unjustified matrices for use on one mold. 1912 G. A. Stevens N.Y. Typogr. Union No. 6 in Ann. Rep. Dept. Bureaus 1911 (N.Y. State Dept. Labor) II: Pt. I xxiii. 327 Journeymen employed on machines as operators, justifiers or distributors should receive not less than $18 per week. 1998 F. G. Kilgour Evol. of Bk. x. 115 Two people were required to operate the Young and Delcambre machine: one at the keys and a ‘justifier’ at the galley. d. A device or (now) computer program for justifying type or text. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > composing equipment > [noun] > type-setting machines > parts of justifier1855 raceway1875 self-justifier1889 spaceband1895 assembler1902 1855 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. Dec. 375 The line register, and its appurtenances, the lever, rule, or justifier, detent, and the index, and index plate. 1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 10 Sept. 11/2 Even more ingenious is the second machine, or ‘justifier’, to which the type set up by the typotheter is taken. The ‘justifier’..spaces out the lines with great regularity. 1947 Pop. Mech. Nov. 171/2 (heading) Justifier for typewriter evens right margins. 2004 Functional & Logic Programming: 7th Internat. Symp. Proc. 36 We have used the justifier to automatically transform the XMC model checker to construct the evidence for model checking. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1509
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