keeln.¹

Brit.

/kiːl/, U.S.

/kil/

Forms: Middle English–1500s kele, (Middle English kelle, Middle English keole, 1500s kyele, kile), 1500s–1600s keele, Scottish keill, 1600s– keel.

Origin: Probably a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymon: Norse kjǫl-r.

Etymology: probably < Old Norse kjǫl-r (Danish kjøl , Swedish köl ) < *kelu-z ; not connected with Dutch and German kiel (keel n.²). French quille, in a Rouen document of 1382 (Hartzfeld & Darmesteter) was probably also from Old Norse; Spanish quilla, Italian chiglia may be from French. The sense-development of the English word has been influenced by its use to translate Latin carīna keel, hull, ship. Old Norse kjǫlr is not parallel, either in sense or form, with the Old English (scipes) celae, which in the earliest glossaries renders Latin rostrum beak.

a. The lowest longitudinal timber of a ship or boat, on which the framework of the whole is built up; in boats and small vessels forming a prominent central ridge on the under surface; in iron vessels, a combination of iron plates taking the place and serving the purpose of the keel of a wooden vessel.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > bottom or part under water > [noun] > keel and kelson > keel

bittemeOE

bottomOE

keel1352

quiell1582

main keel1769

kelson1831

1352 [see keel-rope n. at Compounds 2].

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 233 Þe schippe was..þritty cubite high from þe cule [v.r. kele] to þe hacches.

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) v. xxxii. lf. 17 b/1 Alle þe bones in þe body beþ ifounded in þe rigge, as a schippe of þe keole.

1496 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 181 For Reparacion..of the Soueraignes grete Bote & Jolywat..for the Kele & Belge of the same.

1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia i. sig. Bv^v Afterwarde they founde shyppes wyth rydged kyeles.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. i. f. 2^v The keele or bottome of the biggeste vessell ranne vpon a blynde rocke.

1611 J. Florio Queen Anna's New World of Words Dare carena, to giue the keele, to carene as Mariners say.

1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 152 Then shall he [unfit pilot]..lose his hire,..or else (by the Law of Denmarke) passe thrice vnder the Ships Keele.

1665 Oxf. Gaz. No. 5/1 A Vessel you have heard so much of with a double Keel.

1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey I. ii. 468 The crooked keel the parting surge divides.

1804 Naval Chron. 11 212 A boat oversets and lies keel up.

1849 H. W. Longfellow Building of Ship in Seaside & Fireside 15 The keel of oak for a noble ship, Scarfed and bolted, straight and strong.

1869 E. J. Reed Shipbuilding ii. 18 The keels of iron ships were originally external, and not unfrequently of wood.

1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems lxiv. 10 Texture of upright pine with a keel's curved rondure uniting.

figurative.1642 T. Fuller Holy State i. i. 2 Our good wife sets up a sail according to the keel of her husbands estate.1898 Lit. World 20 May 453 The keel of his education was laid at Dummer House, near Basingstoke.

b. With qualifying terms: bar-keel n. a projecting keel formed by a bar or plate. box-keel n. a composite iron keel whose section is that of a box. dish-keel n. a keel formed of iron-plates with dish-shaped section. drop-keel n. (a) a centre-board; (b) a projecting keel, as distinguished from a flat plate-keel. false keel n. (a) an additional keel attached to the bottom of the true keel to protect it and increase the stability of the vessel; (b) an external keel subsequently added to a vessel. inner keel n. the kelson of an iron vessel. outer keel n. the plate-keel in the hull of an iron vessel. plate-keel n. a keel formed by a line of iron plates, which do not project below the hull. rank-keel n. a very deep keel. sliding keel n. a centre-board. vertical keel n. (see quots. 1883, 1890); etc. See also bilge-keel n., fin-keel n. at fin n.¹ Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > bottom or part under water > [noun] > keel and kelson > keel > types of

sliding keel1797

centreboard1828

bilge-keel1850

ram1851

rocker1859

sidebar keel1869

bar-keel1874

plate-keel1874

bilge-piece1880

fin1885

bulb-keel1893

fin-keel1893

ballast fin1894

bulb-fin1894

plate1895

drop-keel1896

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > bottom or part under water > [noun] > keel and kelson > keel > outer keel

outer keel1883

1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. xi. 53 Another keele vnder the first..wee call a false Keele.

1691 T. Hale Acct. New Inventions 49 New Stirrups put to secure the false Keel.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Rank-keel is a deep Keel, which keeps a Ship well from rolling.

1792 Ld. Chatham in Naval Chron. 13 203 His Majesty's armed Vessel built with sliding Keels.

1805 Ld. Chatham in Naval Chron. 13 201 In the year 1774, that gentle~man [Capt. J. Schank, R.N.] first constructed a Boat with sliding keels.

1825 Clark et al. Shipwrights' Scale Prices 4 To chisel up the under side of the main or false keel.

1874 S. J. P. Thearle Naval Archit. (new ed.) I. 69 There are three principal forms of keel in vogue, viz:—bar, flat plate, and centre plate or side bar keels. Of these the former is the commonest.

1883 G. S. Nares Constr. Ironclad 4 The vertical keel..is placed upright on its edge on the outer keel... It is about 3½ feet high, and on it, parallel to the outer keel, is fastened the inner keel.

1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry 65 On the blocks is laid the flat keel, which is practically the centre-line of plating; on this is placed the vertical keel, and on this come the keelsons.

c. †in keel, in the hull. on (or with) even keel, with the keel level: see even adj.¹ 1b.

ΚΠ

1568 Sempill Margaret Fleming 9 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlvi With evin keill befoir the wind Scho is richt fairdy with a saill.

1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. xi. 54 Trying her sailing..vpon an euen Keele.

1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. App. 209 Those who are in keel [are] as safe as those in the shrouds, if the storme rage.

1867 F. Francis Bk. Angling ix. 287 A steady draw and an even keel.

a. A ship, vessel. (poetic, after Latin carīna.)

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > [noun]

shipc725

beamOE

boardOE

bargea1300

steera1300

vessela1300

treea1382

loomc1400

man1473

ark1477

bottom1490

keela1547

riverboat1565

craft1578

pine1592

class1596

flood-bickerer1599

pitchboard1599

stern-bearer1599

wooden horse1599

wooden isle1603

water treader?1615

water house1616

watercraft1618

machine1637

prore1642

lightman1666

embarkation1690

bark1756

prowa1771

Mudian1813

bastiment1823

hooker1823

nymph1876

M.F.V.1948

a1547 Earl of Surrey tr. Virgil Certain Bks. Aenæis (1557) ii. sig. Aiv^v The God that they by sea had brought In warped keles.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Pastorals iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 18 No Keel shall cut the Waves for foreign Ware.

1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise I. i. 16 To buy a new keel with my gold, And fill her with such things as she may hold.

b. A yacht built with a permanent keel instead of a centre-board.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > [noun] > having (type of) keel

keel1883

bulb-keel1893

keel-boat1893

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > pleasure vessel > [noun] > yacht > types of yacht

steam-yacht1812

skimmer1844

schooner-yacht1876

cruiser1879

keel1883

skimming-dish1884

cutter-yacht1885

bulb-keel1893

keel-boat1893

forty1894

half-rater1894

forty-tonner1895

one-designer1897

raceabout1897

forty-footer1902

sonder1907

star1911

tonnage-cheater1912

scow1929

tabloid1930

Yngling1969

maxi yacht1974

1883 Harper's Mag. Aug. 453/1 Many keels are afloat.

a. That part of anything which corresponds in position, form, or otherwise to a ship's keel; the bottom or under surface; a keel-like lower part.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > low position > [noun] > lowest position > bottom or lowest part

bottomeOE

foota1200

lowestc1225

roota1382

tailc1390

founcea1400

basement1610

sole1615

fund1636

foot piece1657

footing1659

underneath1676

bottom side1683

ass1700

doup1710

keel1726

1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture II. 10/1 The keel or bottom of any weight, that is to be drawn along, shou'd be even and solid.

1815 Sporting Mag. 46 131 Tom knock'd his friend keel upwards on the floor.

1826 J. Adamson Sketches Information Rail-roads 6 To the part projecting downwards..we may apply the..designation of the keel of the rail.

b. A longitudinal member or assembly of members running the length of a rigid or semi-rigid airship at the bottom of the envelope. In quot. 1877, and perhaps also 1888, keel has not acquired this specific sense.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > balloons and airships > [noun] > longitudinal member

keel1888

longitudinal1908

1877 Design & Work 1 Dec. 602/2 I arrived at this principle [of propelling the air boat]:..that though the car must contain the weight of passengers, cargo, and machinery, even to do duty as the weighted keel or plummet, yet it is only in that character it can serve the navigation in aid of propulsion.]

1888 Peel City Guardian 22 Sept. 3/3 Connecting the balloon with the arrow-like rod beneath is a keel of the same material as that composing the body of the balloon.

1893 Eng. Illustr. Mag. July 746/2 From the outer gallery the [airship] Attila looks as if her bottom was gently curved, terminating in the customary orthodox keel... But three feet below the level at which we stand lies a flat projecting bottom.

1910 A. Williams Engin. Wonders of World III. 48/2 The distribution of the load over the gas holder in such a way as not to strain any part unduly is, in the case of a Zeppelin airship, simplified by the employment of a girder keel.

1922 Encycl. Brit. XXX. 54/1 R 27 and R 29..were remarkable for the absence of the keel which had existed in all previous rigid airships and had been looked upon as constituting the real strength of the ship to resist bending and shearing forces.

1929 F. H. Colvin & H. F. Colvin Aircraft Handbk. (ed. 4) 652 Keel (airship)—the assembly of members at the bottom of the hull of a semirigid or rigid airship which provides special strength to resist hogging and sagging and also serves to distribute the effect of concentrated loads along the hull. It may be a simple Gall's chain, as in some semirigids, or a very extensive structure inclosing the corridor, as in most rigids.

1929 E. F. Spanner About Airships iii. 28 Throughout the length of the keel there is a more or less uniform lift, varying according to the size of the gasbags.

1955 Oxf. Junior Encycl. IV. 20/2 The semi-rigid type, in which a long rigid keel supports the passenger and engine-cars, has been developed mainly by the Italians.

1955 Oxf. Junior Encycl. IV. 20/2 Keels running through the hull [of a rigid airship] add strength and provide access to various parts of the ship.

1974 J. B. Collier Airship 12/1 The distinction between these two types [sc. non-rigid and semi-rigid airships] is sometimes hard to draw, but ‘semi-rigid’ implies..that the airship in question has a rigid keel.

†c. In some early aeroplanes and kites, a vertical fin fixed towards the rear of the fuselage and parallel to it, and intended to give lateral stability. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > aeroplane > parts of aircraft > [noun] > stabilizer > vertical

keel1894

1894 O. Chanute Progress in Flying Machines 184 Very good results with central keels have been obtained by M. Boynton with his various forms of ‘Fin’ kites.

1894 O. Chanute Progress in Flying Machines 185 Keels have been frequently proposed for aeroplanes, in which they will produce less resistance to forward motion than obtains with other arrangements.

1907 C. Dienstbach in Navigating the Air (Aero Club Amer.) p. xxxix A multiplicity of ‘keels’, which might be called ‘barbarian’ if compared to American moderation.

1910 R. W. A. Brewer Art of Aviation xvii. 230 The Antoinette machine has a smaller keel, but some of the monoplanes dispense with this surface altogether.

1911 G. C. Loening Monoplanes & Biplanes xii. 255 In the old Voisin type use was made of several vertical keels, partitions, placed not only at the rear, but also between the main surfaces themselves.

1915 W. E. Dommett Aeroplanes & Airships 96 At the bottom of the metal framework is a V-shaped keel.

1916 H. Barber Aeroplane Speaks 70 For such directional stability to exist there must be, in effect, more ‘keel-surface’ behind the vertical axis than there is in front of it. By keel-surface I mean everything to be seen when looking at an aeroplane from the side of it—the sides of the body, undercarriage, struts, wires, etc.

1919 H. Shaw Text-bk. Aeronaut. vii. 97 The dihedral planes give rise to a greater righting moment, when tilted at a similar angle, than the keel, and so are more efficient.

d. A longitudinal member running along the centre of the bottom of the hull of a flying boat (or the float of a seaplane), or the fuselage of a landplane from one end to the other.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > aeroplane > parts of aircraft > [noun] > structural framework > specifically in fuselage

longeron1912

keel1920

stern-post1931

1920 Flight 23 Sept. 1019/2 The hull lines are somewhat unusual, the downward sweep of keel and chines in front of the rear step being rather more pronounced than usual.

1930 P. H. Sumner Marine Aircraft vi. 164 The type of keel used in the flexible circular flying boat hull is that which is built up as a light girder, comprising a keel proper, keelson and rider piece. The keel proper..is rabbeted on its upper face and receives the vertical keelson.

1933 W. Munro Marine Aircraft Design iv. 58 The detail design of frames, bulkheads, stringers, keel, etc., is very definitely affected by the heat treatment and anodic treatment of the material.

1968 Flight Internat. 12 Dec. 983/1 Because of the four-leg main under~carriage [of the Boeing 747]..a centre-line keel links the lower part of the forward and rear fuselage.

1969 Jane's 100 Significant Aircraft 81/1 Four-engined commercial flying-boat... Structure composed of deep keel, widely spaced transverse frames and heavy stringers.

4. A central ridge along the back or convex surface of any organ or structure, as a leaf, a petal, a glume of grass, the lower mandible of a bird, etc. In dogs, the sternum or breast-bone, esp. in the dachshund and other breeds in which it is a prominent feature.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > projection or protuberance > [noun] > ridge

welt1578

keel1597

bourrelet1859

crista1889

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > petal > of particular shape or position

keel1597

vexillum1703

standard1725

ala1731

wing1776

banner1785

vexil1813

winglet1855

keel-petal1876

pterygium1896

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > parts of > (parts of) chest

shirt frontc1872

keel1950

1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 138 The blades of the Leeke be long..hauing a keele or crest in the backside.

1808 C. Vancouver Gen. View Agric. Devon xiv. 327 The full-sized North Devon cow,..open bosom, with a deep chest or keel preceding and between its legs.

1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 45 The discoidal ammonites sometimes..have the keel on one side, instead of in the middle.

1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. I 595 The beak is rather short..with a keel above.

1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 214 Leaves with the keel usually setose.

1950 C. L. B. Hubbard Dachshund Handbk. iv. 50 Chest oval, well let down between the forelegs, with the deepest point of the keel level with the wrist joints.

1962 R. H. Smythe Anat. Dog Breeding i. 19 Dachshunds possess an over-lengthy body and an over-developed sternum, the ‘keel’.

1971 F. Hamilton World Encycl. Dogs 344 The Standards [for dachshunds] require that the height at the shoulder should be half the length of the body..the lowest point of the keel being on a level with the wrist joint.

5. spec. in Botany and Zoology.

a. The two lowest petals of a papilionaceous corolla, more or less united and shaped like the prow of a boat; the carina; also any analogous structure in other orders, as the lower petal in Polygala, etc.

ΚΠ

1776 J. Lee Introd. Bot. (ed. 3) Explan. Terms 396 Carina, the Keel, the lower Petal often in Form of a Boat.

1845 J. Lindley School Bot. (1858) iv. 39 (Polygala) Petals hypogynous, 3; of which one is anterior and larger than the rest (the keel).

b. A prominent ridge along the breastbone of birds of the class Carinatæ, at first cartilaginous but afterwards becoming ossified.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > [noun] > ridge-like

keel1767

carina-

the world > animals > birds > bones > [noun] > sternum > part of

keel1767

metosteon1868

pleurosteon1868

pro-osteon1868

manubrium1890

1767 J. Parsons in Philos. Trans. 1766 (Royal Soc.) 56 208 The crane is the next..which has such a turning of the aspera arteria in the keel of the sternum.

1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life Introd. 55 Birds are divided into two orders, the Ratitæ, in which the sternum has no crest..and the Carinatæ, in which the sternum has a crest or keel.

†c. A name for the notochord which appears in an egg during incubation. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [noun] > spinal column

keel1674

carina1704

notochord1848

chorda dorsalis1873

1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 35 The shaplings or tiny keoles of the great Malpighiuses eggs.

1770–4 A. Hunter Georgical Ess. (1803) III. 116 The medullary substance, with what Malpighi calls the keel (carina) and the nervous system, are latent in the egg.

a. Architecture. A ridge or edge on a rounded moulding.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > architectural ornament > [noun] > moulding > parts of mouldings

mitre-bracket1725

nose1800

quirk1815

knee1823

keela1878

a1878 G. G. Scott Lect. Mediæval Archit. (1879) I. 248 The heaviness of large roll mouldings was often relieved by..raised edges or ‘keels’.

1886 R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. II. 133 The large rounds have both narrow fillets or wings, and sharp edges or keels, worked on them.

b. [ < Norwegian kjøl.] The spinal ridge of mountains stretching down the centre of Norway.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > mountain > [noun] > range > other spec.

Mountains of the Moon1597

Carnic Alps1601

the Ghats1603

Pyreneans1768

Rocky Mountains1798

Balkans1802

Carnian Alps1802

Rockies1827

Carpathiana1832

Appalachians1834

Adirondack1838

keel1857

1857 Ld. Dufferin Lett. from High Latitudes xii. 381 The back-bone, or keel, as the sea-faring population soon learnt to call the flat snow-capped ridge that runs down the centre of Norway.

1968 G. Jones Hist. Vikings ii. i. 59 The upturned keel of mountains running south from Finnmark almost to Stavanger and Värmland.

1968 G. Jones Hist. Vikings ii. i. 69 The mountain wildernesses of the Keel.

Compounds

C1. General, as keel-rib, keel-timber; keel-billed, keel-compelling, keel-shaped, keel-spanning adjs.

ΚΠ

1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. v. 43 Having the Proportion of any one Ship..with the length of her Keel-Timbers.

1787 E. Darwin et al. tr. C. Linnaeus et al. Families of Plants I. 33 Per[ianth]..the valvelets keel-compressed.

1812 Ld. Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II ii. xx. 71 Blow! swiftly blow, thou keel-compelling gale.

1854 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca ii. 241 Their keel-shaped foot is adapted for ploughing through sand or mud.

1854 J. Gould Toucans 2 Ramphastos carinatus, Keel-billed Toucan.

1871 W. Morris in J. W. Mackail Life W. Morris (1899) I. 245 The boats are built high stem and stern, with the keel-rib running up into an ornament at each end.

C2. Special combinations. Also keel-boat n., keelhaul v.

keel-band n. a strip of iron fastened along the keel of a boat.

ΚΠ

1857 P. M. Colquhoun Compan. Oarsman's Guide 28 The keel~band, a thin strong piece of iron coming up over the nose, and up to the transom.

keel-bill n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > perching birds > order Cuculiformes (cuckoos, etc.) > [noun] > family Cuculidae > member of genus Crotophaga > crotophaga ani

savannah bird1694

savannah blackbird1756

keel-bill1811

black witch1837

tick-bird1850

tick-eater1903

1811 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. VIII. 382 The Keel-Bill is a bird of a tame and gentle nature.

keel-bird n. a West Indian bird, Crotophaga minor, of the cuckoo family.

Categories »

keel-block n. one of the short pieces of timber on which the keel of a vessel rests in building or a dry dock (Hamersly Naval Encycl. 1881).

† keel-drawing n. Obsolete = keelhauling n. at keelhaul v. Derivatives.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > [noun] > keelhauling

keel-drawing1700

keel-raking1706

keelhauling1753

keelhaul1831

1700 S. L. tr. C. Frick Relation Voy. in tr. C. Frick & C. Schweitzer Relation Two Voy. E.-Indies 10 This Punishment is call'd Keel-halen, which may be call'd in English Keel-drawing.

keel-line n. (a) the line of timber forming the keel; (b) a small rope used in lacing a bonnet or additional sail to the foot of another sail.

ΚΠ

1829 Sporting Mag. 24 125 Prior to the keel-line being placed on the stocks.

1851 R. Kipping Sails & Sail-making (ed. 2) 37 Bonnets have a head tabling, 2½ inches broad, on which a line of 12-thread, named Keel-line, for forming the latchings, is sewed in bights.

keel-moulding n. a roll-moulding having a keel (sense 6) worked on it, frequent in medieval architecture.

keel-petal n. see 5a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > petal > of particular shape or position

keel1597

vexillum1703

standard1725

ala1731

wing1776

banner1785

vexil1813

winglet1855

keel-petal1876

pterygium1896

1876 C. Darwin Effects Cross & Self Fertilisation Veg. Kingdom v. 155 They did not depress the keel-petals so as to expose the anthers and stigma.

keel-piece n. one of the timbers or sections composing the keel (Hamersly Nav. Encycl.).

keel-plate n. one of the iron plates forming the keel in iron vessels.

ΚΠ

1874 S. J. P. Thearle Naval Archit. (new ed.) I. 75 A vertical keel plate, extending from the inner surface of the flat keel plates to the inner bottom plates.

keel-raking n. = keelhauling n. at keelhaul v. Derivatives.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > [noun] > keelhauling

keel-drawing1700

keel-raking1706

keelhauling1753

keelhaul1831

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) at Ducking If the Offence be great, he is also drawn under the Ships-Keel; which is termed Keel-raking.

Categories »

keel-riveter n. a machine for riveting the keels of iron vessels on the stock.

† keel-rope n. Obsolete ‘a coarse rope formerly used for clearing the limber holes’ by drawing it backwards and forwards (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk.).

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [noun] > rope for cleaning limber-holes

keel-rope1352

limber-rope1769

limber-chain1864

1352 Exch. Acc. Q.R. Bundle 20 No. 27 (P.R.O.) Et de iis. solutis pro quadam corda de crine, vocata Kellerope posit um (sic) in fundo navis ad faciendum per navem bonum exitum aque.

1626 J. Smith Accidence Young Sea-men 14 The port ropes, the keele rope, the rudder rope.

1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. vi. 28 The Keele rope..is of haire in the Keele to scower the Limber holes.

keel-staple n. a staple used in fastening the false keel to the main keel ( Sailor's Word-bk.).

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

keeln.²

Brit.

/kiːl/, U.S.

/kil/

Forms: Middle English kele, Middle English–1600s keil(l, (1500s keile, keyle), 1500s–1600s keele, (1700s kiell), 1600s– keel.

Etymology: apparently < Middle Dutch kiel (= Middle Low German kêl , kîl , Middle High German kiel ), ship, boat, representing a Common Germanic word (*keuloz ) which appears (chiefly in poetry) as Old English céol , Old Saxon kiol , Old High German chiol , cheol , chiel , Old Norse kjóll . These forms cannot be connected with Old Norse kjǫl-r keel (see keel n.¹); but under the influence of Scandinavian, English, or French, or of all combined, the Dutch and German kiel has since the 16th cent. lost its original sense of ‘ship’ and acquired that of ‘keel’ (keel n.¹): see Grimm, Kluge. Old English céol would have given *cheel in modern English.

a. A flat-bottomed vessel, esp. of the kind used on the Tyne and Wear for the loading of colliers; a lighter.The name is or has been in local use in the east of England from the Tyne to the Norfolk Broads; it has also been used in U.S. locally both for a river and a coasting vessel. The old keel which brought coal from the upper Tyne to ships in the harbour at Tynemouth was carvel-built and had a square sail, as well as a heavy oar worked by three keel-bullies. The existing keel is clinker-built and used only for riverside traffic. See R. Oliver Heslop in Notes & Queries 9th Ser. VII. 65–6.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > flat-bottomed boat > [noun] > lighter > types of

keel1322

ballast lighter1691

keel-boat1695

lump1796

tea-chop1876

1322 [implied in: Tynemouth Chartulary (MS.) lf. 68 [cf. W. S. Gibson Hist. Monastery Tynemouth I. 139] Et omnes..seruientes in bargiâ qui dicuntur kelers..venient quolibet anno ad Natale domini in festo sanctorum Innocentium apud Whiteley. (at keeler n.¹ b)].

1421 Act 9 Hen. V c. 10 Certeinz vesselx appellez Keles, par les queux tielx charbons sont caries de la terre jesques a les naefs en le dit port.

1531–2 Act 23 Hen. VIII c. 18 Many shippes, keiles, cogges, and botes..haue heretofore had their franke passages..vpon the saide riuer.

1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke iii. xi. 78 Pheniciens [invented] the Keele or demye barke.

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxi. lvii. 426 Convoy of victuals..which came by the Po, in Keeles and such like vessels.

1669 London Gaz. No. 342/4 Two Wisbidge Keels were forced upon the shoar in this Bay.

1708 J. C. Compl. Collier 19 in T. Nourse Mistery of Husbandry Discover'd (ed. 3) Those Persons who live at the Ports and have Keels, (which are much like to Lighters Built) to load the Ships.

1808 Z. M. Pike Acct. Exped. Sources Mississippi iii. App. 31 It..is 300 yards wide and navigable for large keels.

1833 H. Martineau Tale of Tyne ii. 41 A waggon was at the moment being emptied into a keel.

1863 in Tyneside Songs 16 Weel may the keel row, that my laddie's in.

1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xiv. 362 [The Wharfe] still navigable as high as Tadcaster for the small craft of the river, whose local name of keels suggests the memory of the first vessels which landed our fathers in the Isle of Britain.

1876 J. Ruskin Fors Clavigera VI. 395 Humber Keels are..house and home to the Keel family.

1883 G. C. Davies Norfolk Broads (1884) iv. 32 There was another class of vessels called ‘Keels’, which were fitted with huge square lug-sails, and were chiefly used for carrying timber. These are now unknown.

b. The quantity of coals carried in a keel, now = 8 Newcastle chaldrons or 21 tons 4 cwt.The statute of 1421 shows that a keel was then supposed to carry 20 chalders, but the weight of the chalder is not given (cf. quot. ?1529 below).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > [noun] > unit or denomination of weight > units for coal

fother1607

stand1729

keel1750

1421 Act 9 Hen. V c. 10 Tieles Keles del portage..de xx chaldrez.

?1529 W. Franklyn Let. in R. Fiddes Life Wolsey (1724) Collect. 206 A gret substance of colis to the nombre of 25 score kele, every kele contayning 20. chald'.]

1750 Clephone Jrnl. in C. Innes Sketches Early Sc. Hist. App. (1861) 550 A Kiell is 8 chalder.

1763 S. T. Janssen Smuggling 112 An ordinary Ship-Load [of coals] is about fifteen Keel, every Keel is about eight Newcastle Chaldron, and each of those Chaldrons are seventy two Bushels.

1815 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 82 Scale for manning the ships..ships of six keels, four men two boys.

1851 R. Kipping Sails & Sail-making (ed. 2) 92 (note) A collier is said to carry so many ‘keels of coals’.

2. Used to render Old English céol in the passage of the Anglo-Saxon Chron. relating to the first coming of the Angles to Britain. (Cf. chiule n., cyule at cyul n.)In this use often erroneously identified with keel n.¹, on the analogy of Latin carina keel and ship.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > war vessel > [noun] > long ship

chiulea800

longshipeOE

keel1605

cyul1610

viking ship1847

drake1862

dragon boat1895

longboat1928

c525 Gildas De Excidio Brit. xxiii Tribus, ut lingua ejus [gentis] exprimitur, cyulis, nostra lingual ongis navibus.

a1000 Anglo-Saxon Chron. ann. 449 (Laud) Hi þa coman on þrim ceolum hider to Brytene.]

1605 R. Verstegan Restit. Decayed Intelligence v. 116 Hingistus and Horsus..had the conduction of these forces ouer into Britaine in three great and long shippes, then called keeles.

1685 E. Stillingfleet Origines Britannicæ v. 313 The Angles or Saxons..came hither in three Keels or long Boats at first.

1881 J. R. Green Making of Eng. i. 28 In three ‘keels’..these Jutes landed at Ebbsfleet in the Isle of Thanet.

Compounds

C1. keel-holder, keel-owner. See also keel-boat n., keel-bully n., keelman n.¹

ΚΠ

1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 14 Feb. 4/2 A small keelholder in Hull.

1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 1 June 1/3 The son of a small keelowner.

C2.

keel-deeter n. (also keel-dighter) dialect (see quot. and dight v. 14f).

ΚΠ

1789 J. Brand Hist. & Antiq. Newcastle II. 262 (note) The wives and daughters..who sweep the keels, and have the sweepings for their pains, are called Keeldeeters.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

keeln.³

Brit.

/kiːl/, U.S.

/kil/, Scottish English

/kil/

Forms: Also Middle English keyle, 1500s keyll, keil, 1800s keal.

Etymology: Of uncertain origin. Gaelic and Irish cíl may be from Scots.

Chiefly Scottish.

1. A variety of red ochreous iron-ore used for marking sheep, stone, timber, etc.; ruddle. Also, the red mark made with this on sheep, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > marking > marking to identify > mark of identification > [noun] > made with red ochre

keel1480

the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > metal ore > iron ore > others

bloodstone1504

haematite1543

yellow share1590

keel1596

brush-ore1678

mush1686

brush-iron-ore1695

iron glance1792

specular iron (also iron ore)1796

steel-ore1796

oligistc1803

black band1811

old man1811

spathose iron-ore1823

pitticite1826

siderose1834

blink klip1835

pharmacosiderite1835

sphaerosiderite1837

fossil ore1846

jacutinga1846

vignite1846

siderite1848

junckerite1865

needle iron-ore1867

xanthosiderite1868

specularite1892

pitch ore1896

minette1902

taconite1905

1480 Acta Dom. Conc. (1839) 57/2 To prufe þat þe gudis..war one þe lard of fernyis avne landis, & had his keyle & his mark.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid x. vii. 82 At this time has Pallas..Markyt ȝou swa..That by hys keyll ȝe may be knaw fra thens.

1596 Compt Buik D. Wedderburn (S.H.S.) 46 Twa furris hard Keill.

1728 A. Ramsay Betty & Kate iii With a piece cawk and keel..He can the picture draw Of you or me.

1793 R. Burns Poems (ed. 2) II. 220 He has an unco slight O' cauk and keel.

1817 Blackwood's Mag. 2 85/1 The ewes were..half covered with a new keel, with which Millar had himself marked them.

1882 J. Hardy in Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 9 No. 3. 430 A band of ‘keel’ or ruddle occurs in a quarry.

1894 S. R. Crockett Raiders 382 I took..to the trade of selling..red keel for the sheep.

2. Weaving. A mark made (with keel or other substance) by the warper at each end of a warp of yarn before it is delivered to the weaver, to ensure his weaving and returning the full length of the yarn given out to him.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > threads in process of weaving > [noun] > warp > mark at each end of

keela1813

a1813 A. Wilson Poems (1876) II. 64 Anither's been upo' the push, To get his keel in claith.

1874 T. Bruce Summer Queen 323 The pattern weel might stan' the light Fair woven to the keel.

a1885 W. Sim in Poets Clackmannan. 139 Tramp your treadles tell ye see Your hinmost keel and thrum in.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† keeln.⁴

Etymology: ? < Low German keele, keelle, kelle = German kelle (Old High German chella ), ladle, vessel, tub: in quots. 1617, 1730 apparently erroneously associated with keel v.¹, keeler n.²

Obsolete. rare.

A tub or vat for holding liquor.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > containers for drink > [noun] > large for liquor

jubbec1386

hogshead1390

justc1400

keel1485

muida1492

tree1513

quarter pipe?1763

cistern1815

wood1822

ox-head1888

1485 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 72 Keeles..iij, Spittes of Iren..j, Gridirnes..ij.

1617 J. Minsheu Ἡγεμὼν είς τὰς γλῶσσας: Ductor in Linguas 259/1 Keele, a vessell to coole wort or new brewed Ale and Beere.

1647 H. Hexham Copious Eng. & Netherduytch Dict. A Keele for wine or beare, een vat ofte kuype [etc.]

1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum Keel, a Vessel for Liquors to stand and cool in.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

keelv.¹

Brit.

/kiːl/, U.S.

/kil/

Forms: Old English cœ́lan, célan, Middle English kelen, Middle English keelen, Middle English–1500s kele, Middle English keyle, keille, 1500s kiele, keale, Middle English–1600s keele, 1500s– keel.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Common Germanic: Old English cœ́lan , célan = Dutch koelen , Low German kölen , Old High German chuolen , kualen (Middle High German küelen , German kühlen ), Old Norse kœla (Danish køle , Swedish kyla ) < *kōljan < *kōl- : see cool adj., cool v.¹, and compare akele v.

Obsolete exc. dialect.

a. transitive. To cool; to cause to lose heat; to refresh by cooling.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > make cold [verb (transitive)] > cool

keelc825

akeleeOE

acool?a1200

acolda1250

coola1400

quencha1400

refroid1477

wear1674

c825 Vesp. Psalter xxxviii. [xxxix.] 14 Ðæt ic sie gecoeled [L. ut refrigerer].

a900 Old Eng. Martyrol. 18 Mar. 40 Se uplica sæ..celeð þæra tungla hæto.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Luke xvi. 24 Send Lazarus, that he dippe the laste part of his fyngur in watir, and kele my tunge.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 12541 He..hent his hand and bleu þar-in. Keland he made al hale his hand.

c1470 J. Hardyng Chron. xciv. ii In water [he] was cast, his fleshe to keele and lisse.

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxiiij/1 And the north weeste wynde haue kynde to kiele and drye too mych trees that be newe sett.

1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 483 b You..may keepe your breath to keale your potage.

1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Keel, to cool.

1883 T. Lees Easther's Gloss. Dial. Almondbury & Huddersfield (at cited word) A person may keel himself, or let his tea keel.

b. spec. To cool (a hot or boiling liquid) by stirring, skimming, or pouring in something cold, in order to prevent it from boiling over; hence frequently in to keel the pot. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > make cold [verb (transitive)] > cool > cool a boiling liquid

keel1393

peal1673

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xxii. 280 And lerede men a ladel bygge with a long stele, That cast for to kele [B.-text xix. 275 kepe] a crokke and saue þe fatte aboue.

a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 11 Whenne hit welles up, þou schalt hit kele With a litel ale.

1536 R. Morison Remedy for Sedition 21 a.

1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 904 While greasie Ione doth keele the pot.

1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida v. sig. H2 Boy keele your mouth, it runnes over.

1607 J. Marston What you Will in Anc. Drama II. 199 Faith Doricus, thy brain boils, keel it, keel it, or all the fat's in the fire.

1781 J. Hutton Tour to Caves (ed. 2) Gloss. 91/2 Keel, to keep the pot from boiling over.

1846 W. E. Brockett J. T. Brockett's Gloss. North Country Words (ed. 3) I. 243 There is a local game called ‘Keeling the pot’, in which a girl says, ‘Mother, the pot's boiling over’; and the answer is, ‘Get a ladle and keel it’.

†2.

a. figurative. To make less violent, eager, or ardent; to assuage, mitigate, lessen. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > make less violent or severe [verb (transitive)]

temperc1000

keelc1175

slakea1300

abate?c1335

settle1338

swagea1340

modifyc1385

rebatea1398

bate1398

moder1414

releasea1425

remiss?a1425

moderate1435

alethe?1440

delaya1450

appal1470

addulce1477

mollify1496

mean?a1513

relent1535

qualify1536

temperatea1540

aplake1578

slack1589

relaxate1598

milden1603

mitigate1611

relax1612

alleniate1615

allay1628

alloy1634

castigate1653

smoothen1655

tendera1656

mitify1656

meeken1662

remitigate1671

obviscate1684

slacken1685

chastise1704

dulcify1744

absorb1791

demulceate1817

chasten1856

modulate1974

mediate1987

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 141 Þa twelf kunreden sculden þer mide heore þurst kelen.

c1230 Hali Meid. 25 To kele þi lust wiþ fulþe of þi licome.

c1480 (a1400) St. Clement 102 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 376 Þai cuth nocht keyle hyre care.

1508 J. Fisher Treat. Penyt. Psalmes sig. pp.ii^v To slake and kele the hete of vnlawfull desyre.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 11464 His corage was kelit with age.

1641 J. Milton Of Reformation 56 Likely to lessen, and keel the affections of the Subject.

†b. With personal object and const. of, from.

ΚΠ

c1420 Anturs of Arth. iv Thay..Cumfordun hor kenettes, to kele hom of care.

a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xiv. 214 The kynge yet was not keled of the love of the stiwardes wif.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. iii. 30 I the commaund, From cares the to keyle.

3. intransitive. To become cool or cold.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > be cold [verb (intransitive)] > become cold

acoldeOE

acooleOE

coldOE

keldea1300

akelec1380

refreidc1384

chillc1400

keel1450

refrigerate1559

frigefy1599

unwarm1826

1450–80 tr. Secreta Secret. 26 If thou ete and haue noon appetite, Þe hete of thi stomak shalle kele.

a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 19 Take a pownde of ryse and sethe hom wele, Tyl þat þay brostene; and lete hom kele.

c1485 Early Eng. Misc. (Warton Club) 78 Than let hit kele to hit be lewke~warme.

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxij/1 Set it ouer the fire..and then lete it keele a while.

1883 [see sense 1a].

4. figurative. To grow cold, in feeling, etc.; to become less violent, fervid, or ardent, to ‘cool down’; to diminish in intensity. Const. of, from.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > lack sensitivity [verb (intransitive)] > grow cold

coolOE

keelc1325

coldc1374

freeze1557

colden1863

the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > become less violent or severe [verb (intransitive)] > lose vigour or intensity

swindOE

wane1297

forslacka1300

keelc1325

deadc1384

abatea1387

flag1639

to go off1642

subsidea1645

slacken1651

flat1654

lower1699

relax1701

deaden1723

entame1768

sober1825

lighten1827

sletch1847

slow1849

languish1855

bate1860

to slow up1861

to slow down1879

c1325 Metr. Hom. 32 Mi soru sal son kele.

c1325 Metr. Hom. 67 O pryde comes all his unsell, That neuer may slake ne kell.

a1340 R. Rolle Psalter xli. 13 He gars sa many kele fra godis luf.

?c1460 How a Marchande dyd hys Wyfe betray 265 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 208 The marchandys care be gan to kele.

?1504 M. Beaufort tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) iv. 265 Vnto me..that so often synnes, and so soon keles.

1818 H. J. Todd Johnson's Dict. Eng. Lang. (at cited word) ‘He keals’, that is, he is cowardly; his courage cools. Lanc.

1891 S. O. Addy Suppl. Gloss. Words Sheffield (at cited word) ‘The door never keels of beggars’.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

keelv.²

Brit.

/kiːl/, U.S.

/kil/

Etymology: < keel n.¹

1. transitive. To plough (the sea) with a keel.Apparently an isolated use.

ΚΠ

1807 J. Barlow Columbiad ix. 341 The Lombards keel their Adriatic main.

2. intransitive. Of a ship: To roll on her keel.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (intransitive)] > roll

wallowc1300

rolla1325

welter1423

rocka1522

keel1867

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. at Keeling

a. transitive. To turn up the keel of, show the bottom of. to keel over, to turn over, ‘turn wrong side uppermost’, turn (a person) upon his or her back or (an animal) on its back; to upset, capsize. (literal and figurative) originally U.S.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > capsize or upset

overcastc1230

overturnc1300

overthrowc1330

to-turna1382

overwhelm?a1400

tilta1400

tipa1400

welt?a1400

overtiltc1400

tirvec1420

reverse?a1439

devolvec1470

subvert1479

welter?a1505

renverse1521

tumble1534

verse1556

upturn1567

overwhirl1577

rewalt1587

subverse1590

overset1599

overtumble1600

walt1611

to fetch up1615

ramvert1632

treveer1636

transvolve1644

capsize1788

upset1806

keel1828

overwelt1828

pitch-pole1851

purl1856

1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Keel, to turn up the keel; to show the bottom.

1856 H. B. Stowe Dred I. 116 When we get keeled up, that will be the last of us.

1876 W. Besant & J. Rice Golden Butterfly II. v. 82 He was keeled back..in a strong chair, with his feet on the front of the table.

1894 Stockton in Mrs. Clifford Grey Romance, etc. 175 We now all set to work to keel over the yacht.

1897 R. Kipling Captains Courageous i. 6 It would take more than this to keel me over.

b. intransitive. To turn or be turned over; to be upset; to fall over or be felled as if by a shock. Originally U.S.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > falling > fall [verb (intransitive)] > capsize or be upset

whelma1300

overturna1393

overset1641

coup1787

upset1799

capsize1805

to turn the turtle1818

to go over1829

keela1860

to turn turtle1860

wintle1867

turtle1920

a1860 N.Y. Despatch Keel over they must, and a gradual careen would be much better than a sudden capsize.

1895 S. R. Crockett Men of Moss-hags xli. 296 They keeled ower on their backs.

1897 O. Schreiner Trooper P. Halket II. 209 The third man keeled round on to his stomach again.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† keelv.³

Etymology: < keel n.²

Obsolete. rare.

transitive. To convey in a keel.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > transportation by water > transport by water [verb (transitive)] > in specific type of craft or by specific propulsion

rowa1470

boat1508

keel1599

barge1652

raft1667

drog1681

sculler1682

paddle1784

punt1818

scull1827

wherry1827

yawl1884

steam1891

submarine1918

gondolier1936

1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 18 Their goods and merchandise from beyond seas are keeled vp..to their very thresholds [in Norwich].

Derivatives

ˈkeeling n.²

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > transportation by water > [noun] > by specific type of craft

boating1504

keeling1591

barging1901

1591 R. Hitchcock in Garrard's Art Warre 355 Where they sende it downe in keeles, to giue for keeling of a quarter iiij. d.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

keelv.⁴

Brit.

/kiːl/, U.S.

/kil/, Scottish English

/kil/

Etymology: < keel n.³

Scottish.

transitive. To mark with ruddle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > making or becoming red > make red [verb (transitive)]

red?c1225

rud?c1225

rubifyc1450

inflame1477

keel1508

redden1552

rubrify1587

fire1597

blusha1616

over-reda1616

ruddy1689

rouge1815

1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 241 Thou has thy clamschellis and thy burdon kelde.

c1817 J. Hogg Tales & Sketches I. 142 Sheep..all..smeared and keeled.

1886 C. Scott Pract. Sheep-farming 151 The sale ewe lambs in hill flocks are also keeled on the neck to distinguish them from the wether lambs.

Derivatives

ˈkeeling n.³

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > sheep-farming > [noun] > marking of sheep

keeling1562

raddling1790

the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > making or becoming red > [noun] > making red > with dye or stain

keeling1562

raddling1790

rosing1824

1562 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 33 Be war to moue..seditioun in this nobyll town be ȝoure calking and keling.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹1352

n.²1322

n.³1480

n.⁴1485

v.¹c825

v.²1807

v.³1591

v.⁴1508

单词	keel
释义	keeln.¹ Brit. /kiːl/, U.S. /kil/ Forms: Middle English–1500s kele, (Middle English kelle, Middle English keole, 1500s kyele, kile), 1500s–1600s keele, Scottish keill, 1600s– keel. Origin: Probably a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymon: Norse kjǫl-r. Etymology: probably < Old Norse kjǫl-r (Danish kjøl , Swedish köl ) < kelu-z ; not connected with Dutch and German kiel* (keel n.²). French quille, in a Rouen document of 1382 (Hartzfeld & Darmesteter) was probably also from Old Norse; Spanish quilla, Italian chiglia may be from French. The sense-development of the English word has been influenced by its use to translate Latin carīna keel, hull, ship. Old Norse kjǫlr is not parallel, either in sense or form, with the Old English (scipes) celae, which in the earliest glossaries renders Latin rostrum beak. 1. a. The lowest longitudinal timber of a ship or boat, on which the framework of the whole is built up; in boats and small vessels forming a prominent central ridge on the under surface; in iron vessels, a combination of iron plates taking the place and serving the purpose of the keel of a wooden vessel. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > bottom or part under water > [noun] > keel and kelson > keel bittemeOE bottomOE keel1352 quiell1582 main keel1769 kelson1831 1352 [see keel-rope n. at Compounds 2]. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 233 Þe schippe was..þritty cubite high from þe cule [v.r. kele] to þe hacches. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) v. xxxii. lf. 17 b/1 Alle þe bones in þe body beþ ifounded in þe rigge, as a schippe of þe keole. 1496 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 181 For Reparacion..of the Soueraignes grete Bote & Jolywat..for the Kele & Belge of the same. 1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia i. sig. Bv^v Afterwarde they founde shyppes wyth rydged kyeles. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. i. f. 2^v The keele or bottome of the biggeste vessell ranne vpon a blynde rocke. 1611 J. Florio Queen Anna's New World of Words Dare carena, to giue the keele, to carene as Mariners say. 1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 152 Then shall he [unfit pilot]..lose his hire,..or else (by the Law of Denmarke) passe thrice vnder the Ships Keele. 1665 Oxf. Gaz. No. 5/1 A Vessel you have heard so much of with a double Keel. 1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey I. ii. 468 The crooked keel the parting surge divides. 1804 Naval Chron. 11 212 A boat oversets and lies keel up. 1849 H. W. Longfellow Building of Ship in Seaside & Fireside 15 The keel of oak for a noble ship, Scarfed and bolted, straight and strong. 1869 E. J. Reed Shipbuilding ii. 18 The keels of iron ships were originally external, and not unfrequently of wood. 1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems lxiv. 10 Texture of upright pine with a keel's curved rondure uniting. figurative.1642 T. Fuller Holy State i. i. 2 Our good wife sets up a sail according to the keel of her husbands estate.1898 Lit. World 20 May 453 The keel of his education was laid at Dummer House, near Basingstoke. b. With qualifying terms: bar-keel n. a projecting keel formed by a bar or plate. box-keel n. a composite iron keel whose section is that of a box. dish-keel n. a keel formed of iron-plates with dish-shaped section. drop-keel n. (a) a centre-board; (b) a projecting keel, as distinguished from a flat plate-keel. false keel n. (a) an additional keel attached to the bottom of the true keel to protect it and increase the stability of the vessel; (b) an external keel subsequently added to a vessel. inner keel n. the kelson of an iron vessel. outer keel n. the plate-keel in the hull of an iron vessel. plate-keel n. a keel formed by a line of iron plates, which do not project below the hull. rank-keel n. a very deep keel. sliding keel n. a centre-board. vertical keel n. (see quots. 1883, 1890); etc. See also bilge-keel n., fin-keel n. at fin n.¹ Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > bottom or part under water > [noun] > keel and kelson > keel > types of sliding keel1797 centreboard1828 bilge-keel1850 ram1851 rocker1859 sidebar keel1869 bar-keel1874 plate-keel1874 bilge-piece1880 fin1885 bulb-keel1893 fin-keel1893 ballast fin1894 bulb-fin1894 plate1895 drop-keel1896 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > bottom or part under water > [noun] > keel and kelson > keel > outer keel outer keel1883 1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. xi. 53 Another keele vnder the first..wee call a false Keele. 1691 T. Hale Acct. New Inventions 49 New Stirrups put to secure the false Keel. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Rank-keel is a deep Keel, which keeps a Ship well from rolling. 1792 Ld. Chatham in Naval Chron. 13 203 His Majesty's armed Vessel built with sliding Keels. 1805 Ld. Chatham in Naval Chron. 13 201 In the year 1774, that gentle~man [Capt. J. Schank, R.N.] first constructed a Boat with sliding keels. 1825 Clark et al. Shipwrights' Scale Prices 4 To chisel up the under side of the main or false keel. 1874 S. J. P. Thearle Naval Archit. (new ed.) I. 69 There are three principal forms of keel in vogue, viz:—bar, flat plate, and centre plate or side bar keels. Of these the former is the commonest. 1883 G. S. Nares Constr. Ironclad 4 The vertical keel..is placed upright on its edge on the outer keel... It is about 3½ feet high, and on it, parallel to the outer keel, is fastened the inner keel. 1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry 65 On the blocks is laid the flat keel, which is practically the centre-line of plating; on this is placed the vertical keel, and on this come the keelsons. c. †in keel, in the hull. on (or with) even keel, with the keel level: see even adj.¹ 1b. ΚΠ 1568 Sempill Margaret Fleming 9 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlvi With evin keill befoir the wind Scho is richt fairdy with a saill. 1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. xi. 54 Trying her sailing..vpon an euen Keele. 1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. App. 209 Those who are in keel [are] as safe as those in the shrouds, if the storme rage. 1867 F. Francis Bk. Angling ix. 287 A steady draw and an even keel. 2. a. A ship, vessel. (poetic, after Latin carīna.) ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > [noun] shipc725 beamOE boardOE bargea1300 steera1300 vessela1300 treea1382 loomc1400 man1473 ark1477 bottom1490 keela1547 riverboat1565 craft1578 pine1592 class1596 flood-bickerer1599 pitchboard1599 stern-bearer1599 wooden horse1599 wooden isle1603 water treader?1615 water house1616 watercraft1618 machine1637 prore1642 lightman1666 embarkation1690 bark1756 prowa1771 Mudian1813 bastiment1823 hooker1823 nymph1876 M.F.V.1948 a1547 Earl of Surrey tr. Virgil Certain Bks. Aenæis (1557) ii. sig. Aiv^v The God that they by sea had brought In warped keles. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Pastorals iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 18 No Keel shall cut the Waves for foreign Ware. 1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise I. i. 16 To buy a new keel with my gold, And fill her with such things as she may hold. b. A yacht built with a permanent keel instead of a centre-board. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > [noun] > having (type of) keel keel1883 bulb-keel1893 keel-boat1893 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > pleasure vessel > [noun] > yacht > types of yacht steam-yacht1812 skimmer1844 schooner-yacht1876 cruiser1879 keel1883 skimming-dish1884 cutter-yacht1885 bulb-keel1893 keel-boat1893 forty1894 half-rater1894 forty-tonner1895 one-designer1897 raceabout1897 forty-footer1902 sonder1907 star1911 tonnage-cheater1912 scow1929 tabloid1930 Yngling1969 maxi yacht1974 1883 Harper's Mag. Aug. 453/1 Many keels are afloat. 3. a. That part of anything which corresponds in position, form, or otherwise to a ship's keel; the bottom or under surface; a keel-like lower part. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > low position > [noun] > lowest position > bottom or lowest part bottomeOE foota1200 lowestc1225 roota1382 tailc1390 founcea1400 basement1610 sole1615 fund1636 foot piece1657 footing1659 underneath1676 bottom side1683 ass1700 doup1710 keel1726 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture II. 10/1 The keel or bottom of any weight, that is to be drawn along, shou'd be even and solid. 1815 Sporting Mag. 46 131 Tom knock'd his friend keel upwards on the floor. 1826 J. Adamson Sketches Information Rail-roads 6 To the part projecting downwards..we may apply the..designation of the keel of the rail. b. A longitudinal member or assembly of members running the length of a rigid or semi-rigid airship at the bottom of the envelope. In quot. 1877, and perhaps also 1888, keel has not acquired this specific sense. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > balloons and airships > [noun] > longitudinal member keel1888 longitudinal1908 1877 Design & Work 1 Dec. 602/2 I arrived at this principle [of propelling the air boat]:..that though the car must contain the weight of passengers, cargo, and machinery, even to do duty as the weighted keel or plummet, yet it is only in that character it can serve the navigation in aid of propulsion.] 1888 Peel City Guardian 22 Sept. 3/3 Connecting the balloon with the arrow-like rod beneath is a keel of the same material as that composing the body of the balloon. 1893 Eng. Illustr. Mag. July 746/2 From the outer gallery the [airship] Attila looks as if her bottom was gently curved, terminating in the customary orthodox keel... But three feet below the level at which we stand lies a flat projecting bottom. 1910 A. Williams Engin. Wonders of World III. 48/2 The distribution of the load over the gas holder in such a way as not to strain any part unduly is, in the case of a Zeppelin airship, simplified by the employment of a girder keel. 1922 Encycl. Brit. XXX. 54/1 R 27 and R 29..were remarkable for the absence of the keel which had existed in all previous rigid airships and had been looked upon as constituting the real strength of the ship to resist bending and shearing forces. 1929 F. H. Colvin & H. F. Colvin Aircraft Handbk. (ed. 4) 652 Keel (airship)—the assembly of members at the bottom of the hull of a semirigid or rigid airship which provides special strength to resist hogging and sagging and also serves to distribute the effect of concentrated loads along the hull. It may be a simple Gall's chain, as in some semirigids, or a very extensive structure inclosing the corridor, as in most rigids. 1929 E. F. Spanner About Airships iii. 28 Throughout the length of the keel there is a more or less uniform lift, varying according to the size of the gasbags. 1955 Oxf. Junior Encycl. IV. 20/2 The semi-rigid type, in which a long rigid keel supports the passenger and engine-cars, has been developed mainly by the Italians. 1955 Oxf. Junior Encycl. IV. 20/2 Keels running through the hull [of a rigid airship] add strength and provide access to various parts of the ship. 1974 J. B. Collier Airship 12/1 The distinction between these two types [sc. non-rigid and semi-rigid airships] is sometimes hard to draw, but ‘semi-rigid’ implies..that the airship in question has a rigid keel. †c. In some early aeroplanes and kites, a vertical fin fixed towards the rear of the fuselage and parallel to it, and intended to give lateral stability. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > aeroplane > parts of aircraft > [noun] > stabilizer > vertical keel1894 1894 O. Chanute Progress in Flying Machines 184 Very good results with central keels have been obtained by M. Boynton with his various forms of ‘Fin’ kites. 1894 O. Chanute Progress in Flying Machines 185 Keels have been frequently proposed for aeroplanes, in which they will produce less resistance to forward motion than obtains with other arrangements. 1907 C. Dienstbach in Navigating the Air (Aero Club Amer.) p. xxxix A multiplicity of ‘keels’, which might be called ‘barbarian’ if compared to American moderation. 1910 R. W. A. Brewer Art of Aviation xvii. 230 The Antoinette machine has a smaller keel, but some of the monoplanes dispense with this surface altogether. 1911 G. C. Loening Monoplanes & Biplanes xii. 255 In the old Voisin type use was made of several vertical keels, partitions, placed not only at the rear, but also between the main surfaces themselves. 1915 W. E. Dommett Aeroplanes & Airships 96 At the bottom of the metal framework is a V-shaped keel. 1916 H. Barber Aeroplane Speaks 70 For such directional stability to exist there must be, in effect, more ‘keel-surface’ behind the vertical axis than there is in front of it. By keel-surface I mean everything to be seen when looking at an aeroplane from the side of it—the sides of the body, undercarriage, struts, wires, etc. 1919 H. Shaw Text-bk. Aeronaut. vii. 97 The dihedral planes give rise to a greater righting moment, when tilted at a similar angle, than the keel, and so are more efficient. d. A longitudinal member running along the centre of the bottom of the hull of a flying boat (or the float of a seaplane), or the fuselage of a landplane from one end to the other. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > aeroplane > parts of aircraft > [noun] > structural framework > specifically in fuselage longeron1912 keel1920 stern-post1931 1920 Flight 23 Sept. 1019/2 The hull lines are somewhat unusual, the downward sweep of keel and chines in front of the rear step being rather more pronounced than usual. 1930 P. H. Sumner Marine Aircraft vi. 164 The type of keel used in the flexible circular flying boat hull is that which is built up as a light girder, comprising a keel proper, keelson and rider piece. The keel proper..is rabbeted on its upper face and receives the vertical keelson. 1933 W. Munro Marine Aircraft Design iv. 58 The detail design of frames, bulkheads, stringers, keel, etc., is very definitely affected by the heat treatment and anodic treatment of the material. 1968 Flight Internat. 12 Dec. 983/1 Because of the four-leg main under~carriage [of the Boeing 747]..a centre-line keel links the lower part of the forward and rear fuselage. 1969 Jane's 100 Significant Aircraft 81/1 Four-engined commercial flying-boat... Structure composed of deep keel, widely spaced transverse frames and heavy stringers. 4. A central ridge along the back or convex surface of any organ or structure, as a leaf, a petal, a glume of grass, the lower mandible of a bird, etc. In dogs, the sternum or breast-bone, esp. in the dachshund and other breeds in which it is a prominent feature. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > projection or protuberance > [noun] > ridge welt1578 keel1597 bourrelet1859 crista1889 the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > petal > of particular shape or position keel1597 vexillum1703 standard1725 ala1731 wing1776 banner1785 vexil1813 winglet1855 keel-petal1876 pterygium1896 the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > parts of > (parts of) chest shirt frontc1872 keel1950 1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 138 The blades of the Leeke be long..hauing a keele or crest in the backside. 1808 C. Vancouver Gen. View Agric. Devon xiv. 327 The full-sized North Devon cow,..open bosom, with a deep chest or keel preceding and between its legs. 1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 45 The discoidal ammonites sometimes..have the keel on one side, instead of in the middle. 1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. I 595 The beak is rather short..with a keel above. 1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 214 Leaves with the keel usually setose. 1950 C. L. B. Hubbard Dachshund Handbk. iv. 50 Chest oval, well let down between the forelegs, with the deepest point of the keel level with the wrist joints. 1962 R. H. Smythe Anat. Dog Breeding i. 19 Dachshunds possess an over-lengthy body and an over-developed sternum, the ‘keel’. 1971 F. Hamilton World Encycl. Dogs 344 The Standards [for dachshunds] require that the height at the shoulder should be half the length of the body..the lowest point of the keel being on a level with the wrist joint. 5. spec. in Botany and Zoology. a. The two lowest petals of a papilionaceous corolla, more or less united and shaped like the prow of a boat; the carina; also any analogous structure in other orders, as the lower petal in Polygala, etc. ΚΠ 1776 J. Lee Introd. Bot. (ed. 3) Explan. Terms 396 Carina, the Keel, the lower Petal often in Form of a Boat. 1845 J. Lindley School Bot. (1858) iv. 39 (Polygala) Petals hypogynous, 3; of which one is anterior and larger than the rest (the keel). b. A prominent ridge along the breastbone of birds of the class Carinatæ, at first cartilaginous but afterwards becoming ossified. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animal body > general parts > [noun] > ridge-like keel1767 carina- the world > animals > birds > bones > [noun] > sternum > part of keel1767 metosteon1868 pleurosteon1868 pro-osteon1868 manubrium1890 1767 J. Parsons in Philos. Trans. 1766 (Royal Soc.) 56 208 The crane is the next..which has such a turning of the aspera arteria in the keel of the sternum. 1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life Introd. 55 Birds are divided into two orders, the Ratitæ, in which the sternum has no crest..and the Carinatæ, in which the sternum has a crest or keel. †c. A name for the notochord which appears in an egg during incubation. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo parts > [noun] > spinal column keel1674 carina1704 notochord1848 chorda dorsalis1873 1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 35 The shaplings or tiny keoles of the great Malpighiuses eggs. 1770–4 A. Hunter Georgical Ess. (1803) III. 116 The medullary substance, with what Malpighi calls the keel (carina) and the nervous system, are latent in the egg. 6. a. Architecture. A ridge or edge on a rounded moulding. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > architectural ornament > [noun] > moulding > parts of mouldings mitre-bracket1725 nose1800 quirk1815 knee1823 keela1878 a1878 G. G. Scott Lect. Mediæval Archit. (1879) I. 248 The heaviness of large roll mouldings was often relieved by..raised edges or ‘keels’. 1886 R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. II. 133 The large rounds have both narrow fillets or wings, and sharp edges or keels, worked on them. b. [ < Norwegian kjøl.] The spinal ridge of mountains stretching down the centre of Norway. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > mountain > [noun] > range > other spec. Mountains of the Moon1597 Carnic Alps1601 the Ghats1603 Pyreneans1768 Rocky Mountains1798 Balkans1802 Carnian Alps1802 Rockies1827 Carpathiana1832 Appalachians1834 Adirondack1838 keel1857 1857 Ld. Dufferin Lett. from High Latitudes xii. 381 The back-bone, or keel, as the sea-faring population soon learnt to call the flat snow-capped ridge that runs down the centre of Norway. 1968 G. Jones Hist. Vikings ii. i. 59 The upturned keel of mountains running south from Finnmark almost to Stavanger and Värmland. 1968 G. Jones Hist. Vikings ii. i. 69 The mountain wildernesses of the Keel. Compounds C1. General, as keel-rib, keel-timber; keel-billed, keel-compelling, keel-shaped, keel-spanning adjs. ΚΠ 1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. v. 43 Having the Proportion of any one Ship..with the length of her Keel-Timbers. 1787 E. Darwin et al. tr. C. Linnaeus et al. Families of Plants I. 33 Per[ianth]..the valvelets keel-compressed. 1812 Ld. Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II ii. xx. 71 Blow! swiftly blow, thou keel-compelling gale. 1854 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca ii. 241 Their keel-shaped foot is adapted for ploughing through sand or mud. 1854 J. Gould Toucans 2 Ramphastos carinatus, Keel-billed Toucan. 1871 W. Morris in J. W. Mackail Life W. Morris (1899) I. 245 The boats are built high stem and stern, with the keel-rib running up into an ornament at each end. C2. Special combinations. Also keel-boat n., keelhaul v. keel-band n. a strip of iron fastened along the keel of a boat. ΚΠ 1857 P. M. Colquhoun Compan. Oarsman's Guide 28 The keel~band, a thin strong piece of iron coming up over the nose, and up to the transom. keel-bill n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > perching birds > order Cuculiformes (cuckoos, etc.) > [noun] > family Cuculidae > member of genus Crotophaga > crotophaga ani savannah bird1694 savannah blackbird1756 keel-bill1811 black witch1837 tick-bird1850 tick-eater1903 1811 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. VIII. 382 The Keel-Bill is a bird of a tame and gentle nature. keel-bird n. a West Indian bird, Crotophaga minor, of the cuckoo family. Categories » keel-block n. one of the short pieces of timber on which the keel of a vessel rests in building or a dry dock (Hamersly Naval Encycl. 1881). † keel-drawing n. Obsolete = keelhauling n. at keelhaul v. Derivatives. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > [noun] > keelhauling keel-drawing1700 keel-raking1706 keelhauling1753 keelhaul1831 1700 S. L. tr. C. Frick Relation Voy. in tr. C. Frick & C. Schweitzer Relation Two Voy. E.-Indies 10 This Punishment is call'd Keel-halen, which may be call'd in English Keel-drawing. keel-line n. (a) the line of timber forming the keel; (b) a small rope used in lacing a bonnet or additional sail to the foot of another sail. ΚΠ 1829 Sporting Mag. 24 125 Prior to the keel-line being placed on the stocks. 1851 R. Kipping Sails & Sail-making (ed. 2) 37 Bonnets have a head tabling, 2½ inches broad, on which a line of 12-thread, named Keel-line, for forming the latchings, is sewed in bights. keel-moulding n. a roll-moulding having a keel (sense 6) worked on it, frequent in medieval architecture. keel-petal n. see 5a. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > petal > of particular shape or position keel1597 vexillum1703 standard1725 ala1731 wing1776 banner1785 vexil1813 winglet1855 keel-petal1876 pterygium1896 1876 C. Darwin Effects Cross & Self Fertilisation Veg. Kingdom v. 155 They did not depress the keel-petals so as to expose the anthers and stigma. keel-piece n. one of the timbers or sections composing the keel (Hamersly Nav. Encycl.). keel-plate n. one of the iron plates forming the keel in iron vessels. ΚΠ 1874 S. J. P. Thearle Naval Archit. (new ed.) I. 75 A vertical keel plate, extending from the inner surface of the flat keel plates to the inner bottom plates. keel-raking n. = keelhauling n. at keelhaul v. Derivatives. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > [noun] > keelhauling keel-drawing1700 keel-raking1706 keelhauling1753 keelhaul1831 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) at Ducking If the Offence be great, he is also drawn under the Ships-Keel; which is termed Keel-raking. Categories » keel-riveter n. a machine for riveting the keels of iron vessels on the stock. † keel-rope n. Obsolete ‘a coarse rope formerly used for clearing the limber holes’ by drawing it backwards and forwards (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk.). ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [noun] > rope for cleaning limber-holes keel-rope1352 limber-rope1769 limber-chain1864 1352 Exch. Acc. Q.R. Bundle 20 No. 27 (P.R.O.) Et de iis. solutis pro quadam corda de crine, vocata Kellerope posit um (sic) in fundo navis ad faciendum per navem bonum exitum aque. 1626 J. Smith Accidence Young Sea-men 14 The port ropes, the keele rope, the rudder rope. 1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. vi. 28 The Keele rope..is of haire in the Keele to scower the Limber holes. keel-staple n. a staple used in fastening the false keel to the main keel ( Sailor's Word-bk.). This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022). keeln.² Brit. /kiːl/, U.S. /kil/ Forms: Middle English kele, Middle English–1600s keil(l, (1500s keile, keyle), 1500s–1600s keele, (1700s kiell), 1600s– keel. Etymology: apparently < Middle Dutch kiel (= Middle Low German kêl , kîl , Middle High German kiel ), ship, boat, representing a Common Germanic word (keuloz ) which appears (chiefly in poetry) as Old English céol* , Old Saxon kiol , Old High German chiol , cheol , chiel , Old Norse kjóll . These forms cannot be connected with Old Norse kjǫl-r keel (see keel n.¹); but under the influence of Scandinavian, English, or French, or of all combined, the Dutch and German kiel has since the 16th cent. lost its original sense of ‘ship’ and acquired that of ‘keel’ (keel n.¹): see Grimm, Kluge. Old English céol would have given cheel in modern English. 1. a. A flat-bottomed vessel, esp. of the kind used on the Tyne and Wear for the loading of colliers; a lighter.The name is or has been in local use in the east of England from the Tyne to the Norfolk Broads; it has also been used in U.S. locally both for a river and a coasting vessel. The old keel which brought coal from the upper Tyne to ships in the harbour at Tynemouth was carvel-built and had a square sail, as well as a heavy oar worked by three keel-bullies. The existing keel is clinker-built and used only for riverside traffic. See R. Oliver Heslop in Notes & Queries* 9th Ser. VII. 65–6. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > flat-bottomed boat > [noun] > lighter > types of keel1322 ballast lighter1691 keel-boat1695 lump1796 tea-chop1876 1322 [implied in: Tynemouth Chartulary (MS.) lf. 68 [cf. W. S. Gibson Hist. Monastery Tynemouth I. 139] Et omnes..seruientes in bargiâ qui dicuntur kelers..venient quolibet anno ad Natale domini in festo sanctorum Innocentium apud Whiteley. (at keeler n.¹ b)]. 1421 Act 9 Hen. V c. 10 Certeinz vesselx appellez Keles, par les queux tielx charbons sont caries de la terre jesques a les naefs en le dit port. 1531–2 Act 23 Hen. VIII c. 18 Many shippes, keiles, cogges, and botes..haue heretofore had their franke passages..vpon the saide riuer. 1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke iii. xi. 78 Pheniciens [invented] the Keele or demye barke. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxi. lvii. 426 Convoy of victuals..which came by the Po, in Keeles and such like vessels. 1669 London Gaz. No. 342/4 Two Wisbidge Keels were forced upon the shoar in this Bay. 1708 J. C. Compl. Collier 19 in T. Nourse Mistery of Husbandry Discover'd (ed. 3) Those Persons who live at the Ports and have Keels, (which are much like to Lighters Built) to load the Ships. 1808 Z. M. Pike Acct. Exped. Sources Mississippi iii. App. 31 It..is 300 yards wide and navigable for large keels. 1833 H. Martineau Tale of Tyne ii. 41 A waggon was at the moment being emptied into a keel. 1863 in Tyneside Songs 16 Weel may the keel row, that my laddie's in. 1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xiv. 362 [The Wharfe] still navigable as high as Tadcaster for the small craft of the river, whose local name of keels suggests the memory of the first vessels which landed our fathers in the Isle of Britain. 1876 J. Ruskin Fors Clavigera VI. 395 Humber Keels are..house and home to the Keel family. 1883 G. C. Davies Norfolk Broads (1884) iv. 32 There was another class of vessels called ‘Keels’, which were fitted with huge square lug-sails, and were chiefly used for carrying timber. These are now unknown. b. The quantity of coals carried in a keel, now = 8 Newcastle chaldrons or 21 tons 4 cwt.The statute of 1421 shows that a keel was then supposed to carry 20 chalders, but the weight of the chalder is not given (cf. quot. ?1529 below). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > [noun] > unit or denomination of weight > units for coal fother1607 stand1729 keel1750 1421 Act 9 Hen. V c. 10 Tieles Keles del portage..de xx chaldrez. ?1529 W. Franklyn Let. in R. Fiddes Life Wolsey (1724) Collect. 206 A gret substance of colis to the nombre of 25 score kele, every kele contayning 20. chald'.] 1750 Clephone Jrnl. in C. Innes Sketches Early Sc. Hist. App. (1861) 550 A Kiell is 8 chalder. 1763 S. T. Janssen Smuggling 112 An ordinary Ship-Load [of coals] is about fifteen Keel, every Keel is about eight Newcastle Chaldron, and each of those Chaldrons are seventy two Bushels. 1815 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 82 Scale for manning the ships..ships of six keels, four men two boys. 1851 R. Kipping Sails & Sail-making (ed. 2) 92 (note) A collier is said to carry so many ‘keels of coals’. 2. Used to render Old English céol in the passage of the Anglo-Saxon Chron. relating to the first coming of the Angles to Britain. (Cf. chiule n., cyule at cyul n.)In this use often erroneously identified with keel n.¹, on the analogy of Latin carina keel and ship. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > war vessel > [noun] > long ship chiulea800 longshipeOE keel1605 cyul1610 viking ship1847 drake1862 dragon boat1895 longboat1928 c525 Gildas De Excidio Brit. xxiii Tribus, ut lingua ejus [gentis] exprimitur, cyulis, nostra lingual ongis navibus. a1000 Anglo-Saxon Chron. ann. 449 (Laud) Hi þa coman on þrim ceolum hider to Brytene.] 1605 R. Verstegan Restit. Decayed Intelligence v. 116 Hingistus and Horsus..had the conduction of these forces ouer into Britaine in three great and long shippes, then called keeles. 1685 E. Stillingfleet Origines Britannicæ v. 313 The Angles or Saxons..came hither in three Keels or long Boats at first. 1881 J. R. Green Making of Eng. i. 28 In three ‘keels’..these Jutes landed at Ebbsfleet in the Isle of Thanet. Compounds C1. keel-holder, keel-owner. See also keel-boat n., keel-bully n., keelman n.¹ ΚΠ 1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 14 Feb. 4/2 A small keelholder in Hull. 1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 1 June 1/3 The son of a small keelowner. C2. keel-deeter n. (also keel-dighter) dialect (see quot. and dight v. 14f). ΚΠ 1789 J. Brand Hist. & Antiq. Newcastle II. 262 (note) The wives and daughters..who sweep the keels, and have the sweepings for their pains, are called Keeldeeters. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022). keeln.³ Brit. /kiːl/, U.S. /kil/, Scottish English /kil/ Forms: Also Middle English keyle, 1500s keyll, keil, 1800s keal. Etymology: Of uncertain origin. Gaelic and Irish cíl may be from Scots. Chiefly Scottish. 1. A variety of red ochreous iron-ore used for marking sheep, stone, timber, etc.; ruddle. Also, the red mark made with this on sheep, etc. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > marking > marking to identify > mark of identification > [noun] > made with red ochre keel1480 the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > metal ore > iron ore > others bloodstone1504 haematite1543 yellow share1590 keel1596 brush-ore1678 mush1686 brush-iron-ore1695 iron glance1792 specular iron (also iron ore)1796 steel-ore1796 oligistc1803 black band1811 old man1811 spathose iron-ore1823 pitticite1826 siderose1834 blink klip1835 pharmacosiderite1835 sphaerosiderite1837 fossil ore1846 jacutinga1846 vignite1846 siderite1848 junckerite1865 needle iron-ore1867 xanthosiderite1868 specularite1892 pitch ore1896 minette1902 taconite1905 1480 Acta Dom. Conc. (1839) 57/2 To prufe þat þe gudis..war one þe lard of fernyis avne landis, & had his keyle & his mark. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid x. vii. 82 At this time has Pallas..Markyt ȝou swa..That by hys keyll ȝe may be knaw fra thens. 1596 Compt Buik D. Wedderburn (S.H.S.) 46 Twa furris hard Keill. 1728 A. Ramsay Betty & Kate iii With a piece cawk and keel..He can the picture draw Of you or me. 1793 R. Burns Poems (ed. 2) II. 220 He has an unco slight O' cauk and keel. 1817 Blackwood's Mag. 2 85/1 The ewes were..half covered with a new keel, with which Millar had himself marked them. 1882 J. Hardy in Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 9 No. 3. 430 A band of ‘keel’ or ruddle occurs in a quarry. 1894 S. R. Crockett Raiders 382 I took..to the trade of selling..red keel for the sheep. 2. Weaving. A mark made (with keel or other substance) by the warper at each end of a warp of yarn before it is delivered to the weaver, to ensure his weaving and returning the full length of the yarn given out to him. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > threads in process of weaving > [noun] > warp > mark at each end of keela1813 a1813 A. Wilson Poems (1876) II. 64 Anither's been upo' the push, To get his keel in claith. 1874 T. Bruce Summer Queen 323 The pattern weel might stan' the light Fair woven to the keel. a1885 W. Sim in Poets Clackmannan. 139 Tramp your treadles tell ye see Your hinmost keel and thrum in. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † keeln.⁴ Etymology: ? < Low German keele, keelle, kelle = German kelle (Old High German chella ), ladle, vessel, tub: in quots. 1617, 1730 apparently erroneously associated with keel v.¹, keeler n.² Obsolete. rare. A tub or vat for holding liquor. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > containers for drink > [noun] > large for liquor jubbec1386 hogshead1390 justc1400 keel1485 muida1492 tree1513 quarter pipe?1763 cistern1815 wood1822 ox-head1888 1485 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 72 Keeles..iij, Spittes of Iren..j, Gridirnes..ij. 1617 J. Minsheu Ἡγεμὼν είς τὰς γλῶσσας: Ductor in Linguas 259/1 Keele, a vessell to coole wort or new brewed Ale and Beere. 1647 H. Hexham Copious Eng. & Netherduytch Dict. A Keele for wine or beare, een vat ofte kuype [etc.] 1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum Keel, a Vessel for Liquors to stand and cool in. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2021). keelv.¹ Brit. /kiːl/, U.S. /kil/ Forms: Old English cœ́lan, célan, Middle English kelen, Middle English keelen, Middle English–1500s kele, Middle English keyle, keille, 1500s kiele, keale, Middle English–1600s keele, 1500s– keel. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Common Germanic: Old English cœ́lan , célan = Dutch koelen , Low German kölen , Old High German chuolen , kualen (Middle High German küelen , German kühlen ), Old Norse kœla (Danish køle , Swedish kyla ) < kōljan < kōl- : see cool adj., cool v.¹, and compare akele v. Obsolete exc. dialect. 1. a. transitive. To cool; to cause to lose heat; to refresh by cooling. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > make cold [verb (transitive)] > cool keelc825 akeleeOE acool?a1200 acolda1250 coola1400 quencha1400 refroid1477 wear1674 c825 Vesp. Psalter xxxviii. [xxxix.] 14 Ðæt ic sie gecoeled [L. ut refrigerer]. a900 Old Eng. Martyrol. 18 Mar. 40 Se uplica sæ..celeð þæra tungla hæto. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Luke xvi. 24 Send Lazarus, that he dippe the laste part of his fyngur in watir, and kele my tunge. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 12541 He..hent his hand and bleu þar-in. Keland he made al hale his hand. c1470 J. Hardyng Chron. xciv. ii In water [he] was cast, his fleshe to keele and lisse. c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxiiij/1 And the north weeste wynde haue kynde to kiele and drye too mych trees that be newe sett. 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 483 b You..may keepe your breath to keale your potage. 1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Keel, to cool. 1883 T. Lees Easther's Gloss. Dial. Almondbury & Huddersfield (at cited word) A person may keel himself, or let his tea keel. b. spec. To cool (a hot or boiling liquid) by stirring, skimming, or pouring in something cold, in order to prevent it from boiling over; hence frequently in to keel the pot. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > make cold [verb (transitive)] > cool > cool a boiling liquid keel1393 peal1673 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xxii. 280 And lerede men a ladel bygge with a long stele, That cast for to kele [B.-text xix. 275 kepe] a crokke and saue þe fatte aboue. a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 11 Whenne hit welles up, þou schalt hit kele With a litel ale. 1536 R. Morison Remedy for Sedition 21 a. 1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 904 While greasie Ione doth keele the pot. View more context for this quotation 1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida v. sig. H2 Boy keele your mouth, it runnes over. 1607 J. Marston What you Will in Anc. Drama II. 199 Faith Doricus, thy brain boils, keel it, keel it, or all the fat's in the fire. 1781 J. Hutton Tour to Caves (ed. 2) Gloss. 91/2 Keel, to keep the pot from boiling over. 1846 W. E. Brockett J. T. Brockett's Gloss. North Country Words (ed. 3) I. 243 There is a local game called ‘Keeling the pot’, in which a girl says, ‘Mother, the pot's boiling over’; and the answer is, ‘Get a ladle and keel it’. †2. a. figurative. To make less violent, eager, or ardent; to assuage, mitigate, lessen. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > make less violent or severe [verb (transitive)] temperc1000 keelc1175 slakea1300 abate?c1335 settle1338 swagea1340 modifyc1385 rebatea1398 bate1398 moder1414 releasea1425 remiss?a1425 moderate1435 alethe?1440 delaya1450 appal1470 addulce1477 mollify1496 mean?a1513 relent1535 qualify1536 temperatea1540 aplake1578 slack1589 relaxate1598 milden1603 mitigate1611 relax1612 alleniate1615 allay1628 alloy1634 castigate1653 smoothen1655 tendera1656 mitify1656 meeken1662 remitigate1671 obviscate1684 slacken1685 chastise1704 dulcify1744 absorb1791 demulceate1817 chasten1856 modulate1974 mediate1987 c1175 Lamb. Hom. 141 Þa twelf kunreden sculden þer mide heore þurst kelen. c1230 Hali Meid. 25 To kele þi lust wiþ fulþe of þi licome. c1480 (a1400) St. Clement 102 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 376 Þai cuth nocht keyle hyre care. 1508 J. Fisher Treat. Penyt. Psalmes sig. pp.ii^v To slake and kele the hete of vnlawfull desyre. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 11464 His corage was kelit with age. 1641 J. Milton Of Reformation 56 Likely to lessen, and keel the affections of the Subject. †b. With personal object and const. of, from. ΚΠ c1420 Anturs of Arth. iv Thay..Cumfordun hor kenettes, to kele hom of care. a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xiv. 214 The kynge yet was not keled of the love of the stiwardes wif. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. iii. 30 I the commaund, From cares the to keyle. 3. intransitive. To become cool or cold. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > be cold [verb (intransitive)] > become cold acoldeOE acooleOE coldOE keldea1300 akelec1380 refreidc1384 chillc1400 keel1450 refrigerate1559 frigefy1599 unwarm1826 1450–80 tr. Secreta Secret. 26 If thou ete and haue noon appetite, Þe hete of thi stomak shalle kele. a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 19 Take a pownde of ryse and sethe hom wele, Tyl þat þay brostene; and lete hom kele. c1485 Early Eng. Misc. (Warton Club) 78 Than let hit kele to hit be lewke~warme. c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxij/1 Set it ouer the fire..and then lete it keele a while. 1883 [see sense 1a]. 4. figurative. To grow cold, in feeling, etc.; to become less violent, fervid, or ardent, to ‘cool down’; to diminish in intensity. Const. of, from. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > lack sensitivity [verb (intransitive)] > grow cold coolOE keelc1325 coldc1374 freeze1557 colden1863 the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > become less violent or severe [verb (intransitive)] > lose vigour or intensity swindOE wane1297 forslacka1300 keelc1325 deadc1384 abatea1387 flag1639 to go off1642 subsidea1645 slacken1651 flat1654 lower1699 relax1701 deaden1723 entame1768 sober1825 lighten1827 sletch1847 slow1849 languish1855 bate1860 to slow up1861 to slow down1879 c1325 Metr. Hom. 32 Mi soru sal son kele. c1325 Metr. Hom. 67 O pryde comes all his unsell, That neuer may slake ne kell. a1340 R. Rolle Psalter xli. 13 He gars sa many kele fra godis luf. ?c1460 How a Marchande dyd hys Wyfe betray 265 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 208 The marchandys care be gan to kele. ?1504 M. Beaufort tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) iv. 265 Vnto me..that so often synnes, and so soon keles. 1818 H. J. Todd Johnson's Dict. Eng. Lang. (at cited word) ‘He keals’, that is, he is cowardly; his courage cools. Lanc. 1891 S. O. Addy Suppl. Gloss. Words Sheffield (at cited word) ‘The door never keels of beggars’. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022). keelv.² Brit. /kiːl/, U.S. /kil/ Etymology: < keel n.¹ 1. transitive. To plough (the sea) with a keel.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1807 J. Barlow Columbiad ix. 341 The Lombards keel their Adriatic main. 2. intransitive. Of a ship: To roll on her keel. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (intransitive)] > roll wallowc1300 rolla1325 welter1423 rocka1522 keel1867 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. at Keeling 3. a. transitive. To turn up the keel of, show the bottom of. to keel over, to turn over, ‘turn wrong side uppermost’, turn (a person) upon his or her back or (an animal) on its back; to upset, capsize. (literal and figurative) originally U.S. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > capsize or upset overcastc1230 overturnc1300 overthrowc1330 to-turna1382 overwhelm?a1400 tilta1400 tipa1400 welt?a1400 overtiltc1400 tirvec1420 reverse?a1439 devolvec1470 subvert1479 welter?a1505 renverse1521 tumble1534 verse1556 upturn1567 overwhirl1577 rewalt1587 subverse1590 overset1599 overtumble1600 walt1611 to fetch up1615 ramvert1632 treveer1636 transvolve1644 capsize1788 upset1806 keel1828 overwelt1828 pitch-pole1851 purl1856 1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Keel, to turn up the keel; to show the bottom. 1856 H. B. Stowe Dred I. 116 When we get keeled up, that will be the last of us. 1876 W. Besant & J. Rice Golden Butterfly II. v. 82 He was keeled back..in a strong chair, with his feet on the front of the table. 1894 Stockton in Mrs. Clifford Grey Romance, etc. 175 We now all set to work to keel over the yacht. 1897 R. Kipling Captains Courageous i. 6 It would take more than this to keel me over. b. intransitive. To turn or be turned over; to be upset; to fall over or be felled as if by a shock. Originally U.S. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > falling > fall [verb (intransitive)] > capsize or be upset whelma1300 overturna1393 overset1641 coup1787 upset1799 capsize1805 to turn the turtle1818 to go over1829 keela1860 to turn turtle1860 wintle1867 turtle1920 a1860 N.Y. Despatch Keel over they must, and a gradual careen would be much better than a sudden capsize. 1895 S. R. Crockett Men of Moss-hags xli. 296 They keeled ower on their backs. 1897 O. Schreiner Trooper P. Halket II. 209 The third man keeled round on to his stomach again. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † keelv.³ Etymology: < keel n.² Obsolete. rare. transitive. To convey in a keel. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > transportation by water > transport by water [verb (transitive)] > in specific type of craft or by specific propulsion rowa1470 boat1508 keel1599 barge1652 raft1667 drog1681 sculler1682 paddle1784 punt1818 scull1827 wherry1827 yawl1884 steam1891 submarine1918 gondolier1936 1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 18 Their goods and merchandise from beyond seas are keeled vp..to their very thresholds [in Norwich]. Derivatives ˈkeeling n.² ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > transportation by water > [noun] > by specific type of craft boating1504 keeling1591 barging1901 1591 R. Hitchcock in Garrard's Art Warre 355 Where they sende it downe in keeles, to giue for keeling of a quarter iiij. d. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2021). keelv.⁴ Brit. /kiːl/, U.S. /kil/, Scottish English /kil/ Etymology: < keel n.³ Scottish. transitive. To mark with ruddle. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > making or becoming red > make red [verb (transitive)] red?c1225 rud?c1225 rubifyc1450 inflame1477 keel1508 redden1552 rubrify1587 fire1597 blusha1616 over-reda1616 ruddy1689 rouge1815 1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 241 Thou has thy clamschellis and thy burdon kelde. c1817 J. Hogg Tales & Sketches I. 142 Sheep..all..smeared and keeled. 1886 C. Scott Pract. Sheep-farming 151 The sale ewe lambs in hill flocks are also keeled on the neck to distinguish them from the wether lambs. Derivatives ˈkeeling n.³ ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > sheep-farming > [noun] > marking of sheep keeling1562 raddling1790 the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > making or becoming red > [noun] > making red > with dye or stain keeling1562 raddling1790 rosing1824 1562 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 33 Be war to moue..seditioun in this nobyll town be ȝoure calking and keling. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1352n.²1322n.³1480n.⁴1485v.¹c825v.²1807v.³1591v.⁴1508
随便看	to wive it to woad etc in a person's forehead to woad impudence in a person's forehead to woad shamelessness in a person's forehead to wonder to word it to work to work a mastery to work a miracle to work a person to death to work a person with one's will to work a person woe to work a progress to work a traverse to work a wonder to work an observation to work annoy to work around to work at arm's end to work at arm's length to work away to work both sides of the street to work both ways to work by hag to work by stint

keeln.1

Compounds

keeln.2

Compounds

keeln.3

† keeln.4

keelv.1

keelv.2

† keelv.3

Derivatives

keelv.4

Derivatives

keeln.¹

keeln.²

keeln.³

† keeln.⁴

keelv.¹

keelv.²

† keelv.³

keelv.⁴