ketonen.

Brit.

/ˈkiːtəʊn/, U.S.

/ˈkiˌtoʊn/

Etymology: < German keton (plural ketone ), a modification of acetone n., introduced by Gmelin, Handbuch d. Chem. (ed. 4, 1848) IV. 40, 187.

Chemistry.

The name of a class of chemical compounds formed by oxidation of the secondary alcohols or carbinols, to which they stand in some respects in the relation of aldehydes. The lowest of the series, dimethyl ketone, is common acetone n.‘The ketones, in their simplest form, contain a carbonyl group CO attached to two monad hydrocarbon radicles. If the two radicles are identical as in acetone, the compound is a simple ketone; if different, as in methyl-ethyl-ketone CH₃·CO·CH₂·CH₃, it is a mixed ketone. Compounds containing two carbonyl groups are termed diketones; those containing three triketones’ (Morley & Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. III. 102/2).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > ketones > [noun]

ketone1851

1851 J. S. Brazier & G. Gossleth in Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 3 215 A new class of bodies known under the name of acetones or ketones.

1851 J. S. Brazier & G. Gossleth in Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 3 215 In preparing the ketone of caproic acid.

1852 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. VII. 214 (heading) Acetones in general or Ketones. All ketones are highly combustible.

1868 H. B. Jones & H. Watts Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 10) 619 The formation of a ketone by oxidation is the essential characteristic of a secondary alcohol.

1872 H. Watts Dict. Chem. VI. 764 A peculiar penetrating smell, which deserves to be called the ketone-smell.

1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 200 Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) now regarded as a ketone of a hexatomic alcohol.

Compounds

ketone body n. any of the three related compounds acetone, acetoacetic acid, and β-hydroxybutyric acid, which are produced in the body in fatty- and amino-acid metabolism; an ‘acetone body’.

ΚΠ

1915 Arch. Internal Med. 15 40 There are in the literature only casual references to the influence of organotherapy on the formation and excretion of ketone bodies.

1936 Jrnl. Nutrition 12 647 The term ‘rate of ketogenesis’…takes into account both the ketonemia, or level of ketone bodies in the blood, and the ketonuria, or the rate of ketone body excretion in the urine.

1959 A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 2) xix. 479 The total ketone body concentration in blood, expressed as β-hydroxybutyrate, is normally below 1 mg. per 100 ml., and the average total daily excretion in the urine is approximately 20 mg.

1974 Nature 18 Jan. 161/2 Urine samples were tested for ‘ketone bodies’ with a commercial preparation that contains sodium nitroprusside.

Derivatives

keˈtonic adj. of or pertaining to ketones, as in ketonic acid n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > ketones > [adjective]

ketonic1899

1899 G. M'Gowan tr. A. Bernthsen Text-bk. Org. Chem. 245 These alkylated aceto-acetic ethers..undergo either the ‘ketonic decomposition’ or the ‘acid decomposition’.

ketonic acid n. a compound containing the radical carbonyl, CO, and having the characteristic properties of both a ketone and an acid.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > ketones > [noun] > compound having properties of ketone and acid

ketonic acid1876

1876 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 29 926 The ketonic acids are converted by nascent hydrogen into oxy-acids.

1892 H. F. Morley & M. M. P. Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. (rev. ed.) III. 103/1 Certain ketonic acids part with carbon dioxide, forming ketones.

ˈketol n. a ketonic alcohol.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > alcohols > [noun] > ketonic alcohols

ketol1894

acyloin1907

1894 G. M'Gowan tr. A. Bernthsen Text-bk. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) 237 (heading) Ketone-alcohols (ketols).

1968 R. O. C. Norman Princ. Org. Synthesis xvi. 501 Treatment [of an epoxide] with dimethyl sulphoxide gives an α-ketol.

ˈketose n. a sugar which is a ketonic alcohol, e.g. lævulose, or fruit sugar.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbohydrates > sugars > monosaccharides > [noun] > ketose

ketose1891

1891 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 60 1176 Ketoses.

1892 E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter Chem. Carbon Compounds (ed. 2) 498 Bromine water..oxidises the aldoses to their corresponding monocarboxylic acids..whereas the ketoses (fructose and sorbinose) are not attacked.

1938 M. L. Wolfram in H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. xvi. 1442 The Lobry de Bruyn dilute alkali interconversion reaction was used..in obtaining the crystalline ketose of lactose (lactulose).

1972 New Phytologist 71 475 The phenomenon of ketose formation in polyol media is much better documented for bacteria where, for example, fructose may be formed from mannitol in yields of up to..95%.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	ketone
释义	ketonen. Brit. /ˈkiːtəʊn/, U.S. /ˈkiˌtoʊn/ Etymology: < German keton (plural ketone ), a modification of acetone n., introduced by Gmelin, Handbuch d. Chem. (ed. 4, 1848) IV. 40, 187. Chemistry. The name of a class of chemical compounds formed by oxidation of the secondary alcohols or carbinols, to which they stand in some respects in the relation of aldehydes. The lowest of the series, dimethyl ketone, is common acetone n.‘The ketones, in their simplest form, contain a carbonyl group CO attached to two monad hydrocarbon radicles. If the two radicles are identical as in acetone, the compound is a simple ketone; if different, as in methyl-ethyl-ketone CH₃·CO·CH₂·CH₃, it is a mixed ketone. Compounds containing two carbonyl groups are termed diketones; those containing three triketones’ (Morley & Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. III. 102/2). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > ketones > [noun] ketone1851 1851 J. S. Brazier & G. Gossleth in Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 3 215 A new class of bodies known under the name of acetones or ketones. 1851 J. S. Brazier & G. Gossleth in Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 3 215 In preparing the ketone of caproic acid. 1852 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. VII. 214 (heading) Acetones in general or Ketones. All ketones are highly combustible. 1868 H. B. Jones & H. Watts Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 10) 619 The formation of a ketone by oxidation is the essential characteristic of a secondary alcohol. 1872 H. Watts Dict. Chem. VI. 764 A peculiar penetrating smell, which deserves to be called the ketone-smell. 1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 200 Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) now regarded as a ketone of a hexatomic alcohol. Compounds ketone body n. any of the three related compounds acetone, acetoacetic acid, and β-hydroxybutyric acid, which are produced in the body in fatty- and amino-acid metabolism; an ‘acetone body’. ΚΠ 1915 Arch. Internal Med. 15 40 There are in the literature only casual references to the influence of organotherapy on the formation and excretion of ketone bodies. 1936 Jrnl. Nutrition 12 647 The term ‘rate of ketogenesis’…takes into account both the ketonemia, or level of ketone bodies in the blood, and the ketonuria, or the rate of ketone body excretion in the urine. 1959 A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 2) xix. 479 The total ketone body concentration in blood, expressed as β-hydroxybutyrate, is normally below 1 mg. per 100 ml., and the average total daily excretion in the urine is approximately 20 mg. 1974 Nature 18 Jan. 161/2 Urine samples were tested for ‘ketone bodies’ with a commercial preparation that contains sodium nitroprusside. Derivatives keˈtonic adj. of or pertaining to ketones, as in ketonic acid n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > ketones > [adjective] ketonic1899 1899 G. M'Gowan tr. A. Bernthsen Text-bk. Org. Chem. 245 These alkylated aceto-acetic ethers..undergo either the ‘ketonic decomposition’ or the ‘acid decomposition’. ketonic acid n. a compound containing the radical carbonyl, CO, and having the characteristic properties of both a ketone and an acid. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > ketones > [noun] > compound having properties of ketone and acid ketonic acid1876 1876 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 29 926 The ketonic acids are converted by nascent hydrogen into oxy-acids. 1892 H. F. Morley & M. M. P. Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. (rev. ed.) III. 103/1 Certain ketonic acids part with carbon dioxide, forming ketones. ˈketol n. a ketonic alcohol. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > alcohols > [noun] > ketonic alcohols ketol1894 acyloin1907 1894 G. M'Gowan tr. A. Bernthsen Text-bk. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) 237 (heading) Ketone-alcohols (ketols). 1968 R. O. C. Norman Princ. Org. Synthesis xvi. 501 Treatment [of an epoxide] with dimethyl sulphoxide gives an α-ketol. ˈketose n. a sugar which is a ketonic alcohol, e.g. lævulose, or fruit sugar. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbohydrates > sugars > monosaccharides > [noun] > ketose ketose1891 1891 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 60 1176 Ketoses. 1892 E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter Chem. Carbon Compounds (ed. 2) 498 Bromine water..oxidises the aldoses to their corresponding monocarboxylic acids..whereas the ketoses (fructose and sorbinose) are not attacked. 1938 M. L. Wolfram in H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. xvi. 1442 The Lobry de Bruyn dilute alkali interconversion reaction was used..in obtaining the crystalline ketose of lactose (lactulose). 1972 New Phytologist 71 475 The phenomenon of ketose formation in polyol media is much better documented for bacteria where, for example, fructose may be formed from mannitol in yields of up to..95%. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1851
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