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单词 asunder
释义

asunderv.

Brit. /əˈsʌndə/, U.S. /əˈsəndər/
Forms: early Old English asyndedre (past participle, dative singular feminine, strong declension, transmission error), Old English asendred (past participle, rare), Old English asendrian (rare), Old English asindred (past participle, rare), Old English asindrian, Old English asundrian, Old English asyndran, Old English asyndrian, early Middle English asundrie, early Middle English asyndrie, Middle English asoundre, Middle English assounder, Middle English assunder, Middle English asundre, Middle English–1500s asondre, Middle English– asunder.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: a- prefix1, sunder v.
Etymology: < a- prefix1 + sunder v. or its Germanic base. Perhaps already in Old English reinforced by association with asunder adv. (compare β. forms at that entry, and also a- prefix3 and Old English (rare) onsundrian : see sunder v.).In Old English chiefly a weak Class II verb (asundrian , asyndrian ), but inflection as weak Class I (asyndran ) is also attested, especially for the past participle; compare discussion at sunder v.
Now rare (archaic or literary).
1. transitive. To put asunder; to separate, divide, set apart; to sunder.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separate [verb (transitive)]
to-twemec893
sunderOE
asunderOE
shedOE
dealOE
shill1049
skillc1175
to-twinc1175
twinc1230
disseverc1250
depart1297
slita1300
to-throwc1315
parta1325
drevec1325
devisec1330
dividec1374
sever1382
unknit?a1425
divorce1430
separea1450
separate?a1475
untine1496
to put apart1530
discussa1542
deceper1547
disseparate1550
apart1563
unjoint1565
shoal1571
divisionatea1586
single1587
dispart1590
descide1598
disassociate1598
distract1600
dissolve1605
discriminate1615
dissociate1623
discerpa1628
discind1640
dissunder1642
distinguish1648
severize1649
unstring1674
skaila1833
cleave1873
dirempt1885
OE Soul & Body II (1936) 4 Þonne se deað cymeð, asundrað [OE Soul & Body I asyndreð] þa sibbe, þa þe ær somud wæron, lic ond sawl[e].
OE tr. Bili St. Machutus 10 Se stiþeste wind & seo stræncste sæ me fram þon iglande asyndredon [L. separauerunt].
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. l. 3907 (MED) In hertis..whom no difference Of doubilnes may..assounder nor disseuere.
a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. l. 8283 (MED) Þo þat were a-soundred ful wyde Com to Toteneys on ilka syde.
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 206 He was a-sunderid fro all his men.
1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 15 A plow betle..great clod to a sunder.
1593 B. Barnes Parthenophil & Parthenophe 76 Thou could not be perswaded that my wittes Could once retire so farre from sence asondred.
1788 World 28 June That day, from the day in which we speak it, is asundered by the long lapse of 140 years!
1848 H. S. Sutton Clifton Grove Garland 49 That sea, that soon must be between Hearts which asundered never should have been.
1870 Preston Guardian & Lancs. Advertiser 22 Oct. 3/5 Getting rid of miserable partizan names, which asundered men who ought to be one.
1910 Brandon (Manitoba) Weekly Sun 13 Jan. 4/6 Asundered far by fate and clime.
2014 Southland Times (N.Z.) (Nexis) 1 Mar. (Features section) 19 Add in a stately home, another young couple asundered by love and the hint of an aunt, and you have all of the ingredients of a Wodehouse classic.
†2. intransitive. To become separated or disconnected; = sunder v. 1b(b). Also transitive (reflexive) in the same sense (cf. sunder v. 1b(a)). Frequently with from. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separate, come, or go apart [verb (intransitive)]
to-dealeOE
shedc1000
asunderOE
to-twemea1225
sunderc1225
twin?c1225
atwin?a1400
to make separationc1450
separe1490
twain15..
sever1545
unsever1609
spread1611
separate1638
disclaim1644
to come apart1764
to go separate ways1774
twine1886
OE Glosses to Memoriale of Benedict of Aniane in A. S. Napier Enlarged Rule of Chrodegang (1916) 121 Quando iunior separat de seniore : þonne se iynra asyndrað fram þam yldran.
OE Wulfstan Institutes of Polity (Junius) 123 Riht is þæt munecas..hy symle asyndrian fram woruldbysegan, swa hi geornost magan.
c1460 (c1450) P. Idley Instr. to his Son (Laud) (1935) ii. B. l. 123 (MED) Asondre [c1475 Cambr. wher obedience lacketh in comynte, Prosperite and welthe woll sone and sondre].
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 115 (MED) What tyme þat þou shalt be ny depressid, & ouercome by him, asundre the fro him.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

asunderadv.

Brit. /əˈsʌndə/, U.S. /əˈsəndər/
Forms:

α. Old English onsundor (rare), Old English on sundur (Northumbrian), Old English on sundran, Old English on sundron, Old English onsundrum, Old English onsundrun, Old English–early Middle English on sundrum, Old English–early Middle English onsundran, Old English–early Middle English onsundron, early Middle English on syndron, early Middle English onsundræn, early Middle English onsundren, Middle English o sonder, Middle English o sunder, Middle English o sundere, Middle English o-sunder, Middle English on sondre, Middle English on sondry, Middle English on sundre, Middle English on sundri, Middle English on sundur, Middle English on sundyr, Middle English on-sunder, Middle English on-sundir, Middle English one sondyre, Middle English onsondyr, Middle English osunder, Middle English vnsondir, 1500s on sonder.

β. Old English asundron, Old English–early Middle English asundran, early Middle English asundre, early Middle English asundren, early Middle English asundrum, Middle English a sonder, Middle English a sundure, Middle English a-sonder, Middle English a-sondre, Middle English a-sondyr, Middle English a-sondyre, Middle English a-sundir, Middle English a-sundre, Middle English a-sundyr, Middle English asondir, Middle English asondree, Middle English asondri, Middle English asondry, Middle English asondur, Middle English asownedyr, Middle English assounder, Middle English asundir, Middle English asundur, Middle English asyndre, Middle English–1500s a sondre, Middle English–1500s asonder, Middle English–1500s asondre, Middle English–1500s asondyr, Middle English–1600s a sundre, Middle English 1600s assonder, Middle English– asunder, 1500s a sundir (Scottish), 1500s aschunder (Scottish), Middle English–1700s a sunder, 1500s–1700s assunder.

Origin: Apparently formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: on prep., sunder adj.
Etymology: Apparently originally (in α. forms) < on prep. + an inflected form of sunder adj. (see note); subsequently (in β. forms) with phonological reduction of the first element (compare a prep.1). Compare sunder adv., in sunder adv.Apparently originally an adverbial phrase showing on prep. governing the dative of a noun use of sunder adj. or its Germanic base (compare Old English adjectival inflections: strong neuter dative singular (and plural) -um and perhaps also weak dative singular -an ). However, Old English sundor is not attested in independent use as an adjective (see discussion at sunder adv. and adj.). Compare the Germanic parallels cited at in sunder adv. and also Old Saxon an sundron especially (see sunder adv. and adj.). The word appears in early West Saxon as on sundrum and in its later-attested forms already in Old English shows phonological reduction both in the first element and the unstressed syllable of the inflectional ending (e.g. asundron, asundran); occasional forms also appear to show complete loss of the ending (e.g. onsundor, on sundur), probably (like later forms in Middle English) influenced by sunder adv. (rather than reflecting a parallel formation on the adverb; compare Old High German in suntar and the related Germanic forms cited at in sunder adv.). With the β. forms perhaps compare also asunder v. The Middle English variants on sondry, on sundri at α. forms, asondree, asondry at β. forms show remodelling by association with sundry adv., sundry adj. Word division in Old English and Middle English examples frequently reflects editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.
Now somewhat archaic or literary.
†1. Separately, individually, apart from others; (sometimes) spec. privately, in private. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > [adverb] > apart or asunder
sundereOE
asunderOE
asunderOE
a-twoc1270
a-twin1303
in sundera1387
serea1400
disjointc1430
sunderwisec1440
bysondre1496
apart1608
a-twain1870
OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) iv. 34 Ne spæc he na butan bigspelle; eall he his leorningcnihtum asundron [c1200 Hatton asundren; L. seorsum] rehte.
OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) vii. 33 Ða nam he hine onsundran [c1200 Hatton asundre; L. seorsum] of þære menigu.
OE Rule St. Benet (Corpus Cambr.) xliii. 68 Ne stande he on chore on his stede.., ac stande he..on ðam stede, þe se abbod swa gemeleasum monnum to stealle on sundrum [OE Tiber. asundran; a1225 Winteney on sundrum; L. seorsum] betæht hæfð.
c1451 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert (1910) 111 (MED) Þe Pope..say þe wytnesse and þe iurates what þei wer, apposed hem a-sundyr, and fond gret acord betwix hem.
a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1980) ii. 197 (MED) He grantyth þe vhs of þe þing & it mon nout be seld on sondry.
1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Gal. i. f. iiv But me called he a sonder to be his preacher.
1584 D. Fenner Artes of Logike & Rethorike sig. D3 As in the finenesse of wordes or a trope, wordes are considered asunder by them selues.
1631 G. C. tr. P. Du Moulin Learned Treat. Trad. xx. 257 Every one of these points shall be examined asunder.
1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 217 The several words taken asunder have nothing Poetical in them.
1703 Athenian Oracle I. 234/2 These things we have all thought on before, taken distinctly or asunder, but never just in that very order.
2. With reference to two or more people or things.
a. Apart or separate from one another.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > [adverb] > apart or asunder
sundereOE
asunderOE
asunderOE
a-twoc1270
a-twin1303
in sundera1387
serea1400
disjointc1430
sunderwisec1440
bysondre1496
apart1608
a-twain1870
OE Genesis B 842 Hwurfon hie ba twa [sc. Adam and Eve], togengdon gnorngende on þone grenan weald, sæton onsundran, bidan selfes gesceapu heofoncyninges.
OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Corpus Cambr.) xliii. 32 On sundron þa egyptiscan, & on sundron þa ebreiscan. Hit næs na alyued þæt hi ætgædere æton.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 393 On sundri ðhenken he to ben And neiðere on oðer sen.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 9211 Þese men þat hadde go þus karolland..hand yn hand; Þogh þat þey were þan asunder.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) ii. 6841 Þre regions..þei er o sundere.
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 493 Wyd was his parisshe, and houses fer a sonder.
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iv. l. 133 (MED) Sowe hem..half a foote asonder.
?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Bviij Of townes to know the sytuacyon How ferre they be a sunder And other poyntes of cosmograyfy.
1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Eiiiiv How far and how nere the pillers shalbe set a sunder.
1611 T. Heywood Golden Age iv. sig. H Heer's a coyle to keep fire and tow a sunder.
1653 H. Holcroft tr. Procopius Gothick Warre i. 5 in tr. Procopius Hist. Warres Justinian Shee..confined them single, and far asunder, to the remotest parts of Italy.
1731 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. I. at Mushrooms You should put in some of the Knobs of Mushroom Earth, about six Inches asunder.
1777 S. Johnson Let. 6 Oct. (1992) III. 81 We are now near half the length of England asunder.
1810 R. Parkinson Treat. Breeding & Managem. Live Stock I. i. 3 The two bones on each side of the tail, by some called the tut bones, should be about two inches lower than the tail, and not far asunder.
1867 J. A. Froude Short Stud. 1st Ser. I. 22 Wide asunder as pole and pole.
1900 Derby Mercury 18 Apr. 7/5 The first thinning should be made when the plants are small to about six inches asunder.
2005 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 11 Feb. 3 After decades in which fate has kept them asunder, a staid, devoted middle-aged couple are to venture up the aisle together.
b. Apart or away from each other in direction or motion.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > [adverb]
sunderlyeOE
sundryOE
asundera1325
discretelyc1475
sundrily1487
severally1541
sunderwisea1550
separately1552
sejunctly1586
disjunctively1590
sejunctively1602
severedly1605
abstractivelya1651
incommunicately1664
detachedly1797
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 116 Ðe ðridde dai..Was water and erðe osunder sad.
c1330 (?c1300) Amis & Amiloun (Auch.) (1937) l. 309 Now we asondri schal wende.
c1450 (c1405) Mum & Sothsegger (BL Add. 41666) (1936) l. 277 (MED) Thus after talkyng we twynned a-sundre..and oure mote endid.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 140 They wolde not departe on sondre.
1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. clxxxiv. 556 Thoughe the lordes departed euery daye vnagreed, yet they departed asonder right amiably.
1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII v. i. 112 My Chaffe And Corne shall flye asunder . View more context for this quotation
1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 37 All the Springs of the several parts..immediately extricate themselves and fly asunder every way.
1781 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 71 42 As he was standing at it [sc. the window] with his hands clasped..a most violent flash of fire forced his hands asunder.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 685 Lochiel..while forcing them asunder, received a wound.
1906 J. Galsworthy Man of Prop. ii. xiii He went up to the curtains, and..drew them asunder.
2016 Irish Independent (Nexis) 3 Sept. (Weekend section) 18 Her current work is eye-wateringly vibrant; think limbs flung asunder.
3. Into separate parts; in two; into pieces. Chiefly with reference to violent action, with verbs such as rend, tear, cut, break, burst, split, etc. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separation or breaking up into constituent parts > into (small) pieces [phrase]
in (also into, on, a) piecesa1275
(all) to shiversc1275
to piecesc1300
asundera1325
to set in sunderc1325
in sunderc1390
in, into shredsc1400
in small1419
in piecemeal?a1425
in piecemealsa1470
by piecemeals1576
in shivers1589
in or into splinters1612
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separation or breaking up into constituent parts > [adverb] > into separate parts
asundera1325
in sunderc1390
piecemeala1450
sundry1531
piecely1552
a-pieces1560
apart1608
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3909 Ðis water him on-sunder drog, And let hem ouer drige ynog.
c1330 (?a1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) p. 600 (MED) In-to þe scheld a fot & half on Wiþ his swerd he smot asunder; & wiþ þe out-braiding his swerd brast.
c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. viii. 100 Pers, for puire teone pollede hit a-sonder.
a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xiv. l. 199 Bothe palettes & scheldes he to-Craked Asondir.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts i. 19 Brast a sondre in the myddes.
1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 144 To rent and breake a sunder our good and sure friendship.
1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper i. 85 If she will saw me asunder, let her.
1675 G. Harvey Dis. of London xvii. 205 When a Nerve is punctured, or cut asunder..it's only apt to be surprized with a very great pain.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. vii. 367 His fore-mast was broken asunder..and was only kept together by the fishes which had been formerly clapt upon it.
1785 H. Swinburne Trav. in Two Sicilies II. v. 33 In 1538, after previous notice by repeated quakings, the convulsed earth burst asunder.
1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. xiii. 143 The simplest way in which a body can be broken, is by tearing it asunder.
1820 W. Scoresby Acct. Arctic Regions I. 254 The whole mass falls asunder.
1863 A. P. Stanley Lect. Jewish Church I. v. 110 The rending asunder of the veil which overhung the temple.
1938 J. Fante Wait until Spring, Bandini x. 257 He heard..the plinking of his father's stone mallet when it struck the dressing chisel and split the stone asunder.
1975 J. Clavell Shōgun i. 19 She had ruled for five years and the realm was torn asunder with hatred and fear and bloodshed.
2016 Grimsby Tel. (Nexis) 23 Dec. 16 A union that is now at real risk of being rent asunder by the EU referendum.
†4.
a. In predicative use: distinct in kind or nature; different, unlike. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [adverb] > apart from each other
asunderc1405
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) Prol. l. 10 Freres and feendes been but lyte a sonder.
c1450 ( J. Walton tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Linc. Cathedral 103) 95 (MED) But þat þou schuldest þerfore ben honourable As in ȝoure kynde, ȝe ben full fer asonder.
1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet iii. v. 81 Villaine and he are manie miles a sunder . View more context for this quotation
1658 E. Hyde Christ & his Church 328 Self-love and Saviour-love cannot be together, since self ends and Saviour-ends are so far asunder.
1719 T. Mangey Lord Bishop's Let. Defended vii. 66 This Agreement of Churches so far asunder, is an Argument that the Matter wherein they agreed was of very early, if not of apostolical Institution.
1838 J. Carey Thoughts Concerning Domest. Slavery 56 The two nations were too far asunder ever to be united.
1888 R. Hovey Along Trail (1899) 99 He worketh in light And I in darkness; His ways and my ways are asunder.
b. So as to be able to distinguish or tell apart two or more similar things. Usually in to know asunder. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > differ from [verb (transitive)] > distinguish or differentiate
to-skillc1175
disguise1340
asunderc1425
differc1450
difference1490
sort1553
distinguish1576
particularize?1593
diversify1594
subdistinguish1610
discriminate1615
severalize1645
specify1645
disresemble1651
estrange1727
discrepate1828
differentialize1833
differentiate1838
dissimilate1876
redifferentiate1970
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 903 (MED) Þis briddes knowe, only of nature, Grekys and Latyns kyndely assonder Whan þei hem seen.
c1525 J. Skelton Against Scottes 96 Know ye not suger and salt asondyr.
1553 tr. Short Catech. f. xliv Canst thou yet further depaint me out that congregacion, whych thou callest a kingdome or comon weale of Christianes..that it may seuerally and playnly be knowen asonder from eche other fellowshyppe of men?
1620 T. Scott High-waies of God (1623) 80 Looke in the streete, if you can distinguish men and women asunder..if euery Succuba seemes not an Incubus.
1625 G. Markham Inrichm. Weald of Kent 8 Foure sorts of Marle be found in this Weald, knowne asunder by the difference of colours.
1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire vii. 190 They became all grown cattle, and so strangely alike, that their very owner himself scarce knew them asunder.
1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 264 It was impossible to know them assunder.
1786 C. Varlo Essence Agric. xliv. 218 The seeds are so near alike that..it is a good judge that can know them asunder.
1833 W. Hill Analogy & Syntax of Eng. Lang. i. 10 It is necessary, in order to his becoming a good workman, that he should know these things asunder.
1879 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 30 Oct. 5/4 They were so like the patterns of Irish poplin exhibited in the room that it was hard to know them asunder.

Phrases

to put asunder: to separate, part; to split up.Frequently paraphrasing or alluding to the words used in the marriage ceremony of many Christian denominations, based on Matthew 19:6 (see quot. 1526).
ΚΠ
a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 1374 (MED) Whan the saugh two straunge knyghtes fight..Adrastus..put hem first a-sonder [c1460 Laud Misc. 416 in sonder, a1500 Laud Misc. 557 on sonder].
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xix. f. xxvjv Let not man therefore put asunder, that which god hath cuppled to gedder.
1567 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure II. xxv. f. 233 Be sure that nothing else but death shal deuide and put vs asunder.
1630 J. Evans Sacrifice Contrite Heart 337 Who by our sinnes are put asunder from thy deare loue.
1660 M. Griffith Fear of God & King in Samaritan Revived 60 God and the king are coupled in the Text; and what the Holy Ghost hath thus firmly combin'd, we may not, we must not dare to put asunder.
1732 J. Wesley Let. 28 Feb. (1931) I. 121 Whom God hath joined can Death put asunder?
1746 E. Haywood Female Spectator IV. 330 They [sc. good manners] go Hand in Hand with Religion, and cannot be put asunder.
1845 N. Amer. Rev. Oct. 336 He believed, that, if he could remove these sandy barriers, which put asunder what nature had intended should be joined together, fruitful results would ensue.
1883 Cent. Mag. Nov. 59/1 A proclamation of victory over the malady that had striven to put two hearts asunder.
1968 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 114 700/2 Diagnostic classifications, unlike ideal marriages, often put asunder those who rightfully belong together.
2001 Times 22 Mar. i. 8/3 The unity in Christ between husband and wife that is created sacramentally or covenantally through marriage..should not be put asunder at the Eucharist.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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v.OEadv.OE
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