asadv.conj.

Brit.

/az/,

/əz/, U.S.

/æz/,

/əz/

Forms:

α. Old English æalswa, Old English allsuæ (Northumbrian), Old English (Anglian)–early Middle English allswa, Old English (Anglian)–early Middle English alswa, Old English–early Middle English eallswa, Old English–early Middle English ealswa, late Old English alswea (Kentish), late Old English–early Middle English ælswa, early Middle English alleswo, early Middle English allswo, early Middle English alscho (perhaps transmission error), early Middle English alswo, early Middle English ealswo, early Middle English ellswa, early Middle English heallswa, early Middle English healswa, early Middle English–1500s alsua (northern in later use), Middle English alleso, Middle English allso, Middle English allsua (northern), Middle English alsa (northern in later use), Middle English alsoo, Middle English alsso (chiefly north-east midlands in later use), Middle English alsuo (south-eastern), Middle English alzo (south-eastern), Middle English alzuo (south-eastern), Middle English–1500s also; Scottish pre-1700 alsa, pre-1700 alsua.

β. In later use chiefly northern and north midlands late Old English ealsæ, early Middle English allse ( Ormulum), early Middle English alsse, early Middle English ealse, Middle English ales, Middle English alles, Middle English alss (in a late copy), Middle English–1500s alls, Middle English–1500s als, Middle English–1500s alse, Middle English–1500s hals; Scottish pre-1700 allis, pre-1700 alls, pre-1700 hals, pre-1700 1700s als, pre-1700 1700s alse.

γ. south-west midlands early Middle English asswa, early Middle English aswa.

δ. Middle English asse, Middle English aze (south-eastern), Middle English es, Middle English hase, Middle English hasse, Middle English oos, Middle English ose, Middle English osse, Middle English–1500s has, Middle English–1500s os, Middle English–1600s ase, Middle English– as, 1500s–1600s (1700s North American) ass, 1800s– 's (regional and colloquial); English regional 1800s– az; U.S. regional 1800s is, 1800s uz, 1800s– ez, 1800s– iz; Scottish pre-1700 aws, pre-1700 ays, pre-1700 es, pre-1700 has, pre-1700 hes, pre-1700 1700s– as, 1700s– 's.

Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: also adv.

Etymology: Originally the same word as also adv., now distinguished in form in the senses below.The current form of the headword is the result of the progressive phonetic reduction of Old English eall swa , which originated as an intensification of so adv. and conj. (see also adv. and compare Germanic parallels cited at that entry). This intensive formation was used in Old English in all of the main historical senses of so adv. and conj., appearing in correlative constructions expressing comparison of equivalence, most commonly as an antecedent adverb in a main clause (e.g. eallswa beorht swa gold : compare sense A.) but also as a relative conjunction in the subordinate clause (e.g. eallswa beorht eallswa gold : compare sense B.), and outside such constructions as a simple uncorrelated demonstrative adverb (see Old English examples at also adv.). During the course of the Middle English period, the word underwent progressive reduction, apparently first in the relative use and subsequently also as an antecedent adverb. Consequently, as is now the only form used in the relative function and shares with so adv. and conj. that of antecedent (i.e. ‘as good as this’, ‘not so good as that’). Full reduction to as , by contrast, does not seem to have occurred in the uncorrelated demonstrative use (although compare with loss of final -o β. forms at also adv. and n.), and since around 1500 disyllabic forms have been restricted to use in that function, examples of which, regardless of form, are given at also adv. Several of the Germanic cognates listed at also adv. have developed along similar lines, undergoing phonetic reduction in some situations during the medieval period, with a functional distinction between the reduced and unreduced forms emerging in the modern period (although the former is usually restricted to use as a comparative conjunction in those languages, and does not retain senses corresponding to as adv.). For example, Old High German alsō , like Old English eall swā , was used as a demonstrative adverb both within correlative constructions and in uncorrelated use, as well as functioning as a relative conjunction, and underwent progressive phonetic reduction during the Middle High German period, first before vowels, to alse , als (and occasionally as ). The disyllabic form, as in English, now serves as a demonstrative adverb (although in a wider range of senses than now shown by also adv.: chiefly ‘in this way, thus’, ‘in such a way (that)’, ‘therefore, consequently’, ‘that is to say, namely’, and as a discourse marker in various senses corresponding to those of so adv. and conj.), while the reduced form als is used only as a comparative conjunction, and in a more restricted range of senses than as conj.: chiefly after the comparative degree in sense ‘than’ (compare sense B. 5), in such constructions as als Künstler mache ich Musik für alle (compare sense B. 11), and introducing a contemporaneous event or action in the sense ‘while, when’ when referring to events in the past, having been superseded in many of its historical functions in the modern period by wie . In modern German neither also nor als is usually used in correlative constructions of the kind discussed above, where so now takes the role of antecedent adverb and wie that of relative conjunction. Compare similarly Old Dutch also (adverb) in this way, thus, therefore, this much, so, (conjunction) as (Middle Dutch also , alsoo , asso , alse , als , as (adverb) so, likewise, thus, (conjunction) if, as though, like, as, when, than, as soon as, Dutch alzo , alzoo (adverb) in this way, thus, so, als (conjunction) like, (such) as, when, if). In combination with many common adjectives and adverbs as was often written as one word until the 18th cent., especially in such idiomatic constructions as e.g. asmuch , aswell , asfaste , assoon , astite ; relics of this survive in forasmuch , inasmuch , and whereas . The γ. forms are attested (rarely) only in the Cleopatra manuscript of Ancrene Riwle (compare quot. ?c1225 at sense A. 2). In early use (in α. forms) frequently written as two words. (Word division in Old English and Middle English examples below often reflects the editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.)

A. adv. In a main clause, as antecedent or demonstrative adverb, introducing an explicit or implied subordinate clause, esp. one expressing a comparison of equivalence.

†I. With so in the subordinate clause. Compare so adv. and conj. 17.

1. Of quantity or degree: in that degree, to that extent (in or to which). Obsolete.

ΚΠ

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xx. 337 Seo beorhtnys is eallswa eald swa ðæt fyr þe heo of cymð.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1129 Se kyng..& se eorl..wurðon þa alswa gode freond swa hi wæron æror feond.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 157 (MED) He ne mei þider cume alse raðe se he walde.

a1275 St. Margaret (Trin. Cambr.) l. 156 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 52 Þe holi gost..scon ase briste so sonne abouten non.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4971 Al swa longe. swa þa woreld stondeð.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1238 Al-so fer so a boge mai ten.

c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 555 Al so sone so he miȝte.

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 2329 Ase loude so he..miȝte to ys men criede he there.

c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 395 (MED) Also oft so he wolde, Þat game she refuse nolde.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. viii. l. 232 (MED) So shalt þow come to a court as cleer so þe sonne.

a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk Instr. Parish Priests (Claud.) (1974) l. 394 Þenne schale þe husbonde als blyue Teche & preche so hys wyue.

2. Of quality or manner: in the (same) way (that). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adverb] > so or in such a manner

soc888

ylikeeOE

asOE

so‥asa1225

likea1393

like asc1475

s'a1616

the same1765

same like1898

OE Wulfstan Luke on Last Days (Hatton 113) 123 Witodlice ealswa flod com hwilum ær for synnum, swa cymð eac for synnum fyr ofer mancynn.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 25 He seið mið þa muðe þet nis naut in his heorte... Ah al swa he doð swa þe swica þe bi-swikeð hine seolfe onende.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 59 Asswa se [c1230 Corpus Cambr. alswa as] ȝe maȝen iseon. water hwenne me..stoppeð hit bifore wel þet hit ne maȝe dunewart þenne is hit ined aȝein forto climben upwart. & ȝe alþis weis..Forstoppið ouwer þochtes as ȝe wulleð þet ha climben & hechentowart heouene.

II. With as also in the subordinate clause (see senses B. 1a, B. 14).

3. Of quantity or degree: in that degree; to that extent (in or to which).

ΚΠ

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xix. 326 Ealswa bealdlice mot se þeowa clypian god him to fæder ealswa se cyning.

lOE Homily: Evangelium de Virginibus (Corpus Cambr. 303) in H. L. C. Tristram Vier Altenglische Predigten aus der Heterodoxen Trad. (Ph.D. diss., Freiburg) (1970) 442 Domesdæg cymð æt þises woruldes ænde ealswa færlice ofer mancyn, ealswa se þeof þe cymð stillice on niht.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 12290 Allse unncweme iss godd tatt tu Þurrh grediȝnesse gillte Alls himm iss ȝiff þu gilltest her Ȝæn himm þurrh gluterrnesse.

a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 239 Ȝe seneȝden alse lange alse ȝe lefede and ȝe scule birne alse longe as ic lefie.

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 27 Syon wes..icleopet þe hehe tur of ierusalem & syon ase muchel on englische ledene ase heh sihðe.

c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 803 Ihc wulle ȝeue þe a kinedom, Also long & also brod, Also eure ȝet þi fader ibod.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7526 (MED) Þar he stod als still os stake.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. iv. l. 195 Als longe as owre lyf lasteth.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 984 Al-so salt as ani se.

c1410 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Harl. 7334) (1885) l. 287 Al so lene was his hors as is a rake.

c1430 N. Love Mirror Blessed Life (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 220 Also mochel as thou may.

a1450 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Caius) (1810) l. 2524 Alsoo faste, As quarrel dos off the arweblast.

1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 53 Also seke as she was.

?a1500 (?1458) in J. H. Parker Some Acct. Domest. Archit. (1859) III. ii. 42 Werkemen als wise as they coude fynde any.

a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) viii. 65 Alsa frely as before.

1530 Sarum Man. in W. Maskell Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiae Anglicanae (1882) II. 295 Alse often as thei be..required.

1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Cathechisme or Schort Instr. 111 Als far as apperteins to y^e office.

1600 R. Armin Foole vpon Foole sig. B1^v Hee was as dead as a doore nayle.

1650 A. Cowley Guardian ii. ii. sig. B3 If I look not as grave as a Judge upon the bench, let me be hanged for't.

1701 W. Wotton Hist. Rome Alex. iii. 504 He was as covetous as cruel.

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 155. ⁋5 As busy as possible.

1769 J. Cook Jrnl. 4 Feb. (1955) I. 55 pm had a boat out and shott several sorts of Birds, one of which was an Albetross as large as a Goose.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 275 He used it, as far as he dared.

1879 W. Black Macleod of Dare xxvi He was as mad as a hatter about her.

1920 K. Mayo That Damn Y xxviii. 356 There she was at breakfast to see us off, as fresh as paint and as bright as a button.

1955 W. Moore Bring Jubilee iii. 28 You're a gloomy gus, Hodge. Tain't's bad's that.

1969 H. E. Bates Vanished World 61 Joe was as merry as a boozy cricket.

2001 Working from Home Mar. 42/2 Laptops with screens as big as 15 inches—almost as big as a conventional PC monitor.

†4. Of quality or manner: in the (same) way. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) iii. 174 Eall swa yfen gegaderað þæt word, eall swa diastole hyt totwæmð.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 281 & all all swa se godess lamb..Lihhtlike mihhte..Þa seffne innseȝȝless oppnenn..All swa rihht he [mihhte] lihhtlike inoh..Seffne godnessess shæwenn.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 153 He his sunnen undeð to his proste alswa alse he heom haueð idon.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 316 Ȝef ȝe findeð þet ȝe don alswa as ȝe redeð.

1258 Proclam. Henry III (Bodl.) in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1880–1 (1883) *173 (MED) Alswo alse hit is to foren iseid [Fr. en la maniere kil est dit desuz].

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3436 Al [s] he redde, al so gan it ben.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 475 Al-so he mistagte, also he schet.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 137 Alsuo ase þe zoþe milde hereþ þe oþre..alsuo he blameþ him zelve.

III. With no subordinate clause.

5. In comparisons of degree (cf. sense A. 3) with subordinate clause contextually implied.

a. Where the implied subordinate clause would express ‘as that or those just mentioned’ (as in the main clause being equivalent to ‘equally’).

ΚΠ

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xxx. 267 Iob..hæfde seofon suna and ðreo dohtra ær, and siððan eft eal swa fela.

OE Homily (Hatton 113) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 135 Utan nu..geþencan þone nacodan lichoman, þe we on ðas woruld brohton, þæt we hine sceolon eft ealswa nacodne alæton.

lOE Possessions, Rents, & Grants, Bury St. Edmunds in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 198 Ðis is Sancte Eadmundes ferme on Byrtune, IIII met maltes..halmet hwæte, an ryðer, & II swin IIII ges XX hennen. Of Ruham ealswa mycel.

?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 11 Nim..grene diles twa handfulle and rudan ealswa micel.

c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 172 Weien hit to lutel is ase uuel oðer wurse.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1570 Nes on Leir kinges lond nan wifman al swa hende.

?a1300 Iacob & Iosep (Bodl.) (1916) l. 387 (MED) Nas neuere, for his fader, child also bliþe.

c1330 Horn Child l. 625 in J. Hall King Horn (1901) 186 (MED) Þe kniȝt toke a schaft in hand..Horn tok on al so long.

c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 339 And he loued hym as tendrely agayn.

1465 in A. Clark Lincoln Diocese Documents (1914) 120 (MED) I wol haue cc masses doon and al so many dirigies for my soule.

1478 Let. 17 Aug. in Cely Lett. (1975) 27 Ther we vndyrwretyn shall meyt wyth alls many of yowr ordyr and shot wyth yow at the same prykys for a dyner or a supper.

1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. clxii Thoughe he be good, yet other ar als bad.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 64^v Kyng Sapmon..With alsmony abill shippes auntrid hym seluyn.

1551 W. Turner Herball (1568) 119 Galene sayeth that clinopodium is hote and dry in the thyrde degre, but our clinopodium is not al so hote.

1618 G. Chapman in tr. Hesiod Georgicks Ep. Ded. sig. A2^v Nor were those Greeks so circular in their elegant utterance, but their inward judgments and learnings were as round and solid.

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 113. ⁋4 Chance has..thrown me very often in her way, and she as often has directed a Discourse to me.

1777 W. Anderson Jrnl. Feb. in J. Cook Jrnls. (1967) III. 805 There is one [plant] which..produces a fine silky flax superior in appearance to any thing we have and probably at least as strong.

1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xlix. 490 Melt all these down into one, with the three Graces, the nine Muses, and fourteen biscuit-bakers' daughters from Oxford-street, and make a woman half as lovely.

1891 J. C. Atkinson Last of Giant-killers 170 Some even say that a right-shaped twig of any tree will do just as well.

1913 C. Mackenzie Sinister St. I. ii. ii. 165 ‘She was a clinker,’ Alan regretted. ‘I don't suppose we shall ever see a girl half as pretty,’ Michael thought.

1944 M. Irwin Young Bess ii. 27 Worse still, François was three years younger than Henry, was as tall and strong, had lived as well.

1994 Sci. Amer. Nov. 86/3 Lithium batteries may last longer than do traditional nickel-cadmium cells, but they can be nearly three times as expensive.

†b. Where the implied subordinate clause would express ‘as can be imagined’, ‘as may be’, ‘as possible’. Obsolete (U.S. regional in later use). See also as blive at belive adv. and adj. Phrases, as fast (as) at fast adv. 7b, as soon at soon adv. 7b, as swith at swith adv. 4c, as tite at tite adv. and adj. Phrases. [Compare classical Latin quam in e.g. quam maximum ‘as big as possible’.]

ΚΠ

c1275 Kentish Serm. in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 219 (MED) Þo aros up ure lord..and also raþe hit was stille.

c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) l. 343 His sclauain he dede on also spac & henge his harp opon his bac.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 4344 (MED) Þat werwolf..queite toward þe quene, to quelle hire as bliue.

c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 972 (MED) Alisaunder þe spere forlete, And drouȝ his swerd also skeete.

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 151 Now Nece myn by natal Ioues feste, were .I. a god ye sholde sterue as yerne.

1893 ‘M. Twain’ in St. Nicholas Nov. 20/2 He would sit up that night till the town was as still and dark, and then he would sneak there.

c. In a hypothetical statement, where the implied subordinate clause would express ‘as not’, ‘as the opposite course’, ‘as anything else’; esp. with good, lief, or soon. as well: see well adv. and n.⁴ Phrases 2c.

ΚΠ

c1432 ( G. Chaucer Complaint to Purse (BL Add. 22139) (1879) l. 5 That certes but ȝe make me any chere Me were as lefe be leyd vpon my bere.

1550 H. Latimer Last Serm. before Edward VI (1562) 121 Should I haue named hym? nay they should as sone haue this wesaunt of mine.

1581 Compendious Exam. Certayne Ordinary Complaints ii. f. 31 Then I had as liefe haue smal gadds or plats of Siluer and Gold without any coyne at al.

1609 Euerie Woman in her Humor sig. B2 I had as leef haue heard the grinding of a Mustard Mill.

1666 G. Alsop Char. Province Maryland 46 I am certainly confident, that England would as soon feel her feebleness by withdrawment of so great an upholder.

1702 J. Vanbrugh False Friend ii. i Keep a woman honest? Udsdeath! I'd as soon undertake to keep Portocarero honest!

1775 R. B. Sheridan Rivals v. iii I'd as lieve let it alone.

1841 R. D. Hampden in Some Mem. (1871) 132 Those who now brought in the new Government would as soon turn them out.

1860 O. W. Holmes Professor at Breakfast-table vii. 214 I'd as lief undertake to keep a span of elephants.

1906 ‘H. Foulis’ Vital Spark ii. 9 ‘But you havena a canary at aal, have you?’.. ‘Me?’ said Para Handy, ‘I would as soon think of keepin' a hoolet.’

1952 J. Lait & L. Mortimer U.S.A. Confidential i. iii. 22 Now, with certain forms of gambling hedged in with restrictions.., the big boys would as soon get out.

1998 H. Strachan Way Up Way Out vi. 104 We get the feeling that some of the drivers would as lief chuck out their present passengers for the chance of giving us a lift.

†6. In emphatic use, introducing an imperative sentence. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 589 That hoote cultour in the chymenee heere As lene it me, I haue ther with to doone.

a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Corpus Cambr. 61) (1895) v. l. 522 Ffor loue of god ful pitously he sayde As [a1413 Morgan So] go we sen the palais of Criseyde.

a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 149 (MED) If þat þe like to ben esyd wel, As [?c1425 Royal Then] suffre me with þe to talke a whyle.

a1500 (a1400) Sir Amadace (Adv.) (1810) l. 389 (MED) Now, God that dyed on rode..Os lette me neuer come in ther syght.

†7. Introducing an elliptical interrogative sentence, in as how?, as why? Obsolete (nonstandard in later use).

ΚΠ

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxi. 262 Anna. Nay..And do it lawfully. Cayphas.As how? Anna. Tel you I can.

a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 117 Hoope Thi argument procedith of ignoraunce. Vndrestondyng As hough? Hoope By as moch as thou knowest not the condicion and the difference of qualitees and of the attribucions of the names of God.

1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 16/1 We shall see sometime how heretikes come to turne the groundes of our faith wholy vpside downe. As how? If any denie that Iesus Christ is God euerlasting, etc.

a1610 J. Healey tr. Epictetus Manuall (1636) xxxi. 39 But I have yet no meanes to benefit my countrey! As how man? you cannot builde it a schoole, an Exchange, or a Bathe: what's all that to the purpose?

1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode iii. i. 36 Naive! as how? Phil. Speaking of a thing that was naturally said; it was so naive.

1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews II. iii. xi. 161 If he could be ruined alone, she should be very willing for it, for because as why,..he deserved it.

1764 S. Foote Lyar i. i. 7 Pap. This disguise procures me many resources... Y. Wild. As how?.. Pap. Why, at a pinch, Sir, I am either a teacher of tongues..or a dancing-master.

1801 R. Southey Thalaba I. iv. 213 When he might awe the Elements, and make Myriads of Spirits serve him!..But as how! By a league with Hell, a covenant that binds The soul to utter death!

1871 All Year Round 17 June 64/1 Didn't see any harm in poaching. As why? The squire didn't feed the partridges, the pheasants, and the hares, as he did his horses and dogs.

†IV. With another or no conjunction in the subordinate clause.

8. In clauses of time or quantity, with that, till, until, or no correlative conjunction. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 5271 (MED) Als suith [a1400 Fairf. als squiþe as, a1400 Gött. als suith as; a1400 Trin. Cambr. soone as] i þare was cummen, Wit il consail þan was i nummen.

c1410 tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 147 Also sone [L. mox] his bagges and harneys i-gadred to gidre, he made hym redy for to goo.

1421 in Archæol. Jrnl. (1850) 7 57 John' And Rob't schall'..make yair lymkilns..Als mekylle, will suffis yaim to ye werke abown' saide.

?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 176 (MED) Here of had þei als gret meruaylle, þat summe of hem trowed [etc.].

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 79 (MED) To which þai adde as mych of furfur, þat it be inspissed.

1455 in A. Clark Lincoln Diocese Documents (1914) 68 (MED) All that other deel shal be in my Executours handes..as long, till thei haue therof CC marces.

a1500 Rule Minoresses in W. W. Seton Two 15th Cent. Franciscan Rules (1914) 103 (MED) Refectuouere schal sowne þe smale belle..be as longe time þat alle þe Sustris may be redili ensemblid.

c1500 Melusine (1895) 110 As long that ye shall vse of feythfulnes..ye shall not be dyscomfyted ne ouercome in no faytte of armes.

1525 tr. H. von Brunschwig Noble Experyence Vertuous Handy Warke Surg. clix. sig. L.iv^v The other daye shall ye lay on one plaster mundificatiuue, as longe tyll the wounde be well clensyd.

1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. vii. vi. f. 39 The inscisione being done, we muste suffer it to bleede as longe, till it of it selfe restraygneth & stoppeth.

1663 G. Harvey Archelogia Philosophica Nova I. iv. vii. No lesse than will swell him to that bigness, as forceth him to unbutton two or three buttons of his doublet, and so drink as long, untill all his buttons are dispatcht.

B. conj. In a subordinate clause which expresses the manner, degree, time, place, reason, purpose, or result, of the main clause, and in other relative, subordinating, or restrictive functions.

I. Introducing a clause expressing quantity or degree (preceded by adjective or adverb).

a. With antecedent as (see sense A. 3), expressing a comparison of equivalence: in which degree, to what extent. Frequently in proverbial similes.as far as: see far adv. 6b. as fast as: see fast adv. 7b. as soon as: see soon adv. 4c.

ΚΠ

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xix. 326 Ealswa bealdlice mot se þeowa clypian god him to fæder ealswa se cyning.

a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 239 Ȝe seneȝden alse lange alse ȝe lefede and ȝe scule birne alse longe as ic lefie.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 299 Rin him wið ase muche luue as þu hauest..he is þin.

a1300 Rhyming Charter (Sawyer 457) in W. de G. Birch Cartularium Saxonicum (1887) II. 326 And in al thinges be als free As hert may thynke or eygh may se.

c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 2469 (MED) Wiþ litel folk, & nouȝt wiþ miche, Wiþ also litel als he may.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 823 Als fast as þai had don þat sinne.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xxii. l. 440 Trauaileþ..for a tretour al-so sore As for a trewe tydy man.

c1475 (a1400) Sir Amadace (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 43 (MED) Als gay Als any erliche mon.

1479 T. Granger Let. 20 Oct. in Cely Lett. (1975) 58 And sir, he answerd me agayn and sayd how þat he wolde do also myche ffor yow as lay in his power to do.

?a1518 H. Watson Ualentyne & Orson (1555) i. sig. Bii Also sone as king Pepin vnderstode theyr message, he graunted them theyr request.

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. C1^v As round as a ball.

1615 R. Hamor True Disc. Present Estate Virginia 20 Racounes, almost as big as a Fox, as good meat as a lamb.

1663 J. Beale Let. 29 Sept. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) II. 134 Phantasy is as speedy at her worke as any spider.

1745 J. Wesley Let. 28 Sept. (1931) II. 47 I believe myself to have as steady a faith in a pardoning God as you can have.

1786 R. Burns To Haggis in Poems & Songs (1968) I. 310 A grace As lang's my arm.

1808 E. S. Barrett Miss-led General vii. 83 He was as good a general as he had been a bishop.

1875 J. H. Newman Let. 29 Oct. in J. Keble Occas. Papers (1877) p. xiii He had as little aim at literary success in what he wrote, as most authors have a thirst for attaining it.

1920 R. Macaulay Potterism i. i. 3 They were..as intellectually snobbish as was proper to their years.

1952 J. L. Waten Alien Son 87 Now I'm as fresh and lively as a two-year-old.

2005 M. Lewycka Short Hist. Tractors in Ukrainian xxx. 307 The engine of the Rolls-Royce purrs as contentedly as a big cat.

†b. Expressing a comparison with a hypothetical fact or state expressed by the subjunctive: as if, as though. Cf. sense B. 7. Obsolete (archaic in later use).

ΚΠ

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 53 (MED) Þis faȝe folc..speket alse feire bi-foren heore euencristene, alse heo heom walde in to heore bosme puten.

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 1911 (MED) He..made hem rowte Als he weren kradel barnes.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1618 (MED) He schal declar hit also as hit on clay stande.

?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 89 Als wel as þei had ben of the same contree.

c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iii. l. 46 Thane cometh þer a congion..As not of his nolle as he þe nest made.

c1590 C. Marlowe Jew of Malta i. i. 59 Will serve as well as I were present there.

1594 (a1555) D. Lindsay Hist. Squyer Meldrum l. 518, in Wks. (1931) I. 160 As brym as he had bene ane Beir.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) i. i. 185 As stout and proud as he were Lord of all.

1668 Feign'd Astrologer i. i. 6 To delude all the town..He has taken as solemn a leave As he had been going to Tangier, or to Tyburn.

1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc v. 325 As certain of success As he had made a league with Victory.

1820 W. Combe Second Tour Dr. Syntax II. xxviii. 62 I often talk when I'm alone, And to myself declaim as loud As I were speaking to a crowd.

2. With antecedent so, in sense B. 1.

a. In affirmative contexts. Cf. so adv. and conj. 21b.

ΚΠ

lOE Metrical Charm: Against Wen (Royal 4 A.xiv) 11 Swa litel þu gewurþe alswa linsetcorn.

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 1606 So Inly feyr and goodly as is she.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 43 A child so lufand as thou art.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III ii. i. 84 Looke I so pale Lo: [= Lord] Dorset as the rest?

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. ii. 43 So well thy words become thee, as thy wounds.

1681 T. Otway Souldiers Fortune v. i. 57 'Tis great pity so good a Husband-man as you should want a Farm to cultivate.

1700 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding (new ed.) ii. xxxiii. 222 I shall be pardon'd for calling it by so harsh a name as Madness.

1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xvi. 82 To think I should act so barbarously as I did.

1841 T. Macaulay in Edinb. Rev. Jan. 491 In a world so full of temptation as this.

1842 Longfellow in Graham's Mag. Oct. 176/1 So long as you are innocent fear nothing.

1943 H. Pearson Conan Doyle iii. 39 If your magnet is so strong as all that, you would have your own broadside boomeranging back upon you.

1995 I. Banks Whit (1996) xvi. 259 It is possible to live so well as a child at High Easter Offerance.

b. In negative and interrogative contexts. Cf. so adv. and conj. 21a.

ΚΠ

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 Ne uuæren næure nan martyrs swa pined alse hi wæron.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 248 Nis naut..god se grim as ȝe him makeð.

a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 187 (MED) Hwi ne fele ich þe in mi breostes swo swote ase þu art?

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. xxxix. 1301 Þinges ben yknowe by odour, but nouȝt so wel as by sauour.

c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 323 Nowher so bisy a man as he ther nas.

?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 71 The cytee is not now so gret as it was wont to be.

c1450 Speculum Christiani (Harl. 6580) (1933) 4 (MED) No sacrifyce plesyth so mych god as loue of soules.

1529 T. More Supplyc. Soulys in Wks. 337/2 There is none so poore as we, y^t haue not a bratte to put on our backes.

1546 J. Heywood Dialogue ii. ix. sig. Kiv Who is so deafe, or so blynde, as hee, That wilfully will nother here nor see.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. v. 21 The day shall not be vp so soone as I.

1661 A. Brome Songs & Other Poems sig. Q5 No accents are so pleasant now as those That are Cæsura'd through the Pastors nose.

1712 J. Arbuthnot John Bull in his Senses iii. 15 There is nothing so obstinate as Young Ladies in their Amours.

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 160 I know nothing so abject as the behaviour of a man canvassing for a seat in parliament.

1816 J. Austen Emma II. iii. 36 Not so openly as he might have done had her father been out of the room.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. i. 10 No country suffered so much..as England.

1856 Ld. Tennyson Maud (rev. ed.) xix. ii, in Maud & Other Poems (new ed.) 64 When did a morning shine So rich in atonement as this?

1901 ‘J. Flynt’ World of Graft ii. 58 P'raps Bean-Town ain't so rotten as Chi..but that ain't the point.

1944 D. Welch In Youth is Pleasure iv. 57 He thought that there was nothing so bright and smart as a new bicycle.

2005 A. Masters Stuart viii. 71 I ask her patiently, though perhaps not quite so fluently as I'm writing here.

a. Without antecedent as or so, giving emphasis or absoluteness to the attribute or qualification.

ΚΠ

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 10837 Meoc & æddmod all se cullfre.

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 167 (MED) Fair alse mone, icoren alse sunne.

c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) l. 508 Lo! Hou his berd hongeþ to his kne! He is y-clongen al-so a tre!

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Song of Sol. vi. 9 Fair as the moone, chosen as the sunne, ferful as of tentes sheltrun ordeyned.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 12156 (MED) All als [a1400 Fairf. as] stan þai held þam still.

?1544 J. Heywood Foure PP sig. C.iij Euen the weyght of one scryppull Shall make you stronge as a cryppull.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. iii. sig. C2 Soone as the royall virgin he did spy.

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream i. i. 144 Momentany, as a sound; Swift, as a shadowe; short, as any dreame; Briefe, as the lightning.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 138 Soon as they forth were come.

1730 H. Fielding Tom Thumb ii. ii. 9 A Noise, Great as the Kettle Drums of twenty Armies.

1765 S. Foote Commissary i. 8 Rich as an Indian governor.

1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. i, in Poems 45 His favourite Lucy should be rich as fair.

1881 Scribner's Monthly 22 108/2 Quick as thought, Roger slipped his hands from their..noose.

1937 E. S. Gardner Case of Dangerous Dowager i. 8 You're going up against a crook who is smart as a steel trap.

1970 ‘R. Llewellyn’ But we didn't get Fox ii. 22 I'm sore's hell, but that's the situation!

1995 P. Conroy Beach Music (1996) ii. 41 An immaculate arrangement, pretty as a rose.

b. colloquial. With elision of the standard of comparison, intensifying the preceding attribute or qualification.

ΚΠ

1990 A. Duff Once were Warriors vi. 71 Jake fixing on that slightly fat belly, telling himself the fulla must be soft as butta. Soft as.

1999 C. Newland Society Within (2000) 33 Nah man... Dat's some pox I had lef' over from my las' lot—dat's gonna be draws only, so I need a ki, soon as.

2001 B. Rai (Un)arranged Marriage xxxi. 243 Even my mum had come up to me earlier in the day to tell me what a wonderful son I had finally become. Easy as.

2003 P. Kay et al. Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights: Scripts 1st Ser. Episode 5. 97/1 No filth, simple as. No smut, no swearing, no racism, right?

4. In parenthetical clauses forming an extension of the subject or predicate, with a somewhat concessive force: though, however, to whatever degree or extent.

†a. With antecedent so. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 173 (MED) Þohte þah..se ȝung þing as ha wes, hwet hit mahte ȝeinen þa heo hire ane were aȝein se kene keisere.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 1079 (MED) To bringe us so fre as we beþ In to so gret seruage.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xiv. l. 185 So wis as þow herte [read art] holde..so wide as þow regnest.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 659 So late as he cam in the thirde day there ded no man so well.

b. With antecedent as.

ΚΠ

c1300 St. Michael (Laud) l. 656 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 318 (MED) And ȝeot, ase gret ase þe eorþe þinchez and ase luyte ase heo is, þare nis bote þat seouenþe del.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. f. xliiii/2 Than thenglysshmen as sore trayueled as they were made then a gret assaut.

1580 T. Newton View of Valyaunce f. 21 Scipio, a man of smal stature,..by good fortune killed him, as great as he was.

1641 J. Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 37 I took leave of..Antwerp, as late as it was, embarking for Brussels.

1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie iii. sig. Lll5 As Pet. Ramas (as great a Clerk as he was)..hath most vainly told us.

?1720 Wonderful Wonder 1 The World as censorious as it is, is so kind [etc.].

1740 T. Gray Let. 2 Apr. in Poems (1775) I. 79 As high as my expectation was raised, I confess, the magnificence of this city infinitely surpasses it.

1815 R. Kerr Gen. Hist. & Coll. Voy. & Trav. XIV. iii. ii. 352 He asked the name of my Marai (burying-place). As strange a question as this was, I hesitated not a moment to tell him Stepney.

1890 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 2 Oct. 318/1 As satisfactory as this operation is.

1913 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 231/1 But as quick as I was, I was n't quick enough.

1985 V. C. Andrews Heaven vii. 133 As mean as he was, he'd save us from starvation.

2008 Independent 5 Nov. 34/4 As poor as they are, the fashion sense here blows my mind.

c. Without antecedent.

ΚΠ

a1627 H. Shirley Martyr'd Souldier (1638) ii. sig. D2^v Darke as it is, by the twilight of my Lanthorne, Methinks I see a company of Woodcocks.

1684 A. Behn Love-lett. between Noble-man & Sister 398 He tells her he was to wait on the Governour, about his most urgent affairs, and was (late as it was) to consult with him.

1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. x. 45 Bad as his Actions were..would there not have been [etc.]?

1796 in Ann. Rev. (1803) 1 212/1 (Low as it was) he should lose his cast.

1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. i, in Poems 55 Fair as she is, I would my widow take.

1864 Danville Q. Rev. Dec. 538 Strong as the Assembly's action was, we venture most confidently to affirm [etc.].

1910 H. A. Ruger Psychol. of Efficiency 25 Simple as the question seems, I can not easily, without trial, make out the answer.

1977 R. Coover Public Burning 155 Nevertheless, tough as he was, I could have whipped his ass from Foley Hill to Jenkins Hill and back again.

1999 B. Gordon Hollywood Exile xiv. 154 There was a call waiting from Yordan. Late as it was, I reached him in Madrid.

5. After the comparative degree: than. Now English regional (Yorkshire), Scottish regional, Irish English (northern) and U.S. regional. [Compare German besser als better than, classical Latin tam…quam as..as, plus quam more than.]

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > linking comparatives [conjunction]

than735

asc1300

anda1569

c1300 St. Edward Elder (Laud) l. 38 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 48 (MED) Fellere þing nis non ase wumman ȝware heo wole to vuele wende.

?a1425 (?1373) Lelamour Herbal (1938) f. 67^v (MED) Also this erbe haviþ mo vertues as endyue haþe.

?1461 Piers in Paston Lett. & Papers (2005) III. 175 I hadde neuer more neede..as I haue at this tyme.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) ii. xi. 110 Quhat mair hard myschance..Apperit to me as that?

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccii. 238 They coude do no better..as to make to their capitayne sir Eustace Dambreticourt.

?a1600 Marriage Wit & Wisdom (1846) iii. 27 I had rather haue your rome as your componie.

1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 2nd Bk. Wks. xxxii. 212 I..never made better cheer in my life as then.

1726 Private MS in Sc. National Dict. New Suppl. (Electronic text) (at cited word) More as a moneth befor the said Roup.

1779 J. Beattie List Two Hundred Scoticisms 5 More as that. More than that. I would rather go as stay. Rather go than.

1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well II. xiii. 241 I rather like him as otherwise.

1880 W. H. Patterson Gloss. Words Antrim & Down 3 I'd rather sell as buy.

1882 J. Lucas Stud. Nidderdale 231 I'd rather break steeans by t'rooad as dew that.

1893 H. A. Shands Some Peculiarities Speech Mississippi 17 Illiterate whites..say: ‘This is better as that’, ‘I'd rather have this as that’, etc.

1901 ‘G. Douglas’ House with Green Shutters iv. 32 There'll be dafter folk as me in your hoose yet.

1981 Eng. World-wide 2 i. 15 Dauvit Hume, a Borderer that spak braider as Burns.

1988 J. J. Graham & J. Tait Shetland Folk Bk. VIII. 45 Boy, is dis dee wissin at der might never mair coarn come up as is up?

II. Introducing a clause expressing quality or manner.

* Without antecedent.

a. With the subordinate clause consisting only of an adverbial or complement: in the same way as, as if, as it were.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adverb] > as if or as though

asOE

as ifc1175

askancesc1350

as whoc1380

like asa1393

like1405

like as and1523

OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxvi. 55 Eallswa to þeofe ge synt cumene mid swurdum & mid sahlum me to nymenne.

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 16 Auez, also er, fifsiðen.

c1300 St. Edmund King (Harl.) l.44 in F. J. Furnivall Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 88 (MED) Hi..bende here bowes & here arewes riȝte And as to a merke schote to him.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxvi. 55 As to a theef ȝee han gon out.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. cvii. 1256 The snayle..is yheled in his hous as in a chambre.

a1425 (a1382) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Gen. xxxvii. 7 I wenede vs to bynden hondfullis in the feelde, and myn hondful as [L. quasi] to ryse, and stonde, and ȝoure hondfullis..to loute myn hondful.

a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) i. 89 Sumtyme we spekyn to þe cros as to Crist.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A3 His angry steede did chide his foming bitt, As much disdayning to the curbe to yield.

1611 Bible (King James) Heb. xii. 7 God dealeth with you as with sonnes.

1664 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders (new ed.) i. sig. b7 (The Horse) is as to seek.

a1716 O. Blackall Wks. (1723) I. xlix. 504 Putting up Prayers to the Saints departed, as to a sort of petty Gods in Heaven.

1763 J. Brown Diss. Poetry & Music §6. 97 One of them (as wounded) fell down.

1817 Ld. Byron Manfred i. ii. 15 I..Behold the tall pines dwindled as to shrubs.

1817 J. Keats Poems 95 To sit upon an Alp as on a throne.

1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 12 His..hand Caught at the hilt, as to abolish him.

1922 R. Lynd Sporting Life ii. 22 The bookmakers stood in the ring as in a desert, dismal and silent most of them.

1996 M. O'Connell Updike & Patriarchal Dilemma iii. 53 He speaks to Rabbit patronizingly as to a child.

†b. With numbers: about, as it were. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John vi. 19 Whanne thei hadden rowid as fyue and twenty furlongis or thritty.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xliv. 59 They were a great nombre as a xl. M. men.

7. Introducing a supposition (with a verb in the subjunctive): as if, as though. Cf. B. 1b. Now archaic and poetic.like as: see like adj., adv., conj., and prep. Phrases 1a(b).

ΚΠ

OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.i) anno 1049 Beorn..nam ða III geferan mid him, & ridon þa to Bosanham eall swa hi sceoldon to Sandwic þær Swegenes scypa lagon.

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1135 Þa þestrede þe dæi ouer al landes, & uuard þe sunne suilc als it uuare thre niht ald mone.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 18694 Þiss word he seȝȝde, & itt wass soþ, Alls itt off heffne come.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 5 (MED) Al swa hit ure wele nere.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 146 (MED) Þos hule..sat to svolle & ibolve, Also ho hadde one frogge isuolȝe.

c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 326 Ber wiþ þe squire & schauntellun, Also þu were a gud mascun.

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 508 Starinde als he were wod.

c1330 Otuel (Auch.) (1882) l. 606 (MED) Bote clippe & kusse eyþer oþer, As eiþer hedde been oþeres broþer.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. l. 460 (MED) And heren matines and masse, as I a monke were.

1481 W. Caxton tr. Mirror of World (1913) iii. iv. 136 Thenne begynneth her [sc. the moon's] clerenesse to appere to vs as she were horned.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 530/1 He driveleth as he were a yonge chylde.

1594 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 i. i. 100 Vndoing all, as none had nere bene done.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 450 I heard the rack As Earth and Skie would mingle.

1681 J. Dryden Absalom & Achitophel 26 It looks as Heaven our Ruine had design'd.

1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Cock & Fox in Fables 227 You groan,..As something had disturb'd your noble Spright.

1782 W. Cowper John Gilpin 205 Whereat his horse did snort, as he Had heard a lion roar.

1800 S. T. Coleridge tr. F. Schiller Death Wallenstein i. v. 19 He looks as he had seen a ghost.

c1862 E. Dickinson Poems (1955) II. 400 The Tide..made as He would eat me up—As wholly as a Dew Upon a Dandelion's Sleeve.

1869 J. Ingelow Compl. Poems 259 He looks As he had woke and seen the face of Christ.

1921 J. Freeman Music (1922) 137 It makes me rave As I were a villain crying, ‘So help me God, Not guilty!’

a. In the manner or way that.like as: see like adj., adv., conj., and prep. Phrases 1a(b).

ΚΠ

OE Wulfstan Outline of Hist. (Hatton) (1957) 153 He [sc. Christ] læg on cradole bewunden ealswa oðre cild doð.

lOE St. Neot (Vesp.) in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 129 Ealswa se halge him foresæde on ær.

c1175 ( Homily: Hist. Holy Rood-tree (Bodl. 343) (1894) 32 Heo..dude allswa ðe engel hire bead.

a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily De Initio Creaturae (Vesp. A.xxii) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 217 Alswo sanctus augustinus cweð.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 17 Heore uuel..þu aȝest to..wið-stewen ȝif þu miht al swa hit is nu laȝe a londe.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 37 Al swa þe boc spekeð [c1300 Otho as þe bokes speke].

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 503 Þu..pipest al so deþ a mose.

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 306 Shal it nouth ben als sho þenkes, ‘Hope maketh fol man ofte blenkes.’

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2212 Iosepes men ðor-quiles deden Al-so Iosep hem adde beden.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. Prol. l. 120 (MED) Þe comune..plowmen ordeygned To tilie and trauaile as trewe lyf askeþ.

a1425 (?a1350) Seven Sages (Galba) (1907) l. 3365 When it was wroght als it sold be.

c1475 (a1400) Awntyrs Arthure (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 9 Pride with his purtenans, hase prophetes haue told.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ezra vi. 9 There shalbe geuen them daylie as is acordinge.

1597 M. Drayton Englands Heroicall Epist. f. 13 ^v It changeth there, And showes you as you are, not as you were.

1611 Bible (King James) John xv. 12 That ye love one another, as I have loved you.

1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 127 An Englishman..thought he might insult Scotchmen as he pleased.

1832 T. Carlyle Reminisc. (1881) I. 15 Let me write my books as he built his houses.

1882 Harper's Mag. Nov. 820/1 It is thus that great events move upon little things, as a heavy door does upon small hinges.

1919 M. Sinclair Mary Olivier iv. xxv. 252 Nothing ever happened as he wanted it to happen.

1936 M. R. Anand Coolie iii. 116 He..would start to dress his hair as he had seen the chota Babu dress it in Sham Nagar.

1992 R. Kenan Let Dead bury their Dead iii. 54 She went about her daily life as she had done for thirty-odd years.

b. To the same extent as, in so far as; in proportion as; according as; just as, even as. Now rare except in certain set expressions. —— is to —— as —— is to ——: a traditional way of expressing a mathematical proportion (proportion n. 9a); also in extended use. according as, accordingly as, in proportion as, etc.: see the principal word.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [conjunction] > as or like

alsoOE

asa1225

the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > in conformity with or according to [phrase] > according as

according asa1225

after1587

thereafter as1728

a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily In Die Sancto Pentecosten (Lamb. 487) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 91 Heo hit delden elcan alswa heo neode hefde [OE Royal hi dældon ælcum be his neode].

c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Royal) (1934) 33 (MED) Þat eiðer of oðeres as of his ahne beo trusti.

c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 1232 (MED) After horn he arned anon, Also þat hors miȝte gon.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 12 (MED) The vifte..belongeþ to þe zone ase to þe manhode; þat is to zigge, ase þet he is man dyadlich.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 45 (MED) Þe proporcioun of þe roundenesse aboute of a cercle is to þe brede as is þe proporcioun of two and twenty to seuene [L. sicut proportio xxii. ad vii.].

c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 727 As they wex in age, wex here loue.

c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 39 ^v His heete is to þe stomak as þe heete of þe fier is to þe pott.

1557 R. Record Whetstone of Witte sig. Cii^v When I saie thus: as 5. is to 15. so 6. is to 18. Here is a triple proportion.

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. iii. 146 As thou art but man I dare, but as thou art prince, I feare thee.

1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements vii. 142 In every multiplication a unitie is to the multiplier, as the multiplied is to the product [L. ut multiplicatus ad productum].

1670 R. Coke Disc. Trade 32 Since the Rents of Land are valuable, as the Trade of the place is.

1710 G. Berkeley Treat. Princ. Human Knowl. §1 Which, as they are pleasing or disagreeable, excite the passions of love, hatred, etc.

1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 165. ⁋3 Our state may indeed be more or less imbittered, as our duration may be more or less contracted.

1798 C. Hutton Course Math. I. 95 4:2::6:3, which means, that 4 is to 2 as 6 is to 3.

1832 J. Henderson Observ. Colonies New S. Wales & Van Dieman's Land 27 Bathurst is to Sydney, as Sydney is to the Mother Country.

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) II. xxxviii. 374 It is blasphemy to say that God only is as we are able to think Him to be.

1865 Trans. Soc. Engin. 148 The relative error always remains the same, and the absolute error varies as the radius.

1881 J. Casey Sequel to Euclid 88 The Arithmetic mean is to the Geometric mean as the Geometric mean is to the Harmonic mean.

1905 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 13 p. xxvii A condition of partial ‘block’ in which the rhythm of the auricle is to the rhythm of the ventricle as 3 is to 1.

1954 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. B. 16 31 The pen-and-paper labour only varies as the length of the walk, whereas the demand on a machine goes up as the square of this length.

2006 R. L. Grimes Rite out of Place 103 The ritualized/nonritualized distinction is parallel to..a word/deed distinction, implying the following analogy of proportion: Ritual is to word as nonritual is to deed.

c. In antithetical or parallel clauses (now usually negative or interrogative), introducing a known circumstance with which a hypothesis is contrasted, or beside which a new circumstance is placed: as on the other hand; even as; whereas; whilst. Now chiefly rhetorical.

ΚΠ

a1500 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Rawl.) (1896) 5 (MED) She Cryed..as thogh he toke hyr ayeynnes hir wyll, As hit was not So.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. clxxvi. 213 If kyng Johan had ben in Fraunce, as he was in Englande [i.e. instead of being, as was the fact, in England], he durst not haue done as he dyd.

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet v. ii. 288 Had I but time, as this fell sergeant Death Is strict in his arrest.

1651 A. Weamys Contin. Sydney's Arcadia 71 If you had been guiltie as you are not, I should rather choose to mitigate your crime, than any way to heighten it.

a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 345 The King's own religion was suspected, as his brother's was declared.

1755 E. F. Haywood Invisible Spy II. vi. 122 If I had not so well remember'd, as I did, the accents, I should have suspected it was no other than herself, by her saying,—‘The Two Green Lamps’.

1848 W. M. Thackeray Bk. Snobs xvi. 62 It has its prejudices, to be sure, as which of us has not?

1908 Chambers's Jrnl. 28 Mar. 267/1 If he had been familiar with the stage, as he was not, he would have said the man had ‘taken every cue’.

1927 Manch. Guardian 7 Oct. 262/1 They complain that it does not provide, as it clearly does not, for all cases of unemployment.

1993 New York 16 Aug. 62/3 The director..could not make the casket scene or the pound of flesh work in modern terms—as who could?

d. With the subordinate clause, esp. a participial one, reduced to the complement: in the way or condition that it is (was, has been, etc.). Cf. Compounds 1.

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1551 S. Gardiner Explic. Catholique Fayth f. 33 The ministre pronounseth Christes wordes, as spoken of his mouth.

1555 E. Bonner Profitable & Necessarye Doctryne sig. A.iv Accordyng herevnto Saynt Basyll..in his masse setteth fourth (as vsed in the Churche at hys tyme) thys prayer folowing.

1568 E. Dering Sparing Restraint 55 The Decretals teach vs, that all, which is in the canon of the Masse, though it be not in the scripture, yet we must take it as receyued from the Apostles.

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. vii. 397 My Observations, as printed, goe a-breast in parallel Columes with those of His Highnesse.

1677 R. Gilpin Dæmonol. Sacra i. iv. 3 Lines and Figures are better known from Mathematical Instruction, than by their bare tract, as written in Dust.

1701 T. Morer Κυριακη Ὴμερα ii. 203 Every thing in Scripture, as revealed, is positive.

1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Broken Radiation, is the breaking of the beams of Light, as seen through a Glass.

1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. xlv. 537 The diurnal rotation of the earth on its axis, as ascertained by its situation with respect to the fixed stars.

1855 Harper's Mag. June 5/1 If the social and convivial conversation of these wonderful men could have been preserved as uttered.

1912 Statutes U.S.A. XXXVII. i. 308 The expression ‘radio communication’ as used in this Act means [etc.].

1927 Melody Maker Feb. 203/3 All beats shown to be played on the loose cymbal must be..not allowed to ‘ring on’ for longer than the value of the note as written.

1971 R. Brewer Approach to Print xi. 130 The uncut and untrimmed product of a press as delivered.

2005 R. E. Newnham Properties of Materials xxx. 327 If the sense of rotation of the plane of polarization is counterclockwise as viewed looking into the optical beam toward the light source.

†e. Before a nominal relative clause: as being he who, that which, etc. Obsolete.

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1574 A. Golding tr. A. Marlorat Catholike Expos. Reuelation 9 So consequently before Christ, as who sitteth by God the father.

1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie vi. 31 A verie notable point, as whereof wee may gather verie good and profitable doctrine.

1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie cxcvi. 1219 Let vs call vppon him, as which is the chiefe sacrifice that hee requireth at our handes.

f. Introducing an adverbial clause of respect: so far as, in the degree, manner, or case in which.as concerns: see concern v. Phrases 2b. as regards: see regard v. 8b. as respects: see respect v. 2a. [Compare classical Latin quod attinet ad as far as (something) is concerned, as for.]

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1633 T. Adams Comm. 2 Peter iii. xviii. 1614 Compositively, as it respects all times, and all occasions.

1725 D. Defoe Compl. Eng. Tradesman I. vii. 94 Nothing can be more imprudent and impolitick, as it regards himself and his family.

1795 E. Burke Let. 26 May in Wks. (1813) V. 232 I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of protestant ascendancy, as they affect Ireland.

1805 Deb. Congr. U.S. 31 Jan. (1852) 1072 It was adding insult to injury, and expenses to both, as it regarded the claimants.

1819 J. Johnson Let. 20 Mar. in B. Lawrence & N. Branz Flagg Corr. (1986) 23 As it respects property and fame, those who acquire them quick may retain them.

1872 F. Hall Rec. Exempl. False Philol. 50 Nor is he more fortunate as relates to pronunciation.

1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) i. 4 The dissection of the body at autopsy..may reveal the complete picture of the disease as it affects the tissues.

1998 Chartered Surveyor Monthly May 50/3 The first step..is to audit the problem as it concerns your own software and systems.

a. Introducing a clause modifying the whole main clause or some part other than its predicate: in accordance with what (is); in the way that.as men, things, etc., go: see go v. Phrases 3a(b). as a rule: see rule n.¹ Phrases 1h. as usual: see usual adj. 4d.

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OE Ælfric Let. to Wulfsige (Corpus Cambr.) in B. Fehr Die Hirtenbriefe Ælfrics (1914) 6 He ne moste swaþeah butan æne wifigan, ne he ne moste on wydewum wifigan ne on aworpenum wife; ac, ealswa we ær sædon, on sumum mædene.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 17 Al swa ic er seide, ȝif eni mon touward criste isuneȝede on Moyses laȝe [etc.].

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 128 Nu as ich segge þis deorewurðe halewi ibruchele fetles, etc.

a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 1509 (MED) Seint Ion stonde þer ney Þat he louede wel, as he sede [a1500 Vesp. os we rede in boke].

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xii. l. 269 (MED) Now beeþ þees seintes, as men seyen, and souereynes in heuene.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 27 He doþ ai þo þingis þat plesun God, os Himself seiþ.

1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) (1859) i. xxiv. 29 His skryp and burdon, whiche, as he seyth, he ne left neuer.

1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour iii. xxiv. sig. hiij^v But the most catholike and renoumed doctours..vouche (as I mought say) to their ayde the autoritie of the writars.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 132 This disease, as I take it, the countrey people call the Fowle, or the Wyspe.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) ii. iii 55 And (as they say) lamentings heard i' th' Ayre; Strange Schreemes of Death.

1655 tr. C. Sorel Comical Hist. Francion xi. 19 Although it was not unfashionable to have a Cloak unlined as was theirs.

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 104. ⁋3 The Model..was, as I take it, first imported from France.

1770 J. Wesley Let. 13 Oct. (1931) V. 205 If you should continue weak (as I did from November to March), good is the will of the Lord.

1822 W. Scott Fortunes of Nigel II. xii. 280 Sufficient single beer, old Pillory—and, as I take it, brewed at the rate of a nutshell of malt to a butt of Thames.

1886 F. H. Burnett Little Lord Fauntleroy vi. 98 Knitting his shaggy eyebrows as he had a trick of doing.

1912 H. S. Jones Compan. Rom. Hist. v. 358 Caligula, who, as we are told, caused the horses of the rival factions to be poisoned.

2007 R. Lovegrove Silent Fields vii. 193 As was often the case, there is no record of the numbers taken.

†b. Prefixed to an infinitive clause used to introduce the statement in the main clause. Obsolete.E.g., in quot. a1413, as to speke of = ‘speaking of’.

ΚΠ

c1410 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Harl. 7334) (1885) l. 2681 For wommen as for to speke in comune Þay folwe alle þe fauour of fortune.

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) v. l. 974 But as to speke of loue..I hadde a lord to whom I wedded was.

c. Introducing the ascription of a proverbial or familiar saying, typically in as the —— said to the ——. Cf. Wellerism n.as the actress said to the bishop: see actress n. 2b.For an earlier form of this type of ascription, see quoth v. 1 (e.g. quots. c1175 at sense 1bα. , 1862 at sense 1bε. ).

ΚΠ

1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 10 Alas here is fatte feeding, & leane beasts: or as one said at the shearing of hogs, great cry & litle wool.

1612 T. Shelton tr. M. de Cervantes Don-Quixote: Pt. 1 iv. xxiii. 575 Let us behold ourselves, as one blinde man said to another.

1785 J. O'Keeffe Fontainbleau iii. 60 First come first served, as father says to his customers in the shop at home.

1817 W. Scott Rob Roy II. xiii. 322 There's sma' sorrow at our parting, as the auld mare said to the broken cart.

1839 Boston Morning Post 9 Jan. 2/2 Wellerisms.—‘It does one's heart good to look at you,’ as the fox said to the chickens, when he found he couldn't get over the barn-yard wall, to eat them.

1904 V. S. Lean Collectanea IV. 19 'Tis nothing when you are used to it, as the eels said when they were being skinned alive.

1917 J. C. Bridge Cheshire Prov. 96 Naught's impossible, as t'auld woman said when they told her cauf had swallowed grindlestone.

1978 G. Mitchell Wraiths & Changelings xi. 111 What shall we do wiv it?–as the Cockney said to his wife when he found..a bathroom in his municipal flat.

2000 Z. Smith White Teeth (2001) viii. 192 We're all English now, mate. Like it or lump it, as the rhubarb said to the custard.

10. With subordinate clause consisting only of its subject or object: after the manner of, in the likeness of, the same as, like. Now poetic and literary.as one man: see man n.¹ 17b. like as: see like adj., adv., conj., and prep. Phrases 1a(d).

ΚΠ

OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) 17 Jan. 18 Hwilum hi hine bylgedon on swa fearras, ond ðuton eallswa wulfas.

OE St. Eustace (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1900) II. 202 Ic geman, leof Drihten, þæt þu cwæde, þæt ic sceolde gecos[t]nod beon eallswa Iob.

lOE St. Margaret (Corpus Cambr.) (1994) 156 Ic eam befangan eal swa spearwe on nette, and eall swa fisc on hoce, and eal swa hra mid rape.

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 109 (MED) Eft-sone ure helende aros alse sunne þo þe ure lafdi Seinte Marie hin kennede.

a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 57 (MED) Luuien þi cristen euenling Alswa þe seoluen in alle þing.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 236 To libben..al swa þat wilde swin [c1300 Otho al so þe wilde swin].

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2513 He þe leouede also [c1300 Otho alse] his sone.

a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 69 (MED) Þus is þes world..Al so þe schadewe þat glyt away.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. l. 1357 (MED) Ofte time thei despise The goode fortune as the badde.

a1425 (?a1350) Gospel of Nicodemus (Galba) (1907) l. 189 (MED) Als ane angell he appered to pilates wife.

c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 3831 (MED) Letande alls a lyon, he lawnches them thorowe.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 4^v Alse sede in þe season, sowe it on þe erthe.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A7 And often knockt his brest, as one that did repent.

1611 Bible (King James) Gen. iii. 5 Yee shall bee as Gods, knowing good and euill.

1670 L. Stuckley Gospel-glasse xl. 481 Let it be as Frontlets between thine eyes day and night.

1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. i. §46. 97 The Spaces run by a heavy Body, in its fall, are as the Squares of the Times.

1788 D. Gott Midnight Cry 8 The creaturely part in me is as dirt and clay.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 559 To the..ignorant populace the law of nations and the risk of bringing on their country the just vengeance of all Europe were as nothing.

1881 E. A. Freeman Let. 4 Dec. in W. R. W. Stephens Life & Lett. E. A. Freeman (1895) II. 239 The daemon podagra..has been altogether cast out, and I can wear boots as another man.

1911 Overland Monthly Oct. 292/1 We shall love as the birds in yonder tree.

1991 Montana June 4/1 To live as the lilies of the field—neither toiling nor spinning.

11.

a. Introducing a noun phrase equivalent to a subject or object complement.

(a) In the character, capacity, or function of. †Also formerly introducing a subject complement after to be.

ΚΠ

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 157 (MED) Non habemus hic manentem ciuitatem..we wunieð here alse fleme.

c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 990 (MED) Y wil defende it as kniȝt.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xiii. xxvi. 678 Males and females of fysshe swymmen togedirs as a flocke.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 18179 (MED) Þou ert..sa hei wit-all, Bath als king and emparur.

a1450 York Plays (1885) 497 Paradise I putte hym till, And bad hym halde it all as his.

1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. viii. sig. a.vi Ansuere them as their kynge and chyuetayn.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. v. 4 Her sonne, who was as the next heire male.

1598 R. Tofte tr. M. M. Boiardo Orlando Inamorato i. sig. C2 Where Galafron my father raignes as King.

1610 S. Rid Martin Mark-all sig. E2 He maunds Abram, he begs as a madde man.

1659 Scot in T. Burton Diary 8 Apr. (1828) IV. 377 That gentleman [sc. Sir A. Haslerigge] deserves not so ill from you to be employed as a lacquey.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 94. ¶8 He was..forced to think of plying in the Streets as a Porter.

1742 C. Middleton Hist. Life Cicero (ed. 3) I. iv. 303 Assisted by Pompey as augur.

1755 Miss Boothby Let. 29 July in Life Johnson (1805) 106 Mr. Fitzherbert had appointed his time for being here as next week, but has changed it to near three weeks hence.

1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake iii. 104 He as truth received What of his birth the crowd believed.

1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xii. 108 Toots, as an old hand, had a desk to himself.

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) II. xxvi. 139 The fact is assumed as an hypothesis; the hypothesis explained as a fact.

1875 T. W. Higginson Young Folks' Hist. U.S. xvi. 151 This design was afterwards used as a flag.

1920 R. Macaulay Potterism i. iii. 28 Why don't you join up as a combatant?

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1412 We accept the fruit as a gift from the gods.

1992 A. Thorpe Ulverton viii. 182 Innumerable are the times I have sat as a guest at this very table.

2009 Sunday Herald (Glasgow) 11 Jan. (Opinion section) 6/1 As an artist, I have learned to say: [etc.].

(b) In theatrical and related use: in the role of.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > acting > [adverb] > in the character of

as1779

1779 Duchess of Devonshire Sylph I. (end matter) (advt.) Just published..the New English Theatre, printed as written by the Authors... 3. Conscious Lovers; Mrs. Abingdon as Phyllis. 4. Miser; Mr. Yates as the Miser.

1810 Monthly Mirror Jan. 54 Mr. Kemble in Hamlet never looked or played better... So when Mr. K., as Hamlet, said, [etc.].

1847 Semi-Weekly News (Fredericksburg, Va.) 7 Oct. 1/4 His robust health..gave him great advantage where unusual muscular strength is necessary, as Damon, Matamor, the Gladiator, etc.

1905 C. Mackenzie Diary 23 May in My Life & Times (1964) III. 224 Went to see Martin Harvey as Hamlet.

1954 Times 18 Oct. 2/3 Toad of Toad Hall, with Mr. Leo McKern as the irrepressible Toad.

2001 Opera News Nov. 4/2 René Pape..stole the show as King Marke in the Met's production of Tristan und Isolde.

b. Introducing a subject or object complement after certain verbs, esp. verbs of address, estimation, designation, behaviour, and semblance, such as accept, accuse, acknowledge, address, announce, appear, characterize, cite, classify, consider, count, designate, disguise, hail, know, pass, pose, qualify, quote, rank, reckon, regard, represent, seem, treat, view, etc.: see these words.With some verbs complement with as is an alternative to (and tends from the 16th cent. to replace) a complement without introductory word or with the preposition for (see for prep. 18a).

(a) With adjectival or participial complement.

ΚΠ

a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 4233 (MED) He sal hym feyn first als haly.

a1450 Pater Noster Richard Ermyte (Westm. Sch. 3) (1967) 38 (MED) Þou woldist not trowe he wolde faile, for þou knew hym bifore as trewe & good.

1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 100 Anticipacion is when we prevent those wordes that another would saie, and disprove them as untrue.

1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. xiii. f. 395^v Resolution, is the assumption or taking of the thing which is to be proued, as graunted.

1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII ii. i. 126 This from a dying man receiue as certaine.

1645 J. Goodwin Innocency & Truth Triumphing 63 Mr. Prynne by representing my Parish as divided, disordered by my Independent way.

1679 P. Rycaut Present State Greek Church i. 9 We are not to treat of it as of a single Province, as of Hellas, or as confined to Attica alone..but we are here to consider them both as Hellenes, properly of the Greek Nation.

1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks III. Misc. ii. i. 44 The Generation or Tribe being once set apart as sacred.

1744 J. Wesley Let. 5 Mar. (1931) II. 18 We are still traduced as inclined to Popery, and consequently disaffected to your Majesty.

1865 Card. Wiseman in Ess. Relig. & Lit. 1st Ser. 26 Not one has yet been admitted as proved.

1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 833/1 The articular surfaces may be regarded as produced by the rotation of a straight or curved line about an axis lying in the same plane.

1898 Argosy Oct. 447 Oh, he strikes me as being a bluffer.

1940 C. Brooks Jrnl. 10 Nov. (1998) 278 He regards himself as having been somewhat shabbily treated by both Ball and Luke.

1975 F. Exley Pages from Cold Island ix. 155 Mary chafed at these characterizations as wrongheaded.

2007 A. Theroux Laura Warholic ix. 120 Laura both hated and envied anyone she identified as spoiled and overadvantaged.

(b) With noun or noun phrase as complement.

ΚΠ

?a1425 (a1415) Lanterne of Liȝt (Harl.) (1917) 38 (MED) Bere we þe cros of Crist & richesse acounte we as cley.

a1449 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) ii. 106 The seide Cite..a fore Leofrike is tyme..stode called named and reputed as a Cite.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. ii Who woulde be obstinate & refuse to returne to his parte, should be accepted and taken as a publike enemy to hym and his countrey.

1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 7 So that vnder Gam vt the voice seemed as a kinde of humming.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) v. vi. 144 Regarded As the most Noble Coarse.

c1675 W. Blundell Crosby Rec. 137 A gentleman who passed as a Bedlamer.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 9. ¶1 He was saluted as a Brother.

1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xv. 76 Might have imputed to me as Arrogance, or Revenge.

1743 H. Fielding Ess. Conversat. in Misc. I. 117 Man is generally represented as an Animal formed for..Society.

1802 W. Scott Minstrelsy Sc. Border I. 8 He whom all civilized nations now acknowledge as the Father of Poetry.

1837 T. B. Macaulay Ld. Bacon in Edinb. Rev. July 17 2 In what we consider as his weakness.

1876 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People (1881) x. §4. 787 Who still looked on themselves as mere settlers..and who regarded the name of ‘Irishman’ as an insult.

1924 Philippine Republic 17/2 What should a Pinoy do if he is addressed as a Chinese or a Jap?

1992 N.Y. Times 17 July a4/4 The country had been run by a ruler revered as a god-king early in this century.

c. Followed by a noun or noun phrase denoting a person or animal of a particular (esp. early) age: during the time of being.

ΚΠ

1483 W. Caxton in tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. ccclxxv/2 Edmond..as a yonge man came wyth other for to receyue the crosse.

1572 T. Achelley Key of Knowl. 243 For my sake to be borne in a stable, and as an infant to be wrapped in clothes, to be swadled, & laide in a maunger.

1586 A. Day Eng. Secretorie i. sig. G2^v As a yong man, I went a stray I grant, but not with perseueraunce, for I reclaimed my selfe ere I fell.

1630 J. Shirley Gratefull Seruant v. i. 73 Thou hadst a deepe impression, as a boy I lou'd thee too.

1721 R. Blackmore New Version Psalms cxxxi. 288 I, as a Child, my Self demean'd, Took from the Mother's Breast.

1808 G. Colman John Bull iv. iii, in E. Inchbald Brit. Theatre XXI. 78 When I left Cornwall, as a boy [1803 Cornwall, a boy], this house, I remember, was tenanted by strangers.

1859 W. M. Thackeray Virginians II. xiv. 113 I have heard he came up to London himself as a young man with only his tragedy in his wallet.

1887 Cent. Mag. Nov. 43 As a child, she had been called ‘cunning’.

1907 Country-side 16 Feb. 192/2 Perhaps, as a puppy, he had been chastised for stealing food, and had been honest ever since.

1938 E. Goudge Towers in Mist (1998) viii. 201 As a girl she had shouldered her responsibilities without wincing.

1993 Beaver Apr.–May 38/2 In 1867, as an old man, he testified at the Connolly-Woolrich trial.

2006 J. Updike Terrorist iv. 239 Even as a baby, you were so trusting and easy.

†12. In exclamations and introducing an object clause: the manner in which, in what manner, how. Scottish in later use. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > [adverb] > in which way

as?c1225

how1548

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 52 Lauerd crist as vh mon walde steoke feste vh þurl.

1525 in B. Cusack Everyday Eng. 1500–1700 (1998) 109 The seid george came to this deponent..and askid hym as he dede.

1562 in J. Raine Depositions Courts Durham (1845) 66 At what tyme this deponent and his wife wentt in, to se as she dyd.

1566 J. Knox Hist. Reformation in Wks. (1846) I. 103 Which, as it was keapt, the ishew will witnesse.

?a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 384 Considering as he sett him furth, They gave him mair then he was worthe.

1816 W. Scott Antiquary II. x*. 287 But see as our gudemither's hands and lips are ganging.

1821 A. Scott Poems 43 Wow, dear sir, as time slips on!

13. Introducing a clause attesting a statement or adjuring a person by his or her faith, hopes, or fears: in such a manner as befits the prayer, †wish (obsolete), anticipation, belief, profession that.

ΚΠ

c1330 (?c1300) Amis & Amiloun (Auch.) (1937) l. 300 (MED) Y schal ben as trewe to þe, Also god me spede!

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Squire's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 461 If it laye in my myght I wolde amende it..As wisly help me grete god of kynde.

1461 in H. E. Salter Registrum Cancellarii Oxoniensis (1932) II. 44 (MED) To defende the priuileges..of the said Uniuersite, as god helpe yow.

a1500 (?a1400) Sir Torrent of Portyngale (1887) l. 1443 Sir Torent said: ‘As god me spede, We will firste se that ffede.’

a1500 (?a1400) Sir Torrent of Portyngale (1887) l. 2404 (MED) Damysell, also muste I the [= as may I prosper!], Syluer and asure beryth he.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II iii. iii. 118 This sweares he, as he is princesse iust, And as I am a gentleman I credit him.

1608 J. Day Law-trickes sig. D4^v As god mend me Prince you smell bawdie.

1684 T. Barlow Let. 7 Apr. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) VI. 13 If it should be knowne (as God willinge) in good time it may, that I hold this Opinion.

a1770 G. Whitefield Serm. (1771) xiv. 340 As the Lord lives, in whose name I speak, if you will not come to Christ to have life, you must come to his bar to hear him pronounce you damned to all eternity.

1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc i. 29 Think well of this As you are human, as you hope to live In peace.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 78 Admonished to speak with reverence of their oppressor..as they would answer it at their peril.

1908 Rosary Mag. July 77/1 ‘Do you really mane this, Jack Birmingham?’ queried the girl. ‘As God is me judge, I mane it,’ affirmed the young man.

1996 F. McCourt Angela's Ashes (1997) i. 10 Angela said, You're only looking for an excuse to run to the speakeasy, and he said, As God is my witness, the drink is the last thing on my mind.

** With antecedent.

†14. With antecedent as (see A. 4): in which way, in the way that. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) iii. 174 Eall swa yfen gegaderað þæt word, eall swa diastole hyt totwæmð.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 153 He his sunnen undeð to his proste alswa alse he heom haueð idon.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 104 Alswa, as euch þing hefde biginnunge..alswa schulden alle habben endunge.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 316 Ȝef ȝe findeð þet ȝe don alswa as ȝe redeð.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 137 Alsuo ase þe zoþe milde hereþ þe oþre..alsuo he blameþ him-zelve.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 241 Al alsuo ase þe wordle him hild uor uyl and uor wlatuol, ase me deþ enne y-honged.

15. With the subordinate clause introduced by as preceding the main clause introduced by anaphoric so, for emphasis. Cf. so adv. and conj. 22.

a. Expressing similarity or correspondence: in what manner…(in that manner); in the way that.

ΚΠ

OE Wulfstan Institutes of Polity: De Ecclesiasticis Gradibus (Junius) (1959) 234 And ealswa Crist bræc folce hlaf to gedale, swa sculon diaconos þæt halige husel brecan and hit folce to gedale gearwian.

lOE Homily (Faust. A.ix) (Dict. Old Eng. transcript) Eallswa wæter adwæsceð fyr, swa mæg seo ælmesse adwæscan þa synna.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 4025 Al-so leun is migtful der, So sal ðis folc ben migtful her.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Psalms cii. 15 As the flour of the feld so he shal floure out.

a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 38 As I tolde byfore, so have þou cele.

c1480 (a1400) St. Nicholas 301 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 489 Has he bad, sa haf þai done.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Judges i. 7 As I haue done, so hath God rewarded me agayne.

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xviii. 157 As the olde cocke crowes so doeth the chick.

1611 Bible (King James) Isa. xxiv. 2 It shall be as with the people, so with the priest, as with the seruant, so with his master, [etc.] .

1614 R. Tailor Hogge hath lost Pearle ii. sig. C4 As she brews so let her bake.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 123 As the Cold Congeals into a Lump the liquid Gold; So 'tis again dissolv'd by Summer's heat.

1720 I. Watts Sluggard in Divine & Moral Songs i As the door on its hinges, so he on his bed Turns his sides, and his shoulders, and his heavy head.

a1796 R. Burns Compl. Wks. (1859) xxiii. 350 As the stars are, so are the Snobs.

1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles iii. xxvii. 115 Of rout and rally, war and truce,—As heroes think, so thought the Bruce.

1860 R. C. Trench Serm. in Westm. Abbey xi. 117 As our speech is, so we are.

1900 S. J. Weyman Story Francis Cludde (new ed.) xxii. 255 As my fathers have worshiped, so will I, though it cost me every rood of land!

1925 Woman's World (Chicago) Apr. 64/2 (advt.) As sappers mine the enemy's defenses, so gum-decay tunnels through the normal gum line.

2007 Wall St. Jrnl. 12 Apr. a15/1 As Baghdad goes, so goes Iraq.

b. Expressing parallelism: even as, just as; both..and, equally..and. [Compare classical Latin cum..tum.]

ΚΠ

a1400 tr. R. Rolle Oleum Effusum (Harl.) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 187 (MED) Als dede slos [v.r. slaas] alle, so luf ouercomes alle.

1577 M. Hanmer tr. Evagrius Scholasticus i. i, in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. 411 A man without all peradventure as in other thinges profounde so in penninge excellent.

1602 W. Fulbecke Pandectes 69 A thing as ancient, so necessarie.

1607 R. Parker Scholasticall Disc. against Antichrist i. i. 28 Shee hath as bewayld, so also renounced her former countrey.

1641 Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia sig. D^v As he was a great Souldier, so he was of a suitable magnanimitie.

1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. iv. x. 171 As they are the most pernicious of Birds, so are [they] the most rare.

1723 J. Clarke tr. Rohault's Syst. Nat. Philos. I. i. xiv. 84 As there are Compound Motions, so also are there compound Determinations.

1793 T. Holcroft tr. J. C. Lavater Ess. Physiognomy (abridged ed.) xl. 203 As weak hair betokens of fear, so does strong hair courage.

1836 R. W. Emerson Beauty in Nature iii. 20 As the eye is the best composer, so light is the first of painters.

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) II. xxviii. 173 As some philosophers have denied to vision all perception of extension..so others have equally refused this perception to touch.

1901 Bankers Mag. Dec. 1011 As there are wholesale merchants, so there are wholesale banks which handle financial operations in bulk.

1989 M. Moffatt Coming of Age in New Jersey vii. 299 As with sex talk, so, too, with mind talk: the safest place to do it was outside the hearing of the dorm peer-group.

c. Expressing proportion: in proportion or degree as.

ΚΠ

c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §12. 24 & euere as the sonne clymbith vppere & vppere, so goth his nadir downere & downere.

1541 T. Elyot Image of Gouernance iii. f. 5^v As they excelled in abhomination, so preferred he them.

1565 Earl of Bedford in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. II. 215 As their force dimenesshede so dyd her Grace increace.

1608 T. Walkington Salomons Sweete Harpe Ep. Ded. sig. A3 As gifts are more inhaunced, so the remunerating hand is much shortned.

1694 W. Holder Treat. Harmony ii. 20 The Proportion by which the Frequency increaseth, is..very near duplicate.., but is in reverse, i.e. as the Length increaseth, so the Vibrations decrease.

1712 I. Newton Let. 10 May in Corr. (1975) V. 302 As AB to AD + AB so is the mean horary motion of the Node to 16.″ 19.″ 51^iv.

1771 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) V. 476 As he grows in pride, so he must grow in unadvisableness and in stubbornness also.

1866 A. Crump Pract. Treat. Banking xi. 244 As the price of the article increases, so do the bad debts increase.

1892 12th Rep. Vermont State Board Agric. 1891–2 140 As these manufacturing centers increase in size, so do the farm lands in like ratio increase in value.

1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxxvi. 1025 As anaplasia increases so surgical treatment is less effective.

1992 UNIX Rev. Mar. 32/2 As the number of workstations increases, so does the effort required to do backup.

16. With antecedent so (also †thus): in the manner that. Cf. sense B. 8. Cf. so adv. and conj. 20a. Now archaic.

ΚΠ

OE tr. Defensor Liber Scintillarum (1969) v. 47 Sicut deus in christo donauit uobis ita et uos facite : swa swa god on criste forgeaf eow ealswa ge doð.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3366 And swa he þer agon ase þe oðer hæfde idon.

c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 44 Floriz..what mai þe beo, Þus murninge as ihc þe seo?

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 971 So as I schal rehersen, The tydes of the yer diversen.

a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 174 (MED) I obeyde vnto his biddynge, So as the lawe me bonde.

1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. iii–v. sig. a.iij Ye may not lye so as ye doo.

1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xviii. 5 So doe, as thou hast said.

a1677 I. Barrow Several Serm. Evil-speaking (1678) iii. 96 We therefore should so perform it, as not to incurr that reproof.

1761 Acts & Laws New-Hampsh. 236 Any person of full age, shall be so set to work, as aforesaid.

1832 H. Ballou Treat. Atonement (ed. 4) 149 He is careful to state..that when he should so come as he had described, he would render unto every man according to his works.

1870 S. H. Hodgson Theory of Pract. I. iv. 454 Man is in fact so constituted as he said.

1905 S. R. Crockett Maid Margaret of Galloway xxix. 244 And if it so come about as you have said..I will even fight against you, my father!

III. Introducing a relative clause, or a phrase having equivalent function, with the antecedents such, same, or their equivalents.

17. After such and same, acting as a relative pronoun: that, who, which.Cf. sense B. 29a.

a. After such (in early use sometimes preceded by all). Cf. such adj. and pron. 7a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > degree or relative amount of a quality, action, etc. > [adverb] > to this or that extent

thusa700

soc888

asOE

so mucha1225

such ac1275

as‥soc1340

thisc1460

OE Daniel 62 Gestrudan gestreona under stanhliðum, swilc eall swa þa eorlas agan sceoldon, oðþæt hie burga gehwone abrocen hæfdon, þara þe þam folce to friðe stodon.

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 Ðis gære for þe king Stephne ofer sæ to Normandi & ther wes underfangen, forþi ðat hi uuenden ðat he sculde ben alsuic alse the eom wes.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 101 Himm bidde icc þatt het write rihht... Wiþþ all swillc rime alls her iss sett.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 83 Ho [sc. þe sunne] nimeð al swuch hou alse ho þer on uint; ȝif þet gles is red, ho schineð red.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 667 (MED) Vre lauerd..com..wið swuch dream ant drihtfere as drihtin deh to cumene.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 4108 Alswilc als hem bi-hu[f]lik bee.

1471 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 566 Syche othyr wryghtyngys and stuff as was in my kasket.

?1481 H. Bryan Let. 16 Nov. in Cely Lett. (1975) 123 In scheyche mony os the Plas payis owt.

1519 Sir T. Boleyn in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. I. 161 Send me such dyett-money as shall best please your Grace.

1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. ix Suche as growe out of kynde.

1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 2 Such a one as was the glory of the land of Israel.

1653 R. Austen Treat. Fruit-trees 70 Syder is usually made of such Apples as are moist sommer fruits.

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 11. ⁋5 She should be clothed in such Silks as his Wastecoat was made of.

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 118. ⁋3 Such a Passion as I have had is never well cured.

1768 G. White Let. 18 June in Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789) 49 Such a severe stroke..as put out one eye.

1832 T. Carlyle Reminisc. (1881) I. 8 Never shall we again hear such speech as that was.

1880 Pop. Sc. Rev. Jan. 13 Could such bodies as aerolitic stones fall from the moon?

1920 V. Woolf Diary (1979) II. 50 Such a grind and a drudge her life is as fills me with pity.

1969 J. Singer et al. tr. I. B. Singer Estate iii. xxi. 314 A dreariness such as he had never known before.

2008 A. C. Clarke & F. Pohl Last Theorem viii. 70 Without ever having discovered such unwanted distractions as subjugation, exploitation, or war.

b. After same (†also formerly ilk). Cf. same adj. 1d. N.E.D. (1885) states: ‘same as usually expresses identity of kind, same that absolute identity, except in cases of ellipsis of the predicate where same as is alone found: cf. “he uses the same books as you do”, “he uses the same books that you do”, “he uses the same books as you”’, but no such distinction is mentioned at Same adj. 1.

ΚΠ

a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 185 (MED) Wiþ þe ilke spredunge gest, as þe moder to hire child.

c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) i. §16. 8 The degrees of the Equynoxial, þat ys deuyded in the same nombre as euery othere cercle is in the heie heuene.

?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 128 (MED) In the same maner as the firste diden.

a1475 Recipe Painting in Archæol. Jrnl. (1844) 1 154 (MED) And hong thes platis in the same maner as ȝe doth platis of leed.

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 30 That samyn sound as thay beystis hed blauen.

1578 G. Best True Disc. Passage to Cathaya iii. 61 They are naturally borne children of the same couloure & complexion as all the Americans are, which dwell vnder the Equinoctiall line.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 754 A rauening Wolfe by his biting bringeth the same danger, as a rauenous Dogge.

1662 R. Venables Experienc'd Angler v. 55 The Umber is generally taken with the same baits as the Trout.

1690 W. Leybourn Cursus mathematicus f. 449 She is liable to the same variety of changes as the Moon, sometimes almost Full, at other times Gibbous.

1718 Answer Bp. of Sarum's Challenge in Mem. Life J. Kettlewell App. xvi. p. lvii This is about the same Number as was now.

1782 J. Aitken Elements Theory & Pract. Physic & Surg. II. 518 A perfect performance of arteriotomy is effected nearly on the same principles as phlebotomy.

1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton Athens II. 120 [They] wore the same armour as the Indians whom they bordered.

1879 J. Lubbock Sci. Lect. ii. 31 Bees like the same odours as we do.

1931 Brit. Patent 351,869 1/1 Acting in the same manner as a parachute.

1998 B. Kingsolver Poisonwood Bible (1999) v. 424 They don't have the same ethics as us.

18.

a. Introducing a clause referring to the whole statement contemplated as a fact: a thing or fact which. Cf. which pron. 4b.Such a clause is normally affirmative.

ΚΠ

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 113 (MED) Soð was leðebei, alse hire iwune is aure.

c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 462 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 119 (MED) It nas neuere lawe..double dom to take For o trespas, ase ȝe wel wuteth.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 514 (MED) Þouȝh he were komen of no ken but of kende cherls, as I wot witterly, so was he neuere!

c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 398 (MED) What is now seid of preier..is trewe Also for þanking..as is open ynouȝ to resoun.

1552 T. Barnabe Let. 1 Oct. in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. II. 202 Yff so be y^t that we shoulde warre with them (as God defende).

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §69 The Earth being (as hath beene noted by some) Primum Frigidum.

1732 W. Ellis Pract. Farmer 90 It continually perspires through the Pores of the Earth, carrying with it the sulphureous and saline Part..; as hath been by some ingenious Artists mechanically proved.

1778 T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry II. xxiii. 304 (note) It is not immediately formed from the Troye-boke of Lydgate, as I have suggested in the text.

1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 126 He was an Englishman, as they perceived by his accent.

1851 M. Reid Scalp Hunters II. xvii. 285 One was the medicine chief, as I could tell by the flowing white hair.

1921 A. Z. Snyder & M. V. Snyder Paris Days & London Nights xiv. 219 The valley of Islahiah..has a rich soil and a warm climate, as I deduced from the dust.

1931 F. L. Allen in T. R. Cook Ess. Mod. Thought (1935) 164 Had we noticed then, as we do now, that she had short hair.

1997 C. D. K. Yee Word according to J. Joyce iii. 75 The source of that instability is often conflict, as Joyce knew from Skeat, Bérard, and Irish history.

b. Introducing a clause commenting on the application of a word or phrase in the main clause.

ΚΠ

1528 W. Tyndale Obed. Christen Man f. cxj They ioyne them penaunce, as they call it.

1598 W. Phillip tr. J. H. van Linschoten Disc. Voy. E. & W. Indies To Rdr. sig. A3/2 Our Wodden Walles (as Themistocles called the Ships of Athens).

1618 W. Barlow Magneticall Aduertisements (ed. 2) i. 2 There are two kindes of Attractions (as they are commonly called) the one Magneticall, the other Electricall.

1678 J. Ray tr. F. Willughby Ornithol. 131 The Wings are of a lovely blue or ultramarine colour (as the Painters call it).

1714 J. Addison Spectator No. 568. ¶1 He designs his Chasm, as you call it, for an Hole to creep out at.

1788 J. Q. Adams Diary 2 Mar. (1981) II. 369 He has adopted all the fancies of the Hopkintonian sect as they are called.

1807 J. Hall Trav. Scotl. II. 351 Farmers collecting the dilce (as they name it).

1884 Cent. Mag. Nov. 128/1 Rotation in office, as such changes are euphemistically denominated, is a principle of republican government only in a sentimental sense.

1924 J. Riviere et al. tr. S. Freud Coll. Papers II. xxviii. 313 The father-imago (as Jung has happily named it).

1989 D. Morrow & M. Keyes Conc. Hist. Sport in Canada 4 This cult of athleticism, as it was labelled near the end of the nineteenth century.

2007 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 12 Feb. a6/3 You claim that these ricers (as they are commonly referred to) are an insult to ‘real’ car buffs.

†c. Preceded by a noun, in a parenthetic exclamatory clause; = that pron.² 7. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

?1562 Jacke Jugeler sig. C.ii Like a fole as I am and a drunken knaue.

1574 St. Avstens Manuell in Certaine Prayers S. Augustines Medit. sig. si O hard and cursed case as it was.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xiv. 31 Vnmercifull Lady as you are, I am true.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. ii. 348 I haue vs'd thee (Filth as thou art) with humane care.

1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton Rienzi I. i. xiii. 163 Crouch!—wild beast as thou art!

19. Introducing instances exemplifying or illustrating a general designation: like and including, such as, of the kind of; for instance, for example. Also occasionally in specifying use: namely, to wit. Now chiefly elliptical for such as.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [adverb]

asa1225

ensamplea1500

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 81 (MED) Þes patriarches, alse abel and noe and abraham.

c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 178 Oðer pilegrimes gað muche swinc to sechen ane sontes banes as sein Iames oðer sein giles.

a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 700 Many yvels, angers, and mescheefes Oft comes til man..Als fevyr, dropsy, and Iaunys.

?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 60 A prelat as an abott or a priour.

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 1147 Beestis that shal plowe, As hors and oxe.

?1481 H. Bryan Let. 16 Nov. in Cely Lett. (1975) 123 I thanke yow syr, hertely off yowr gret labore that ȝe haue done ffor me, os brynynge my ij oblygacions of the Stapyll to Cales.

1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. viii. sig. a.vi Som of hem lough hym to scorne, as kyng Lot.

?1560 H. Rhodes Bk. Nurture (new ed.) sig. Aiii Yf your mayster wyll haue any conceytes after dynner, as apples nuttes, or creame.

1565 in J. A. Twemlow Liverpool Town Bks. (1918) I. 285 In which assemblie all they comburgesies..appearid personallie, iii off reasonable causes onlie exceptid, as Richard Marser Rauff Bursco and Thomas Peppard.

1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler xi. 191 Some curious searchers into the natures of fish, observe that there be several sorts or kinds of Eeles, as the silver-Eele, and green or greenish Eel..; and a blackish Eele.

1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 2 I pluck'd aboue Five different Sorts..as Wild-Time, Lavender.

1791 N.-Y. Mag. June 341/2 The Romans observed certain families, as the Valerii, &c. who were constant friends and lovers of the people.

1841 Penny Mag. Oct. 2 386/1 The plumage consists of an undervest of down (remarkable in some species, as the wild swan and the eider duck, for its softness and delicacy).

1862 M. R. Barnard tr. F. C. Schübeler Synopsis Veg. Products i. 11 Finer varieties, as for instance the Cob nut, the Red and White Filbert &c., I have only met with in the south of Norway.

1884 N.E.D. at A A means any one thing or person, B another, C a third, etc.; as, A becomes surety to B for C; C fails in his engagements, on which B, etc.

1928 Funk & Wagnalls New Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. at Anchor-ring A surface generated by the revolution of any closed plane curve, as a circle or ellipse, about an axis outside its boundary.

1955 J. P. Donleavy Ginger Man (1972) ix. 92 ‘Yes. And what do you feel now?’ ‘The good things.’ ‘As?’ ‘Joy. Relief.’

20. Added to a demonstrative or interrogative adverb introducing a nominal relative clause. Also added to an adverb or conjunction introducing a subordinate clause. Cf. that conj. 7b. Now only in whenas adv. and conj. and whereas adv. and conj.after as: see after conj. 2a(b). instantly as: see instantly adv. 3b. See also thereas conj. 1.

ΚΠ

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 1950 (MED) Þe king..wes..idrahen þider as þe reuen weren eauer iwunet.

?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iii. pr. viii. l. 2205 Þei ne mowe nat leden folke þider as þei byheten to leden hem.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) 438 Let the shyppe go whether as it wyll tyll it come to the porte where as thou shalte aryue.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxciv. 437 Retourned into Fraunce, thyder as they thought to haue some aduantage.

1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza Hist. Kingdome of China 254 They let their ship saile..whither as fortune did cary them.

1634 Malory's Most Anc. Hist. Prince Arthur i. sig. I8^v Anon after as Balin was dead, Merlin tooke his sword.

1646 in M. Sellers Eastland Co. (Camden) Introd. 66 They desire, that what as hath allready bene equallie disburst,..be brought to accompt, and what as remayned in Cash be returned up.

21. As a relative pronoun; = that pron.² Now English regional and U.S. regional.Sometimes representing a relative with its governing preposition.

a. Without demonstrative antecedent. Also with following that (cf. as which at sense B. 8e).as was: see be v. Phrases 2c.

ΚΠ

c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) l. 228 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 500 (MED) Arsmetrike is a lore þat of figurs al is & of drauȝtes, as me draweþ in poudre.

1447 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) i. 30 (MED) The Maier..promytted to sende of the most worthiest as he hath.

1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. Pref. The ymages as they used in olde tyme to erecte in worshyp.

1540 in State Papers Henry VIII (1834) III. 169 The saide Cahir shall pay yerely..the tributes and summes of mony..as was accustumed to be payed by his auncetours.

1645 T. Fuller Good Thoughts in Bad Times ii. xviii. 108 It is false, that the Mary-gold follows the Sunne, whereas the Sunne follows the Mary-gold, as made the day before him.

1664 in G. Miege Relation of Three Embassies (1669) 256 If they had any thing as that remained on their part.

1715 N. Blundell Jrnl. 13 Nov. in Great Diurnal (1970) II. 151 This Hous was twice sirched by some Foot as came from Leverpoole.

1751 ‘T. Scrubb’ Mem. Speakers Robin Hood Soc. 12 People as can't takes [sic] their own Parts, are brow-beat.

c1852 Lamplighter (1854) 91 It's he as lives in the great stone house.

1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede I. i. i. 11 It was Seth Bede, as was allays a wool-gathering chap.

1887 Mrs. M. L. Woods Village Trag. ii Girls..as don't know a hen's egg from a galeeny's.

1938 ‘N. Shute’ Kindling iv. 62 Would a man as was a charge hand riveter get work oot there?

1979 C. Watson Blue Murder iv. 34 The weakest. The one as won't make bacon.

b. Following a demonstrative antecedent, as †(formerly) that, tho, those; (subsequently) they, them.

ΚΠ

c1475 (?c1451) Bk. Noblesse (Royal) (1860) 32 Tho as were present.

1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet ii. i. 36 That kinde of fruite, As maides call Medlers.

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 222 To those as have no children.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) v. v. 52 Those as sleepe, and thinke not on their sins.

1693 tr. J. Le Clerc Mem. Count Teckely i. 16 A City of that importance as [= of which] Cassovia was.

1733 W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farming 255 Very little appeared above the Earth, and that as did, proved hardly worth turning Sheep into.

1747 W. Gould Acct. Eng. Ants 70 That prodigious Size as we see in many Places.

1780 R. Cumberland Let. 20 May in Mem. (1806) 214 Both he and his officers uniformly conducted themselves with that harmony, temper and precision, as seemed to put them in assured possession of success.

1809 Q. Rev. Feb. 137 We willingly forego the invidious task of producing the passages which contain them [sc. ‘poor relatives’];..those as wish to see them may consult pp. 21 and 523 of the work.

1823 Times 3 Apr. 3/3 Mr. Jolter, sir, and Mr. Scraggs, sir, them as you April-fooled this morning.

1825 ‘E. Hardcastle’ 29th May II. xi. 327 They as have lent themselves to this scandalous roguery must answer for't.

1886 ‘Rita’ Darby & Joan (1887) i. 1 I'm not one of those as holds with cossettin' and fussin'.

1910 P. MacKaye Garland to Sylvia iii. 141 This daughter must be found, and they as don't Guess who she is, must quit their hankerings And pack off home.

1980 F. Dobson Fungus 41 Them as started slingin' wet floor-clouts, scrubbin' brushes or weshin'-up watter at fosst sight on 'im.

IV. Introducing a clause expressing time and place.

22. Introducing a contemporaneous event or action: at or during the time that; when, while; at any time that, whenever.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > [adverb] > during or in the course of (a certain time)

asOE

in the meantime of1447

wherein1535

therein1539

for long, for a or the time1564

in the course of1653

inside of1839

OE tr. Alexander's Let. to Aristotle (1995) §27. 242 Ða wæs þæt lond eall swa we geferdon adrugad & fen & cannon & hreod weoxan.

OE Homily: Ded. Church (Tiber. C.i) in P. Clemoes Anglo-Saxons (1959) 274 Ealswa ure drihten com þa þærto, þa beseah he upp and geseah hine and cwæð þus to him, Zacheę astih raðe nyðer.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 138 (MED) As ha set in a bur..ha iherde a swuch nurð.

a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 189 He strahte forþ his riht earm ase [he] stode o rode.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 5742 As þis king Edgar an honteþ ywend was, Al one he com fram is men.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 2161 (MED) I sai a selkouþe siȝt..as i went in the gardyn.

c1440 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 309 (MED) Als he slepid, a neddere come to hyme-warde.

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) lxiii. 93 But as his wrath is gone she may wel shewe to hym þ^t, [etc.].

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A7 And all the way he prayed as he went.

1634 W. Wood New Englands Prospect i. viii. 28 As she flies, she makes a little humming noise like a Humble-bee.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 112 They wander, grazing as they go.

1715 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad I. i. 626 The milk-white Canvas bellying as they [sc. the gales] blow.

1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xvii. 88 One Day, as she and I sat together.

1814 W. Scott Diary 24 Aug. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott (1837) III. vii. 230 In a cottage..we heard the women singing as they waulked the cloth by rubbing it with their hands and feet.

1895 H. G. Wells Time Machine viii. 71 As I was watching some of the little people bathing.., one of them was seized with cramp, and began drifting down stream.

1925 B. Beetham in E. F. Norton et al. Fight for Everest: 1924 viii. 162 As we descended, the lichens, starveling grasses and dwarf alpines rapidly succeeded each other.

1993 S. Turow Pleading Guilty (1994) vi. xxix. 443 I tarried with Bert but gave Brushy a palsy little wink as she departed.

†23. At the place that, in which, where. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > place > here, there, etc. > [adverb] > there > at the place which

therea800

there therec1000

asc1225

where13..

whereasa1375

whereatc1400

whereinc1400

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 158 (MED) I þet eadi lond, as brude ne nimeð gume ne brudgume brude.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 131 In Ierusalem as hewunede.

c1300 St. Andrew (Harl.) l. 16 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S.-Eng. Legendary (1956) 543 Þe iustise..wende to Patras To þe cite..as seint Andreu was.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 11587 (MED) Bituene seint oswaldes ȝat & þe norþ ȝat..Is a long wal inou, as þe abbodes orchard is.

a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) l. 3561 Þen went þey þederwarde as þis tresere lay.

V. Introducing a clause expressing reason.

24. In conformity with, or in consideration of, the fact that; it being the case that; inasmuch as; since.

a. In finite clauses.Apparently uncommon in the 16th cent. and the first half of the 17th cent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > cause or reason > [adverb] > because

thyeOE

theOE

asOE

forwhyc1200

whenc1230

forsomuch1454

insomuch asc1500

whenas1551

insomuch1605

'cos1887

OE Seven Sleepers (Julius) (1994) 34 Hi ða þa bydelas and feala oðre, eall swa hi to sceatte hopedon, ferdon and sohton swa hwær swa hi mihton findan þa Cristenan menn.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 36 (MED) Maxence..Bigon..to..dreien cristene men alle to heaðendom, heaðene as he wes.

c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 169 Ure lauerd..ne mei..sweamen hire wið warne, nomeliche swa as he is se unimete large.

a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 7 Alle gledschipe haue þu al-so þu ert wurðe.

a1325 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 31 (MED) As þou art ful of ioye & i am ful of care, Þou help me out of sinne.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iii. l. 1433 (MED) It is resoun that I die, As sche is ded be cause of me.

?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 263 (MED) Lete me fro þis deth fle, As I dede nevyr no trespace.

1482 R. Cely Let. 2 Apr. in Cely Lett. (1975) 135 For as ȝe whryte to me wholl wyll be skante, I pwrpos to ryde into Cottysowlld on Tewysday in the Ester Wheke for to pake.

1560 tr. Albertus Magnus' Bk. Secretes sig. Fiii We haue vnto the goynge doune of the Sunne .xvii. houres of the dyall, which we maye multiplye by .lx. as there be .lx. minutes of euery houre of the dyal.

1664 S. Butler Hudibras: Second Pt. ii. ii. 82 As no Peer is bound to swear..It follows..th'affirm [= they affirm], it is no perjury.

1690 T. D'Urfey Collin's Walk iv. 188 Therefore good Major as you made me Come hither, do not now disswade me From instant leaving this vile place.

1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones IV. xii. v. 226 A grave Matron told the Master [of a puppet-show] she would bring her two Daughters the next Night, as he did not show any Stuff.

1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. i. 8 My eldest son..was bred at Oxford, as I intended him for one of the learned professions.

1811 tr. Niebuhr's Trav. Arabia cxx, in J. Pinkerton Gen. Coll. Voy. X. 153 As they have no strong drink, they, for this purpose, smoke Haschisch, which is the dried leaves of a sort of hemp.

1883 M. Oliphant Hester I. xiv. 221 He knew that he would be ‘a catch’ for Hester, and that as she was no fool, it was inconceivable that she should not jump at him.

1914 T. S. Eliot Let. 19 July (1988) I. 40 It seems a wonderfully civilised little place for its size: as you can get Abdulla's cigarettes and several kinds of tooth powder.

1967 M. Drabble Jerusalem the Golden (1969) ii. 36 She found everything easy, as her memory for facts was remarkable.

2000 Feng Shui for Mod. Living May 9/4 As you were born in 1952, South is indeed your sheng ch'i or best direction.

b. In non-finite (chiefly participial) clauses.

ΚΠ

1484 W. Cely Let. 25 Mar. in Cely Lett. (1975) 204 And allsoo the vij M^l pell schyppyd yn Jun anno iiij^xx iij were sorre blemeschyd, as brent yn the schyppys bothe tymes.

1533 J. More tr. D. de Góis Legacye Prester Iohn f. 25^v Syns yt is your offyce (as beynge theyre herdman, and they commytted to you by god) you wold cause those nobles of yours, to leue theyr couetous crueltye.

1583 W. Fulke Def. Transl. Script. iv. 138 The other translatours..left out that title altogither, as being no part of the text and word of God.

1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 794 He was enforced to returne, as destitute of those further succours.

1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. xii. 211 The whole Work will be spoiled; as being smaller than the proposed Diameter.

1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) Introd. 24 [He] is not handsom; as having a flat Nose.

1794 W. Peckitt Wonderful Love God to Men 18 Earths, Acies, and Waters, as having the contracting and attracting virtue of life only, are called (simply, espiritual) bodys.

1847 Brit. Q. Rev. Aug. 238 The Retractations of Augustine are very remarkable, as containing his own review, in advanced years, of his writings.

1873 E. Smith Foods (1876) 53 The South Down is preferred in London and neighbourhood, as offering the least proportion of bone and fat, and the finest flavour.

1917 Times 29 June 5/1 Some..were disposed to call them ‘Pork-and-beans’, as having a general resemblance to the name Portuguese.

1955 R. Macaulay Let. 20 Aug. in Last Lett. to Friend (1962) 206 I personally think it all to the good, as giving something for every one, however different their minds, backgrounds, and religious temperaments.

1992 J. M. Kelly Short Hist. Western Legal Theory i. 24 With certain modes of music excluded from the curriculum as tending to encourage softness or frivolity.

VI. Prefixed to adverbial phrases.

25. Restricting the force of adverbs and adverbial phrases.

†a. Of place, as as here, as there, etc. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 2 Constantin ant Maxence weren on ane time as in keiseres stude hehest irome.

c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 1131 (MED) Ich man..For soke þo þat kniȝt, As þare.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 35 Thei diden not ellis as there for tho vertues but this.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 21 What euer thing..conseileth men forto kepe certein gouernauncis groundith not as in that tho gouernauncis.

?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 29 (MED) As to my fadyr lete us now tee.

a1500 (?a1400) Sir Torrent of Portyngale (1887) l. 1986 For Iesu love thy sonne hym make, As in the stede of me.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) clvi. 602 Let hym go and marry her, for as here he hath no thynge to do.

b. Of time, as as then, as today, as yesterday, etc. Now regional except in as yet at yet adv. and adj.² Phrases 2.as now: see now adv., conj., n.¹, and adj. Phrases 2b.

ΚΠ

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 7105 (MED) Þo is lif was nei ido As in þe ȝer of is kinedom tuenty & tuo, Of þe croune of engelond he nuste wat best do.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 375 (MED) The werkes of entaile he cowthe Above alle othre men, as tho.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Melibeus (Hengwrt) (2003) §12 Til she haue wept hir fille, as for a certeyn tyme.

a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) l. 153 (MED) Als þis time, sex ȝere I rade allane.

1479 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 615 He shall ryd forwardys as on Monday next comyng betymys.

1489 T. Grigges in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 458 Your said debite hath ben there as yister-day and seysed my lordes part therof.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cccxiii. 480 I vnderstode so as then.

1551 R. Ascham Let. in Wks. (1865) I. ii. 288 The prince of Spain, which as to-morrow should have gone into Italy.

1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. ii. xvii. 215 A prouince vntoucht in a manner, & new to vs as till then.

1653 H. Holcroft tr. Procopius War with Vandals i. 15 in tr. Procopius Hist. Warres Justinian He could not get John punished as then.

1760 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) III. 608 To carry us off to Longleat as last Thursday.

VII. Introducing a noun clause.

26. Introducing a noun clause, after say, know, think, etc.; = that conj. 1a. Also in as that, as how. Now English regional (southern) and U.S. regional.seeing as (how): see seeing conj.

ΚΠ

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 1598 Ha..sehen as þe engles..smireden hire wunden.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 479 (MED) Þat wot neuer..whennes þat he come, but as mi fader him fond in þe forest.

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) lxiiii. 94 I saye not as ye shalle be pryuely and allone one by other.

1578 T. Tymme tr. J. Calvin Comm. Genesis 331 It seemeth to be a very absurd reason that he giveth, as that the children of Abram could not be saved.

1689 Proc. & Tryal Archbishop of Canterbury & Right Rev. Fathers 55 Do you know My Lord Bishop of St. Asaph's handwriting? Not as I know of.

1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 508. ⁋6 That the Fop..should say, as he would rather have such-a-one without a Groat, than me with the Indies.

1751 S. Richardson Clarissa (ed. 3) IV. xl. 238 Pray let her know as that I will present her..my Lancashire seat.

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 73 I believe as how your man deals with the devil.

1838 T. C. Haliburton Clockmaker 2nd Ser. xvii. 250 As if you didn't know as you could trust him or no.

1856 H. B. Stowe Dred xi. 100 I don't know as you'll like the appearance of our place.

1927 P. MacDonald Patrol ix. 82 You says, Sawgint, as 'ow you want suggestions.

1996 F. Chappell Farewell I'm bound to leave You (1997) 11 I don't know as I believe that talk.

2003 A. Garner Thursbitch (2004) 44 I reckon as how there must be a great ruck of sense we'll never plunder.

VIII. Introducing a clause expressing result, actual or intended.

* Without antecedent, or immediately preceded by so in the subordinate clause.

27. With finite verb: with the result or (now usually) purpose that; so that.

a. Usually (now always) with preceding so. Cf. so adv. and conj. 29a. Now colloquial.

ΚΠ

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 586 Adam was made of manes elde, Als he might him seluen welde.

1417–18 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 39 (MED) Þat it be do so os may be moste mede for her saules.

1481 J. Weston Let. 27 Oct. in Cely Lett. (1975) 116 As thay sal se al the remedyis and demandys at the sayde Herron makys, I sende thayme be the sayde frere.

1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. ix So as he that holdeth by escuage holdeth by homage.

1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Jas. iii. f. xxxiiii The poyson doeth also corrupte other with his contagiousnes, so as that miserable myschief can not possiblie be restrained by no force, nor by no reason.

a1593 C. Marlowe Tragicall Hist. Faustus (1604) sig. D4^v The bright shining of whose glorious actes Lightens the world with his reflecting beames, As..It grieues my soule I neuer saw the man.

1629 T. Hobbes tr. Thucydides Eight Bks. Peloponnesian Warre ii. 131 Wee miscarried by vnskilfulnesse: so as the losse can no way be ascribed to cowardise.

1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Treat. Orange Trees iv. 9 in Compl. Gard'ner Orange-Trees make no Clod, or Union, so as 'tis very difficult to..change them upon occasion.

1737 W. Whiston tr. Josephus Antiq. Jews xv. ix, in tr. Josephus Genuine Wks. 497 Herod..bestowed presents on every one..using his magnificent disposition so as his Kingdom might be the better secured.

1797 J. Downing Treat. Disorders Horned Cattle 118 The joints will bend so as the clees or horny part..can be inclosed in the hand.

1805 J. Ordway Jrnl. 5 Oct. in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1995) IX. 234 We..cropped their fore mane So as we may know them at our return.

1899 R. Whiteing No. 5 John St. xvii. 172 This spring lowers the bed-rest, so as he can sit up an' read.

1942 R.A.F. Jrnl. 16 May 2 We heave sandbags and pull ropes and tie knots..till we get so's we don't notice the weather.

1945 D. Bolster Roll on my Twelve 25 Ridin' lights is what a ship shows when she's at anchor, so as other ships an' boats don't foul 'er cable or bump 'er in the dark.

2003 F. Shaw Sweetest Thing 6 Mary says, so as only I can hear, ‘Thanks,’ and touches my shoulder.

b. With preceding so and following that. Cf. so adv. and conj. 29c. Now formal.

ΚΠ

1615 T. Cooper Christians Daily Sacrifice (rev. ed.) iii. x. 508 And so submitting to the wisedom of our superiours: yet so As that we do nothing against a truly informed conscience.

1664 J. Evelyn tr. L. Alberti Statues in tr. R. Fréart Parallel Antient Archit. 152 The Style is a streight Ruler, one end whereof is fixt in the center of the said Circle, the other end moves about at pleasure, so as that it may be easily transfer'd and directed from one division of the Circle to another.

1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1721) I. 99 Hold your Quadrant so as that your Plummet may fall on 45 Degrees.

1790 Coll. Voy. round World III. i. 795 [They] had never been sufficiently examined, so as that an accurate judgement might be formed of their coasts.

1842 Lancet 5 Mar. 790/1 Had nature..constituted a man so as that he was unavoidably..prone to crime, and so as that the strength of his volition was not equal..to that of his passions or propensities.

1873 Friend Apr. 12 266/1 When I know more how to prize his presence.., he will help me, so as that I may enjoy more of him.

1914 Southwestern Reporter 161 1123/1 The rule is to construe them so as that both will stand so far as possible.

2002 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 37 4088/2 It has been merged with ITC so as that its accumulated losses can be used to claim tax shelters.

28. With infinitive of result or (now usually) purpose: in order to. Chiefly (now always) with preceding so. Compare so adv. and conj. 28a.

ΚΠ

c1450 J. Metham Days Moon (Garrett) in Wks. (1916) 155 Yff a man or a woman be born on sqwyche a day off the mone, ye schal conceyue that he ys, or sche ys, dysposyd so as to haue wurchyp, or ellys troubyl.

a1500 Disciplina Clericalis in Western Reserve Univ. Bull. (1919) 22 56 (MED) The friende..to the desolate friende reherced ageyne, sayeng as to make hym myrry: ‘Friende, [etc.].’

1568 Earl of Sussex in E. Lodge Illustr. Brit. Hist. (1791) II. 6 And, lastly, to foresee that these Scotts on bothe sydes packe not together, so as to unwrappe..ther mystres owte of all present slaunders, purge her openly [etc.].

1625 J. Wilson Some Helpes to Faith 108 Their light shineth not effectually into their conscience, and so as to guid them.

1682 I. Newton Let. 12 Sept. in Corr. (1960) II. 383 When we look with two eyes distorted so as to see ye same object double.

1724 S. Sewall Let. 6 Oct. in Let.-bk. (1888) II. 177 I subscribe the Company's opinion as to educating some of the Aborigines so as to fit them for the work of the Ministry.

1782 J. Wesley Let. 31 Dec. (1931) VII. 157 A letter could not be wrote on the receipt of yours so as to reach Skillington by Wednesday, January the 1st.

1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. lvi. 696 The tube is twice bent, so as to return in a parallel direction.

1876 C. Darwin Effects Cross & Self Fertilisation Veg. Kingdom i. 1 The flowers of most kinds of plants are constructed so as to be occasionally or habitually cross-fertilised by pollen from another flower.

1922 A. Jekyll Kitchen Ess. 98 The upper end sliced off so as to give an adequate opening.

1990 R. Ludlum Bourne Ultimatum xvi. 200 Jason..holding out his arms so as to be helped into the tunic.

** With antecedent so, such, that in the main clause: (in such a manner, to such a degree, of such a kind) that.

†29. With finite verb. Also immediately followed by that: so that.

a. With antecedent such. Cf. such adj. and pron. 13a. Obsolete.

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c1460 Let. in Publ. Southampton Rec. Soc. (1921) 22 21 (MED) Besekyng his highnesse to geve vs suche..ayde, as we may be able..to resiste ayenst the malice of his enemyes.

1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 30 The raynes of his horse faylled..in suche wise as he tumblid the hede vnder.

a1575 N. Harpsfield Treat. Divorce Henry VIII (1878) (modernized text) 178 Such..calamity..as since Christ his birth it never suffered the like.

a1592 R. Greene Comicall Hist. Alphonsus (1599) v. sig. H2^v Hath god Mars such force..As that he can.

1610 J. Guillim Display of Heraldrie ii. iii. 42 Adumbration or Transparency, is a cleere exemption of the substance of the Charge, or thing borne, in such sort, as that there remaineth nothing thereof to be discerned, but the naked and bare proportion of the outward lineaments thereof.

1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. x. sig. I5 Hee that longs for Heauen, with such impatience, as hee will kill himselfe.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 354 I gain'd a Son, Such a Son as all Men hail'd me happy.

1795 tr. L. S. Mercier Fragm. Politics & Hist. I. 31 The power..placed in the hands of a chief, in such a way as that the principle of unity in the government will be appreciated.

a1866 J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos. (1870) 362 In such a manner as that the thought of Him is, etc.

b. With antecedent so (also also). Cf. so adv. and conj. 29b. Obsolete.

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a1475 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (Laud) (1885) 139 (MED) Þe commons þeroff be so pouere, as thai meynot give any thyng off þair owne godis.

a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 183 Alyȝaundyr... made hom to dryue hom [sc. swine] also nygh þe olyfaundys, as þai myghtyn wele here hor roryng.

1567 A. Golding tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) v. f. 57 Persey..so warely did it shunne, As that it in his coteplights hung.

1589 Trve Coppie Disc. Voy. Spaine 21 This so amazed our men..as they forsooke their Commanders, and left them.

1644 K. Digby Two Treat. ii. ix. 75 If the partes of the strucken body be so easily cessible as without difficulty the stroake can diuide them, then it entereth into such a body.

1661 A. Sparrow Rationale Bk. Common Prayer (new ed.) 245 A thing so plain as it needs no proof.

a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1691) Pref. sig. A iij The Price of Food so reasonable, as that Men refuse to have it cheaper.

1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 104 The Plague was so high, as that there dy'd 4000 a Week.

1742 C. Middleton Hist. Life Cicero (ed. 3) II. vii. 207 I despised you..so as nothing could be prouder.

1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. I. 203 His largest vessel was so clumsy and unfit for service, as constrained him to bear away for Hispaniola.

1828 H. Steuart Planter's Guide vii. 226 It is a material consideration so to machine the Tree, as that its lee-side branches,..should, if possible, be uppermost on the pole.

30. With infinitive of result or purpose. With antecedent so, such, †that (cf. sense B. 21a). Cf. so adv. and conj. 28a, such adj. and pron. 13.to be so good as to: see good adj. 15a.

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?1480 H. Stawntoyn Let. 19 July in Cely Lett. (1975) 86 Let yowr man do so myche ffor me as to go to the syne off the Ster..wheras daggers be maid.

a1593 C. Marlowe Tragicall Hist. Faustus (1604) sig. E3^v Do vs that fauor, as to let vs see that peerelesse Dame.

1651 J. Rocket Christian Subj. (1658) iii. 21 Hee delights to see you..so graciously affectionated as to pray for them.

1653 H. More Antidote against Atheisme i. xi. 39 To beare themselves so as..to cause an arbitrarious ablegation of the Spirits.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 1. ¶2 I am not so vain as to think.

1746 J. Wesley Princ. Methodist farther Explain'd 5 If indeed it were so abridged as to alter the Sense, this would be unfair.

1788 W. Short Let. 28 Oct. in J. P. Boyd Papers T. Jefferson (1958) XIV. 42 The zeal of the gentleman..was such as to carry me by the ricemill.

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. III. 285 Announced in a voice so loud, as to make all..aware of the important communication.

1859 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 25 Feb. 215/1 The uniting of the two parts..in such a manner as to expose the page of English-Latin and Latin-English at the same moment.

1891 T. Hodgkin Theodoric the Goth ix. 156 He so acquitted himself as to win the approbation of all.

1900 J. Conrad Lord Jim xxiii. 257 I heard afterwards he had been so indiscreet as to get himself tied up by the neck with a rattan halter to a post.

1936 E. A. Atkins & A. G. Walker Electr. Arc & Oxy-acetylene Welding (ed. 3) xiii. 150 Oxide sparks will be thrown out in such quantity and velocity as to cause an obstruction.

1966 H. M. Hamill Hidalgo Revolt (1970) vii. 195 Though this decree was essentially abrogative, Hidalgo was not so unwise as to abolish all unpopular taxes.

2001 Scotsman (Nexis) 29 Sept. 12 Its plot is..woven so closely as to produce a narrative momentum that is unstoppable.

Phrases

P1. With conjunctions.

a. as if: as the case would be if. Cf. sense B. 7.

(a) With finite clause (originally usually with verb in the past subjunctive, now frequently with indicative tenses).Use with the indicative is criticized in H. W. Fowler & F. G. Fowler King's Eng. (1906) 156–7, on the grounds that the as if expression is elliptical for an unreal conditional construction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adverb] > as if or as though

asOE

as ifc1175

askancesc1350

as whoc1380

like asa1393

like1405

like as and1523

eOE (Kentish) Glosses to Proverbs of Solomon (Vesp. D.vi) in U. Kalbhen Kentische Glossen (2003) 124 Uelut si auis festinet : oððe swa [gi]f efst fugel.]

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 14799 Drihhtin þær to clæf þe sæ, Alls iff itt waterr nære.

c1300 St. Michael (Laud) l. 411 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 311 Ase ȝif þov heolde ane clere candele bi-side an Appel riȝt Euene half þe Appel, heo wolde ȝiuen hire lijȝt.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. iv. i. 130 Þe bemes of liȝt comeþ togedres..as ȝif þe bemes were joyned in a myrour.

a1450 (a1387) Prol. Comm. on Matthew 48 Summe thingis doon bifore ben seide, as if thei suen in ordre of tyme.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Prov. vii. C Like as yf a byrde haisted to the snare.

1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Jan. 18 As if my yeare were wast, and woxen old.

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 39 [The] arrowes fell as thicke..as if it had been a perpetuall..shoure of haile, to the great disordering & dismaying of the whole armie.

1693 J. Dryden tr. Persius Satires i. 7 As if 'tis nothing worth that lies conceal'd.

1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones V. xiv. v. 144 He..would have had us consider ourselves as highly, as if we had been the richest Heiresses.

1752 H. Fielding Amelia II. v. iii. 110 As if when Nature hath finished her Work, the Dancing-Master still is necessary to put it in Motion.

1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. iii. 25 He defended his opinions with as much obstinacy as if he had been my patron.

1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 71 Treating history as if it were a series of tableaux vivans intended to please the eye.

1862 W. M. Thackeray Philip II. viii. 173 As if a coarse woman..has a right to lead a guileless nature into wrong!

1915 J. Buchan Thirty-nine Steps iii. 71 You can lie as snug here as if you were in a moss-hole.

1963 D. Storey Radcliffe xxxvi. 367 As if everything that appears to live..is simply imitating some distant and incoherent ideal.

1991 N. Bawden Woman of My Age 35 He laughed as if I had said something annihilatingly funny.

(b) With non-finite clause with implied verb, or containing an infinitive expressing purpose or destination, or containing a participle.

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1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 136 Buying pewter, brasse, and such like implements, as if to set up house-keeping.

1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 398 As if foreseeing..that..a distressed Prince..should..recover his rightfull throne.

1706 N. Rowe Ulysses i. i. 52 'Twou'd make Comparison..monstrous seem, as if to mate A Mole-Hill with Olympus.

1746 E. Haywood Female Spectator (1748) IV. 304 She..swam round the room, as if leading up a courant.

1785 W. Cowper Task v. 122 Thus Nature works as if to mock at Art.

1818 H. Bankes Civil & Constit. Hist. Rome II. xxxiii. 355 Brought occasionally, as if in mockery, to Rome..he dragged on an inglorious existence.

1821 P. B. Shelley Adonais xi. 10 One..Washed his light limbs as if embalming them.

1842 F. Marryat Percival Keene I. v. 55 Mr. O'Gallagher looked round the school as if to find a culprit.

1867 T. Carlyle Reminisc. (1881) II. 18 I was banished solitary as if to the bottom of a cave.

1927 J. Buchan Witch Wood xx. 355 The hand was raised, and the other cowered to his saddle-bow, as if to avert a stroke.

1952 T. Armstrong Adam Brunskill iv. 114 Feeling for the furniture as if needing support.

2007 R. Millward Apples v. 47 He kept thumping and roughing me up, as if to prove he would've been alright in the same situation.

(c) colloquial. Without clause, as an exclamation.Typically used as a sardonic response to a stated or reported suggestion.

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a1902 F. Norris Pit (1903) i. 10 ‘Maybe he'll come up and speak to us.’ ‘Oh, as if!’ contradicted Laura.

1975 A. Buzo Tom i. ii. 6 Why doesn't Tom forgive and forget?.. Huh! As if! That kind of magnanimity's an unknown concept as far as you're concerned.

1981 UNC-CH Slang (Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill) (typescript) Mar. 1 ‘He drank 50 beers in 5 minutes.’ ‘As if.’

1994 A. Heckerling Clueless (film script, first shooting draft) (O.E.D. Archive) Green Revised Pages 64 Elton. What's the deal, you've been flirting with me all year. Cher. As if! I've been trying to help you and Tai get together.

2001 Sun 27 Jan. 42/1 When she finds her cheating hubby in bed with another woman (as if!) Isabella moves to Los Angeles.

b. as though: = as if at Phrases 1a.

(a) With finite clause.

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a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 7 Sainte powel..wrot þo a writ and sende hit synfulle men,..and dude him seluen mid hem þaron, alse þeih he sunful were.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 18 (MED) As þah hit were þe seoueðe time of þe dei.

c1300 St. Mary Magdalen (Laud) l. 58 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 464 (MED) Ase þei heo and hire soster neren nouȝt of one blode.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 19088 Qui wondir gie..Als þoȝ þis war don wiþ ur miȝt?

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7690 Als þof his wiþerwin he war.

c1400 Brut 238 Buriede in þat sande, as þauȝ þai hade bene hondes.

c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 54 (MED) As þeiȝ þer by he schulde helpe hym silf out of þis wondring.

1509–10 Act 1 Hen. VIII c. 18 §2 The Quene [shall] have like Habilitie..as though she had orygynally ben borne within this Realme.

a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Eii Your speche is as pleasant as though it were pend To here your comon it is my hygh comforte.

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. K5 This is as though a man should despise meane fare, bicause he cannot come by better.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. i. 261 I'faith, ile eate nothing: I thanke you as much as though I did.

1629 J. Gaule Practique Theories Christs Predict. 305 Hee [sc. Christ] bowes his Head; as though hee would becke vs towards him.

1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. vi. 298 The Camell..hath a most slow and lazy pace.., as though he were weighing his feete in a ballance.

1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho IV. xiv. 331 I have reason to love him, as though he was my own son.

1848 J. Arnould Law Marine Insurance II. iii. iv. 890 The goods in such case are as much sacrificed for the general safety as though they were jettisoned.

1864 G. W. Dasent Jest & Earnest (1873) II. 239 This looks as though Magnus was more afraid of Harold than of Sweyn.

1932 A. Huxley Brave New World xvii. 276 He manifests himself as an absence; as though he weren't there at all.

1963 D. Storey Radcliffe xxxvi. 367 It's the sense of imitation that's so forbidding... As though it's all a deception, and the only person it doesn't deceive is me.

2007 I. Stewart Why Beauty is Truth xiii. 236 The particles behaved as though they were spinning around some axis.

(b) With non-finite clause.

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1782 T. Pownall Treat. Study Antiq. 48 Characters and..diagrams..which Kircher has passed by unnoticed, as though making no part of the inscriber's intention.

1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc i. 26 As tho' by some divinity possess'd.

1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xxxvi. 349 Mr. Lumbey shook his head with great solemnity, as though to imply that he supposed she must have been rather a dazzler.

1890 S. W. Baker Wild Beasts I. 159 These cuts were as neatly drawn across the skull as though done by a sharp pruning knife.

1904 Collier's 7 May 9/1 Hot ashes over which the Japanese passed their hands continually, as though performing an incantation.

1955 O. Manning Doves of Venus ii. v. 131 Nancy..was complacently silent, watching her uncle and friend as though conscious of being the begetter of all that passed between them.

2002 R. Mistry Family Matters (2003) xiv. 308 Bringing his head forward as though to better observe this Parsi lingering outside.

†c. as when: = sense B. 22. Obsolete.Perhaps to be understood as a restrictive use of as: cf. sense B. 25b.

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a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 440 (MED) A..feintise folwes me..i mase..but redeliche in þat res þe recuuerere þat me falles, as whan i haue ani hap to here of þat barne.

a1500 Twelve Profits of Tribulation (Rawl.) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 400 (MED) Oute of þis presone god delyueryth many oone by tribulacion, as when he putteth a-weye from hem such þingis as þei loue inordinatly.

1546 Wycklyffes Wycket sig. A.vii The materiall bread that he had in hys handes as when he sayde (Hoc est corpus meum).

†d. as and: = as if at Phrases 1a. Cf. and conj.¹ 15. Obsolete. rare.

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1486 Bk. St. Albans sig. bij^v A Taynt is a thyng that gooth ouerwarte the federis of the wynges, and of the tayll lyke as and it were eetyn with wormys.

a1500 Gospel of Nicodemus (Harl. 149) (1974) 67 (MED) Youre God..delyuered you oute of the bonde of Egypcyens, and drowned hem yn the deepe see, and made you passe thorough as and ye had ben on drye londe.

1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng xi. f. xii^v As and a lorde haue a manere.

e. as and when.

(a) Introducing a clause: to the extent and at the time that; (loosely) whensoever. Cf. if and when at if conj. and n. Phrases 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [adverb] > whensoever or eventually

yetc1400

as and when1565

successively1600

in the successa1676

ultimately1818

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > possibility > [adverb]

welleOE

possiblyc1400

possiblea1425

contingentlyc1430

potentiallyc1450

perhapsa1535

as and when1565

conceivably1625

if you like1813

1565 T. Stapleton in tr. Bede Hist. Church Eng. Pref. to Rdr. sig. ǁ3 This precious pearle off Fayth..as and when it pleased God was opened and made manifest.

1652 R. Resbury Lightless-starre iii. 22 The Scriptures themselves be upon no other termes, nor in any other case serviceable, or usefull unto men, for the tryall of Doctrines and Opinions, but only as and when they are clearly understood by them.

a1679 M. Poole Annot. Holy Bible (1683) I. sig. I4^v/1 A common and customary blessing, which Parents may bestow upon any of their Children as and when they please.

1744 True Copy Last Will & Test. of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough 60 I do hereby authorize and impower my said Grandson John Spencer, as and when he shall come into and be in Possession of the said Manors [etc.].

1796 J. B. Bird New Pocket Conveyancer I. 185 To such child or children equally among them, share and share alike, as and when they shall severally be married.

1837 Amer. Biblical Repository July 184 To abandon his hearers to be converted as and when God's sovereignty shall choose.

1885 Irish Law Times 14 Mar. 132/2 All fees and costs..shall as and when realised be paid into court to the credit of an account.

1945 J. Corbett Death—by Appointment xvii. 186 I gave her the key; told her that she could use the house as and when she wanted to.

1996 She Apr. 70/3 To learn to deal with an issue as and when it rears its head.

(b) colloquial. Without following clause: when possible, now and then; eventually, in due time.

ΚΠ

1937 Rotarian Sept. 29/1 If I am to become a tottering old man I shall handle that situation ‘if, as, and when’.]

1965 Listener 17 June 892/1 They confirmed the existing main roads as future main traffic arteries to be widened ‘as and when’.

1977 Custom Car Nov. 30/2 We hope to be half-inching a J72 in the near future, so more on that as and when.

1999 M. Sawyer Park & Ride (2000) v. 93 I just buy things as and when.

P2. With finite verbs.

a. as it were: (as a parenthetic phrase used to indicate that a word or statement is perhaps not formally exact though practically right) as if it were so, if one might so put it, in some sort.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adverb] > as it were

as it werec1175

quasi1485

so to say1619

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 16896 Þatt lede þatt primmseȝȝnedd iss..iss all alls itt wære ȝet I nahhtess þessterrnesse.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. ix. l. 22 Ich wolde a-saye som tyme for solas, as hit were.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Nun's Priest's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 26 She was as it were a maner deye.

a1456 (a1402) J. Trevisa tr. Gospel of Nicodemus (BL Add.) f. 113^v (MED) Ye..shal speke with no man, but ye shal beo, as hit were, dombe.

1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour iii. xi. sig. ci It draweth a man as it were by violence.

1579 E. K. in E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Mar. 11 Gloss. The messenger, and as it were, the forerunner of springe.

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §788 In the cold Countries, when Mens Noses and Ears are mortified, and (as it were) Gangrened with cold.

1692 E. Walker tr. Epictetus Enchiridion (1737) xxii You're as it were the Actor of a Play.

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 32. ⁋1 She has thought fit, as it were, to mock herself.

a1797 E. Burke Let. in Wks. (1845) V. 148 The government..have..as it were a bird's eye view of everything.

1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. v. 225 It is necessary from time to time to change, and as it were, to cross the breed.

1881 R. Buchanan God & Man I. 124 She took him at once, as it were, into her confidence.

1930 P. G. Wodehouse Very Good, Jeeves i. 29 I had for some little time been living, as it were, in another world. I now came down to earth with a bang.

1996 Times (Nexis) 19 June In a corner of Wells stands a gracious mansion... Its Ionic portals and exquisite interior plasterwork were built, as it were, from the blood and sweat of some 500 Negro slaves.

b. as it is: in the existing circumstances (esp. in comparison with a hypothetical alternative); as it happens. Also as it was.

ΚΠ

1577 N. Breton Floorish vpon Fancie sig. D.iii^v Well as it was I did full ofte, reuolue the same in mind.

1591 J. Harington tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso xix. xxxiii. 148 This mad man made them but ilfauord sport, And had made worse, had he them rightly caught, But as it was he put them in great daunger.

a1630 D. Hume Hist. Houses Douglas & Angus (1644) 192 The King might have beene set beside his Throne. And as it was, he was once in a great brangling, and had resolved to quit the Countrey.

1691 G. Langbaine Acct. Eng. Dramat. Poets 81 There were some things in it, which he was not asham'd of, taking the Excuse of his Age when he made it. But as it was he accounted it only the hasty first-sitting of a Picture.

1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. x. 32 Had Dr. Slop cut any part about him but his thumb..his prudence had triumphed: as it was, he was determined to have his revenge.

1798 Ld. Jeffrey in H. T. Cockburn Life Ld. Jeffrey (1852) I. 101 As it is, I believe I shall go on sophisticating and perverting myself till I become absolutely good for nothing.

1822 W. Scott Familiar Lett. 4 Sept. (1894) II. xviii. 149 As it was, I came off with a fit of the mange, and it was a good escape.

1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) xiii. 167 ‘It'll never be the last time till it's quite worn out,’ rejoined the shopman. ‘It's grown yellow in the service as it is.’

1872 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch I. ii. xx. 351 As it is, the quickest of us walk about well wadded with stupidity.

1938 W. Watson Miss Pettigrew lives for Day iii. 29 If only Michael had been a little less good and proper he might have had a chance, but as it is, against a man like this, what ordinary man has a look in?

1991 R. Mistry Such Long Journey (1992) 4 God knows what he might do to the milk—as it was, these poor people in slum shacks and jhopadpattis in and around Bombay looked at you sometimes as if they wanted to throw you out of your home.

2007 Snooker Scene Aug. 10/4 As it was, there were five Asian no shows for the Shangai Masters qualifiers because of visa problems.

c. as I live (and breathe): see live v.¹ Phrases 4b.

d. Originally Military. as you were: (as a command in drill): ‘return to the position in which you were before’; also in extended use (colloquial).

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > drill or training > [adverb] > return to position

as you were1625

1625 G. Markham Souldiers Accidence 21 To reduce any of these words of direction to the same order or station in which the Souldier stood before..you shall say..As you were.

1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes iv. iv. 52 in Wks. II When my Muster-Master..cries, Faces about to the right hand, the left, Now, as you were.

1680 A. Radcliffe in Rochester's Poems 133 And be Godly a while ho, and then as you were.

1700 G. Farquhar Constant Couple i. ii. 11 To the right about as you were, march Colonel.

1760 W. Windham Plan Discipline Norfolk Militia (new ed.) vii. 138 The grenadiers doubling in the same manner as they did before; at the word, As you were! the centre platoons face to the right.

1864 J. C. Hotten Slang Dict. (new ed.) 68 ‘As you were’, a military phrase in drilling; used in a Slang sense to one who is going on too fast in his assertions, and wants recalling to moderation.

1864 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia IV. xv. vi. 97 General amicable As-you-were, between Austria and Bavaria.

1871 J. W. T. Questions & Answers on Company Drill 28 The men [are] frequently to be brought back to the ‘ready’ by the command ‘as you were’.

1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 11 As you were: The ordinary military word of command, used colloquially by way of acknowledging a mistake in anything said, e.g., ‘I saw Smith—as you were—I mean Brown.’

1992 H. Turtledove Guns of South (1993) 121 He scrambled to his feet for General Lee. So did most of the other soldiers... ‘As you were, gentlemen, please.’

e. as was: see be v. Phrases 2c.

f. as it stands: see stand v. Phrases 3a.

g. Originally U.S. as is: (originally and esp. of goods for sale) as it is, in the condition in which one finds it; also attributive.

ΚΠ

1895 Agric. Gaz. New S. Wales 6 475 If trees have been neglected and fruit is smutty, brand it smutty, to be sold ‘as is’ [quoting U.S. speaker].

1918 Shortage of Coal (Hearings before U.S. Senate Subcomm. of Comm. on Manufactures) 957 The coal has always been sold on the ‘as is’ basis. This term is best expressed in English by the translation of the old Roman motto: ‘Let the buyer beware’.

1930 Pop. Sci. Monthly May 73/1 In many cases, such [radio] sets are sold ‘as is’.

1965 House & Garden Jan. 60 There are many varieties of this sausage. Some are cured and dried and can be eaten as is. Others should be cooked.

1987 N.Y. Times 2 July c12 (advt.) Exceptional values on clearance, floor sample, and ‘as is’ items before inventory.

2010 Wall St. Jrnl. 23 Jan. a14/1 They argue for ObamaCare as is, perhaps with sidecar amendments that address liberal objections.

h. British colloquial (ironic). as you do, as one does: used to imply an incongruity between the action, behaviour, etc., previously mentioned and normal life.

ΚΠ

1993 D. Baddiel in R. Newman & D. Baddiel Pieces (TV script) 11 Oct. Episode 4 And I hate people who tell you they've just done something wacky, and then to prove just how wacky it was say, ‘As you do!’ ‘I just put a bucket of bananas on my head, as you do!’ No, no, no, no. What you mean is, you behaved like a tosser, as you do.

1993 Guardian 23 Oct. a60 ‘She stormed out of the cafe with her four children and returned with a 12-bore shotgun’. As you do.

1995 Smash Hits 29 Mar. 8/1 She prefers to spend time helping out at her hubby's real estate business. As you do.

2001 Heat 17 Nov. 78/4 I have a small gym at home in the poolhouse. As you do!

2007 Esquire Nov. 129/1 The firm's 6ft 4in chief executive and co-founder, who has flown in from his Beverley Hills HQ to launch a Spanish version of the site and—as you do—drop in on Gordon Brown.

2012 N. Schoon What's a Bank Worth? Acknowl. p. vii Further thanks go to Peter Goodman for his random thoughts (as one does) on Value at Risk.

P3. Restricting or specially defining the reference of a preposition: as far as, so far as.

a. as to: as it regards, so far as it concerns, with respect or reference to.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > [adverb] > in relation or with reference to or concerning

forasmuch1297

as to1340

as fora1393

nentesa1400

accordingc1430

as respects1543

in (also with) relation to1551

relatively1609

quoad1622

referently1650

on, upon the score (of)1651

on account of1653

schetically1678

with a view to1692

apropos1749

as regards1797

in the matter of1881

in aid of1918

wise1942

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 8 (MED) Þe ilke þet hateþ his broþer, he is manslaȝþe ase to his wylle.

c1475 Antichrist & Disciples in J. H. Todd Three Treat. J. Wycklyffe (1851) p. cxvii He shal be lyoun as to violence; as a lyoun in his chouche as to trecherie.

1505 Instr. Henry VII to Ambassadors in Facsimiles National MSS (1865) I. 66 Item, to note welle hir ies, &c.—As to thys articule, the ies of the saide Quyne be of colore browne.

1648 W. Lilly Astrol. Predict. 42 High Windes are signified (as to the Weather) Seditions, Tumults, Hurlyburlies, and the Pestilence (as to the City).

1689 J. Moyle Abstr. Sea Chyrurg. ii. xxi. 76 The Quintessenses of Cloves and Colocynthis are great arcanums as to the Tooth-ach.

1749 D. Hartley Observ. Man i. i. §1 ⁋5 As to myself, I am not satisfied.

1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. i. 14 The nobility were divided..as to the merits of the musical genius, whom she patronized, and those of another candidate for fame.

1856 T. Hook Gilbert Gurney i [He] was questioned as to what efforts he had made to rescue his companion.

1857 A. Helps Friends in Council 1st Ser. I. 18 My only doubt was as to the mode.

1906 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 20 480 Its members have the right at any time to make inquiry as to the entire business.

1994 Rhetoric Soc. Q. 23 111 Horner informs us as to the condition of the manuscripts.

b. as for: as far as concerns; as regards, with respect to. †Formerly occasionally with omission of the anaphoric pronoun in the main clause (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > [adverb] > in relation or with reference to or concerning

forasmuch1297

as to1340

as fora1393

nentesa1400

accordingc1430

as respects1543

in (also with) relation to1551

relatively1609

quoad1622

referently1650

on, upon the score (of)1651

on account of1653

schetically1678

with a view to1692

apropos1749

as regards1797

in the matter of1881

in aid of1918

wise1942

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 887 As for wisdom, it is in Grece, Wher is apropred thilke spiece.

c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 761 Thow mayst wel haue thy lady, as for me.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 455 (MED) Her chaleng and blamyng..muste needis be had as for vniust and vntrewe.

1476 R. Cely Let. 28 Oct. in Cely Lett. (1975) 8 And as for the tother ij, dar not schew ther heddys, and as for Thomas Myller wyll do nothyng in thys mater byt as my father and ȝe wyll awys hym.

1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. ccxlvi. [ccxlii.] 756 As for these townes wyll neuer tourne frenche, for they can nat lyue in their daunger.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xxi. 6 But as for me, I am a worme and no man: a very scorne of men and the outcast of the people.

a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iv. iii. sig. F.iiij Let him keepe him there still..As for his labour hither he shall spende in wast.

1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health ccix. 184 As for herbes and fruites especially rawe, at all times are to be refused.

1681 A. Storer Let. 18 Apr. in I. Newton Corr. (1960) II. 369 As for ye Longitude of this place I suppoase it to be about 75 days from London Westwardly.

1747 J. Wesley Let. 22 Dec. (1931) II. 113 As for fasting, abstinence, and self-denial, you..trampled it under-foot.

1872 Field Q. Mag. Nov. 252/2 As for you, sir, your punishment is to come, and it will be terrible.

1965 New Statesman 9 Apr. 567/1 As for the public schools, you can't even suggest that the grammar schools be merged with the comprehensives without losing all the marginal seats in Bristol.

2003 K. Hosseini Kite Runner (2004) xiii. 147 Amir jan, as for you, I welcome you to my home as a son, as the husband of my daughter who is the noor of my eye.

c. as anent: see anent prep. 8b. as concerning: see concerning prep. 1a. as per: see per prep. 3a. as touching: see touching prep. b.

d. as of.

(a) as things stood on (a date); (originally U.S.) (in formal dating) reckoning from; from, after.

ΚΠ

1781 2nd Rep. Comm. Causes of War in Carnatic 19 He ordered an Entry to be made of what remained, as of the Date of his leaving Madras.

1822 Laws Commonw. Pennsylvania VI. 90 All process to issue from the courts of the said county of Columbia returnable to the second term, in said county, shall bear test as of the first Monday of January, one thousand eight hundred and fourteen.

1869 Statutes at Large State of N.Y. III. 65 The comptroller..is hereby required to transfer to the literature fund, as of the first of January last, the bonds and mortgages now in his office.

1911 Jrnl. Accountancy 12 132 It has been declared by the Attorney-General of the United States..that accurate returns as of December 31 must be made.

1937 Crisis Jan. 12/3 The approximate representation of Negroes as of November 1, 1935.

1970 New Society 5 Feb. 223/1 As of the end of 1973 women ‘would become entitled to receive treatment..which ensured orderly progress towards equal treatment’.

2007 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 5 Feb. iii. 1/6 Then, a letter will be sent with census questions, covering all the people at each address, as of April 1, 2010, also known as Census Day.

(b) Originally U.S. as of now: (a) at the present time; (b) from this moment, from now.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > from now or henceforth

fortha700

heneOE

henforthOE

forwardOE

anovenOE

yetOE

downwardc1175

forthwardc1175

furthermorea1300

henforthwardc1300

forne14..

henceforwardc1330

henforwardc1330

hencefortha1375

henceforthwardc1384

hencec1390

furtherwarda1400

forwardsc1400

hyneforwardc1400

henceforwardsa1425

even-forthc1425

forth on1474

henceforthon1490

hynea1500

froforth1536

hyneforth1570

downwards1584

towards1587

here-hence1592

whenceforth1658

whenceforwarda1661

onward1667

onwards1732

from here on out1867

as of now1902

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > as from or as of (a particular time)

as from1831

as of now1902

1902 Philippine Situation 53 Governor Taft. True as of what date? Senator Patterson. As of the date of the petition? Governor Taft. True as of now. It is just as true as gospel.

1950 Changing Times Nov. 15/1 I'm firing you as of now.

1968 Punch 18 Sept. 387/2 How would the papers celebrate the return of hot, topical, as-of-now photographs?

1977 J. Wainwright Do Nothin' x. 176 As of now you have another job.

2004 Stardust (Internat. ed.) June 101 ‘There's nothing happening as of now,’ he informs, slinking lazily into his recliner.

e. as from: (in formal dating) (with effect) from, after.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > as from or as of (a particular time)

as from1831

as of now1902

1831 C. Petersdorff Abridgm. Cases Courts King's Bench XIV. 149 Two partners, A. and В., on the 26th of August, 1809, agree to dissolve the partnership as from 1st of January, 1810.

1879 Bankers' Mag. Jan. 39 Upon the execution of such disclaimer the lease shall be deemed to have been surrendered as from the date of the order of adjudication.

1916 Ann. Reg. 1915 50 The British Government declared war against Bulgaria as from 10 p.m. on October 15 and the French Government as from 6 a.m. on October 16.

1943 Oxfordshire County Council Quart. Meeting 10 Feb. In these circumstances your Sub-Committee recommend that..the temporary addition to the basic salary of the Coroner for the Northern District be reduced from £70 to £45 as from the 1st of April, 1943.

1995 M. Touré B. Bureh's Countrymen 21 I will tell your headmaster that, as from Monday, you are no longer going to attend that school.

2008 Guardian 1 Aug. 22/4 Ten billion dollars today, will as from August 1 be revalued to one zimdollar dollar.

f. as in: used to introduce an example or explanation of a word, phrase, or statement immediately preceding.

ΚΠ

1892 Kansas Univ. Q. Oct. 96 Cod, a bit of deceit, as in, he gave the teacher a cod.

1937 Notes & Queries 6 Mar. 178/1 There is also a popular phrase for signature, ‘John Hancock’, as in, ‘Go ahead. Put down your John Hancock.’

1978 A. Maupin Tales of City 10 ‘The hottest spot in town. Social Safeway.’ ‘Social what?’ ‘Safeway, dink. As in supermarket.’

1986 Spin Feb. 28/3 First, let's discuss the definition of the word ‘novelty’, as in rarity or curiosity.

1997 M. Acton Learning to look at Paintings (2000) v. 103 Colour can also be translucent, so that you can see through it as in, say, blue smoke, or it can be solid and opaque as in red brick.

2005 N. Hornby Long Way Down 72 ‘But you still haven't told me who they are.’ ‘As in..?’ ‘As in, how do you know them and where did you meet them?’

P4. With pronouns, adjectives, and participles.

a. as who: see who pron. and n. Phrases 1.

b. as much.

(a) See much pron. and n. 2a.

(b) The same; what practically amounts to that, all that; esp. in I thought as much.

ΚΠ

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 310 This is as muche to seye as it was nyght.

1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. viii. 112 Is it not asmuch to say, as that the example of the Arke had imboldened them to venture vpon the Sea?

1615 W. Bedwell tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ ii. §65 I have heard as much, and all thou hast said is true.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) ii. i. 15 Glost. My Lord, 'tis but a base ignoble minde, That mounts no higher then a Bird can sore. Card. I thought as much, hee would be aboue the Clouds.

1713 J. Barker Love Intrigues 68 Though all this came from an unknown Hand, no Question but he believ'd it came from me; and by his Behaviour I concluded as much, for he always avoided my Presence.

1778 F. Burney Evelina I. xxi. 150 ‘Only see, here's Miss!’ cried the brother. ‘Well, I declare I thought as much!’

1794 R. B. Sheridan Duenna (new ed.) iii. 63 Efecks, father, I shou'd have guess'd as much.

1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh v. 226 If the Iliad fell out..By mere fortuitous concourse of old songs, We'll guess as much, too, for the universe.

1873 W. Black Princess of Thule xxi. 341 The old woman apparently anticipated as much.

1951 ‘J. Tey’ Daughter of Time ix. 121 ‘He's away off the beam. Away off.’ ‘I suspected as much. Let us have the facts.’

1996 C. Bateman Of Wee Sweetie Mice & Men xvii. 135 ‘I don't know where that kind of attitude gets you at home, but it's liable to get you into trouble here.’ ‘No, well, it kind of gets me in trouble at home as well.’ ‘I thought as much.’

c. as good: see good adj., n., adv., and int. Phrases 4b.

d. as such: see such adj. and pron. 38.

e. as new: (of a commodity) second-hand (or shop-soiled), but offered for sale in a condition allegedly as good as new; also attributive.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > merchandise > [adjective] > condition or quality of goods

middling1550

pedlaryc1555

shop-rid1620

shopworn1666

loyal1690

braided1721

country-damaged1847

shop-soiled1865

shoddy1882

as new1898

low-end1899

service weight1919

designer1940

high-end1956

loaded1968

market-leading1972

pound shop1989

the world > matter > condition of matter > state of being undecayed > [adjective] > other spec.

unruinated1567

unfretted1577

unworna1586

unclung1587

unseared1599

unwithered1599

unruined1607

unabraded1827

unweathered1843

untattered1856

as new1898

1898 Literary World 9 Sept. 175/3 For Sale.—‘Letters of Thomas Carlyle’, 2 vols., as new, 9s.

1922 Times 5 Oct. 4/7 (advt.) Child's white fur coat. Hat. Pram rug, as new.

1925 J. A. Holden Bookman's Gloss. 14 As new, a catalogue description of a volume or set approaching the condition of newness.

1972 J. Belfrage in G. W. Turner Good Austral. Eng. vi. 115 Second-hand car dealers who..beg you to take as-new late models off their hands at absurdly low prices.

1976 Conservation News Sept.–Oct. 8/2 We..asked whether they would pay more for the furniture if we could supply in an ‘as new’ condition.

1985 N.Y. Times Mag. 3 Mar. 22/2 Fine means ‘virtually as new’, just as a book was when taken off the press... Out of every 2,000 used books, maybe as many as 10 would be as new.

2000 Scootering 5 Mar. 10/3 An old Vespa chop..was stripped, resprayed, had a full engine rebuild and was put back on the road as new.

f. Chiefly British. as seen: = as is at Phrases 2g.

ΚΠ

1928 Manch. Guardian 24 Mar. 25/3 (advt.) Cars will be classed in the following categories:—‘A.’ Three months' guarantee. ‘B.’ Good running order. ‘C.’ Sold as seen and inspected.]

1940 Manch. Guardian 20 July 12/4 (advt.) Locomotive cranes... To be sold as seen.

1976 Evening Post (Nottingham) 15 Dec. 8/3 Should you require any items in an ‘as seen’ condition, an appropriate reduction in price can be negotiated.

1977 Drive Sept. 113/2 If he offers to ‘sell as seen’, this means that, as soon as you hand over your money, that's it—no guarantee, no come-back.

1999 Leading Lights 2 No. 12. 12/2 The Fellowship accepted my offer ‘as seen’.

2009 West Briton (Nexis) 5 Nov. 8 Six bottles, from Margaux and St Emilion, are now for sale with a disclaimer saying sold as seen with no guarantee of condition.

P5. With adverbs.

a. as also: (introducing an additional circumstance) also in the same way, and likewise, and..as well.

ΚΠ

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Luke xviii. 11 I am not as othere men, raueynouris, vniust, auouters, as also this pupplican.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 7 Feiþful curats owen to sorowe as wel of þe spoling of þer sogetis, as also of þe synne of þe spoliars.

1545 Primer Kynges Maiestie (STC 16034) Injunct. sig. ***.i To..al other of the Clergie: as also all estates and degrees of the laye fee.

1588 T. Hariot Briefe Rep. Virginia sig. D4^v Beech and Ashe, good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow worke, as also for many things els.

1648 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. Gualdo Priorato Hist. Late Warres xiv. 401 Boccapianola..was there slaine, as also Don Iohn di Lelmo, Captaine of the Horse.

1685 E. Browne Brief Acct. Trav. Europe (ed. 2) 189 Their Speech here, as also at Spaw, is called Roman, and is a kind of old French.

1719 Boston News-let. 24 Aug. 4/2 Lately imported from London, a fresh Parcel of choice Looking-Glasses of divers Sorts and Sizes; as also fine Glass Lamps and Lanthorns.

1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §252 To carry her a rope to the landing-place, as also one to the..rocks on each side.

1841 Fraser's Mag. 23 16 The bell goes for church, as also for dinner.

1893 T. R. R. Stebbing Hist. Crustacea ii. 15 Shore-crabs and hermit-crabs are often obtrusively conspicuous, as also are the operculate cirripedes.

1971 N. Brown Antarctic Housewife ix. 92 Vessels of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey visited South Georgia and the British Antarctic bases further south, as also did a unit of the Royal Navy in the course of its patrol.

2004 Independent 28 July 36/5 Similarities between languages of such ‘motherese’ words, as also of onomatopoeic words, proves no ‘proto-world’ ancestry.

b. as well: see well adv. and n.⁴ Phrases 2. as well as: see well adv. and n.⁴ Phrases 3.

c. as long as: see long adv.¹ 1b.

d. as ever is: see ever adv. and adj. Phrases 4b.

e. as ever: as was, is, or shall be always the case; as usual.

ΚΠ

1726 E. Simmonds tr. Mary Queen of Scots Genuine Lett. to Earl of Bothwell iii. 11 I can only tell you, that I am, as ever, wholly devoted to the Interest of my dear Bothwell.

a1765 B. Franklin Let. in Exper. & Observ. Electr. (1769) App. 478 I am, as ever, your affectionate brother.

1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick cvi. 515 It was, as ever, something about his not steering inflexibly enough.

1879 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 8 343 They are now, as ever, a bone and stone-using people, reproducing the same ingenious arts which characterised the neotechnic labours of the Cro-Magnon and Mentone workmen.

1923 G. Atherton Black Oxen xl. 246 It was patent that, as ever, she was far more animated in the company of men.

1956 J. M. Murry Unprofessional Ess. 44 The situation, as it develops between them, is truly subtle; yet it is, as ever, quite simply presented, with a minimum of psychologization.

1997 Car Mar. 148/1 Alesi, as ever, remains a wild card.

2009 J. Updike in New Yorker 9 Mar. 75/1 Smithers..had him upon admittance take ‘the abbreviated Shipley IQ test (scoring, as ever, in the high-average range)’.

Compounds

C1. (In sense B. 8d.) Forming adjectival compounds with past participles, esp. in technical contexts, with the sense ‘in the condition or state specified by the participle’. Cf. as seen at Phrases 4f.Recorded earliest in as-cast adj. at Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1852 J. Sewell Elem. Treat. Steam & Locomotion I. i. ii. 108 The chemical analysis was carefully made from a fair average sample of the coals as mined.]

1915 Chem. Abstr. 9 433 The tendency for the ‘as cast’ structure to persist despite thermal and mechanical treatment.

1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 19 Jan. 100/2 Entries of 78 as-hatched day-old chicks underwent the test.

1972 H. T. Jensen in J. Y. Mann & I. S. Milligan Aircraft Fatigue 156 Components that retain their as-forged surfaces.

1991 Mod. Power Syst. Sept. 81/2 Walsum high ash coal fines..in its as-delivered condition has an ash content of 40 per cent.

2005 New Scientist 3 Sept. 77/2 (advt.) The first position will be associated with the atomic scale characterisation of the coatings in the as-deposited state.

C2.

as-built adj. relating to the form in which something was actually constructed, esp. as opposed to what was planned; (Building) designating a plan, survey, etc., made after the completion of works.

ΚΠ

1935 Railway Age 2 Nov. 581/1 Our investigation shows that few railroads have complete and accurate ‘as built’ plans of all their bridges... Too much stress cannot be placed upon the importance of the careful preparation of ‘as built’ plans for all structures.

1952 Sewage & Industr. Wastes 24 267 The elevation of the sewers is not given, but the ‘as built’ location of all wyes and tees is shown in relation to the manholes.

1979 Fire Safety Aspects Polymeric Materials (National Res. Council (U.S.)) VIII. viii. 130 The target material characteristics are crucial; they must be described in their as-built condition and as they are modified during the ignition and combustion processes.

1986 Munic. World (Ontario) Aug. 210/2 General agreement was reached at the hearing between municipalities and utilities on the type of as-built drawings that should be filed with the municipalities.

1992 MER Nov. 56/1 An as-built survey confirmed that the pipe was laid within a 200ft right of way.

2006 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 12 Nov. vi. 9/1 (advt.) Field verification of ‘as built’ conditions.

as-cast adj. Metallurgy designating a casting in the condition in which it comes out of the foundry, before work-hardening or heat treatment is carried out; of or relating to such a condition.

ΚΠ

1915As cast [see Compounds 1].

1936 E. A. Atkins & A. G. Walker Electr. Arc & Oxy-acetylene Welding (ed. 3) 346 Discuss the structure of a steel in the ‘as cast’ condition. Why does a mild steel weld rarely show an ‘as cast’ pattern?

2000 Nature 30 Nov. 538/1 Figure 1a shows transmission Laue X-ray diffraction patterns..from a single quasi-crystal of size 0.2 mm extracted from the as-cast alloy.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	as
释义	asn.¹ /as/ Forms: Also 1600s asse, aas. Etymology: < Latin. A Roman copper coin, originally weighing twelve ounces, but reduced after the first Punic war to two ounces, during the second Punic war to one, and by the Lex Papiria ( b.c. 191) to half an ounce. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > classical coins > [noun] > ancient Roman pennyOE quadrant1533 as1541 sesterce1541 sestertius1567 dupondius1601 quinare1601 quinarius1601 sextant1601 triens1601 trient1601 assarion1625 quadrans1654 quinary1728 nummus1771 follis1784 uncia1834 minimus1852 semis1853 siliqua1889 minim1896 1541 T. Elyot Image of Gouernance f. 71^v The thyrde parte of As called Triens..the vsury for the hole yere amounted in Romaine money to .xii. pense one As and .ii. Trientes. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 463 This new brasen Asse..was stamped with a two faced Ianus. 1697 Philos. Trans. 1695–7 (Royal Soc.) 19 517 A bit of Magnet of about the weight of an Aas. 1838 T. Arnold Hist. Rome I. 84 The As having been at first a full pound in weight. 1937 Discovery Aug. 230/1 Cast large copper asses and subdivisions in the name of Rome—indicated by ‘Romano’ on the reverse. 1999 J. S. Jeffers Greco-Rom. World New Test. Era 153 The gap between the as and the denarius was filled by several brass coins: the dupondii, worth two asses, and the sestertii, worth four asses, or one-fourth denarius. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online December 2020). Asn.² Brit. /ˌeɪˈɛs/, U.S. /ˌeɪˈɛs/ Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: arsenic n. Etymology: Symbolic abbreviation for arsenic n. Chemistry. The element arsenic. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > arsenic > [noun] arsenic1747 As1788 1788 J. St. John tr. J. H. Hassenfratz & P. A. Adet Method of Chymical Nomencl. (at end) 1st Table of the Characters to be made use of in Chymistry ? As Arsenic Arsenicum. 1814 tr. J. J. Berzelius in Ann. Philos. 3 93 Arsenicum, arsenic (As). 1863 H. Watts Dict. Chem. (1872) I. 370 Many metallic arsenides occur in natural minerals, e.g. copper-nickel Ni₂As₂. 1921 L. A. Parker Materia Medica & Therapeutics (ed. 3) xiv. 195 Arsenic trioxide, As₂O₃, is the form in which arsenic is given as a medicine. 2008 Jrnl. Contaminant Hydrol. 99 3/1 The As in the water of this area. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021). asadv.conj. Brit. /az/, /əz/, U.S. /æz/, /əz/ Forms: α. Old English æalswa, Old English allsuæ (Northumbrian), Old English (Anglian)–early Middle English allswa, Old English (Anglian)–early Middle English alswa, Old English–early Middle English eallswa, Old English–early Middle English ealswa, late Old English alswea (Kentish), late Old English–early Middle English ælswa, early Middle English alleswo, early Middle English allswo, early Middle English alscho (perhaps transmission error), early Middle English alswo, early Middle English ealswo, early Middle English ellswa, early Middle English heallswa, early Middle English healswa, early Middle English–1500s alsua (northern in later use), Middle English alleso, Middle English allso, Middle English allsua (northern), Middle English alsa (northern in later use), Middle English alsoo, Middle English alsso (chiefly north-east midlands in later use), Middle English alsuo (south-eastern), Middle English alzo (south-eastern), Middle English alzuo (south-eastern), Middle English–1500s also; Scottish pre-1700 alsa, pre-1700 alsua. β. In later use chiefly northern and north midlands late Old English ealsæ, early Middle English allse ( Ormulum), early Middle English alsse, early Middle English ealse, Middle English ales, Middle English alles, Middle English alss (in a late copy), Middle English–1500s alls, Middle English–1500s als, Middle English–1500s alse, Middle English–1500s hals; Scottish pre-1700 allis, pre-1700 alls, pre-1700 hals, pre-1700 1700s als, pre-1700 1700s alse. γ. south-west midlands early Middle English asswa, early Middle English aswa. δ. Middle English asse, Middle English aze (south-eastern), Middle English es, Middle English hase, Middle English hasse, Middle English oos, Middle English ose, Middle English osse, Middle English–1500s has, Middle English–1500s os, Middle English–1600s ase, Middle English– as, 1500s–1600s (1700s North American) ass, 1800s– 's (regional and colloquial); English regional 1800s– az; U.S. regional 1800s is, 1800s uz, 1800s– ez, 1800s– iz; Scottish pre-1700 aws, pre-1700 ays, pre-1700 es, pre-1700 has, pre-1700 hes, pre-1700 1700s– as, 1700s– 's. Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: also adv. Etymology: Originally the same word as also adv., now distinguished in form in the senses below.The current form of the headword is the result of the progressive phonetic reduction of Old English eall swa , which originated as an intensification of so adv. and conj. (see also adv. and compare Germanic parallels cited at that entry). This intensive formation was used in Old English in all of the main historical senses of so adv. and conj., appearing in correlative constructions expressing comparison of equivalence, most commonly as an antecedent adverb in a main clause (e.g. eallswa beorht swa gold : compare sense A.) but also as a relative conjunction in the subordinate clause (e.g. eallswa beorht eallswa gold : compare sense B.), and outside such constructions as a simple uncorrelated demonstrative adverb (see Old English examples at also adv.). During the course of the Middle English period, the word underwent progressive reduction, apparently first in the relative use and subsequently also as an antecedent adverb. Consequently, as is now the only form used in the relative function and shares with so adv. and conj. that of antecedent (i.e. ‘as good as this’, ‘not so good as that’). Full reduction to as , by contrast, does not seem to have occurred in the uncorrelated demonstrative use (although compare with loss of final -o β. forms at also adv. and n.), and since around 1500 disyllabic forms have been restricted to use in that function, examples of which, regardless of form, are given at also adv. Several of the Germanic cognates listed at also adv. have developed along similar lines, undergoing phonetic reduction in some situations during the medieval period, with a functional distinction between the reduced and unreduced forms emerging in the modern period (although the former is usually restricted to use as a comparative conjunction in those languages, and does not retain senses corresponding to as adv.). For example, Old High German alsō , like Old English eall swā , was used as a demonstrative adverb both within correlative constructions and in uncorrelated use, as well as functioning as a relative conjunction, and underwent progressive phonetic reduction during the Middle High German period, first before vowels, to alse , als (and occasionally as ). The disyllabic form, as in English, now serves as a demonstrative adverb (although in a wider range of senses than now shown by also adv.: chiefly ‘in this way, thus’, ‘in such a way (that)’, ‘therefore, consequently’, ‘that is to say, namely’, and as a discourse marker in various senses corresponding to those of so adv. and conj.), while the reduced form als is used only as a comparative conjunction, and in a more restricted range of senses than as conj.: chiefly after the comparative degree in sense ‘than’ (compare sense B. 5), in such constructions as als Künstler mache ich Musik für alle (compare sense B. 11), and introducing a contemporaneous event or action in the sense ‘while, when’ when referring to events in the past, having been superseded in many of its historical functions in the modern period by wie . In modern German neither also nor als is usually used in correlative constructions of the kind discussed above, where so now takes the role of antecedent adverb and wie that of relative conjunction. Compare similarly Old Dutch also (adverb) in this way, thus, therefore, this much, so, (conjunction) as (Middle Dutch also , alsoo , asso , alse , als , as (adverb) so, likewise, thus, (conjunction) if, as though, like, as, when, than, as soon as, Dutch alzo , alzoo (adverb) in this way, thus, so, als (conjunction) like, (such) as, when, if). In combination with many common adjectives and adverbs as was often written as one word until the 18th cent., especially in such idiomatic constructions as e.g. asmuch , aswell , asfaste , assoon , astite ; relics of this survive in forasmuch , inasmuch , and whereas . The γ. forms are attested (rarely) only in the Cleopatra manuscript of Ancrene Riwle (compare quot. ?c1225 at sense A. 2). In early use (in α. forms) frequently written as two words. (Word division in Old English and Middle English examples below often reflects the editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.) A. adv. In a main clause, as antecedent or demonstrative adverb, introducing an explicit or implied subordinate clause, esp. one expressing a comparison of equivalence. †I. With so in the subordinate clause. Compare so adv. and conj. 17. 1. Of quantity or degree: in that degree, to that extent (in or to which). Obsolete. ΚΠ OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xx. 337 Seo beorhtnys is eallswa eald swa ðæt fyr þe heo of cymð. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1129 Se kyng..& se eorl..wurðon þa alswa gode freond swa hi wæron æror feond. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 157 (MED) He ne mei þider cume alse raðe se he walde. a1275 St. Margaret (Trin. Cambr.) l. 156 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 52 Þe holi gost..scon ase briste so sonne abouten non. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4971 Al swa longe. swa þa woreld stondeð. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1238 Al-so fer so a boge mai ten. c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 555 Al so sone so he miȝte. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 2329 Ase loude so he..miȝte to ys men criede he there. c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 395 (MED) Also oft so he wolde, Þat game she refuse nolde. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. viii. l. 232 (MED) So shalt þow come to a court as cleer so þe sonne. a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk Instr. Parish Priests (Claud.) (1974) l. 394 Þenne schale þe husbonde als blyue Teche & preche so hys wyue. 2. Of quality or manner: in the (same) way (that). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adverb] > so or in such a manner soc888 ylikeeOE asOE so‥asa1225 likea1393 like asc1475 s'a1616 the same1765 same like1898 OE Wulfstan Luke on Last Days (Hatton 113) 123 Witodlice ealswa flod com hwilum ær for synnum, swa cymð eac for synnum fyr ofer mancynn. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 25 He seið mið þa muðe þet nis naut in his heorte... Ah al swa he doð swa þe swica þe bi-swikeð hine seolfe onende. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 59 Asswa se [c1230 Corpus Cambr. alswa as] ȝe maȝen iseon. water hwenne me..stoppeð hit bifore wel þet hit ne maȝe dunewart þenne is hit ined aȝein forto climben upwart. & ȝe alþis weis..Forstoppið ouwer þochtes as ȝe wulleð þet ha climben & hechentowart heouene. II. With as also in the subordinate clause (see senses B. 1a, B. 14). 3. Of quantity or degree: in that degree; to that extent (in or to which). ΚΠ OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xix. 326 Ealswa bealdlice mot se þeowa clypian god him to fæder ealswa se cyning. lOE Homily: Evangelium de Virginibus (Corpus Cambr. 303) in H. L. C. Tristram Vier Altenglische Predigten aus der Heterodoxen Trad. (Ph.D. diss., Freiburg) (1970) 442 Domesdæg cymð æt þises woruldes ænde ealswa færlice ofer mancyn, ealswa se þeof þe cymð stillice on niht. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 12290 Allse unncweme iss godd tatt tu Þurrh grediȝnesse gillte Alls himm iss ȝiff þu gilltest her Ȝæn himm þurrh gluterrnesse. a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 239 Ȝe seneȝden alse lange alse ȝe lefede and ȝe scule birne alse longe as ic lefie. c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 27 Syon wes..icleopet þe hehe tur of ierusalem & syon ase muchel on englische ledene ase heh sihðe. c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 803 Ihc wulle ȝeue þe a kinedom, Also long & also brod, Also eure ȝet þi fader ibod. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7526 (MED) Þar he stod als still os stake. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. iv. l. 195 Als longe as owre lyf lasteth. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 984 Al-so salt as ani se. c1410 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Harl. 7334) (1885) l. 287 Al so lene was his hors as is a rake. c1430 N. Love Mirror Blessed Life (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 220 Also mochel as thou may. a1450 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Caius) (1810) l. 2524 Alsoo faste, As quarrel dos off the arweblast. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 53 Also seke as she was. ?a1500 (?1458) in J. H. Parker Some Acct. Domest. Archit. (1859) III. ii. 42 Werkemen als wise as they coude fynde any. a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) viii. 65 Alsa frely as before. 1530 Sarum Man. in W. Maskell Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiae Anglicanae (1882) II. 295 Alse often as thei be..required. 1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Cathechisme or Schort Instr. 111 Als far as apperteins to y^e office. 1600 R. Armin Foole vpon Foole sig. B1^v Hee was as dead as a doore nayle. 1650 A. Cowley Guardian ii. ii. sig. B3 If I look not as grave as a Judge upon the bench, let me be hanged for't. 1701 W. Wotton Hist. Rome Alex. iii. 504 He was as covetous as cruel. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 155. ⁋5 As busy as possible. 1769 J. Cook Jrnl. 4 Feb. (1955) I. 55 pm had a boat out and shott several sorts of Birds, one of which was an Albetross as large as a Goose. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 275 He used it, as far as he dared. 1879 W. Black Macleod of Dare xxvi He was as mad as a hatter about her. 1920 K. Mayo That Damn Y xxviii. 356 There she was at breakfast to see us off, as fresh as paint and as bright as a button. 1955 W. Moore Bring Jubilee iii. 28 You're a gloomy gus, Hodge. Tain't's bad's that. 1969 H. E. Bates Vanished World 61 Joe was as merry as a boozy cricket. 2001 Working from Home Mar. 42/2 Laptops with screens as big as 15 inches—almost as big as a conventional PC monitor. †4. Of quality or manner: in the (same) way. Obsolete. ΚΠ OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) iii. 174 Eall swa yfen gegaderað þæt word, eall swa diastole hyt totwæmð. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 281 & all all swa se godess lamb..Lihhtlike mihhte..Þa seffne innseȝȝless oppnenn..All swa rihht he [mihhte] lihhtlike inoh..Seffne godnessess shæwenn. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 153 He his sunnen undeð to his proste alswa alse he heom haueð idon. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 316 Ȝef ȝe findeð þet ȝe don alswa as ȝe redeð. 1258 Proclam. Henry III (Bodl.) in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1880–1 (1883) 173 (MED) Alswo alse hit is to foren iseid [Fr. en la maniere kil est dit desuz]. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod.* (1968) l. 3436 Al [s] he redde, al so gan it ben. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 475 Al-so he mistagte, also he schet. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 137 Alsuo ase þe zoþe milde hereþ þe oþre..alsuo he blameþ him zelve. III. With no subordinate clause. 5. In comparisons of degree (cf. sense A. 3) with subordinate clause contextually implied. a. Where the implied subordinate clause would express ‘as that or those just mentioned’ (as in the main clause being equivalent to ‘equally’). ΚΠ OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xxx. 267 Iob..hæfde seofon suna and ðreo dohtra ær, and siððan eft eal swa fela. OE Homily (Hatton 113) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 135 Utan nu..geþencan þone nacodan lichoman, þe we on ðas woruld brohton, þæt we hine sceolon eft ealswa nacodne alæton. lOE Possessions, Rents, & Grants, Bury St. Edmunds in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 198 Ðis is Sancte Eadmundes ferme on Byrtune, IIII met maltes..halmet hwæte, an ryðer, & II swin IIII ges XX hennen. Of Ruham ealswa mycel. ?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 11 Nim..grene diles twa handfulle and rudan ealswa micel. c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 172 Weien hit to lutel is ase uuel oðer wurse. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1570 Nes on Leir kinges lond nan wifman al swa hende. ?a1300 Iacob & Iosep (Bodl.) (1916) l. 387 (MED) Nas neuere, for his fader, child also bliþe. c1330 Horn Child l. 625 in J. Hall King Horn (1901) 186 (MED) Þe kniȝt toke a schaft in hand..Horn tok on al so long. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 339 And he loued hym as tendrely agayn. 1465 in A. Clark Lincoln Diocese Documents (1914) 120 (MED) I wol haue cc masses doon and al so many dirigies for my soule. 1478 Let. 17 Aug. in Cely Lett. (1975) 27 Ther we vndyrwretyn shall meyt wyth alls many of yowr ordyr and shot wyth yow at the same prykys for a dyner or a supper. 1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. clxii Thoughe he be good, yet other ar als bad. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 64^v Kyng Sapmon..With alsmony abill shippes auntrid hym seluyn. 1551 W. Turner Herball (1568) 119 Galene sayeth that clinopodium is hote and dry in the thyrde degre, but our clinopodium is not al so hote. 1618 G. Chapman in tr. Hesiod Georgicks Ep. Ded. sig. A2^v Nor were those Greeks so circular in their elegant utterance, but their inward judgments and learnings were as round and solid. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 113. ⁋4 Chance has..thrown me very often in her way, and she as often has directed a Discourse to me. 1777 W. Anderson Jrnl. Feb. in J. Cook Jrnls. (1967) III. 805 There is one [plant] which..produces a fine silky flax superior in appearance to any thing we have and probably at least as strong. 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xlix. 490 Melt all these down into one, with the three Graces, the nine Muses, and fourteen biscuit-bakers' daughters from Oxford-street, and make a woman half as lovely. 1891 J. C. Atkinson Last of Giant-killers 170 Some even say that a right-shaped twig of any tree will do just as well. 1913 C. Mackenzie Sinister St. I. ii. ii. 165 ‘She was a clinker,’ Alan regretted. ‘I don't suppose we shall ever see a girl half as pretty,’ Michael thought. 1944 M. Irwin Young Bess ii. 27 Worse still, François was three years younger than Henry, was as tall and strong, had lived as well. 1994 Sci. Amer. Nov. 86/3 Lithium batteries may last longer than do traditional nickel-cadmium cells, but they can be nearly three times as expensive. †b. Where the implied subordinate clause would express ‘as can be imagined’, ‘as may be’, ‘as possible’. Obsolete (U.S. regional in later use). See also as blive at belive adv. and adj. Phrases, as fast (as) at fast adv. 7b, as soon at soon adv. 7b, as swith at swith adv. 4c, as tite at tite adv. and adj. Phrases. [Compare classical Latin quam in e.g. quam maximum ‘as big as possible’.] ΚΠ c1275 Kentish Serm. in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 219 (MED) Þo aros up ure lord..and also raþe hit was stille. c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) l. 343 His sclauain he dede on also spac & henge his harp opon his bac. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 4344 (MED) Þat werwolf..queite toward þe quene, to quelle hire as bliue. c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 972 (MED) Alisaunder þe spere forlete, And drouȝ his swerd also skeete. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 151 Now Nece myn by natal Ioues feste, were .I. a god ye sholde sterue as yerne. 1893 ‘M. Twain’ in St. Nicholas Nov. 20/2 He would sit up that night till the town was as still and dark, and then he would sneak there. c. In a hypothetical statement, where the implied subordinate clause would express ‘as not’, ‘as the opposite course’, ‘as anything else’; esp. with good, lief, or soon. as well: see well adv. and n.⁴ Phrases 2c. ΚΠ c1432 ( G. Chaucer Complaint to Purse (BL Add. 22139) (1879) l. 5 That certes but ȝe make me any chere Me were as lefe be leyd vpon my bere. 1550 H. Latimer Last Serm. before Edward VI (1562) 121 Should I haue named hym? nay they should as sone haue this wesaunt of mine. 1581 Compendious Exam. Certayne Ordinary Complaints ii. f. 31 Then I had as liefe haue smal gadds or plats of Siluer and Gold without any coyne at al. 1609 Euerie Woman in her Humor sig. B2 I had as leef haue heard the grinding of a Mustard Mill. 1666 G. Alsop Char. Province Maryland 46 I am certainly confident, that England would as soon feel her feebleness by withdrawment of so great an upholder. 1702 J. Vanbrugh False Friend ii. i Keep a woman honest? Udsdeath! I'd as soon undertake to keep Portocarero honest! 1775 R. B. Sheridan Rivals v. iii I'd as lieve let it alone. 1841 R. D. Hampden in Some Mem. (1871) 132 Those who now brought in the new Government would as soon turn them out. 1860 O. W. Holmes Professor at Breakfast-table vii. 214 I'd as lief undertake to keep a span of elephants. 1906 ‘H. Foulis’ Vital Spark ii. 9 ‘But you havena a canary at aal, have you?’.. ‘Me?’ said Para Handy, ‘I would as soon think of keepin' a hoolet.’ 1952 J. Lait & L. Mortimer U.S.A. Confidential i. iii. 22 Now, with certain forms of gambling hedged in with restrictions.., the big boys would as soon get out. 1998 H. Strachan Way Up Way Out vi. 104 We get the feeling that some of the drivers would as lief chuck out their present passengers for the chance of giving us a lift. †6. In emphatic use, introducing an imperative sentence. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 589 That hoote cultour in the chymenee heere As lene it me, I haue ther with to doone. a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Corpus Cambr. 61) (1895) v. l. 522 Ffor loue of god ful pitously he sayde As [a1413 Morgan So] go we sen the palais of Criseyde. a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 149 (MED) If þat þe like to ben esyd wel, As [?c1425 Royal Then] suffre me with þe to talke a whyle. a1500 (a1400) Sir Amadace (Adv.) (1810) l. 389 (MED) Now, God that dyed on rode..Os lette me neuer come in ther syght. †7. Introducing an elliptical interrogative sentence, in as how?, as why? Obsolete (nonstandard in later use). ΚΠ a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxi. 262 Anna. Nay..And do it lawfully. Cayphas.As how? Anna. Tel you I can. a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 117 Hoope Thi argument procedith of ignoraunce. Vndrestondyng As hough? Hoope By as moch as thou knowest not the condicion and the difference of qualitees and of the attribucions of the names of God. 1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 16/1 We shall see sometime how heretikes come to turne the groundes of our faith wholy vpside downe. As how? If any denie that Iesus Christ is God euerlasting, etc. a1610 J. Healey tr. Epictetus Manuall (1636) xxxi. 39 But I have yet no meanes to benefit my countrey! As how man? you cannot builde it a schoole, an Exchange, or a Bathe: what's all that to the purpose? 1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode iii. i. 36 Naive! as how? Phil. Speaking of a thing that was naturally said; it was so naive. 1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews II. iii. xi. 161 If he could be ruined alone, she should be very willing for it, for because as why,..he deserved it. View more context for this quotation 1764 S. Foote Lyar i. i. 7 Pap. This disguise procures me many resources... Y. Wild. As how?.. Pap. Why, at a pinch, Sir, I am either a teacher of tongues..or a dancing-master. 1801 R. Southey Thalaba I. iv. 213 When he might awe the Elements, and make Myriads of Spirits serve him!..But as how! By a league with Hell, a covenant that binds The soul to utter death! 1871 All Year Round 17 June 64/1 Didn't see any harm in poaching. As why? The squire didn't feed the partridges, the pheasants, and the hares, as he did his horses and dogs. †IV. With another or no conjunction in the subordinate clause. 8. In clauses of time or quantity, with that, till, until, or no correlative conjunction. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 5271 (MED) Als suith [a1400 Fairf. als squiþe as, a1400 Gött. als suith as; a1400 Trin. Cambr. soone as] i þare was cummen, Wit il consail þan was i nummen. c1410 tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 147 Also sone [L. mox] his bagges and harneys i-gadred to gidre, he made hym redy for to goo. 1421 in Archæol. Jrnl. (1850) 7 57 John' And Rob't schall'..make yair lymkilns..Als mekylle, will suffis yaim to ye werke abown' saide. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 176 (MED) Here of had þei als gret meruaylle, þat summe of hem trowed [etc.]. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 79 (MED) To which þai adde as mych of furfur, þat it be inspissed. 1455 in A. Clark Lincoln Diocese Documents (1914) 68 (MED) All that other deel shal be in my Executours handes..as long, till thei haue therof CC marces. a1500 Rule Minoresses in W. W. Seton Two 15th Cent. Franciscan Rules (1914) 103 (MED) Refectuouere schal sowne þe smale belle..be as longe time þat alle þe Sustris may be redili ensemblid. c1500 Melusine (1895) 110 As long that ye shall vse of feythfulnes..ye shall not be dyscomfyted ne ouercome in no faytte of armes. 1525 tr. H. von Brunschwig Noble Experyence Vertuous Handy Warke Surg. clix. sig. L.iv^v The other daye shall ye lay on one plaster mundificatiuue, as longe tyll the wounde be well clensyd. 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. vii. vi. f. 39 The inscisione being done, we muste suffer it to bleede as longe, till it of it selfe restraygneth & stoppeth. 1663 G. Harvey Archelogia Philosophica Nova I. iv. vii. No lesse than will swell him to that bigness, as forceth him to unbutton two or three buttons of his doublet, and so drink as long, untill all his buttons are dispatcht. B. conj. In a subordinate clause which expresses the manner, degree, time, place, reason, purpose, or result, of the main clause, and in other relative, subordinating, or restrictive functions. I. Introducing a clause expressing quantity or degree (preceded by adjective or adverb). 1. a. With antecedent as (see sense A. 3), expressing a comparison of equivalence: in which degree, to what extent. Frequently in proverbial similes.as far as: see far adv. 6b. as fast as: see fast adv. 7b. as soon as: see soon adv. 4c. ΚΠ OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xix. 326 Ealswa bealdlice mot se þeowa clypian god him to fæder ealswa se cyning. a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 239 Ȝe seneȝden alse lange alse ȝe lefede and ȝe scule birne alse longe as ic lefie. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 299 Rin him wið ase muche luue as þu hauest..he is þin. a1300 Rhyming Charter (Sawyer 457) in W. de G. Birch Cartularium Saxonicum (1887) II. 326 And in al thinges be als free As hert may thynke or eygh may se. c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 2469 (MED) Wiþ litel folk, & nouȝt wiþ miche, Wiþ also litel als he may. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 823 Als fast as þai had don þat sinne. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xxii. l. 440 Trauaileþ..for a tretour al-so sore As for a trewe tydy man. c1475 (a1400) Sir Amadace (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 43 (MED) Als gay Als any erliche mon. 1479 T. Granger Let. 20 Oct. in Cely Lett. (1975) 58 And sir, he answerd me agayn and sayd how þat he wolde do also myche ffor yow as lay in his power to do. ?a1518 H. Watson Ualentyne & Orson (1555) i. sig. Bii Also sone as king Pepin vnderstode theyr message, he graunted them theyr request. 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. C1^v As round as a ball. 1615 R. Hamor True Disc. Present Estate Virginia 20 Racounes, almost as big as a Fox, as good meat as a lamb. 1663 J. Beale Let. 29 Sept. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) II. 134 Phantasy is as speedy at her worke as any spider. 1745 J. Wesley Let. 28 Sept. (1931) II. 47 I believe myself to have as steady a faith in a pardoning God as you can have. 1786 R. Burns To Haggis in Poems & Songs (1968) I. 310 A grace As lang's my arm. 1808 E. S. Barrett Miss-led General vii. 83 He was as good a general as he had been a bishop. 1875 J. H. Newman Let. 29 Oct. in J. Keble Occas. Papers (1877) p. xiii He had as little aim at literary success in what he wrote, as most authors have a thirst for attaining it. 1920 R. Macaulay Potterism i. i. 3 They were..as intellectually snobbish as was proper to their years. 1952 J. L. Waten Alien Son 87 Now I'm as fresh and lively as a two-year-old. 2005 M. Lewycka Short Hist. Tractors in Ukrainian xxx. 307 The engine of the Rolls-Royce purrs as contentedly as a big cat. †b. Expressing a comparison with a hypothetical fact or state expressed by the subjunctive: as if, as though. Cf. sense B. 7. Obsolete (archaic in later use). ΚΠ a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 53 (MED) Þis faȝe folc..speket alse feire bi-foren heore euencristene, alse heo heom walde in to heore bosme puten. c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 1911 (MED) He..made hem rowte Als he weren kradel barnes. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1618 (MED) He schal declar hit also as hit on clay stande. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 89 Als wel as þei had ben of the same contree. c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iii. l. 46 Thane cometh þer a congion..As not of his nolle as he þe nest made. c1590 C. Marlowe Jew of Malta i. i. 59 Will serve as well as I were present there. 1594 (a1555) D. Lindsay Hist. Squyer Meldrum l. 518, in Wks. (1931) I. 160 As brym as he had bene ane Beir. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) i. i. 185 As stout and proud as he were Lord of all. View more context for this quotation 1668 Feign'd Astrologer i. i. 6 To delude all the town..He has taken as solemn a leave As he had been going to Tangier, or to Tyburn. 1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc v. 325 As certain of success As he had made a league with Victory. 1820 W. Combe Second Tour Dr. Syntax II. xxviii. 62 I often talk when I'm alone, And to myself declaim as loud As I were speaking to a crowd. 2. With antecedent so, in sense B. 1. a. In affirmative contexts. Cf. so adv. and conj. 21b. ΚΠ lOE Metrical Charm: Against Wen (Royal 4 A.xiv) 11 Swa litel þu gewurþe alswa linsetcorn. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 1606 So Inly feyr and goodly as is she. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 43 A child so lufand as thou art. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III ii. i. 84 Looke I so pale Lo: [= Lord] Dorset as the rest? View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. ii. 43 So well thy words become thee, as thy wounds. View more context for this quotation 1681 T. Otway Souldiers Fortune v. i. 57 'Tis great pity so good a Husband-man as you should want a Farm to cultivate. 1700 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding (new ed.) ii. xxxiii. 222 I shall be pardon'd for calling it by so harsh a name as Madness. 1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xvi. 82 To think I should act so barbarously as I did. 1841 T. Macaulay in Edinb. Rev. Jan. 491 In a world so full of temptation as this. 1842 Longfellow in Graham's Mag. Oct. 176/1 So long as you are innocent fear nothing. 1943 H. Pearson Conan Doyle iii. 39 If your magnet is so strong as all that, you would have your own broadside boomeranging back upon you. 1995 I. Banks Whit (1996) xvi. 259 It is possible to live so well as a child at High Easter Offerance. b. In negative and interrogative contexts. Cf. so adv. and conj. 21a. ΚΠ ?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 Ne uuæren næure nan martyrs swa pined alse hi wæron. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 248 Nis naut..god se grim as ȝe him makeð. a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 187 (MED) Hwi ne fele ich þe in mi breostes swo swote ase þu art? a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. xxxix. 1301 Þinges ben yknowe by odour, but nouȝt so wel as by sauour. c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 323 Nowher so bisy a man as he ther nas. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 71 The cytee is not now so gret as it was wont to be. c1450 Speculum Christiani (Harl. 6580) (1933) 4 (MED) No sacrifyce plesyth so mych god as loue of soules. 1529 T. More Supplyc. Soulys in Wks. 337/2 There is none so poore as we, y^t haue not a bratte to put on our backes. 1546 J. Heywood Dialogue ii. ix. sig. Kiv Who is so deafe, or so blynde, as hee, That wilfully will nother here nor see. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. v. 21 The day shall not be vp so soone as I. View more context for this quotation 1661 A. Brome Songs & Other Poems sig. Q5 No accents are so pleasant now as those That are Cæsura'd through the Pastors nose. 1712 J. Arbuthnot John Bull in his Senses iii. 15 There is nothing so obstinate as Young Ladies in their Amours. 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 160 I know nothing so abject as the behaviour of a man canvassing for a seat in parliament. 1816 J. Austen Emma II. iii. 36 Not so openly as he might have done had her father been out of the room. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. i. 10 No country suffered so much..as England. 1856 Ld. Tennyson Maud (rev. ed.) xix. ii, in Maud & Other Poems (new ed.) 64 When did a morning shine So rich in atonement as this? 1901 ‘J. Flynt’ World of Graft ii. 58 P'raps Bean-Town ain't so rotten as Chi..but that ain't the point. 1944 D. Welch In Youth is Pleasure iv. 57 He thought that there was nothing so bright and smart as a new bicycle. 2005 A. Masters Stuart viii. 71 I ask her patiently, though perhaps not quite so fluently as I'm writing here. 3. a. Without antecedent as or so, giving emphasis or absoluteness to the attribute or qualification. ΚΠ c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 10837 Meoc & æddmod all se cullfre. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 167 (MED) Fair alse mone, icoren alse sunne. c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) l. 508 Lo! Hou his berd hongeþ to his kne! He is y-clongen al-so a tre! a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Song of Sol. vi. 9 Fair as the moone, chosen as the sunne, ferful as of tentes sheltrun ordeyned. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 12156 (MED) All als [a1400 Fairf. as] stan þai held þam still. ?1544 J. Heywood Foure PP sig. C.iij Euen the weyght of one scryppull Shall make you stronge as a cryppull. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. iii. sig. C2 Soone as the royall virgin he did spy. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream i. i. 144 Momentany, as a sound; Swift, as a shadowe; short, as any dreame; Briefe, as the lightning. View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 138 Soon as they forth were come. View more context for this quotation 1730 H. Fielding Tom Thumb ii. ii. 9 A Noise, Great as the Kettle Drums of twenty Armies. 1765 S. Foote Commissary i. 8 Rich as an Indian governor. 1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. i, in Poems 45 His favourite Lucy should be rich as fair. 1881 Scribner's Monthly 22 108/2 Quick as thought, Roger slipped his hands from their..noose. 1937 E. S. Gardner Case of Dangerous Dowager i. 8 You're going up against a crook who is smart as a steel trap. 1970 ‘R. Llewellyn’ But we didn't get Fox ii. 22 I'm sore's hell, but that's the situation! 1995 P. Conroy Beach Music (1996) ii. 41 An immaculate arrangement, pretty as a rose. b. colloquial. With elision of the standard of comparison, intensifying the preceding attribute or qualification. ΚΠ 1990 A. Duff Once were Warriors vi. 71 Jake fixing on that slightly fat belly, telling himself the fulla must be soft as butta. Soft as. 1999 C. Newland Society Within (2000) 33 Nah man... Dat's some pox I had lef' over from my las' lot—dat's gonna be draws only, so I need a ki, soon as. 2001 B. Rai (Un)arranged Marriage xxxi. 243 Even my mum had come up to me earlier in the day to tell me what a wonderful son I had finally become. Easy as. 2003 P. Kay et al. Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights: Scripts 1st Ser. Episode 5. 97/1 No filth, simple as. No smut, no swearing, no racism, right? 4. In parenthetical clauses forming an extension of the subject or predicate, with a somewhat concessive force: though, however, to whatever degree or extent. †a. With antecedent so. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 173 (MED) Þohte þah..se ȝung þing as ha wes, hwet hit mahte ȝeinen þa heo hire ane were aȝein se kene keisere. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 1079 (MED) To bringe us so fre as we beþ In to so gret seruage. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xiv. l. 185 So wis as þow herte [read art] holde..so wide as þow regnest. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 659 So late as he cam in the thirde day there ded no man so well. b. With antecedent as. ΚΠ c1300 St. Michael (Laud) l. 656 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 318 (MED) And ȝeot, ase gret ase þe eorþe þinchez and ase luyte ase heo is, þare nis bote þat seouenþe del. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. f. xliiii/2 Than thenglysshmen as sore trayueled as they were made then a gret assaut. 1580 T. Newton View of Valyaunce f. 21 Scipio, a man of smal stature,..by good fortune killed him, as great as he was. 1641 J. Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 37 I took leave of..Antwerp, as late as it was, embarking for Brussels. 1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie iii. sig. Lll5 As Pet. Ramas (as great a Clerk as he was)..hath most vainly told us. ?1720 Wonderful Wonder 1 The World as censorious as it is, is so kind [etc.]. 1740 T. Gray Let. 2 Apr. in Poems (1775) I. 79 As high as my expectation was raised, I confess, the magnificence of this city infinitely surpasses it. 1815 R. Kerr Gen. Hist. & Coll. Voy. & Trav. XIV. iii. ii. 352 He asked the name of my Marai (burying-place). As strange a question as this was, I hesitated not a moment to tell him Stepney. 1890 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 2 Oct. 318/1 As satisfactory as this operation is. 1913 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 231/1 But as quick as I was, I was n't quick enough. 1985 V. C. Andrews Heaven vii. 133 As mean as he was, he'd save us from starvation. 2008 Independent 5 Nov. 34/4 As poor as they are, the fashion sense here blows my mind. c. Without antecedent. ΚΠ a1627 H. Shirley Martyr'd Souldier (1638) ii. sig. D2^v Darke as it is, by the twilight of my Lanthorne, Methinks I see a company of Woodcocks. 1684 A. Behn Love-lett. between Noble-man & Sister 398 He tells her he was to wait on the Governour, about his most urgent affairs, and was (late as it was) to consult with him. 1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. x. 45 Bad as his Actions were..would there not have been [etc.]? 1796 in Ann. Rev. (1803) 1 212/1 (Low as it was) he should lose his cast. 1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. i, in Poems 55 Fair as she is, I would my widow take. 1864 Danville Q. Rev. Dec. 538 Strong as the Assembly's action was, we venture most confidently to affirm [etc.]. 1910 H. A. Ruger Psychol. of Efficiency 25 Simple as the question seems, I can not easily, without trial, make out the answer. 1977 R. Coover Public Burning 155 Nevertheless, tough as he was, I could have whipped his ass from Foley Hill to Jenkins Hill and back again. 1999 B. Gordon Hollywood Exile xiv. 154 There was a call waiting from Yordan. Late as it was, I reached him in Madrid. 5. After the comparative degree: than. Now English regional (Yorkshire), Scottish regional, Irish English (northern) and U.S. regional. [Compare German besser als better than, classical Latin tam…quam as..as, plus quam more than.] ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > linking comparatives [conjunction] than735 asc1300 anda1569 c1300 St. Edward Elder (Laud) l. 38 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 48 (MED) Fellere þing nis non ase wumman ȝware heo wole to vuele wende. ?a1425 (?1373) Lelamour Herbal (1938) f. 67^v (MED) Also this erbe haviþ mo vertues as endyue haþe. ?1461 Piers in Paston Lett. & Papers (2005) III. 175 I hadde neuer more neede..as I haue at this tyme. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) ii. xi. 110 Quhat mair hard myschance..Apperit to me as that? 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccii. 238 They coude do no better..as to make to their capitayne sir Eustace Dambreticourt. ?a1600 Marriage Wit & Wisdom (1846) iii. 27 I had rather haue your rome as your componie. 1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 2nd Bk. Wks. xxxii. 212 I..never made better cheer in my life as then. 1726 Private MS in Sc. National Dict. New Suppl. (Electronic text) (at cited word) More as a moneth befor the said Roup. 1779 J. Beattie List Two Hundred Scoticisms 5 More as that. More than that. I would rather go as stay. Rather go than. 1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well II. xiii. 241 I rather like him as otherwise. 1880 W. H. Patterson Gloss. Words Antrim & Down 3 I'd rather sell as buy. 1882 J. Lucas Stud. Nidderdale 231 I'd rather break steeans by t'rooad as dew that. 1893 H. A. Shands Some Peculiarities Speech Mississippi 17 Illiterate whites..say: ‘This is better as that’, ‘I'd rather have this as that’, etc. 1901 ‘G. Douglas’ House with Green Shutters iv. 32 There'll be dafter folk as me in your hoose yet. 1981 Eng. World-wide 2 i. 15 Dauvit Hume, a Borderer that spak braider as Burns. 1988 J. J. Graham & J. Tait Shetland Folk Bk. VIII. 45 Boy, is dis dee wissin at der might never mair coarn come up as is up? II. Introducing a clause expressing quality or manner. * Without antecedent. 6. a. With the subordinate clause consisting only of an adverbial or complement: in the same way as, as if, as it were. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adverb] > as if or as though asOE as ifc1175 askancesc1350 as whoc1380 like asa1393 like1405 like as and1523 OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxvi. 55 Eallswa to þeofe ge synt cumene mid swurdum & mid sahlum me to nymenne. a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 16 Auez, also er, fifsiðen. c1300 St. Edmund King (Harl.) l.44 in F. J. Furnivall Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 88 (MED) Hi..bende here bowes & here arewes riȝte And as to a merke schote to him. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxvi. 55 As to a theef ȝee han gon out. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. cvii. 1256 The snayle..is yheled in his hous as in a chambre. a1425 (a1382) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Gen. xxxvii. 7 I wenede vs to bynden hondfullis in the feelde, and myn hondful as [L. quasi] to ryse, and stonde, and ȝoure hondfullis..to loute myn hondful. a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) i. 89 Sumtyme we spekyn to þe cros as to Crist. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A3 His angry steede did chide his foming bitt, As much disdayning to the curbe to yield. 1611 Bible (King James) Heb. xii. 7 God dealeth with you as with sonnes. View more context for this quotation 1664 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders (new ed.) i. sig. b7 (The Horse) is as to seek. a1716 O. Blackall Wks. (1723) I. xlix. 504 Putting up Prayers to the Saints departed, as to a sort of petty Gods in Heaven. 1763 J. Brown Diss. Poetry & Music §6. 97 One of them (as wounded) fell down. 1817 Ld. Byron Manfred i. ii. 15 I..Behold the tall pines dwindled as to shrubs. 1817 J. Keats Poems 95 To sit upon an Alp as on a throne. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 12 His..hand Caught at the hilt, as to abolish him. 1922 R. Lynd Sporting Life ii. 22 The bookmakers stood in the ring as in a desert, dismal and silent most of them. 1996 M. O'Connell Updike & Patriarchal Dilemma iii. 53 He speaks to Rabbit patronizingly as to a child. †b. With numbers: about, as it were. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John vi. 19 Whanne thei hadden rowid as fyue and twenty furlongis or thritty. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xliv. 59 They were a great nombre as a xl. M. men. 7. Introducing a supposition (with a verb in the subjunctive): as if, as though. Cf. B. 1b. Now archaic and poetic.like as: see like adj., adv., conj., and prep. Phrases 1a(b). ΚΠ OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.i) anno 1049 Beorn..nam ða III geferan mid him, & ridon þa to Bosanham eall swa hi sceoldon to Sandwic þær Swegenes scypa lagon. ?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1135 Þa þestrede þe dæi ouer al landes, & uuard þe sunne suilc als it uuare thre niht ald mone. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 18694 Þiss word he seȝȝde, & itt wass soþ, Alls itt off heffne come. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 5 (MED) Al swa hit ure wele nere. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 146 (MED) Þos hule..sat to svolle & ibolve, Also ho hadde one frogge isuolȝe. c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 326 Ber wiþ þe squire & schauntellun, Also þu were a gud mascun. c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 508 Starinde als he were wod. c1330 Otuel (Auch.) (1882) l. 606 (MED) Bote clippe & kusse eyþer oþer, As eiþer hedde been oþeres broþer. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. l. 460 (MED) And heren matines and masse, as I a monke were. 1481 W. Caxton tr. Mirror of World (1913) iii. iv. 136 Thenne begynneth her [sc. the moon's] clerenesse to appere to vs as she were horned. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 530/1 He driveleth as he were a yonge chylde. 1594 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 i. i. 100 Vndoing all, as none had nere bene done. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 450 I heard the rack As Earth and Skie would mingle. View more context for this quotation 1681 J. Dryden Absalom & Achitophel 26 It looks as Heaven our Ruine had design'd. 1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Cock & Fox in Fables 227 You groan,..As something had disturb'd your noble Spright. 1782 W. Cowper John Gilpin 205 Whereat his horse did snort, as he Had heard a lion roar. 1800 S. T. Coleridge tr. F. Schiller Death Wallenstein i. v. 19 He looks as he had seen a ghost. c1862 E. Dickinson Poems (1955) II. 400 The Tide..made as He would eat me up—As wholly as a Dew Upon a Dandelion's Sleeve. 1869 J. Ingelow Compl. Poems 259 He looks As he had woke and seen the face of Christ. 1921 J. Freeman Music (1922) 137 It makes me rave As I were a villain crying, ‘So help me God, Not guilty!’ 8. a. In the manner or way that.like as: see like adj., adv., conj., and prep. Phrases 1a(b). ΚΠ OE Wulfstan Outline of Hist. (Hatton) (1957) 153 He [sc. Christ] læg on cradole bewunden ealswa oðre cild doð. lOE St. Neot (Vesp.) in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 129 Ealswa se halge him foresæde on ær. c1175 ( Homily: Hist. Holy Rood-tree (Bodl. 343) (1894) 32 Heo..dude allswa ðe engel hire bead. a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily De Initio Creaturae (Vesp. A.xxii) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 217 Alswo sanctus augustinus cweð. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 17 Heore uuel..þu aȝest to..wið-stewen ȝif þu miht al swa hit is nu laȝe a londe. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 37 Al swa þe boc spekeð [c1300 Otho as þe bokes speke]. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 503 Þu..pipest al so deþ a mose. c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 306 Shal it nouth ben als sho þenkes, ‘Hope maketh fol man ofte blenkes.’ a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2212 Iosepes men ðor-quiles deden Al-so Iosep hem adde beden. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. Prol. l. 120 (MED) Þe comune..plowmen ordeygned To tilie and trauaile as trewe lyf askeþ. a1425 (?a1350) Seven Sages (Galba) (1907) l. 3365 When it was wroght als it sold be. c1475 (a1400) Awntyrs Arthure (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 9 Pride with his purtenans, hase prophetes haue told. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ezra vi. 9 There shalbe geuen them daylie as is acordinge. 1597 M. Drayton Englands Heroicall Epist. f. 13 ^v It changeth there, And showes you as you are, not as you were. 1611 Bible (King James) John xv. 12 That ye love one another, as I have loved you. View more context for this quotation 1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 127 An Englishman..thought he might insult Scotchmen as he pleased. 1832 T. Carlyle Reminisc. (1881) I. 15 Let me write my books as he built his houses. 1882 Harper's Mag. Nov. 820/1 It is thus that great events move upon little things, as a heavy door does upon small hinges. 1919 M. Sinclair Mary Olivier iv. xxv. 252 Nothing ever happened as he wanted it to happen. 1936 M. R. Anand Coolie iii. 116 He..would start to dress his hair as he had seen the chota Babu dress it in Sham Nagar. 1992 R. Kenan Let Dead bury their Dead iii. 54 She went about her daily life as she had done for thirty-odd years. b. To the same extent as, in so far as; in proportion as; according as; just as, even as. Now rare except in certain set expressions. —— is to —— as —— is to ——: a traditional way of expressing a mathematical proportion (proportion n. 9a); also in extended use. according as, accordingly as, in proportion as, etc.: see the principal word. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [conjunction] > as or like alsoOE asa1225 the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > in conformity with or according to [phrase] > according as according asa1225 after1587 thereafter as1728 a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily In Die Sancto Pentecosten (Lamb. 487) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 91 Heo hit delden elcan alswa heo neode hefde [OE Royal hi dældon ælcum be his neode]. c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Royal) (1934) 33 (MED) Þat eiðer of oðeres as of his ahne beo trusti. c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 1232 (MED) After horn he arned anon, Also þat hors miȝte gon. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 12 (MED) The vifte..belongeþ to þe zone ase to þe manhode; þat is to zigge, ase þet he is man dyadlich. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 45 (MED) Þe proporcioun of þe roundenesse aboute of a cercle is to þe brede as is þe proporcioun of two and twenty to seuene [L. sicut proportio xxii. ad vii.]. c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 727 As they wex in age, wex here loue. c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 39 ^v His heete is to þe stomak as þe heete of þe fier is to þe pott. 1557 R. Record Whetstone of Witte sig. Cii^v When I saie thus: as 5. is to 15. so 6. is to 18. Here is a triple proportion. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. iii. 146 As thou art but man I dare, but as thou art prince, I feare thee. View more context for this quotation 1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements vii. 142 In every multiplication a unitie is to the multiplier, as the multiplied is to the product [L. ut multiplicatus ad productum]. 1670 R. Coke Disc. Trade 32 Since the Rents of Land are valuable, as the Trade of the place is. 1710 G. Berkeley Treat. Princ. Human Knowl. §1 Which, as they are pleasing or disagreeable, excite the passions of love, hatred, etc. 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 165. ⁋3 Our state may indeed be more or less imbittered, as our duration may be more or less contracted. 1798 C. Hutton Course Math. I. 95 4:2::6:3, which means, that 4 is to 2 as 6 is to 3. 1832 J. Henderson Observ. Colonies New S. Wales & Van Dieman's Land 27 Bathurst is to Sydney, as Sydney is to the Mother Country. a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) II. xxxviii. 374 It is blasphemy to say that God only is as we are able to think Him to be. 1865 Trans. Soc. Engin. 148 The relative error always remains the same, and the absolute error varies as the radius. 1881 J. Casey Sequel to Euclid 88 The Arithmetic mean is to the Geometric mean as the Geometric mean is to the Harmonic mean. 1905 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 13 p. xxvii A condition of partial ‘block’ in which the rhythm of the auricle is to the rhythm of the ventricle as 3 is to 1. 1954 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. B. 16 31 The pen-and-paper labour only varies as the length of the walk, whereas the demand on a machine goes up as the square of this length. 2006 R. L. Grimes Rite out of Place 103 The ritualized/nonritualized distinction is parallel to..a word/deed distinction, implying the following analogy of proportion: Ritual is to word as nonritual is to deed. c. In antithetical or parallel clauses (now usually negative or interrogative), introducing a known circumstance with which a hypothesis is contrasted, or beside which a new circumstance is placed: as on the other hand; even as; whereas; whilst. Now chiefly rhetorical. ΚΠ a1500 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Rawl.) (1896) 5 (MED) She Cryed..as thogh he toke hyr ayeynnes hir wyll, As hit was not So. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. clxxvi. 213 If kyng Johan had ben in Fraunce, as he was in Englande [i.e. instead of being, as was the fact, in England], he durst not haue done as he dyd. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet v. ii. 288 Had I but time, as this fell sergeant Death Is strict in his arrest. View more context for this quotation 1651 A. Weamys Contin. Sydney's Arcadia 71 If you had been guiltie as you are not, I should rather choose to mitigate your crime, than any way to heighten it. a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 345 The King's own religion was suspected, as his brother's was declared. 1755 E. F. Haywood Invisible Spy II. vi. 122 If I had not so well remember'd, as I did, the accents, I should have suspected it was no other than herself, by her saying,—‘The Two Green Lamps’. 1848 W. M. Thackeray Bk. Snobs xvi. 62 It has its prejudices, to be sure, as which of us has not? 1908 Chambers's Jrnl. 28 Mar. 267/1 If he had been familiar with the stage, as he was not, he would have said the man had ‘taken every cue’. 1927 Manch. Guardian 7 Oct. 262/1 They complain that it does not provide, as it clearly does not, for all cases of unemployment. 1993 New York 16 Aug. 62/3 The director..could not make the casket scene or the pound of flesh work in modern terms—as who could? d. With the subordinate clause, esp. a participial one, reduced to the complement: in the way or condition that it is (was, has been, etc.). Cf. Compounds 1. ΚΠ 1551 S. Gardiner Explic. Catholique Fayth f. 33 The ministre pronounseth Christes wordes, as spoken of his mouth. 1555 E. Bonner Profitable & Necessarye Doctryne sig. A.iv Accordyng herevnto Saynt Basyll..in his masse setteth fourth (as vsed in the Churche at hys tyme) thys prayer folowing. 1568 E. Dering Sparing Restraint 55 The Decretals teach vs, that all, which is in the canon of the Masse, though it be not in the scripture, yet we must take it as receyued from the Apostles. 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. vii. 397 My Observations, as printed, goe a-breast in parallel Columes with those of His Highnesse. 1677 R. Gilpin Dæmonol. Sacra i. iv. 3 Lines and Figures are better known from Mathematical Instruction, than by their bare tract, as written in Dust. 1701 T. Morer Κυριακη Ὴμερα ii. 203 Every thing in Scripture, as revealed, is positive. 1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Broken Radiation, is the breaking of the beams of Light, as seen through a Glass. 1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. xlv. 537 The diurnal rotation of the earth on its axis, as ascertained by its situation with respect to the fixed stars. 1855 Harper's Mag. June 5/1 If the social and convivial conversation of these wonderful men could have been preserved as uttered. 1912 Statutes U.S.A. XXXVII. i. 308 The expression ‘radio communication’ as used in this Act means [etc.]. 1927 Melody Maker Feb. 203/3 All beats shown to be played on the loose cymbal must be..not allowed to ‘ring on’ for longer than the value of the note as written. 1971 R. Brewer Approach to Print xi. 130 The uncut and untrimmed product of a press as delivered. 2005 R. E. Newnham Properties of Materials xxx. 327 If the sense of rotation of the plane of polarization is counterclockwise as viewed looking into the optical beam toward the light source. †e. Before a nominal relative clause: as being he who, that which, etc. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1574 A. Golding tr. A. Marlorat Catholike Expos. Reuelation 9 So consequently before Christ, as who sitteth by God the father. 1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie vi. 31 A verie notable point, as whereof wee may gather verie good and profitable doctrine. 1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie cxcvi. 1219 Let vs call vppon him, as which is the chiefe sacrifice that hee requireth at our handes. f. Introducing an adverbial clause of respect: so far as, in the degree, manner, or case in which.as concerns: see concern v. Phrases 2b. as regards: see regard v. 8b. as respects: see respect v. 2a. [Compare classical Latin quod attinet ad as far as (something) is concerned, as for.] ΚΠ 1633 T. Adams Comm. 2 Peter iii. xviii. 1614 Compositively, as it respects all times, and all occasions. 1725 D. Defoe Compl. Eng. Tradesman I. vii. 94 Nothing can be more imprudent and impolitick, as it regards himself and his family. 1795 E. Burke Let. 26 May in Wks. (1813) V. 232 I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of protestant ascendancy, as they affect Ireland. 1805 Deb. Congr. U.S. 31 Jan. (1852) 1072 It was adding insult to injury, and expenses to both, as it regarded the claimants. 1819 J. Johnson Let. 20 Mar. in B. Lawrence & N. Branz Flagg Corr. (1986) 23 As it respects property and fame, those who acquire them quick may retain them. 1872 F. Hall Rec. Exempl. False Philol. 50 Nor is he more fortunate as relates to pronunciation. 1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) i. 4 The dissection of the body at autopsy..may reveal the complete picture of the disease as it affects the tissues. 1998 Chartered Surveyor Monthly May 50/3 The first step..is to audit the problem as it concerns your own software and systems. 9. a. Introducing a clause modifying the whole main clause or some part other than its predicate: in accordance with what (is); in the way that.as men, things, etc., go: see go v. Phrases 3a(b). as a rule: see rule n.¹ Phrases 1h. as usual: see usual adj. 4d. ΚΠ OE Ælfric Let. to Wulfsige (Corpus Cambr.) in B. Fehr Die Hirtenbriefe Ælfrics (1914) 6 He ne moste swaþeah butan æne wifigan, ne he ne moste on wydewum wifigan ne on aworpenum wife; ac, ealswa we ær sædon, on sumum mædene. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 17 Al swa ic er seide, ȝif eni mon touward criste isuneȝede on Moyses laȝe [etc.]. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 128 Nu as ich segge þis deorewurðe halewi ibruchele fetles, etc. a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 1509 (MED) Seint Ion stonde þer ney Þat he louede wel, as he sede [a1500 Vesp. os we rede in boke]. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xii. l. 269 (MED) Now beeþ þees seintes, as men seyen, and souereynes in heuene. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 27 He doþ ai þo þingis þat plesun God, os Himself seiþ. 1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) (1859) i. xxiv. 29 His skryp and burdon, whiche, as he seyth, he ne left neuer. 1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour iii. xxiv. sig. hiij^v But the most catholike and renoumed doctours..vouche (as I mought say) to their ayde the autoritie of the writars. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 132 This disease, as I take it, the countrey people call the Fowle, or the Wyspe. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) ii. iii 55 And (as they say) lamentings heard i' th' Ayre; Strange Schreemes of Death. 1655 tr. C. Sorel Comical Hist. Francion xi. 19 Although it was not unfashionable to have a Cloak unlined as was theirs. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 104. ⁋3 The Model..was, as I take it, first imported from France. 1770 J. Wesley Let. 13 Oct. (1931) V. 205 If you should continue weak (as I did from November to March), good is the will of the Lord. 1822 W. Scott Fortunes of Nigel II. xii. 280 Sufficient single beer, old Pillory—and, as I take it, brewed at the rate of a nutshell of malt to a butt of Thames. 1886 F. H. Burnett Little Lord Fauntleroy vi. 98 Knitting his shaggy eyebrows as he had a trick of doing. 1912 H. S. Jones Compan. Rom. Hist. v. 358 Caligula, who, as we are told, caused the horses of the rival factions to be poisoned. 2007 R. Lovegrove Silent Fields vii. 193 As was often the case, there is no record of the numbers taken. †b. Prefixed to an infinitive clause used to introduce the statement in the main clause. Obsolete.E.g., in quot. a1413, as to speke of = ‘speaking of’. ΚΠ c1410 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Harl. 7334) (1885) l. 2681 For wommen as for to speke in comune Þay folwe alle þe fauour of fortune. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) v. l. 974 But as to speke of loue..I hadde a lord to whom I wedded was. c. Introducing the ascription of a proverbial or familiar saying, typically in as the —— said to the ——. Cf. Wellerism n.as the actress said to the bishop: see actress n. 2b.For an earlier form of this type of ascription, see quoth v. 1 (e.g. quots. c1175 at sense 1bα. , 1862 at sense 1bε. ). ΚΠ 1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 10 Alas here is fatte feeding, & leane beasts: or as one said at the shearing of hogs, great cry & litle wool. 1612 T. Shelton tr. M. de Cervantes Don-Quixote: Pt. 1 iv. xxiii. 575 Let us behold ourselves, as one blinde man said to another. 1785 J. O'Keeffe Fontainbleau iii. 60 First come first served, as father says to his customers in the shop at home. 1817 W. Scott Rob Roy II. xiii. 322 There's sma' sorrow at our parting, as the auld mare said to the broken cart. 1839 Boston Morning Post 9 Jan. 2/2 Wellerisms.—‘It does one's heart good to look at you,’ as the fox said to the chickens, when he found he couldn't get over the barn-yard wall, to eat them. 1904 V. S. Lean Collectanea IV. 19 'Tis nothing when you are used to it, as the eels said when they were being skinned alive. 1917 J. C. Bridge Cheshire Prov. 96 Naught's impossible, as t'auld woman said when they told her cauf had swallowed grindlestone. 1978 G. Mitchell Wraiths & Changelings xi. 111 What shall we do wiv it?–as the Cockney said to his wife when he found..a bathroom in his municipal flat. 2000 Z. Smith White Teeth (2001) viii. 192 We're all English now, mate. Like it or lump it, as the rhubarb said to the custard. 10. With subordinate clause consisting only of its subject or object: after the manner of, in the likeness of, the same as, like. Now poetic and literary.as one man: see man n.¹ 17b. like as: see like adj., adv., conj., and prep. Phrases 1a(d). ΚΠ OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) 17 Jan. 18 Hwilum hi hine bylgedon on swa fearras, ond ðuton eallswa wulfas. OE St. Eustace (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1900) II. 202 Ic geman, leof Drihten, þæt þu cwæde, þæt ic sceolde gecos[t]nod beon eallswa Iob. lOE St. Margaret (Corpus Cambr.) (1994) 156 Ic eam befangan eal swa spearwe on nette, and eall swa fisc on hoce, and eal swa hra mid rape. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 109 (MED) Eft-sone ure helende aros alse sunne þo þe ure lafdi Seinte Marie hin kennede. a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 57 (MED) Luuien þi cristen euenling Alswa þe seoluen in alle þing. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 236 To libben..al swa þat wilde swin [c1300 Otho al so þe wilde swin]. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2513 He þe leouede also [c1300 Otho alse] his sone. a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 69 (MED) Þus is þes world..Al so þe schadewe þat glyt away. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. l. 1357 (MED) Ofte time thei despise The goode fortune as the badde. a1425 (?a1350) Gospel of Nicodemus (Galba) (1907) l. 189 (MED) Als ane angell he appered to pilates wife. c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 3831 (MED) Letande alls a lyon, he lawnches them thorowe. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 4^v Alse sede in þe season, sowe it on þe erthe. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A7 And often knockt his brest, as one that did repent. 1611 Bible (King James) Gen. iii. 5 Yee shall bee as Gods, knowing good and euill. View more context for this quotation 1670 L. Stuckley Gospel-glasse xl. 481 Let it be as Frontlets between thine eyes day and night. 1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. i. §46. 97 The Spaces run by a heavy Body, in its fall, are as the Squares of the Times. 1788 D. Gott Midnight Cry 8 The creaturely part in me is as dirt and clay. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 559 To the..ignorant populace the law of nations and the risk of bringing on their country the just vengeance of all Europe were as nothing. 1881 E. A. Freeman Let. 4 Dec. in W. R. W. Stephens Life & Lett. E. A. Freeman (1895) II. 239 The daemon podagra..has been altogether cast out, and I can wear boots as another man. 1911 Overland Monthly Oct. 292/1 We shall love as the birds in yonder tree. 1991 Montana June 4/1 To live as the lilies of the field—neither toiling nor spinning. 11. a. Introducing a noun phrase equivalent to a subject or object complement. (a) In the character, capacity, or function of. †Also formerly introducing a subject complement after to be. ΚΠ a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 157 (MED) Non habemus hic manentem ciuitatem..we wunieð here alse fleme. c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 990 (MED) Y wil defende it as kniȝt. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xiii. xxvi. 678 Males and females of fysshe swymmen togedirs as a flocke. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 18179 (MED) Þou ert..sa hei wit-all, Bath als king and emparur. a1450 York Plays (1885) 497 Paradise I putte hym till, And bad hym halde it all as his. 1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. viii. sig. a.vi Ansuere them as their kynge and chyuetayn. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. v. 4 Her sonne, who was as the next heire male. 1598 R. Tofte tr. M. M. Boiardo Orlando Inamorato i. sig. C2 Where Galafron my father raignes as King. 1610 S. Rid Martin Mark-all sig. E2 He maunds Abram, he begs as a madde man. 1659 Scot in T. Burton Diary 8 Apr. (1828) IV. 377 That gentleman [sc. Sir A. Haslerigge] deserves not so ill from you to be employed as a lacquey. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 94. ¶8 He was..forced to think of plying in the Streets as a Porter. 1742 C. Middleton Hist. Life Cicero (ed. 3) I. iv. 303 Assisted by Pompey as augur. 1755 Miss Boothby Let. 29 July in Life Johnson (1805) 106 Mr. Fitzherbert had appointed his time for being here as next week, but has changed it to near three weeks hence. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake iii. 104 He as truth received What of his birth the crowd believed. 1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xii. 108 Toots, as an old hand, had a desk to himself. a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) II. xxvi. 139 The fact is assumed as an hypothesis; the hypothesis explained as a fact. 1875 T. W. Higginson Young Folks' Hist. U.S. xvi. 151 This design was afterwards used as a flag. 1920 R. Macaulay Potterism i. iii. 28 Why don't you join up as a combatant? a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1412 We accept the fruit as a gift from the gods. 1992 A. Thorpe Ulverton viii. 182 Innumerable are the times I have sat as a guest at this very table. 2009 Sunday Herald (Glasgow) 11 Jan. (Opinion section) 6/1 As an artist, I have learned to say: [etc.]. (b) In theatrical and related use: in the role of. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > acting > [adverb] > in the character of as1779 1779 Duchess of Devonshire Sylph I. (end matter) (advt.) Just published..the New English Theatre, printed as written by the Authors... 3. Conscious Lovers; Mrs. Abingdon as Phyllis. 4. Miser; Mr. Yates as the Miser. 1810 Monthly Mirror Jan. 54 Mr. Kemble in Hamlet never looked or played better... So when Mr. K., as Hamlet, said, [etc.]. 1847 Semi-Weekly News (Fredericksburg, Va.) 7 Oct. 1/4 His robust health..gave him great advantage where unusual muscular strength is necessary, as Damon, Matamor, the Gladiator, etc. 1905 C. Mackenzie Diary 23 May in My Life & Times (1964) III. 224 Went to see Martin Harvey as Hamlet. 1954 Times 18 Oct. 2/3 Toad of Toad Hall, with Mr. Leo McKern as the irrepressible Toad. 2001 Opera News Nov. 4/2 René Pape..stole the show as King Marke in the Met's production of Tristan und Isolde. b. Introducing a subject or object complement after certain verbs, esp. verbs of address, estimation, designation, behaviour, and semblance, such as accept, accuse, acknowledge, address, announce, appear, characterize, cite, classify, consider, count, designate, disguise, hail, know, pass, pose, qualify, quote, rank, reckon, regard, represent, seem, treat, view, etc.: see these words.With some verbs complement with as is an alternative to (and tends from the 16th cent. to replace) a complement without introductory word or with the preposition for (see for prep. 18a). (a) With adjectival or participial complement. ΚΠ a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 4233 (MED) He sal hym feyn first als haly. a1450 Pater Noster Richard Ermyte (Westm. Sch. 3) (1967) 38 (MED) Þou woldist not trowe he wolde faile, for þou knew hym bifore as trewe & good. 1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 100 Anticipacion is when we prevent those wordes that another would saie, and disprove them as untrue. 1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. xiii. f. 395^v Resolution, is the assumption or taking of the thing which is to be proued, as graunted. 1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII ii. i. 126 This from a dying man receiue as certaine. View more context for this quotation 1645 J. Goodwin Innocency & Truth Triumphing 63 Mr. Prynne by representing my Parish as divided, disordered by my Independent way. 1679 P. Rycaut Present State Greek Church i. 9 We are not to treat of it as of a single Province, as of Hellas, or as confined to Attica alone..but we are here to consider them both as Hellenes, properly of the Greek Nation. 1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks III. Misc. ii. i. 44 The Generation or Tribe being once set apart as sacred. 1744 J. Wesley Let. 5 Mar. (1931) II. 18 We are still traduced as inclined to Popery, and consequently disaffected to your Majesty. 1865 Card. Wiseman in Ess. Relig. & Lit. 1st Ser. 26 Not one has yet been admitted as proved. 1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 833/1 The articular surfaces may be regarded as produced by the rotation of a straight or curved line about an axis lying in the same plane. 1898 Argosy Oct. 447 Oh, he strikes me as being a bluffer. 1940 C. Brooks Jrnl. 10 Nov. (1998) 278 He regards himself as having been somewhat shabbily treated by both Ball and Luke. 1975 F. Exley Pages from Cold Island ix. 155 Mary chafed at these characterizations as wrongheaded. 2007 A. Theroux Laura Warholic ix. 120 Laura both hated and envied anyone she identified as spoiled and overadvantaged. (b) With noun or noun phrase as complement. ΚΠ ?a1425 (a1415) Lanterne of Liȝt (Harl.) (1917) 38 (MED) Bere we þe cros of Crist & richesse acounte we as cley. a1449 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) ii. 106 The seide Cite..a fore Leofrike is tyme..stode called named and reputed as a Cite. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. ii Who woulde be obstinate & refuse to returne to his parte, should be accepted and taken as a publike enemy to hym and his countrey. 1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 7 So that vnder Gam vt the voice seemed as a kinde of humming. a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) v. vi. 144 Regarded As the most Noble Coarse. c1675 W. Blundell Crosby Rec. 137 A gentleman who passed as a Bedlamer. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 9. ¶1 He was saluted as a Brother. 1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xv. 76 Might have imputed to me as Arrogance, or Revenge. 1743 H. Fielding Ess. Conversat. in Misc. I. 117 Man is generally represented as an Animal formed for..Society. 1802 W. Scott Minstrelsy Sc. Border I. 8 He whom all civilized nations now acknowledge as the Father of Poetry. 1837 T. B. Macaulay Ld. Bacon in Edinb. Rev. July 17 2 In what we consider as his weakness. 1876 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People (1881) x. §4. 787 Who still looked on themselves as mere settlers..and who regarded the name of ‘Irishman’ as an insult. 1924 Philippine Republic 17/2 What should a Pinoy do if he is addressed as a Chinese or a Jap? 1992 N.Y. Times 17 July a4/4 The country had been run by a ruler revered as a god-king early in this century. c. Followed by a noun or noun phrase denoting a person or animal of a particular (esp. early) age: during the time of being. ΚΠ 1483 W. Caxton in tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. ccclxxv/2 Edmond..as a yonge man came wyth other for to receyue the crosse. 1572 T. Achelley Key of Knowl. 243 For my sake to be borne in a stable, and as an infant to be wrapped in clothes, to be swadled, & laide in a maunger. 1586 A. Day Eng. Secretorie i. sig. G2^v As a yong man, I went a stray I grant, but not with perseueraunce, for I reclaimed my selfe ere I fell. 1630 J. Shirley Gratefull Seruant v. i. 73 Thou hadst a deepe impression, as a boy I lou'd thee too. 1721 R. Blackmore New Version Psalms cxxxi. 288 I, as a Child, my Self demean'd, Took from the Mother's Breast. 1808 G. Colman John Bull iv. iii, in E. Inchbald Brit. Theatre XXI. 78 When I left Cornwall, as a boy [1803 Cornwall, a boy], this house, I remember, was tenanted by strangers. 1859 W. M. Thackeray Virginians II. xiv. 113 I have heard he came up to London himself as a young man with only his tragedy in his wallet. 1887 Cent. Mag. Nov. 43 As a child, she had been called ‘cunning’. 1907 Country-side 16 Feb. 192/2 Perhaps, as a puppy, he had been chastised for stealing food, and had been honest ever since. 1938 E. Goudge Towers in Mist (1998) viii. 201 As a girl she had shouldered her responsibilities without wincing. 1993 Beaver Apr.–May 38/2 In 1867, as an old man, he testified at the Connolly-Woolrich trial. 2006 J. Updike Terrorist iv. 239 Even as a baby, you were so trusting and easy. †12. In exclamations and introducing an object clause: the manner in which, in what manner, how. Scottish in later use. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > [adverb] > in which way as?c1225 how1548 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 52 Lauerd crist as vh mon walde steoke feste vh þurl. 1525 in B. Cusack Everyday Eng. 1500–1700 (1998) 109 The seid george came to this deponent..and askid hym as he dede. 1562 in J. Raine Depositions Courts Durham (1845) 66 At what tyme this deponent and his wife wentt in, to se as she dyd. 1566 J. Knox Hist. Reformation in Wks. (1846) I. 103 Which, as it was keapt, the ishew will witnesse. ?a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 384 Considering as he sett him furth, They gave him mair then he was worthe. 1816 W. Scott Antiquary II. x. 287 But see as our gudemither's hands and lips are ganging. 1821 A. Scott Poems* 43 Wow, dear sir, as time slips on! 13. Introducing a clause attesting a statement or adjuring a person by his or her faith, hopes, or fears: in such a manner as befits the prayer, †wish (obsolete), anticipation, belief, profession that. ΚΠ c1330 (?c1300) Amis & Amiloun (Auch.) (1937) l. 300 (MED) Y schal ben as trewe to þe, Also god me spede! c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Squire's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 461 If it laye in my myght I wolde amende it..As wisly help me grete god of kynde. 1461 in H. E. Salter Registrum Cancellarii Oxoniensis (1932) II. 44 (MED) To defende the priuileges..of the said Uniuersite, as god helpe yow. a1500 (?a1400) Sir Torrent of Portyngale (1887) l. 1443 Sir Torent said: ‘As god me spede, We will firste se that ffede.’ a1500 (?a1400) Sir Torrent of Portyngale (1887) l. 2404 (MED) Damysell, also muste I the [= as may I prosper!], Syluer and asure beryth he. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II iii. iii. 118 This sweares he, as he is princesse iust, And as I am a gentleman I credit him. View more context for this quotation 1608 J. Day Law-trickes sig. D4^v As god mend me Prince you smell bawdie. 1684 T. Barlow Let. 7 Apr. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) VI. 13 If it should be knowne (as God willinge) in good time it may, that I hold this Opinion. a1770 G. Whitefield Serm. (1771) xiv. 340 As the Lord lives, in whose name I speak, if you will not come to Christ to have life, you must come to his bar to hear him pronounce you damned to all eternity. 1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc i. 29 Think well of this As you are human, as you hope to live In peace. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 78 Admonished to speak with reverence of their oppressor..as they would answer it at their peril. 1908 Rosary Mag. July 77/1 ‘Do you really mane this, Jack Birmingham?’ queried the girl. ‘As God is me judge, I mane it,’ affirmed the young man. 1996 F. McCourt Angela's Ashes (1997) i. 10 Angela said, You're only looking for an excuse to run to the speakeasy, and he said, As God is my witness, the drink is the last thing on my mind. With antecedent. †14.** With antecedent as (see A. 4): in which way, in the way that. Obsolete. ΚΠ OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) iii. 174 Eall swa yfen gegaderað þæt word, eall swa diastole hyt totwæmð. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 153 He his sunnen undeð to his proste alswa alse he heom haueð idon. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 104 Alswa, as euch þing hefde biginnunge..alswa schulden alle habben endunge. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 316 Ȝef ȝe findeð þet ȝe don alswa as ȝe redeð. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 137 Alsuo ase þe zoþe milde hereþ þe oþre..alsuo he blameþ him-zelve. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 241 Al alsuo ase þe wordle him hild uor uyl and uor wlatuol, ase me deþ enne y-honged. 15. With the subordinate clause introduced by as preceding the main clause introduced by anaphoric so, for emphasis. Cf. so adv. and conj. 22. a. Expressing similarity or correspondence: in what manner…(in that manner); in the way that. ΚΠ OE Wulfstan Institutes of Polity: De Ecclesiasticis Gradibus (Junius) (1959) 234 And ealswa Crist bræc folce hlaf to gedale, swa sculon diaconos þæt halige husel brecan and hit folce to gedale gearwian. lOE Homily (Faust. A.ix) (Dict. Old Eng. transcript) Eallswa wæter adwæsceð fyr, swa mæg seo ælmesse adwæscan þa synna. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 4025 Al-so leun is migtful der, So sal ðis folc ben migtful her. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Psalms cii. 15 As the flour of the feld so he shal floure out. a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 38 As I tolde byfore, so have þou cele. c1480 (a1400) St. Nicholas 301 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 489 Has he bad, sa haf þai done. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Judges i. 7 As I haue done, so hath God rewarded me agayne. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xviii. 157 As the olde cocke crowes so doeth the chick. 1611 Bible (King James) Isa. xxiv. 2 It shall be as with the people, so with the priest, as with the seruant, so with his master, [etc.] . View more context for this quotation 1614 R. Tailor Hogge hath lost Pearle ii. sig. C4 As she brews so let her bake. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 123 As the Cold Congeals into a Lump the liquid Gold; So 'tis again dissolv'd by Summer's heat. View more context for this quotation 1720 I. Watts Sluggard in Divine & Moral Songs i As the door on its hinges, so he on his bed Turns his sides, and his shoulders, and his heavy head. a1796 R. Burns Compl. Wks. (1859) xxiii. 350 As the stars are, so are the Snobs. 1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles iii. xxvii. 115 Of rout and rally, war and truce,—As heroes think, so thought the Bruce. 1860 R. C. Trench Serm. in Westm. Abbey xi. 117 As our speech is, so we are. 1900 S. J. Weyman Story Francis Cludde (new ed.) xxii. 255 As my fathers have worshiped, so will I, though it cost me every rood of land! 1925 Woman's World (Chicago) Apr. 64/2 (advt.) As sappers mine the enemy's defenses, so gum-decay tunnels through the normal gum line. 2007 Wall St. Jrnl. 12 Apr. a15/1 As Baghdad goes, so goes Iraq. b. Expressing parallelism: even as, just as; both..and, equally..and. [Compare classical Latin cum..tum.] ΚΠ a1400 tr. R. Rolle Oleum Effusum (Harl.) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 187 (MED) Als dede slos [v.r. slaas] alle, so luf ouercomes alle. 1577 M. Hanmer tr. Evagrius Scholasticus i. i, in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. 411 A man without all peradventure as in other thinges profounde so in penninge excellent. 1602 W. Fulbecke Pandectes 69 A thing as ancient, so necessarie. 1607 R. Parker Scholasticall Disc. against Antichrist i. i. 28 Shee hath as bewayld, so also renounced her former countrey. 1641 Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia sig. D^v As he was a great Souldier, so he was of a suitable magnanimitie. 1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. iv. x. 171 As they are the most pernicious of Birds, so are [they] the most rare. 1723 J. Clarke tr. Rohault's Syst. Nat. Philos. I. i. xiv. 84 As there are Compound Motions, so also are there compound Determinations. 1793 T. Holcroft tr. J. C. Lavater Ess. Physiognomy (abridged ed.) xl. 203 As weak hair betokens of fear, so does strong hair courage. 1836 R. W. Emerson Beauty in Nature iii. 20 As the eye is the best composer, so light is the first of painters. a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) II. xxviii. 173 As some philosophers have denied to vision all perception of extension..so others have equally refused this perception to touch. 1901 Bankers Mag. Dec. 1011 As there are wholesale merchants, so there are wholesale banks which handle financial operations in bulk. 1989 M. Moffatt Coming of Age in New Jersey vii. 299 As with sex talk, so, too, with mind talk: the safest place to do it was outside the hearing of the dorm peer-group. c. Expressing proportion: in proportion or degree as. ΚΠ c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §12. 24 & euere as the sonne clymbith vppere & vppere, so goth his nadir downere & downere. 1541 T. Elyot Image of Gouernance iii. f. 5^v As they excelled in abhomination, so preferred he them. 1565 Earl of Bedford in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. II. 215 As their force dimenesshede so dyd her Grace increace. 1608 T. Walkington Salomons Sweete Harpe Ep. Ded. sig. A3 As gifts are more inhaunced, so the remunerating hand is much shortned. 1694 W. Holder Treat. Harmony ii. 20 The Proportion by which the Frequency increaseth, is..very near duplicate.., but is in reverse, i.e. as the Length increaseth, so the Vibrations decrease. 1712 I. Newton Let. 10 May in Corr. (1975) V. 302 As AB to AD + AB so is the mean horary motion of the Node to 16.″ 19.″ 51^iv. 1771 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) V. 476 As he grows in pride, so he must grow in unadvisableness and in stubbornness also. 1866 A. Crump Pract. Treat. Banking xi. 244 As the price of the article increases, so do the bad debts increase. 1892 12th Rep. Vermont State Board Agric. 1891–2 140 As these manufacturing centers increase in size, so do the farm lands in like ratio increase in value. 1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxxvi. 1025 As anaplasia increases so surgical treatment is less effective. 1992 UNIX Rev. Mar. 32/2 As the number of workstations increases, so does the effort required to do backup. 16. With antecedent so (also †thus): in the manner that. Cf. sense B. 8. Cf. so adv. and conj. 20a. Now archaic. ΚΠ OE tr. Defensor Liber Scintillarum (1969) v. 47 Sicut deus in christo donauit uobis ita et uos facite : swa swa god on criste forgeaf eow ealswa ge doð. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3366 And swa he þer agon ase þe oðer hæfde idon. c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 44 Floriz..what mai þe beo, Þus murninge as ihc þe seo? a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 971 So as I schal rehersen, The tydes of the yer diversen. a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 174 (MED) I obeyde vnto his biddynge, So as the lawe me bonde. 1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. iii–v. sig. a.iij Ye may not lye so as ye doo. 1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xviii. 5 So doe, as thou hast said. View more context for this quotation a1677 I. Barrow Several Serm. Evil-speaking (1678) iii. 96 We therefore should so perform it, as not to incurr that reproof. 1761 Acts & Laws New-Hampsh. 236 Any person of full age, shall be so set to work, as aforesaid. 1832 H. Ballou Treat. Atonement (ed. 4) 149 He is careful to state..that when he should so come as he had described, he would render unto every man according to his works. 1870 S. H. Hodgson Theory of Pract. I. iv. 454 Man is in fact so constituted as he said. 1905 S. R. Crockett Maid Margaret of Galloway xxix. 244 And if it so come about as you have said..I will even fight against you, my father! III. Introducing a relative clause, or a phrase having equivalent function, with the antecedents such, same, or their equivalents. 17. After such and same, acting as a relative pronoun: that, who, which.Cf. sense B. 29a. a. After such (in early use sometimes preceded by all). Cf. such adj. and pron. 7a. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > degree or relative amount of a quality, action, etc. > [adverb] > to this or that extent thusa700 soc888 asOE so mucha1225 such ac1275 as‥soc1340 thisc1460 OE Daniel 62 Gestrudan gestreona under stanhliðum, swilc eall swa þa eorlas agan sceoldon, oðþæt hie burga gehwone abrocen hæfdon, þara þe þam folce to friðe stodon. ?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 Ðis gære for þe king Stephne ofer sæ to Normandi & ther wes underfangen, forþi ðat hi uuenden ðat he sculde ben alsuic alse the eom wes. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 101 Himm bidde icc þatt het write rihht... Wiþþ all swillc rime alls her iss sett. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 83 Ho [sc. þe sunne] nimeð al swuch hou alse ho þer on uint; ȝif þet gles is red, ho schineð red. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 667 (MED) Vre lauerd..com..wið swuch dream ant drihtfere as drihtin deh to cumene. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 4108 Alswilc als hem bi-hu[f]lik bee. 1471 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 566 Syche othyr wryghtyngys and stuff as was in my kasket. ?1481 H. Bryan Let. 16 Nov. in Cely Lett. (1975) 123 In scheyche mony os the Plas payis owt. 1519 Sir T. Boleyn in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. I. 161 Send me such dyett-money as shall best please your Grace. 1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. ix Suche as growe out of kynde. 1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 2 Such a one as was the glory of the land of Israel. 1653 R. Austen Treat. Fruit-trees 70 Syder is usually made of such Apples as are moist sommer fruits. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 11. ⁋5 She should be clothed in such Silks as his Wastecoat was made of. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 118. ⁋3 Such a Passion as I have had is never well cured. 1768 G. White Let. 18 June in Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789) 49 Such a severe stroke..as put out one eye. 1832 T. Carlyle Reminisc. (1881) I. 8 Never shall we again hear such speech as that was. 1880 Pop. Sc. Rev. Jan. 13 Could such bodies as aerolitic stones fall from the moon? 1920 V. Woolf Diary (1979) II. 50 Such a grind and a drudge her life is as fills me with pity. 1969 J. Singer et al. tr. I. B. Singer Estate iii. xxi. 314 A dreariness such as he had never known before. 2008 A. C. Clarke & F. Pohl Last Theorem viii. 70 Without ever having discovered such unwanted distractions as subjugation, exploitation, or war. b. After same (†also formerly ilk). Cf. same adj. 1d. N.E.D. (1885) states: ‘same as usually expresses identity of kind, same that absolute identity, except in cases of ellipsis of the predicate where same as is alone found: cf. “he uses the same books as you do”, “he uses the same books that you do”, “he uses the same books as you”’, but no such distinction is mentioned at Same adj. 1. ΚΠ a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 185 (MED) Wiþ þe ilke spredunge gest, as þe moder to hire child. c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) i. §16. 8 The degrees of the Equynoxial, þat ys deuyded in the same nombre as euery othere cercle is in the heie heuene. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 128 (MED) In the same maner as the firste diden. a1475 Recipe Painting in Archæol. Jrnl. (1844) 1 154 (MED) And hong thes platis in the same maner as ȝe doth platis of leed. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 30 That samyn sound as thay beystis hed blauen. 1578 G. Best True Disc. Passage to Cathaya iii. 61 They are naturally borne children of the same couloure & complexion as all the Americans are, which dwell vnder the Equinoctiall line. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 754 A rauening Wolfe by his biting bringeth the same danger, as a rauenous Dogge. 1662 R. Venables Experienc'd Angler v. 55 The Umber is generally taken with the same baits as the Trout. 1690 W. Leybourn Cursus mathematicus f. 449 She is liable to the same variety of changes as the Moon, sometimes almost Full, at other times Gibbous. 1718 Answer Bp. of Sarum's Challenge in Mem. Life J. Kettlewell App. xvi. p. lvii This is about the same Number as was now. 1782 J. Aitken Elements Theory & Pract. Physic & Surg. II. 518 A perfect performance of arteriotomy is effected nearly on the same principles as phlebotomy. 1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton Athens II. 120 [They] wore the same armour as the Indians whom they bordered. 1879 J. Lubbock Sci. Lect. ii. 31 Bees like the same odours as we do. 1931 Brit. Patent 351,869 1/1 Acting in the same manner as a parachute. 1998 B. Kingsolver Poisonwood Bible (1999) v. 424 They don't have the same ethics as us. 18. a. Introducing a clause referring to the whole statement contemplated as a fact: a thing or fact which. Cf. which pron. 4b.Such a clause is normally affirmative. ΚΠ a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 113 (MED) Soð was leðebei, alse hire iwune is aure. c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 462 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 119 (MED) It nas neuere lawe..double dom to take For o trespas, ase ȝe wel wuteth. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 514 (MED) Þouȝh he were komen of no ken but of kende cherls, as I wot witterly, so was he neuere! c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 398 (MED) What is now seid of preier..is trewe Also for þanking..as is open ynouȝ to resoun. 1552 T. Barnabe Let. 1 Oct. in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. II. 202 Yff so be y^t that we shoulde warre with them (as God defende). 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §69 The Earth being (as hath beene noted by some) Primum Frigidum. 1732 W. Ellis Pract. Farmer 90 It continually perspires through the Pores of the Earth, carrying with it the sulphureous and saline Part..; as hath been by some ingenious Artists mechanically proved. 1778 T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry II. xxiii. 304 (note) It is not immediately formed from the Troye-boke of Lydgate, as I have suggested in the text. 1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 126 He was an Englishman, as they perceived by his accent. 1851 M. Reid Scalp Hunters II. xvii. 285 One was the medicine chief, as I could tell by the flowing white hair. 1921 A. Z. Snyder & M. V. Snyder Paris Days & London Nights xiv. 219 The valley of Islahiah..has a rich soil and a warm climate, as I deduced from the dust. 1931 F. L. Allen in T. R. Cook Ess. Mod. Thought (1935) 164 Had we noticed then, as we do now, that she had short hair. 1997 C. D. K. Yee Word according to J. Joyce iii. 75 The source of that instability is often conflict, as Joyce knew from Skeat, Bérard, and Irish history. b. Introducing a clause commenting on the application of a word or phrase in the main clause. ΚΠ 1528 W. Tyndale Obed. Christen Man f. cxj They ioyne them penaunce, as they call it. 1598 W. Phillip tr. J. H. van Linschoten Disc. Voy. E. & W. Indies To Rdr. sig. A3/2 Our Wodden Walles (as Themistocles called the Ships of Athens). 1618 W. Barlow Magneticall Aduertisements (ed. 2) i. 2 There are two kindes of Attractions (as they are commonly called) the one Magneticall, the other Electricall. 1678 J. Ray tr. F. Willughby Ornithol. 131 The Wings are of a lovely blue or ultramarine colour (as the Painters call it). 1714 J. Addison Spectator No. 568. ¶1 He designs his Chasm, as you call it, for an Hole to creep out at. 1788 J. Q. Adams Diary 2 Mar. (1981) II. 369 He has adopted all the fancies of the Hopkintonian sect as they are called. 1807 J. Hall Trav. Scotl. II. 351 Farmers collecting the dilce (as they name it). 1884 Cent. Mag. Nov. 128/1 Rotation in office, as such changes are euphemistically denominated, is a principle of republican government only in a sentimental sense. 1924 J. Riviere et al. tr. S. Freud Coll. Papers II. xxviii. 313 The father-imago (as Jung has happily named it). 1989 D. Morrow & M. Keyes Conc. Hist. Sport in Canada 4 This cult of athleticism, as it was labelled near the end of the nineteenth century. 2007 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 12 Feb. a6/3 You claim that these ricers (as they are commonly referred to) are an insult to ‘real’ car buffs. †c. Preceded by a noun, in a parenthetic exclamatory clause; = that pron.² 7. Obsolete. ΚΠ ?1562 Jacke Jugeler sig. C.ii Like a fole as I am and a drunken knaue. 1574 St. Avstens Manuell in Certaine Prayers S. Augustines Medit. sig. si O hard and cursed case as it was. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xiv. 31 Vnmercifull Lady as you are, I am true. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. ii. 348 I haue vs'd thee (Filth as thou art) with humane care. View more context for this quotation 1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton Rienzi I. i. xiii. 163 Crouch!—wild beast as thou art! 19. Introducing instances exemplifying or illustrating a general designation: like and including, such as, of the kind of; for instance, for example. Also occasionally in specifying use: namely, to wit. Now chiefly elliptical for such as. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [adverb] asa1225 ensamplea1500 a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 81 (MED) Þes patriarches, alse abel and noe and abraham. c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 178 Oðer pilegrimes gað muche swinc to sechen ane sontes banes as sein Iames oðer sein giles. a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 700 Many yvels, angers, and mescheefes Oft comes til man..Als fevyr, dropsy, and Iaunys. ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 60 A prelat as an abott or a priour. tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 1147 Beestis that shal plowe, As hors and oxe. ?1481 H. Bryan Let. 16 Nov. in Cely Lett. (1975) 123 I thanke yow syr, hertely off yowr gret labore that ȝe haue done ffor me, os brynynge my ij oblygacions of the Stapyll to Cales. 1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. viii. sig. a.vi Som of hem lough hym to scorne, as kyng Lot. ?1560 H. Rhodes Bk. Nurture (new ed.) sig. Aiii Yf your mayster wyll haue any conceytes after dynner, as apples nuttes, or creame. 1565 in J. A. Twemlow Liverpool Town Bks. (1918) I. 285 In which assemblie all they comburgesies..appearid personallie, iii off reasonable causes onlie exceptid, as Richard Marser Rauff Bursco and Thomas Peppard. 1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler xi. 191 Some curious searchers into the natures of fish, observe that there be several sorts or kinds of Eeles, as the silver-Eele, and green or greenish Eel..; and a blackish Eele. View more context for this quotation 1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 2 I pluck'd aboue Five different Sorts..as Wild-Time, Lavender. 1791 N.-Y. Mag. June 341/2 The Romans observed certain families, as the Valerii, &c. who were constant friends and lovers of the people. 1841 Penny Mag. Oct. 2 386/1 The plumage consists of an undervest of down (remarkable in some species, as the wild swan and the eider duck, for its softness and delicacy). 1862 M. R. Barnard tr. F. C. Schübeler Synopsis Veg. Products i. 11 Finer varieties, as for instance the Cob nut, the Red and White Filbert &c., I have only met with in the south of Norway. 1884 N.E.D. at A A means any one thing or person, B another, C a third, etc.; as, A becomes surety to B for C; C fails in his engagements, on which B, etc. 1928 Funk & Wagnalls New Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. at Anchor-ring A surface generated by the revolution of any closed plane curve, as a circle or ellipse, about an axis outside its boundary. 1955 J. P. Donleavy Ginger Man (1972) ix. 92 ‘Yes. And what do you feel now?’ ‘The good things.’ ‘As?’ ‘Joy. Relief.’ 20. Added to a demonstrative or interrogative adverb introducing a nominal relative clause. Also added to an adverb or conjunction introducing a subordinate clause. Cf. that conj. 7b. Now only in whenas adv. and conj. and whereas adv. and conj.after as: see after conj. 2a(b). instantly as: see instantly adv. 3b. See also thereas conj. 1. ΚΠ c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 1950 (MED) Þe king..wes..idrahen þider as þe reuen weren eauer iwunet. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iii. pr. viii. l. 2205 Þei ne mowe nat leden folke þider as þei byheten to leden hem. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) 438 Let the shyppe go whether as it wyll tyll it come to the porte where as thou shalte aryue. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxciv. 437 Retourned into Fraunce, thyder as they thought to haue some aduantage. 1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza Hist. Kingdome of China 254 They let their ship saile..whither as fortune did cary them. 1634 Malory's Most Anc. Hist. Prince Arthur i. sig. I8^v Anon after as Balin was dead, Merlin tooke his sword. 1646 in M. Sellers Eastland Co. (Camden) Introd. 66 They desire, that what as hath allready bene equallie disburst,..be brought to accompt, and what as remayned in Cash be returned up. 21. As a relative pronoun; = that pron.² Now English regional and U.S. regional.Sometimes representing a relative with its governing preposition. a. Without demonstrative antecedent. Also with following that (cf. as which at sense B. 8e).as was: see be v. Phrases 2c. ΚΠ c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) l. 228 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 500 (MED) Arsmetrike is a lore þat of figurs al is & of drauȝtes, as me draweþ in poudre. 1447 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) i. 30 (MED) The Maier..promytted to sende of the most worthiest as he hath. 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. Pref. The ymages as they used in olde tyme to erecte in worshyp. 1540 in State Papers Henry VIII (1834) III. 169 The saide Cahir shall pay yerely..the tributes and summes of mony..as was accustumed to be payed by his auncetours. 1645 T. Fuller Good Thoughts in Bad Times ii. xviii. 108 It is false, that the Mary-gold follows the Sunne, whereas the Sunne follows the Mary-gold, as made the day before him. 1664 in G. Miege Relation of Three Embassies (1669) 256 If they had any thing as that remained on their part. 1715 N. Blundell Jrnl. 13 Nov. in Great Diurnal (1970) II. 151 This Hous was twice sirched by some Foot as came from Leverpoole. 1751 ‘T. Scrubb’ Mem. Speakers Robin Hood Soc. 12 People as can't takes [sic] their own Parts, are brow-beat. c1852 Lamplighter (1854) 91 It's he as lives in the great stone house. 1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede I. i. i. 11 It was Seth Bede, as was allays a wool-gathering chap. 1887 Mrs. M. L. Woods Village Trag. ii Girls..as don't know a hen's egg from a galeeny's. 1938 ‘N. Shute’ Kindling iv. 62 Would a man as was a charge hand riveter get work oot there? 1979 C. Watson Blue Murder iv. 34 The weakest. The one as won't make bacon. b. Following a demonstrative antecedent, as †(formerly) that, tho, those; (subsequently) they, them. ΚΠ c1475 (?c1451) Bk. Noblesse (Royal) (1860) 32 Tho as were present. 1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet ii. i. 36 That kinde of fruite, As maides call Medlers. View more context for this quotation 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 222 To those as have no children. a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) v. v. 52 Those as sleepe, and thinke not on their sins. View more context for this quotation 1693 tr. J. Le Clerc Mem. Count Teckely i. 16 A City of that importance as [= of which] Cassovia was. 1733 W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farming 255 Very little appeared above the Earth, and that as did, proved hardly worth turning Sheep into. 1747 W. Gould Acct. Eng. Ants 70 That prodigious Size as we see in many Places. 1780 R. Cumberland Let. 20 May in Mem. (1806) 214 Both he and his officers uniformly conducted themselves with that harmony, temper and precision, as seemed to put them in assured possession of success. 1809 Q. Rev. Feb. 137 We willingly forego the invidious task of producing the passages which contain them [sc. ‘poor relatives’];..those as wish to see them may consult pp. 21 and 523 of the work. 1823 Times 3 Apr. 3/3 Mr. Jolter, sir, and Mr. Scraggs, sir, them as you April-fooled this morning. 1825 ‘E. Hardcastle’ 29th May II. xi. 327 They as have lent themselves to this scandalous roguery must answer for't. 1886 ‘Rita’ Darby & Joan (1887) i. 1 I'm not one of those as holds with cossettin' and fussin'. 1910 P. MacKaye Garland to Sylvia iii. 141 This daughter must be found, and they as don't Guess who she is, must quit their hankerings And pack off home. 1980 F. Dobson Fungus 41 Them as started slingin' wet floor-clouts, scrubbin' brushes or weshin'-up watter at fosst sight on 'im. IV. Introducing a clause expressing time and place. 22. Introducing a contemporaneous event or action: at or during the time that; when, while; at any time that, whenever. ΘΚΠ the world > time > [adverb] > during or in the course of (a certain time) asOE in the meantime of1447 wherein1535 therein1539 for long, for a or the time1564 in the course of1653 inside of1839 OE tr. Alexander's Let. to Aristotle (1995) §27. 242 Ða wæs þæt lond eall swa we geferdon adrugad & fen & cannon & hreod weoxan. OE Homily: Ded. Church (Tiber. C.i) in P. Clemoes Anglo-Saxons (1959) 274 Ealswa ure drihten com þa þærto, þa beseah he upp and geseah hine and cwæð þus to him, Zacheę astih raðe nyðer. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 138 (MED) As ha set in a bur..ha iherde a swuch nurð. a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 189 He strahte forþ his riht earm ase [he] stode o rode. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 5742 As þis king Edgar an honteþ ywend was, Al one he com fram is men. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 2161 (MED) I sai a selkouþe siȝt..as i went in the gardyn. c1440 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 309 (MED) Als he slepid, a neddere come to hyme-warde. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) lxiii. 93 But as his wrath is gone she may wel shewe to hym þ^t, [etc.]. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A7 And all the way he prayed as he went. 1634 W. Wood New Englands Prospect i. viii. 28 As she flies, she makes a little humming noise like a Humble-bee. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 112 They wander, grazing as they go. View more context for this quotation 1715 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad I. i. 626 The milk-white Canvas bellying as they [sc. the gales] blow. 1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xvii. 88 One Day, as she and I sat together. 1814 W. Scott Diary 24 Aug. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott (1837) III. vii. 230 In a cottage..we heard the women singing as they waulked the cloth by rubbing it with their hands and feet. 1895 H. G. Wells Time Machine viii. 71 As I was watching some of the little people bathing.., one of them was seized with cramp, and began drifting down stream. 1925 B. Beetham in E. F. Norton et al. Fight for Everest: 1924 viii. 162 As we descended, the lichens, starveling grasses and dwarf alpines rapidly succeeded each other. 1993 S. Turow Pleading Guilty (1994) vi. xxix. 443 I tarried with Bert but gave Brushy a palsy little wink as she departed. †23. At the place that, in which, where. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > here, there, etc. > [adverb] > there > at the place which therea800 there therec1000 asc1225 where13.. whereasa1375 whereatc1400 whereinc1400 c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 158 (MED) I þet eadi lond, as brude ne nimeð gume ne brudgume brude. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 131 In Ierusalem as hewunede. c1300 St. Andrew (Harl.) l. 16 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S.-Eng. Legendary (1956) 543 Þe iustise..wende to Patras To þe cite..as seint Andreu was. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 11587 (MED) Bituene seint oswaldes ȝat & þe norþ ȝat..Is a long wal inou, as þe abbodes orchard is. a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) l. 3561 Þen went þey þederwarde as þis tresere lay. V. Introducing a clause expressing reason. 24. In conformity with, or in consideration of, the fact that; it being the case that; inasmuch as; since. a. In finite clauses.Apparently uncommon in the 16th cent. and the first half of the 17th cent. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > cause or reason > [adverb] > because thyeOE theOE asOE forwhyc1200 whenc1230 forsomuch1454 insomuch asc1500 whenas1551 insomuch1605 'cos1887 OE Seven Sleepers (Julius) (1994) 34 Hi ða þa bydelas and feala oðre, eall swa hi to sceatte hopedon, ferdon and sohton swa hwær swa hi mihton findan þa Cristenan menn. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 36 (MED) Maxence..Bigon..to..dreien cristene men alle to heaðendom, heaðene as he wes. c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 169 Ure lauerd..ne mei..sweamen hire wið warne, nomeliche swa as he is se unimete large. a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 7 Alle gledschipe haue þu al-so þu ert wurðe. a1325 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 31 (MED) As þou art ful of ioye & i am ful of care, Þou help me out of sinne. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iii. l. 1433 (MED) It is resoun that I die, As sche is ded be cause of me. ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 263 (MED) Lete me fro þis deth fle, As I dede nevyr no trespace. 1482 R. Cely Let. 2 Apr. in Cely Lett. (1975) 135 For as ȝe whryte to me wholl wyll be skante, I pwrpos to ryde into Cottysowlld on Tewysday in the Ester Wheke for to pake. 1560 tr. Albertus Magnus' Bk. Secretes sig. Fiii We haue vnto the goynge doune of the Sunne .xvii. houres of the dyall, which we maye multiplye by .lx. as there be .lx. minutes of euery houre of the dyal. 1664 S. Butler Hudibras: Second Pt. ii. ii. 82 As no Peer is bound to swear..It follows..th'affirm [= they affirm], it is no perjury. 1690 T. D'Urfey Collin's Walk iv. 188 Therefore good Major as you made me Come hither, do not now disswade me From instant leaving this vile place. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones IV. xii. v. 226 A grave Matron told the Master [of a puppet-show] she would bring her two Daughters the next Night, as he did not show any Stuff. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. i. 8 My eldest son..was bred at Oxford, as I intended him for one of the learned professions. 1811 tr. Niebuhr's Trav. Arabia cxx, in J. Pinkerton Gen. Coll. Voy. X. 153 As they have no strong drink, they, for this purpose, smoke Haschisch, which is the dried leaves of a sort of hemp. 1883 M. Oliphant Hester I. xiv. 221 He knew that he would be ‘a catch’ for Hester, and that as she was no fool, it was inconceivable that she should not jump at him. 1914 T. S. Eliot Let. 19 July (1988) I. 40 It seems a wonderfully civilised little place for its size: as you can get Abdulla's cigarettes and several kinds of tooth powder. 1967 M. Drabble Jerusalem the Golden (1969) ii. 36 She found everything easy, as her memory for facts was remarkable. 2000 Feng Shui for Mod. Living May 9/4 As you were born in 1952, South is indeed your sheng ch'i or best direction. b. In non-finite (chiefly participial) clauses. ΚΠ 1484 W. Cely Let. 25 Mar. in Cely Lett. (1975) 204 And allsoo the vij M^l pell schyppyd yn Jun anno iiij^xx iij were sorre blemeschyd, as brent yn the schyppys bothe tymes. 1533 J. More tr. D. de Góis Legacye Prester Iohn f. 25^v Syns yt is your offyce (as beynge theyre herdman, and they commytted to you by god) you wold cause those nobles of yours, to leue theyr couetous crueltye. 1583 W. Fulke Def. Transl. Script. iv. 138 The other translatours..left out that title altogither, as being no part of the text and word of God. 1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 794 He was enforced to returne, as destitute of those further succours. 1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. xii. 211 The whole Work will be spoiled; as being smaller than the proposed Diameter. 1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) Introd. 24 [He] is not handsom; as having a flat Nose. 1794 W. Peckitt Wonderful Love God to Men 18 Earths, Acies, and Waters, as having the contracting and attracting virtue of life only, are called (simply, espiritual) bodys. 1847 Brit. Q. Rev. Aug. 238 The Retractations of Augustine are very remarkable, as containing his own review, in advanced years, of his writings. 1873 E. Smith Foods (1876) 53 The South Down is preferred in London and neighbourhood, as offering the least proportion of bone and fat, and the finest flavour. 1917 Times 29 June 5/1 Some..were disposed to call them ‘Pork-and-beans’, as having a general resemblance to the name Portuguese. 1955 R. Macaulay Let. 20 Aug. in Last Lett. to Friend (1962) 206 I personally think it all to the good, as giving something for every one, however different their minds, backgrounds, and religious temperaments. 1992 J. M. Kelly Short Hist. Western Legal Theory i. 24 With certain modes of music excluded from the curriculum as tending to encourage softness or frivolity. VI. Prefixed to adverbial phrases. 25. Restricting the force of adverbs and adverbial phrases. †a. Of place, as as here, as there, etc. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 2 Constantin ant Maxence weren on ane time as in keiseres stude hehest irome. c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 1131 (MED) Ich man..For soke þo þat kniȝt, As þare. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 35 Thei diden not ellis as there for tho vertues but this. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 21 What euer thing..conseileth men forto kepe certein gouernauncis groundith not as in that tho gouernauncis. ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 29 (MED) As to my fadyr lete us now tee. a1500 (?a1400) Sir Torrent of Portyngale (1887) l. 1986 For Iesu love thy sonne hym make, As in the stede of me. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) clvi. 602 Let hym go and marry her, for as here he hath no thynge to do. b. Of time, as as then, as today, as yesterday, etc. Now regional except in as yet at yet adv. and adj.² Phrases 2.as now: see now adv., conj., n.¹, and adj. Phrases 2b. ΚΠ c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 7105 (MED) Þo is lif was nei ido As in þe ȝer of is kinedom tuenty & tuo, Of þe croune of engelond he nuste wat best do. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 375 (MED) The werkes of entaile he cowthe Above alle othre men, as tho. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Melibeus (Hengwrt) (2003) §12 Til she haue wept hir fille, as for a certeyn tyme. a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) l. 153 (MED) Als þis time, sex ȝere I rade allane. 1479 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 615 He shall ryd forwardys as on Monday next comyng betymys. 1489 T. Grigges in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 458 Your said debite hath ben there as yister-day and seysed my lordes part therof. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cccxiii. 480 I vnderstode so as then. 1551 R. Ascham Let. in Wks. (1865) I. ii. 288 The prince of Spain, which as to-morrow should have gone into Italy. 1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. ii. xvii. 215 A prouince vntoucht in a manner, & new to vs as till then. 1653 H. Holcroft tr. Procopius War with Vandals i. 15 in tr. Procopius Hist. Warres Justinian He could not get John punished as then. 1760 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) III. 608 To carry us off to Longleat as last Thursday. VII. Introducing a noun clause. 26. Introducing a noun clause, after say, know, think, etc.; = that conj. 1a. Also in as that, as how. Now English regional (southern) and U.S. regional.seeing as (how): see seeing conj. ΚΠ c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 1598 Ha..sehen as þe engles..smireden hire wunden. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 479 (MED) Þat wot neuer..whennes þat he come, but as mi fader him fond in þe forest. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) lxiiii. 94 I saye not as ye shalle be pryuely and allone one by other. 1578 T. Tymme tr. J. Calvin Comm. Genesis 331 It seemeth to be a very absurd reason that he giveth, as that the children of Abram could not be saved. 1689 Proc. & Tryal Archbishop of Canterbury & Right Rev. Fathers 55 Do you know My Lord Bishop of St. Asaph's handwriting? Not as I know of. 1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 508. ⁋6 That the Fop..should say, as he would rather have such-a-one without a Groat, than me with the Indies. 1751 S. Richardson Clarissa (ed. 3) IV. xl. 238 Pray let her know as that I will present her..my Lancashire seat. 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 73 I believe as how your man deals with the devil. 1838 T. C. Haliburton Clockmaker 2nd Ser. xvii. 250 As if you didn't know as you could trust him or no. 1856 H. B. Stowe Dred xi. 100 I don't know as you'll like the appearance of our place. 1927 P. MacDonald Patrol ix. 82 You says, Sawgint, as 'ow you want suggestions. 1996 F. Chappell Farewell I'm bound to leave You (1997) 11 I don't know as I believe that talk. 2003 A. Garner Thursbitch (2004) 44 I reckon as how there must be a great ruck of sense we'll never plunder. VIII. Introducing a clause expressing result, actual or intended. * Without antecedent, or immediately preceded by so in the subordinate clause. 27. With finite verb: with the result or (now usually) purpose that; so that. a. Usually (now always) with preceding so. Cf. so adv. and conj. 29a. Now colloquial. ΚΠ a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 586 Adam was made of manes elde, Als he might him seluen welde. 1417–18 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 39 (MED) Þat it be do so os may be moste mede for her saules. 1481 J. Weston Let. 27 Oct. in Cely Lett. (1975) 116 As thay sal se al the remedyis and demandys at the sayde Herron makys, I sende thayme be the sayde frere. 1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. ix So as he that holdeth by escuage holdeth by homage. 1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Jas. iii. f. xxxiiii The poyson doeth also corrupte other with his contagiousnes, so as that miserable myschief can not possiblie be restrained by no force, nor by no reason. a1593 C. Marlowe Tragicall Hist. Faustus (1604) sig. D4^v The bright shining of whose glorious actes Lightens the world with his reflecting beames, As..It grieues my soule I neuer saw the man. 1629 T. Hobbes tr. Thucydides Eight Bks. Peloponnesian Warre ii. 131 Wee miscarried by vnskilfulnesse: so as the losse can no way be ascribed to cowardise. 1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Treat. Orange Trees iv. 9 in Compl. Gard'ner Orange-Trees make no Clod, or Union, so as 'tis very difficult to..change them upon occasion. 1737 W. Whiston tr. Josephus Antiq. Jews xv. ix, in tr. Josephus Genuine Wks. 497 Herod..bestowed presents on every one..using his magnificent disposition so as his Kingdom might be the better secured. 1797 J. Downing Treat. Disorders Horned Cattle 118 The joints will bend so as the clees or horny part..can be inclosed in the hand. 1805 J. Ordway Jrnl. 5 Oct. in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1995) IX. 234 We..cropped their fore mane So as we may know them at our return. 1899 R. Whiteing No. 5 John St. xvii. 172 This spring lowers the bed-rest, so as he can sit up an' read. 1942 R.A.F. Jrnl. 16 May 2 We heave sandbags and pull ropes and tie knots..till we get so's we don't notice the weather. 1945 D. Bolster Roll on my Twelve 25 Ridin' lights is what a ship shows when she's at anchor, so as other ships an' boats don't foul 'er cable or bump 'er in the dark. 2003 F. Shaw Sweetest Thing 6 Mary says, so as only I can hear, ‘Thanks,’ and touches my shoulder. b. With preceding so and following that. Cf. so adv. and conj. 29c. Now formal. ΚΠ 1615 T. Cooper Christians Daily Sacrifice (rev. ed.) iii. x. 508 And so submitting to the wisedom of our superiours: yet so As that we do nothing against a truly informed conscience. 1664 J. Evelyn tr. L. Alberti Statues in tr. R. Fréart Parallel Antient Archit. 152 The Style is a streight Ruler, one end whereof is fixt in the center of the said Circle, the other end moves about at pleasure, so as that it may be easily transfer'd and directed from one division of the Circle to another. 1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1721) I. 99 Hold your Quadrant so as that your Plummet may fall on 45 Degrees. 1790 Coll. Voy. round World III. i. 795 [They] had never been sufficiently examined, so as that an accurate judgement might be formed of their coasts. 1842 Lancet 5 Mar. 790/1 Had nature..constituted a man so as that he was unavoidably..prone to crime, and so as that the strength of his volition was not equal..to that of his passions or propensities. 1873 Friend Apr. 12 266/1 When I know more how to prize his presence.., he will help me, so as that I may enjoy more of him. 1914 Southwestern Reporter 161 1123/1 The rule is to construe them so as that both will stand so far as possible. 2002 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 37 4088/2 It has been merged with ITC so as that its accumulated losses can be used to claim tax shelters. 28. With infinitive of result or (now usually) purpose: in order to. Chiefly (now always) with preceding so. Compare so adv. and conj. 28a. ΚΠ c1450 J. Metham Days Moon (Garrett) in Wks. (1916) 155 Yff a man or a woman be born on sqwyche a day off the mone, ye schal conceyue that he ys, or sche ys, dysposyd so as to haue wurchyp, or ellys troubyl. a1500 Disciplina Clericalis in Western Reserve Univ. Bull. (1919) 22 56 (MED) The friende..to the desolate friende reherced ageyne, sayeng as to make hym myrry: ‘Friende, [etc.].’ 1568 Earl of Sussex in E. Lodge Illustr. Brit. Hist. (1791) II. 6 And, lastly, to foresee that these Scotts on bothe sydes packe not together, so as to unwrappe..ther mystres owte of all present slaunders, purge her openly [etc.]. 1625 J. Wilson Some Helpes to Faith 108 Their light shineth not effectually into their conscience, and so as to guid them. 1682 I. Newton Let. 12 Sept. in Corr. (1960) II. 383 When we look with two eyes distorted so as to see ye same object double. 1724 S. Sewall Let. 6 Oct. in Let.-bk. (1888) II. 177 I subscribe the Company's opinion as to educating some of the Aborigines so as to fit them for the work of the Ministry. 1782 J. Wesley Let. 31 Dec. (1931) VII. 157 A letter could not be wrote on the receipt of yours so as to reach Skillington by Wednesday, January the 1st. 1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. lvi. 696 The tube is twice bent, so as to return in a parallel direction. 1876 C. Darwin Effects Cross & Self Fertilisation Veg. Kingdom i. 1 The flowers of most kinds of plants are constructed so as to be occasionally or habitually cross-fertilised by pollen from another flower. 1922 A. Jekyll Kitchen Ess. 98 The upper end sliced off so as to give an adequate opening. 1990 R. Ludlum Bourne Ultimatum xvi. 200 Jason..holding out his arms so as to be helped into the tunic. ** With antecedent so, such, that in the main clause: (in such a manner, to such a degree, of such a kind) that. †29. With finite verb. Also immediately followed by that: so that. a. With antecedent such. Cf. such adj. and pron. 13a. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1460 Let. in Publ. Southampton Rec. Soc. (1921) 22 21 (MED) Besekyng his highnesse to geve vs suche..ayde, as we may be able..to resiste ayenst the malice of his enemyes. 1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 30 The raynes of his horse faylled..in suche wise as he tumblid the hede vnder. a1575 N. Harpsfield Treat. Divorce Henry VIII (1878) (modernized text) 178 Such..calamity..as since Christ his birth it never suffered the like. a1592 R. Greene Comicall Hist. Alphonsus (1599) v. sig. H2^v Hath god Mars such force..As that he can. 1610 J. Guillim Display of Heraldrie ii. iii. 42 Adumbration or Transparency, is a cleere exemption of the substance of the Charge, or thing borne, in such sort, as that there remaineth nothing thereof to be discerned, but the naked and bare proportion of the outward lineaments thereof. 1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. x. sig. I5 Hee that longs for Heauen, with such impatience, as hee will kill himselfe. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 354 I gain'd a Son, Such a Son as all Men hail'd me happy. View more context for this quotation 1795 tr. L. S. Mercier Fragm. Politics & Hist. I. 31 The power..placed in the hands of a chief, in such a way as that the principle of unity in the government will be appreciated. a1866 J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos. (1870) 362 In such a manner as that the thought of Him is, etc. b. With antecedent so (also also). Cf. so adv. and conj. 29b. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1475 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (Laud) (1885) 139 (MED) Þe commons þeroff be so pouere, as thai meynot give any thyng off þair owne godis. a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 183 Alyȝaundyr... made hom to dryue hom [sc. swine] also nygh þe olyfaundys, as þai myghtyn wele here hor roryng. 1567 A. Golding tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) v. f. 57 Persey..so warely did it shunne, As that it in his coteplights hung. 1589 Trve Coppie Disc. Voy. Spaine 21 This so amazed our men..as they forsooke their Commanders, and left them. 1644 K. Digby Two Treat. ii. ix. 75 If the partes of the strucken body be so easily cessible as without difficulty the stroake can diuide them, then it entereth into such a body. 1661 A. Sparrow Rationale Bk. Common Prayer (new ed.) 245 A thing so plain as it needs no proof. a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1691) Pref. sig. A iij The Price of Food so reasonable, as that Men refuse to have it cheaper. 1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 104 The Plague was so high, as that there dy'd 4000 a Week. 1742 C. Middleton Hist. Life Cicero (ed. 3) II. vii. 207 I despised you..so as nothing could be prouder. 1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. I. 203 His largest vessel was so clumsy and unfit for service, as constrained him to bear away for Hispaniola. 1828 H. Steuart Planter's Guide vii. 226 It is a material consideration so to machine the Tree, as that its lee-side branches,..should, if possible, be uppermost on the pole. 30. With infinitive of result or purpose. With antecedent so, such, †that (cf. sense B. 21a). Cf. so adv. and conj. 28a, such adj. and pron. 13.to be so good as to: see good adj. 15a. ΚΠ ?1480 H. Stawntoyn Let. 19 July in Cely Lett. (1975) 86 Let yowr man do so myche ffor me as to go to the syne off the Ster..wheras daggers be maid. a1593 C. Marlowe Tragicall Hist. Faustus (1604) sig. E3^v Do vs that fauor, as to let vs see that peerelesse Dame. 1651 J. Rocket Christian Subj. (1658) iii. 21 Hee delights to see you..so graciously affectionated as to pray for them. 1653 H. More Antidote against Atheisme i. xi. 39 To beare themselves so as..to cause an arbitrarious ablegation of the Spirits. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 1. ¶2 I am not so vain as to think. 1746 J. Wesley Princ. Methodist farther Explain'd 5 If indeed it were so abridged as to alter the Sense, this would be unfair. 1788 W. Short Let. 28 Oct. in J. P. Boyd Papers T. Jefferson (1958) XIV. 42 The zeal of the gentleman..was such as to carry me by the ricemill. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. III. 285 Announced in a voice so loud, as to make all..aware of the important communication. 1859 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 25 Feb. 215/1 The uniting of the two parts..in such a manner as to expose the page of English-Latin and Latin-English at the same moment. 1891 T. Hodgkin Theodoric the Goth ix. 156 He so acquitted himself as to win the approbation of all. 1900 J. Conrad Lord Jim xxiii. 257 I heard afterwards he had been so indiscreet as to get himself tied up by the neck with a rattan halter to a post. 1936 E. A. Atkins & A. G. Walker Electr. Arc & Oxy-acetylene Welding (ed. 3) xiii. 150 Oxide sparks will be thrown out in such quantity and velocity as to cause an obstruction. 1966 H. M. Hamill Hidalgo Revolt (1970) vii. 195 Though this decree was essentially abrogative, Hidalgo was not so unwise as to abolish all unpopular taxes. 2001 Scotsman (Nexis) 29 Sept. 12 Its plot is..woven so closely as to produce a narrative momentum that is unstoppable. Phrases P1. With conjunctions. a. as if: as the case would be if. Cf. sense B. 7. (a) With finite clause (originally usually with verb in the past subjunctive, now frequently with indicative tenses).Use with the indicative is criticized in H. W. Fowler & F. G. Fowler King's Eng. (1906) 156–7, on the grounds that the as if expression is elliptical for an unreal conditional construction. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adverb] > as if or as though asOE as ifc1175 askancesc1350 as whoc1380 like asa1393 like1405 like as and1523 eOE (Kentish) Glosses to Proverbs of Solomon (Vesp. D.vi) in U. Kalbhen Kentische Glossen (2003) 124 Uelut si auis festinet : oððe swa [gi]f efst fugel.] c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 14799 Drihhtin þær to clæf þe sæ, Alls iff itt waterr nære. c1300 St. Michael (Laud) l. 411 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 311 Ase ȝif þov heolde ane clere candele bi-side an Appel riȝt Euene half þe Appel, heo wolde ȝiuen hire lijȝt. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. iv. i. 130 Þe bemes of liȝt comeþ togedres..as ȝif þe bemes were joyned in a myrour. a1450 (a1387) Prol. Comm. on Matthew 48 Summe thingis doon bifore ben seide, as if thei suen in ordre of tyme. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Prov. vii. C Like as yf a byrde haisted to the snare. 1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Jan. 18 As if my yeare were wast, and woxen old. 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 39 [The] arrowes fell as thicke..as if it had been a perpetuall..shoure of haile, to the great disordering & dismaying of the whole armie. 1693 J. Dryden tr. Persius Satires i. 7 As if 'tis nothing worth that lies conceal'd. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones V. xiv. v. 144 He..would have had us consider ourselves as highly, as if we had been the richest Heiresses. 1752 H. Fielding Amelia II. v. iii. 110 As if when Nature hath finished her Work, the Dancing-Master still is necessary to put it in Motion. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. iii. 25 He defended his opinions with as much obstinacy as if he had been my patron. 1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 71 Treating history as if it were a series of tableaux vivans intended to please the eye. 1862 W. M. Thackeray Philip II. viii. 173 As if a coarse woman..has a right to lead a guileless nature into wrong! 1915 J. Buchan Thirty-nine Steps iii. 71 You can lie as snug here as if you were in a moss-hole. 1963 D. Storey Radcliffe xxxvi. 367 As if everything that appears to live..is simply imitating some distant and incoherent ideal. 1991 N. Bawden Woman of My Age 35 He laughed as if I had said something annihilatingly funny. (b) With non-finite clause with implied verb, or containing an infinitive expressing purpose or destination, or containing a participle. ΚΠ 1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 136 Buying pewter, brasse, and such like implements, as if to set up house-keeping. 1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 398 As if foreseeing..that..a distressed Prince..should..recover his rightfull throne. 1706 N. Rowe Ulysses i. i. 52 'Twou'd make Comparison..monstrous seem, as if to mate A Mole-Hill with Olympus. 1746 E. Haywood Female Spectator (1748) IV. 304 She..swam round the room, as if leading up a courant. 1785 W. Cowper Task v. 122 Thus Nature works as if to mock at Art. 1818 H. Bankes Civil & Constit. Hist. Rome II. xxxiii. 355 Brought occasionally, as if in mockery, to Rome..he dragged on an inglorious existence. 1821 P. B. Shelley Adonais xi. 10 One..Washed his light limbs as if embalming them. 1842 F. Marryat Percival Keene I. v. 55 Mr. O'Gallagher looked round the school as if to find a culprit. 1867 T. Carlyle Reminisc. (1881) II. 18 I was banished solitary as if to the bottom of a cave. 1927 J. Buchan Witch Wood xx. 355 The hand was raised, and the other cowered to his saddle-bow, as if to avert a stroke. 1952 T. Armstrong Adam Brunskill iv. 114 Feeling for the furniture as if needing support. 2007 R. Millward Apples v. 47 He kept thumping and roughing me up, as if to prove he would've been alright in the same situation. (c) colloquial. Without clause, as an exclamation.Typically used as a sardonic response to a stated or reported suggestion. ΚΠ a1902 F. Norris Pit (1903) i. 10 ‘Maybe he'll come up and speak to us.’ ‘Oh, as if!’ contradicted Laura. 1975 A. Buzo Tom i. ii. 6 Why doesn't Tom forgive and forget?.. Huh! As if! That kind of magnanimity's an unknown concept as far as you're concerned. 1981 UNC-CH Slang (Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill) (typescript) Mar. 1 ‘He drank 50 beers in 5 minutes.’ ‘As if.’ 1994 A. Heckerling Clueless (film script, first shooting draft) (O.E.D. Archive) Green Revised Pages 64 Elton. What's the deal, you've been flirting with me all year. Cher. As if! I've been trying to help you and Tai get together. 2001 Sun 27 Jan. 42/1 When she finds her cheating hubby in bed with another woman (as if!) Isabella moves to Los Angeles. b. as though: = as if at Phrases 1a. (a) With finite clause. ΚΠ a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 7 Sainte powel..wrot þo a writ and sende hit synfulle men,..and dude him seluen mid hem þaron, alse þeih he sunful were. c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 18 (MED) As þah hit were þe seoueðe time of þe dei. c1300 St. Mary Magdalen (Laud) l. 58 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 464 (MED) Ase þei heo and hire soster neren nouȝt of one blode. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 19088 Qui wondir gie..Als þoȝ þis war don wiþ ur miȝt? a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7690 Als þof his wiþerwin he war. c1400 Brut 238 Buriede in þat sande, as þauȝ þai hade bene hondes. c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 54 (MED) As þeiȝ þer by he schulde helpe hym silf out of þis wondring. 1509–10 Act 1 Hen. VIII c. 18 §2 The Quene [shall] have like Habilitie..as though she had orygynally ben borne within this Realme. a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Eii Your speche is as pleasant as though it were pend To here your comon it is my hygh comforte. 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. K5 This is as though a man should despise meane fare, bicause he cannot come by better. a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. i. 261 I'faith, ile eate nothing: I thanke you as much as though I did. View more context for this quotation 1629 J. Gaule Practique Theories Christs Predict. 305 Hee [sc. Christ] bowes his Head; as though hee would becke vs towards him. 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. vi. 298 The Camell..hath a most slow and lazy pace.., as though he were weighing his feete in a ballance. 1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho IV. xiv. 331 I have reason to love him, as though he was my own son. 1848 J. Arnould Law Marine Insurance II. iii. iv. 890 The goods in such case are as much sacrificed for the general safety as though they were jettisoned. 1864 G. W. Dasent Jest & Earnest (1873) II. 239 This looks as though Magnus was more afraid of Harold than of Sweyn. 1932 A. Huxley Brave New World xvii. 276 He manifests himself as an absence; as though he weren't there at all. 1963 D. Storey Radcliffe xxxvi. 367 It's the sense of imitation that's so forbidding... As though it's all a deception, and the only person it doesn't deceive is me. 2007 I. Stewart Why Beauty is Truth xiii. 236 The particles behaved as though they were spinning around some axis. (b) With non-finite clause. ΚΠ 1782 T. Pownall Treat. Study Antiq. 48 Characters and..diagrams..which Kircher has passed by unnoticed, as though making no part of the inscriber's intention. 1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc i. 26 As tho' by some divinity possess'd. 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xxxvi. 349 Mr. Lumbey shook his head with great solemnity, as though to imply that he supposed she must have been rather a dazzler. 1890 S. W. Baker Wild Beasts I. 159 These cuts were as neatly drawn across the skull as though done by a sharp pruning knife. 1904 Collier's 7 May 9/1 Hot ashes over which the Japanese passed their hands continually, as though performing an incantation. 1955 O. Manning Doves of Venus ii. v. 131 Nancy..was complacently silent, watching her uncle and friend as though conscious of being the begetter of all that passed between them. 2002 R. Mistry Family Matters (2003) xiv. 308 Bringing his head forward as though to better observe this Parsi lingering outside. †c. as when: = sense B. 22. Obsolete.Perhaps to be understood as a restrictive use of as: cf. sense B. 25b. ΚΠ a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 440 (MED) A..feintise folwes me..i mase..but redeliche in þat res þe recuuerere þat me falles, as whan i haue ani hap to here of þat barne. a1500 Twelve Profits of Tribulation (Rawl.) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 400 (MED) Oute of þis presone god delyueryth many oone by tribulacion, as when he putteth a-weye from hem such þingis as þei loue inordinatly. 1546 Wycklyffes Wycket sig. A.vii The materiall bread that he had in hys handes as when he sayde (Hoc est corpus meum). †d. as and: = as if at Phrases 1a. Cf. and conj.¹ 15. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1486 Bk. St. Albans sig. bij^v A Taynt is a thyng that gooth ouerwarte the federis of the wynges, and of the tayll lyke as and it were eetyn with wormys. a1500 Gospel of Nicodemus (Harl. 149) (1974) 67 (MED) Youre God..delyuered you oute of the bonde of Egypcyens, and drowned hem yn the deepe see, and made you passe thorough as and ye had ben on drye londe. 1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng xi. f. xii^v As and a lorde haue a manere. e. as and when. (a) Introducing a clause: to the extent and at the time that; (loosely) whensoever. Cf. if and when at if conj. and n. Phrases 3. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [adverb] > whensoever or eventually yetc1400 as and when1565 successively1600 in the successa1676 ultimately1818 the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > possibility > [adverb] welleOE possiblyc1400 possiblea1425 contingentlyc1430 potentiallyc1450 perhapsa1535 as and when1565 conceivably1625 if you like1813 1565 T. Stapleton in tr. Bede Hist. Church Eng. Pref. to Rdr. sig. ǁ3 This precious pearle off Fayth..as and when it pleased God was opened and made manifest. 1652 R. Resbury Lightless-starre iii. 22 The Scriptures themselves be upon no other termes, nor in any other case serviceable, or usefull unto men, for the tryall of Doctrines and Opinions, but only as and when they are clearly understood by them. a1679 M. Poole Annot. Holy Bible (1683) I. sig. I4^v/1 A common and customary blessing, which Parents may bestow upon any of their Children as and when they please. 1744 True Copy Last Will & Test. of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough 60 I do hereby authorize and impower my said Grandson John Spencer, as and when he shall come into and be in Possession of the said Manors [etc.]. 1796 J. B. Bird New Pocket Conveyancer I. 185 To such child or children equally among them, share and share alike, as and when they shall severally be married. 1837 Amer. Biblical Repository July 184 To abandon his hearers to be converted as and when God's sovereignty shall choose. 1885 Irish Law Times 14 Mar. 132/2 All fees and costs..shall as and when realised be paid into court to the credit of an account. 1945 J. Corbett Death—by Appointment xvii. 186 I gave her the key; told her that she could use the house as and when she wanted to. 1996 She Apr. 70/3 To learn to deal with an issue as and when it rears its head. (b) colloquial. Without following clause: when possible, now and then; eventually, in due time. ΚΠ 1937 Rotarian Sept. 29/1 If I am to become a tottering old man I shall handle that situation ‘if, as, and when’.] 1965 Listener 17 June 892/1 They confirmed the existing main roads as future main traffic arteries to be widened ‘as and when’. 1977 Custom Car Nov. 30/2 We hope to be half-inching a J72 in the near future, so more on that as and when. 1999 M. Sawyer Park & Ride (2000) v. 93 I just buy things as and when. P2. With finite verbs. a. as it were: (as a parenthetic phrase used to indicate that a word or statement is perhaps not formally exact though practically right) as if it were so, if one might so put it, in some sort. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adverb] > as it were as it werec1175 quasi1485 so to say1619 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 16896 Þatt lede þatt primmseȝȝnedd iss..iss all alls itt wære ȝet I nahhtess þessterrnesse. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. ix. l. 22 Ich wolde a-saye som tyme for solas, as hit were. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Nun's Priest's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 26 She was as it were a maner deye. a1456 (a1402) J. Trevisa tr. Gospel of Nicodemus (BL Add.) f. 113^v (MED) Ye..shal speke with no man, but ye shal beo, as hit were, dombe. 1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour iii. xi. sig. ci It draweth a man as it were by violence. 1579 E. K. in E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Mar. 11 Gloss. The messenger, and as it were, the forerunner of springe. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §788 In the cold Countries, when Mens Noses and Ears are mortified, and (as it were) Gangrened with cold. 1692 E. Walker tr. Epictetus Enchiridion (1737) xxii You're as it were the Actor of a Play. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 32. ⁋1 She has thought fit, as it were, to mock herself. a1797 E. Burke Let. in Wks. (1845) V. 148 The government..have..as it were a bird's eye view of everything. 1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. v. 225 It is necessary from time to time to change, and as it were, to cross the breed. 1881 R. Buchanan God & Man I. 124 She took him at once, as it were, into her confidence. 1930 P. G. Wodehouse Very Good, Jeeves i. 29 I had for some little time been living, as it were, in another world. I now came down to earth with a bang. 1996 Times (Nexis) 19 June In a corner of Wells stands a gracious mansion... Its Ionic portals and exquisite interior plasterwork were built, as it were, from the blood and sweat of some 500 Negro slaves. b. as it is: in the existing circumstances (esp. in comparison with a hypothetical alternative); as it happens. Also as it was. ΚΠ 1577 N. Breton Floorish vpon Fancie sig. D.iii^v Well as it was I did full ofte, reuolue the same in mind. 1591 J. Harington tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso xix. xxxiii. 148 This mad man made them but ilfauord sport, And had made worse, had he them rightly caught, But as it was he put them in great daunger. a1630 D. Hume Hist. Houses Douglas & Angus (1644) 192 The King might have beene set beside his Throne. And as it was, he was once in a great brangling, and had resolved to quit the Countrey. 1691 G. Langbaine Acct. Eng. Dramat. Poets 81 There were some things in it, which he was not asham'd of, taking the Excuse of his Age when he made it. But as it was he accounted it only the hasty first-sitting of a Picture. 1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. x. 32 Had Dr. Slop cut any part about him but his thumb..his prudence had triumphed: as it was, he was determined to have his revenge. 1798 Ld. Jeffrey in H. T. Cockburn Life Ld. Jeffrey (1852) I. 101 As it is, I believe I shall go on sophisticating and perverting myself till I become absolutely good for nothing. 1822 W. Scott Familiar Lett. 4 Sept. (1894) II. xviii. 149 As it was, I came off with a fit of the mange, and it was a good escape. 1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) xiii. 167 ‘It'll never be the last time till it's quite worn out,’ rejoined the shopman. ‘It's grown yellow in the service as it is.’ 1872 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch I. ii. xx. 351 As it is, the quickest of us walk about well wadded with stupidity. 1938 W. Watson Miss Pettigrew lives for Day iii. 29 If only Michael had been a little less good and proper he might have had a chance, but as it is, against a man like this, what ordinary man has a look in? 1991 R. Mistry Such Long Journey (1992) 4 God knows what he might do to the milk—as it was, these poor people in slum shacks and jhopadpattis in and around Bombay looked at you sometimes as if they wanted to throw you out of your home. 2007 Snooker Scene Aug. 10/4 As it was, there were five Asian no shows for the Shangai Masters qualifiers because of visa problems. c. as I live (and breathe): see live v.¹ Phrases 4b. d. Originally Military. as you were: (as a command in drill): ‘return to the position in which you were before’; also in extended use (colloquial). ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > drill or training > [adverb] > return to position as you were1625 1625 G. Markham Souldiers Accidence 21 To reduce any of these words of direction to the same order or station in which the Souldier stood before..you shall say..As you were. 1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes iv. iv. 52 in Wks. II When my Muster-Master..cries, Faces about to the right hand, the left, Now, as you were. 1680 A. Radcliffe in Rochester's Poems 133 And be Godly a while ho, and then as you were. 1700 G. Farquhar Constant Couple i. ii. 11 To the right about as you were, march Colonel. 1760 W. Windham Plan Discipline Norfolk Militia (new ed.) vii. 138 The grenadiers doubling in the same manner as they did before; at the word, As you were! the centre platoons face to the right. 1864 J. C. Hotten Slang Dict. (new ed.) 68 ‘As you were’, a military phrase in drilling; used in a Slang sense to one who is going on too fast in his assertions, and wants recalling to moderation. 1864 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia IV. xv. vi. 97 General amicable As-you-were, between Austria and Bavaria. 1871 J. W. T. Questions & Answers on Company Drill 28 The men [are] frequently to be brought back to the ‘ready’ by the command ‘as you were’. 1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 11 As you were: The ordinary military word of command, used colloquially by way of acknowledging a mistake in anything said, e.g., ‘I saw Smith—as you were—I mean Brown.’ 1992 H. Turtledove Guns of South (1993) 121 He scrambled to his feet for General Lee. So did most of the other soldiers... ‘As you were, gentlemen, please.’ e. as was: see be v. Phrases 2c. f. as it stands: see stand v. Phrases 3a. g. Originally U.S. as is: (originally and esp. of goods for sale) as it is, in the condition in which one finds it; also attributive. ΚΠ 1895 Agric. Gaz. New S. Wales 6 475 If trees have been neglected and fruit is smutty, brand it smutty, to be sold ‘as is’ [quoting U.S. speaker]. 1918 Shortage of Coal (Hearings before U.S. Senate Subcomm. of Comm. on Manufactures) 957 The coal has always been sold on the ‘as is’ basis. This term is best expressed in English by the translation of the old Roman motto: ‘Let the buyer beware’. 1930 Pop. Sci. Monthly May 73/1 In many cases, such [radio] sets are sold ‘as is’. 1965 House & Garden Jan. 60 There are many varieties of this sausage. Some are cured and dried and can be eaten as is. Others should be cooked. 1987 N.Y. Times 2 July c12 (advt.) Exceptional values on clearance, floor sample, and ‘as is’ items before inventory. 2010 Wall St. Jrnl. 23 Jan. a14/1 They argue for ObamaCare as is, perhaps with sidecar amendments that address liberal objections. h. British colloquial (ironic). as you do, as one does: used to imply an incongruity between the action, behaviour, etc., previously mentioned and normal life. ΚΠ 1993 D. Baddiel in R. Newman & D. Baddiel Pieces (TV script) 11 Oct. Episode 4 And I hate people who tell you they've just done something wacky, and then to prove just how wacky it was say, ‘As you do!’ ‘I just put a bucket of bananas on my head, as you do!’ No, no, no, no. What you mean is, you behaved like a tosser, as you do. 1993 Guardian 23 Oct. a60 ‘She stormed out of the cafe with her four children and returned with a 12-bore shotgun’. As you do. 1995 Smash Hits 29 Mar. 8/1 She prefers to spend time helping out at her hubby's real estate business. As you do. 2001 Heat 17 Nov. 78/4 I have a small gym at home in the poolhouse. As you do! 2007 Esquire Nov. 129/1 The firm's 6ft 4in chief executive and co-founder, who has flown in from his Beverley Hills HQ to launch a Spanish version of the site and—as you do—drop in on Gordon Brown. 2012 N. Schoon What's a Bank Worth? Acknowl. p. vii Further thanks go to Peter Goodman for his random thoughts (as one does) on Value at Risk. P3. Restricting or specially defining the reference of a preposition: as far as, so far as. a. as to: as it regards, so far as it concerns, with respect or reference to. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > [adverb] > in relation or with reference to or concerning forasmuch1297 as to1340 as fora1393 nentesa1400 accordingc1430 as respects1543 in (also with) relation to1551 relatively1609 quoad1622 referently1650 on, upon the score (of)1651 on account of1653 schetically1678 with a view to1692 apropos1749 as regards1797 in the matter of1881 in aid of1918 wise1942 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 8 (MED) Þe ilke þet hateþ his broþer, he is manslaȝþe ase to his wylle. c1475 Antichrist & Disciples in J. H. Todd Three Treat. J. Wycklyffe (1851) p. cxvii He shal be lyoun as to violence; as a lyoun in his chouche as to trecherie. 1505 Instr. Henry VII to Ambassadors in Facsimiles National MSS (1865) I. 66 Item, to note welle hir ies, &c.—As to thys articule, the ies of the saide Quyne be of colore browne. 1648 W. Lilly Astrol. Predict. 42 High Windes are signified (as to the Weather) Seditions, Tumults, Hurlyburlies, and the Pestilence (as to the City). 1689 J. Moyle Abstr. Sea Chyrurg. ii. xxi. 76 The Quintessenses of Cloves and Colocynthis are great arcanums as to the Tooth-ach. 1749 D. Hartley Observ. Man i. i. §1 ⁋5 As to myself, I am not satisfied. 1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. i. 14 The nobility were divided..as to the merits of the musical genius, whom she patronized, and those of another candidate for fame. 1856 T. Hook Gilbert Gurney i [He] was questioned as to what efforts he had made to rescue his companion. 1857 A. Helps Friends in Council 1st Ser. I. 18 My only doubt was as to the mode. 1906 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 20 480 Its members have the right at any time to make inquiry as to the entire business. 1994 Rhetoric Soc. Q. 23 111 Horner informs us as to the condition of the manuscripts. b. as for: as far as concerns; as regards, with respect to. †Formerly occasionally with omission of the anaphoric pronoun in the main clause (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > [adverb] > in relation or with reference to or concerning forasmuch1297 as to1340 as fora1393 nentesa1400 accordingc1430 as respects1543 in (also with) relation to1551 relatively1609 quoad1622 referently1650 on, upon the score (of)1651 on account of1653 schetically1678 with a view to1692 apropos1749 as regards1797 in the matter of1881 in aid of1918 wise1942 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 887 As for wisdom, it is in Grece, Wher is apropred thilke spiece. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 761 Thow mayst wel haue thy lady, as for me. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 455 (MED) Her chaleng and blamyng..muste needis be had as for vniust and vntrewe. 1476 R. Cely Let. 28 Oct. in Cely Lett. (1975) 8 And as for the tother ij, dar not schew ther heddys, and as for Thomas Myller wyll do nothyng in thys mater byt as my father and ȝe wyll awys hym. 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. ccxlvi. [ccxlii.] 756 As for these townes wyll neuer tourne frenche, for they can nat lyue in their daunger. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xxi. 6 But as for me, I am a worme and no man: a very scorne of men and the outcast of the people. a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iv. iii. sig. F.iiij Let him keepe him there still..As for his labour hither he shall spende in wast. 1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health ccix. 184 As for herbes and fruites especially rawe, at all times are to be refused. 1681 A. Storer Let. 18 Apr. in I. Newton Corr. (1960) II. 369 As for ye Longitude of this place I suppoase it to be about 75 days from London Westwardly. 1747 J. Wesley Let. 22 Dec. (1931) II. 113 As for fasting, abstinence, and self-denial, you..trampled it under-foot. 1872 Field Q. Mag. Nov. 252/2 As for you, sir, your punishment is to come, and it will be terrible. 1965 New Statesman 9 Apr. 567/1 As for the public schools, you can't even suggest that the grammar schools be merged with the comprehensives without losing all the marginal seats in Bristol. 2003 K. Hosseini Kite Runner (2004) xiii. 147 Amir jan, as for you, I welcome you to my home as a son, as the husband of my daughter who is the noor of my eye. c. as anent: see anent prep. 8b. as concerning: see concerning prep. 1a. as per: see per prep. 3a. as touching: see touching prep. b. d. as of. (a) as things stood on (a date); (originally U.S.) (in formal dating) reckoning from; from, after. ΚΠ 1781 2nd Rep. Comm. Causes of War in Carnatic 19 He ordered an Entry to be made of what remained, as of the Date of his leaving Madras. 1822 Laws Commonw. Pennsylvania VI. 90 All process to issue from the courts of the said county of Columbia returnable to the second term, in said county, shall bear test as of the first Monday of January, one thousand eight hundred and fourteen. 1869 Statutes at Large State of N.Y. III. 65 The comptroller..is hereby required to transfer to the literature fund, as of the first of January last, the bonds and mortgages now in his office. 1911 Jrnl. Accountancy 12 132 It has been declared by the Attorney-General of the United States..that accurate returns as of December 31 must be made. 1937 Crisis Jan. 12/3 The approximate representation of Negroes as of November 1, 1935. 1970 New Society 5 Feb. 223/1 As of the end of 1973 women ‘would become entitled to receive treatment..which ensured orderly progress towards equal treatment’. 2007 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 5 Feb. iii. 1/6 Then, a letter will be sent with census questions, covering all the people at each address, as of April 1, 2010, also known as Census Day. (b) Originally U.S. as of now: (a) at the present time; (b) from this moment, from now. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > from now or henceforth fortha700 heneOE henforthOE forwardOE anovenOE yetOE downwardc1175 forthwardc1175 furthermorea1300 henforthwardc1300 forne14.. henceforwardc1330 henforwardc1330 hencefortha1375 henceforthwardc1384 hencec1390 furtherwarda1400 forwardsc1400 hyneforwardc1400 henceforwardsa1425 even-forthc1425 forth on1474 henceforthon1490 hynea1500 froforth1536 hyneforth1570 downwards1584 towards1587 here-hence1592 whenceforth1658 whenceforwarda1661 onward1667 onwards1732 from here on out1867 as of now1902 the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > as from or as of (a particular time) as from1831 as of now1902 1902 Philippine Situation 53 Governor Taft. True as of what date? Senator Patterson. As of the date of the petition? Governor Taft. True as of now. It is just as true as gospel. 1950 Changing Times Nov. 15/1 I'm firing you as of now. 1968 Punch 18 Sept. 387/2 How would the papers celebrate the return of hot, topical, as-of-now photographs? 1977 J. Wainwright Do Nothin' x. 176 As of now you have another job. 2004 Stardust (Internat. ed.) June 101 ‘There's nothing happening as of now,’ he informs, slinking lazily into his recliner. e. as from: (in formal dating) (with effect) from, after. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adverb] > as from or as of (a particular time) as from1831 as of now1902 1831 C. Petersdorff Abridgm. Cases Courts King's Bench XIV. 149 Two partners, A. and В., on the 26th of August, 1809, agree to dissolve the partnership as from 1st of January, 1810. 1879 Bankers' Mag. Jan. 39 Upon the execution of such disclaimer the lease shall be deemed to have been surrendered as from the date of the order of adjudication. 1916 Ann. Reg. 1915 50 The British Government declared war against Bulgaria as from 10 p.m. on October 15 and the French Government as from 6 a.m. on October 16. 1943 Oxfordshire County Council Quart. Meeting 10 Feb. In these circumstances your Sub-Committee recommend that..the temporary addition to the basic salary of the Coroner for the Northern District be reduced from £70 to £45 as from the 1st of April, 1943. 1995 M. Touré B. Bureh's Countrymen 21 I will tell your headmaster that, as from Monday, you are no longer going to attend that school. 2008 Guardian 1 Aug. 22/4 Ten billion dollars today, will as from August 1 be revalued to one zimdollar dollar. f. as in: used to introduce an example or explanation of a word, phrase, or statement immediately preceding. ΚΠ 1892 Kansas Univ. Q. Oct. 96 Cod, a bit of deceit, as in, he gave the teacher a cod. 1937 Notes & Queries 6 Mar. 178/1 There is also a popular phrase for signature, ‘John Hancock’, as in, ‘Go ahead. Put down your John Hancock.’ 1978 A. Maupin Tales of City 10 ‘The hottest spot in town. Social Safeway.’ ‘Social what?’ ‘Safeway, dink. As in supermarket.’ 1986 Spin Feb. 28/3 First, let's discuss the definition of the word ‘novelty’, as in rarity or curiosity. 1997 M. Acton Learning to look at Paintings (2000) v. 103 Colour can also be translucent, so that you can see through it as in, say, blue smoke, or it can be solid and opaque as in red brick. 2005 N. Hornby Long Way Down 72 ‘But you still haven't told me who they are.’ ‘As in..?’ ‘As in, how do you know them and where did you meet them?’ P4. With pronouns, adjectives, and participles. a. as who: see who pron. and n. Phrases 1. b. as much. (a) See much pron. and n. 2a. (b) The same; what practically amounts to that, all that; esp. in I thought as much. ΚΠ c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 310 This is as muche to seye as it was nyght. 1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. viii. 112 Is it not asmuch to say, as that the example of the Arke had imboldened them to venture vpon the Sea? 1615 W. Bedwell tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ ii. §65 I have heard as much, and all thou hast said is true. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) ii. i. 15 Glost. My Lord, 'tis but a base ignoble minde, That mounts no higher then a Bird can sore. Card. I thought as much, hee would be aboue the Clouds. View more context for this quotation 1713 J. Barker Love Intrigues 68 Though all this came from an unknown Hand, no Question but he believ'd it came from me; and by his Behaviour I concluded as much, for he always avoided my Presence. 1778 F. Burney Evelina I. xxi. 150 ‘Only see, here's Miss!’ cried the brother. ‘Well, I declare I thought as much!’ 1794 R. B. Sheridan Duenna (new ed.) iii. 63 Efecks, father, I shou'd have guess'd as much. 1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh v. 226 If the Iliad fell out..By mere fortuitous concourse of old songs, We'll guess as much, too, for the universe. 1873 W. Black Princess of Thule xxi. 341 The old woman apparently anticipated as much. 1951 ‘J. Tey’ Daughter of Time ix. 121 ‘He's away off the beam. Away off.’ ‘I suspected as much. Let us have the facts.’ 1996 C. Bateman Of Wee Sweetie Mice & Men xvii. 135 ‘I don't know where that kind of attitude gets you at home, but it's liable to get you into trouble here.’ ‘No, well, it kind of gets me in trouble at home as well.’ ‘I thought as much.’ c. as good: see good adj., n., adv., and int. Phrases 4b. d. as such: see such adj. and pron. 38. e. as new: (of a commodity) second-hand (or shop-soiled), but offered for sale in a condition allegedly as good as new; also attributive. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > merchandise > [adjective] > condition or quality of goods middling1550 pedlaryc1555 shop-rid1620 shopworn1666 loyal1690 braided1721 country-damaged1847 shop-soiled1865 shoddy1882 as new1898 low-end1899 service weight1919 designer1940 high-end1956 loaded1968 market-leading1972 pound shop1989 the world > matter > condition of matter > state of being undecayed > [adjective] > other spec. unruinated1567 unfretted1577 unworna1586 unclung1587 unseared1599 unwithered1599 unruined1607 unabraded1827 unweathered1843 untattered1856 as new1898 1898 Literary World 9 Sept. 175/3 For Sale.—‘Letters of Thomas Carlyle’, 2 vols., as new, 9s. 1922 Times 5 Oct. 4/7 (advt.) Child's white fur coat. Hat. Pram rug, as new. 1925 J. A. Holden Bookman's Gloss. 14 As new, a catalogue description of a volume or set approaching the condition of newness. 1972 J. Belfrage in G. W. Turner Good Austral. Eng. vi. 115 Second-hand car dealers who..beg you to take as-new late models off their hands at absurdly low prices. 1976 Conservation News Sept.–Oct. 8/2 We..asked whether they would pay more for the furniture if we could supply in an ‘as new’ condition. 1985 N.Y. Times Mag. 3 Mar. 22/2 Fine means ‘virtually as new’, just as a book was when taken off the press... Out of every 2,000 used books, maybe as many as 10 would be as new. 2000 Scootering 5 Mar. 10/3 An old Vespa chop..was stripped, resprayed, had a full engine rebuild and was put back on the road as new. f. Chiefly British. as seen: = as is at Phrases 2g. ΚΠ 1928 Manch. Guardian 24 Mar. 25/3 (advt.) Cars will be classed in the following categories:—‘A.’ Three months' guarantee. ‘B.’ Good running order. ‘C.’ Sold as seen and inspected.] 1940 Manch. Guardian 20 July 12/4 (advt.) Locomotive cranes... To be sold as seen. 1976 Evening Post (Nottingham) 15 Dec. 8/3 Should you require any items in an ‘as seen’ condition, an appropriate reduction in price can be negotiated. 1977 Drive Sept. 113/2 If he offers to ‘sell as seen’, this means that, as soon as you hand over your money, that's it—no guarantee, no come-back. 1999 Leading Lights 2 No. 12. 12/2 The Fellowship accepted my offer ‘as seen’. 2009 West Briton (Nexis) 5 Nov. 8 Six bottles, from Margaux and St Emilion, are now for sale with a disclaimer saying sold as seen with no guarantee of condition. P5. With adverbs. a. as also: (introducing an additional circumstance) also in the same way, and likewise, and..as well. ΚΠ c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Luke xviii. 11 I am not as othere men, raueynouris, vniust, auouters, as also this pupplican. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 7 Feiþful curats owen to sorowe as wel of þe spoling of þer sogetis, as also of þe synne of þe spoliars. 1545 Primer Kynges Maiestie (STC 16034) Injunct. sig. **.i To..al other of the Clergie: as also all estates and degrees of the laye fee. 1588 T. Hariot Briefe Rep. Virginia* sig. D4^v Beech and Ashe, good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow worke, as also for many things els. 1648 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. Gualdo Priorato Hist. Late Warres xiv. 401 Boccapianola..was there slaine, as also Don Iohn di Lelmo, Captaine of the Horse. 1685 E. Browne Brief Acct. Trav. Europe (ed. 2) 189 Their Speech here, as also at Spaw, is called Roman, and is a kind of old French. 1719 Boston News-let. 24 Aug. 4/2 Lately imported from London, a fresh Parcel of choice Looking-Glasses of divers Sorts and Sizes; as also fine Glass Lamps and Lanthorns. 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §252 To carry her a rope to the landing-place, as also one to the..rocks on each side. 1841 Fraser's Mag. 23 16 The bell goes for church, as also for dinner. 1893 T. R. R. Stebbing Hist. Crustacea ii. 15 Shore-crabs and hermit-crabs are often obtrusively conspicuous, as also are the operculate cirripedes. 1971 N. Brown Antarctic Housewife ix. 92 Vessels of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey visited South Georgia and the British Antarctic bases further south, as also did a unit of the Royal Navy in the course of its patrol. 2004 Independent 28 July 36/5 Similarities between languages of such ‘motherese’ words, as also of onomatopoeic words, proves no ‘proto-world’ ancestry. b. as well: see well adv. and n.⁴ Phrases 2. as well as: see well adv. and n.⁴ Phrases 3. c. as long as: see long adv.¹ 1b. d. as ever is: see ever adv. and adj. Phrases 4b. e. as ever: as was, is, or shall be always the case; as usual. ΚΠ 1726 E. Simmonds tr. Mary Queen of Scots Genuine Lett. to Earl of Bothwell iii. 11 I can only tell you, that I am, as ever, wholly devoted to the Interest of my dear Bothwell. a1765 B. Franklin Let. in Exper. & Observ. Electr. (1769) App. 478 I am, as ever, your affectionate brother. 1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick cvi. 515 It was, as ever, something about his not steering inflexibly enough. 1879 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 8 343 They are now, as ever, a bone and stone-using people, reproducing the same ingenious arts which characterised the neotechnic labours of the Cro-Magnon and Mentone workmen. 1923 G. Atherton Black Oxen xl. 246 It was patent that, as ever, she was far more animated in the company of men. 1956 J. M. Murry Unprofessional Ess. 44 The situation, as it develops between them, is truly subtle; yet it is, as ever, quite simply presented, with a minimum of psychologization. 1997 Car Mar. 148/1 Alesi, as ever, remains a wild card. 2009 J. Updike in New Yorker 9 Mar. 75/1 Smithers..had him upon admittance take ‘the abbreviated Shipley IQ test (scoring, as ever, in the high-average range)’. Compounds C1. (In sense B. 8d.) Forming adjectival compounds with past participles, esp. in technical contexts, with the sense ‘in the condition or state specified by the participle’. Cf. as seen at Phrases 4f.Recorded earliest in as-cast adj. at Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1852 J. Sewell Elem. Treat. Steam & Locomotion I. i. ii. 108 The chemical analysis was carefully made from a fair average sample of the coals as mined.] 1915 Chem. Abstr. 9 433 The tendency for the ‘as cast’ structure to persist despite thermal and mechanical treatment. 1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 19 Jan. 100/2 Entries of 78 as-hatched day-old chicks underwent the test. 1972 H. T. Jensen in J. Y. Mann & I. S. Milligan Aircraft Fatigue 156 Components that retain their as-forged surfaces. 1991 Mod. Power Syst. Sept. 81/2 Walsum high ash coal fines..in its as-delivered condition has an ash content of 40 per cent. 2005 New Scientist 3 Sept. 77/2 (advt.) The first position will be associated with the atomic scale characterisation of the coatings in the as-deposited state. C2. as-built adj. relating to the form in which something was actually constructed, esp. as opposed to what was planned; (Building) designating a plan, survey, etc., made after the completion of works. ΚΠ 1935 Railway Age 2 Nov. 581/1 Our investigation shows that few railroads have complete and accurate ‘as built’ plans of all their bridges... Too much stress cannot be placed upon the importance of the careful preparation of ‘as built’ plans for all structures. 1952 Sewage & Industr. Wastes 24 267 The elevation of the sewers is not given, but the ‘as built’ location of all wyes and tees is shown in relation to the manholes. 1979 Fire Safety Aspects Polymeric Materials (National Res. Council (U.S.)) VIII. viii. 130 The target material characteristics are crucial; they must be described in their as-built condition and as they are modified during the ignition and combustion processes. 1986 Munic. World (Ontario) Aug. 210/2 General agreement was reached at the hearing between municipalities and utilities on the type of as-built drawings that should be filed with the municipalities. 1992 MER Nov. 56/1 An as-built survey confirmed that the pipe was laid within a 200ft right of way. 2006 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 12 Nov. vi. 9/1 (advt.) Field verification of ‘as built’ conditions. as-cast adj. Metallurgy designating a casting in the condition in which it comes out of the foundry, before work-hardening or heat treatment is carried out; of or relating to such a condition. ΚΠ 1915As cast [see Compounds 1]. 1936 E. A. Atkins & A. G. Walker Electr. Arc & Oxy-acetylene Welding (ed. 3) 346 Discuss the structure of a steel in the ‘as cast’ condition. Why does a mild steel weld rarely show an ‘as cast’ pattern? 2000 Nature 30 Nov. 538/1 Figure 1a shows transmission Laue X-ray diffraction patterns..from a single quasi-crystal of size 0.2 mm extracted from the as-cast alloy. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). > see also also refers to : as-prefix¹ also refers to : as-prefix² > as lemmas AS AS n. British Education (originally) Advanced Supplementary, a former General Certificate of Education qualification regarded as a complement to the A level; (now chiefly) Advanced Subsidiary, the first half of an A level which is divided into two components, also constituting an independent qualification (see A2 n.); frequently attributive, esp. in AS level. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > school examinations entrance examination1819 entrance exam1857 standard1862 skew1866 leaving examination1868 Oxford1871 entry exam1886 Abitur1918 higher1923 scholarship1950 A level1951 C.S.E.1963 international baccalaureate1966 A1979 Certificate of Secondary Education1981 AS1984 STEP1985 SAT1988 A21999 1984 Times 2 May 3/1 The advanced supplementary, or AS level, will require two years of study, cover at least half the ground of an A level, and be worth half an A level to employers and..admission tutors. 1988 Guardian 19 Jan. 13/7 There are interviews with students who are taking CPVE, BTEC, ‘A’ and AS courses. 1997 Daily Tel. 12 Feb. 11/1 The introduction of a new AS qualification to bring flexibility to sixth-form studies. 2001 Independent 26 July (‘Go Higher’ Suppl.) II/4 All new exams take time to bed, but the new AS has had more than its fair share of problems. 2002 P. Hodkinson & M. Bloomer in K. Evans et al. Working to Learn ii. 37 Can I change one of my As to an AS? 2005 Daily Tel. 14 Sept. 25/4 I..have a choice between continuing with general studies, in which I gained an A at AS-level, or taking an AS-level in critical thinking. extracted from An. A.S. A.S. n. and adj. Anglo-Saxon. ΚΠ 1799 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 4 481 AS. Anglo Saxon. 1881 C. P. Mason Eng. Gram. (ed. 25) 36 The genitive in A.S. was monan. 1901 Northern Counties Mag. May 122 These are survivals of the A.S. neuter plurals. 1992 A. L. Klinck Old Eng. Elegies (2001) 116 There is no evidence that the verbs could be used in these senses in the A-S period. extracted from An. A.S. A.S. n. North American Education Associate in (also of) Science. ΚΠ 1942 W. C. Eells Associate’s Degree & Graduation Pract. in Junior Colleges iii. 35 Associate in Science... A.S. 2006 S. H. Stafford Community College iii. 36 An AS degree in computer science could help you gain an entry-level job in the field, or go on to a four-year institution and become a software programmer. extracted from An. as d. intransitive. With as. To consider or describe oneself as belonging to a particular category or group of people. ΚΠ 1975 R. Green in Arch. Sexual Behavior 4 339 If designated female and raised as female, the child will identify as female. 1987 H. I. Safa in L. Mullings Cities U.S. xi. 261 They identified as working class and came out of a classic working-class tradition. 1998 Stud. Amer. Indian Lit. 10 22 As is consistent with his alternative gender identity, James William identifies as female. 2008 Tucson (Arizona) Citizen (Electronic ed.) b2 I've identified as a Democrat all my life until this Congress. 2015 P. Lenihan et al. in C. Richards & M. J. Barker Palgrave Handbk. Psychol. Sexuality & Gender viii. 132 For trans people.., identifying as asexual can sidestep binary, cisgendered prejudice against their sexuality. extracted from identifyv. as 1. intransitive. With as. To identify or describe oneself as belonging to a particular category or group of people; to assign a particular characteristic or categorization to oneself. Cf. identify v. 2d. ΚΠ 1969 Pharos-Tribune & Press (Logansport, Indiana) 29 Aug. Some 44 per cent [of college students] self-identified as independents. 1973 Social Sci. Q. 53 654/1 The main purpose is to ascertain whether students who self-identify as ‘Chicanos’ differ in their social and political perceptions. 1981 Washington Post 2 Aug. a5/1 More and more persons in this country are self-identifying as Republicans. 1999 A. Raj et al. in L. Gibney et al. Preventing HIV in Developing Countries viii. 164 Men who have sex with men may not self-identify as gay or bisexual. 2015 Australian (Nexis) 21 July 12 Ninety-two per cent of Australians self-identify as middle class. extracted from self-identifyv. as 2. transitive (reflexive). With as: = sense 1. ΚΠ 1969 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 34 879/2 The..widespread tendency to self-identify oneself as a resident of ‘South Shore’ is indicative of a common stake in the area. 1983 N.Y. Times (Electronic ed.) 15 May a28 A large number of Italian-Americans decline to ‘self-identify’ themselves as Italians. 2015 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 4 Apr. a2/6 He self-identified himself as a pedophile. extracted from self-identifyv. < n.¹1541n.²1788adv.conj.OE see also as lemmas
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asn.1

Asn.2

asadv.conj.

Phrases

Compounds

> see also

> as lemmas

asn.¹

Asn.²