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单词 inward
释义

inwardadj.n.

Brit. /ˈɪnwəd/, U.S. /ˈɪnwərd/
Forms: see next. Comparative inwarder obsolete, superlative inwardest now rare.
Etymology: Old English innanweard , inneweard , inweard , < innan, inne, inn adverb and preposition + -weard (see -ward suffix): cognate with Old Norse innanverðr adjective, interior, inward, Old High German inwart, inwarti, Middle High German inwart, inwarte, Middle Dutch inwaert (inwert).
A. adj.
I. In reference to situation or condition.
1.
a. Situated within; that is the inner or inmost part; that is in or on the inside; belonging to or connected with the inside (esp. of the body): = inner adj. 1a, interior adj. 1, internal adj. 1.In Old English chiefly used of the interior or inner part of anything, like Latin interior domus the inner (part of the) house, intimum pectus, the inmost (part of the) breast.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adjective]
inwardc888
inlyeOE
inwardlyc1000
inc1430
innerly1434
interial?a1475
internal?a1475
interior1490
intrinsic1490
interna1560
intrinsical1571
embowelled1609
insidea1616
intraneous1656
intestine1664
inwith1768
ad intra1825
indoor1874
c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxxiv. §10 Ælc wuht cwices biþ innanweard hnescost.
OE Beowulf 991 Ða wæs haten hreþe Heort innanweard folmum gefrætwod.
OE Christ & Satan 706 Wast þu þonne þe geornor þæt þu wið god wunne, seoððan þu þonne hafast handum ametene hu heh and deop hell inneweard seo, grim græfhus.
a1225 Leg. Kath. 1815 Ne schal him neauer teone..trukien in inwarde helle.
c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Cambr.) v. met. ii. 119 Natheles yit ne may it [the sun]..percen the inward entrailes of the erthe or elles of the see.
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) vii. lxvii. lf. 72 b Þe Iuyes..swageþ inward brennyng in a wondre manere.
c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 24 He dede on cursyng os a cloþ, & entred as water in to his inword þings.
1483 Cath. Angl. 197/1 Inwarde,..jnterior, jntestinus.
1576 T. Newton tr. L. Lemnie Touchstone of Complexions i. vii. f. 46 Feeuers hecticke, which takinge once holde in the inwardest partes,..bryngeth the body into apparante consumption.
1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health cxxxii. 116 The inwarde partes of a swine..be verie like to the inwarde partes of a man.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 185 They tooke from me the inward doublet wherein I had quilted the gold.
1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements i. 17 The outward angle..will be greater than either of the inward and opposite angles.
1697 tr. Countess D'Aunoy's Trav. (1706) 29 He found her alone in an inward Room.
1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 542 The inward carpentry-work on private and public buildings.
1841 W. E. Gladstone State Relations with Church (ed. 4) I. iv. §78. 252 The term activity applies much more to outward than to inward vitality.
1899 J. Hutchinson Archives Surg. X. No. 38. 123 Nurse said child had had ‘inward convulsions’.
†b. Said of the heart as a material organ possessing an interior part; and so, figuratively, of the heart, mind, soul, spirit, regarded as seats of feeling and thought. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > spirituality > [adjective]
inwardc888
innerc900
spiritualc1384
spiritala1393
soulya1500
interiora1513
intern1546
internal1547
soulish1581
soul-like1606
pneumatic1624
thoughtsome1627
psychical1642
pneumatical1644
animastic1651
animastical1651
intimate1671
in-written1684
soular1818
inwardly1820
psychal1822
noetica1834
c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxii. §1 Swiþe lust bære hine to gehyranne mid inneweardum mode.
c1000 Ælfric Deut. iv. 29 gif ge hine mid inweardre heortan seceaþ and mid ealre mihte.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5925 Itt tacneþþ uss þatt mann. þatt doþ. God werrc wiþþ innwarrd herrte.
a1240 Lofsong in Cott. Hom. 209 Ich..bi-seche þe wið inwarde heorte.
†c. Of medicine: = internal adj. 1b. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > internal
internal1600
inward1607
1607 E. Grimeston tr. S. Goulart Admirable & Memorable Hist. 289 Cured by diet, rest, and glisters, without any inward medicines.
a1639 D. Digges Compl. Ambassador (1655) 387 To councel the application of inward medicines when outward will serve.
d. Of the voice or a sound: Uttered without due opening of the mouth, so as not to be clearly heard; muffled, indistinct. (Cf. ‘to speak out’.) Also transferred of the utterer (quot. 1774).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > [adjective] > spoken in an undertone
submiss1585
submissive1632
summiss1742
inward1774
sotto voce1809
undertoned1860
subvocalized1864
1774 G. White Let. 14 Feb. in Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789) 173 The martin..when it sings is so inward as scarce to be heard.
1797 A. Radcliffe Italian II. ix. 293 Her words were inward and indistinct.
1825 L. L. Cameron Proper Spirit in Houlston Tracts I. ix. 5 He read in his turn, but with an inward voice.
in combination.1876 S. Lanier Clover 17 in Poems Eight lingering strokes..That speak the hour so inward-voiced.
e. Situated in, or belonging to, the interior of a country or region; inland: = interior adj. 1c.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > part of country or district > [adjective] > interior part
inland1557
inlanded1612
inward1635
upcountry1810
inlandish1849
1635 E. Pagitt Christianographie 46 The inward and wilder parts thereof remayne in their ancient Paganisme.
1732 T. Lediard tr. J. Terrasson Life Sethos II. viii. 145 Some provinces in the inward parts of Africa.
†f. Music. Applied to parts intermediate between the highest and lowest of the harmony: = inner adj. 1d. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > [adjective] > parts in harmony or counterpoint > middle parts
mean1597
inward1654
second1724
1654 J. Playford Breefe Introd. Skill Musick 32 The Tenor-Violl is an excellent inward part.
1658 J. Playford Breif Introd. Skill Musick (new ed.) vi. 15 In any Cliff whatsoever, be it Basse, Treble, or any Inward part.
2.
a. Applied to the mind, thoughts, and mental faculties as located within the body; hence to mental or spiritual conditions and actions, as distinguished from bodily or external phenomena, and so = mental or spiritual. Cf. inner adj. 2, interior adj. 3, internal adj. 2. inward man (archaic) the spiritual part of man, the spirit: = inner man at inner adj. 3.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > spirituality > mind, soul, spirit, heart > [noun]
wombeOE
moodeOE
heartOE
inner manc1000
soulOE
ghostOE
sprite1340
inwit1382
consciencec1384
spiritc1384
minda1387
spirtc1415
esperite1477
inward man1526
pneuma1559
esprite1591
internala1594
interior1600
entelechy1603
inside1615
psyche1648
sprit1653
citta1853
undersoul1868
Geist1871
heart-mind1959
a1225 Juliana 44 Þer is riht bileaue ant inward bone [MS. Bodl. inwardliche bonen] ant swa icweme to godd.
c1485 Digby Myst. iv. 1134 Which with thyn inward Ee Seest the depest place of mannys conscience.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) 2 Cor. iv. 16 Though oure vttward man perisshe, yet the inwarde man is renewed daye by daye.
1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 521/1 By a secrete inward instincte of nature.
1587 J. Higgins Mirour for Magistrates (new ed.) Cordila v To ease her inward smarte.
1611 Bible (King James) Psalms li. 6 Behold, thou desirest trueth in the inward parts. View more context for this quotation
1664 S. Butler Hudibras: Second Pt. ii. ii. 73 The Inward Man, And Outward, like a Clan, and Clan, Have always been at Daggers-drawing.
1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. i. iii. 52 Inward Security and Peace,..are the natural Attendants of Innocence and Virtue.
1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. iii, in Poems 111 Then shall thy inward Eye with joy survey, The Angel Mercy tempering Death's Delay.
1885 S. Cox Expos. 1st Ser. iii. 36 The most perplexing facts of our inward experience.
†b. Conceived in or coming from one's inmost heart; deeply felt, heartfelt; hence, earnest, fervent.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > intense emotion > [adjective]
inmostc897
inlyeOE
mucha1200
deepa1400
inwardc1402
quickc1449
piercingc1450
sharpc1480
profound1526
feeling1531
visceral1575
infelta1586
hearty?1614
hearteda1616
home-felt1637
exquisitea1656
deep-rooted1669
intimate1671
exalted1704
bosom-felt1771
pathologic1891
bone deep1900
the mind > emotion > zeal or enthusiasm > [adjective]
needfulOE
anguishous?c1225
eager?a1300
throc1330
fierce1377
desirousc1386
affectuousa1400
yeverousa1400
inwardc1402
earnestful?1406
rathe?c1450
zealing1459
increc1480
affectual1483
zealous1526
affectioneda1533
jealous1535
heartyc1540
affectivec1550
earnest1563
pricking1575
forward1587
affectionate1598
passiveless1602
zealful1602
full-hearteda1616
wholehearted1644
intense1645
high1649
covetous1652
thorough-hearted1656
keen as mustard1659
fell1667
fervent1673
smirk1674
zealed1679
prest1697
strenuous1713
enthusiastic1741
enthusiastical1755
whole-souled1821
con amore1828
lyrical1875
mustard1919
gung ho1942
c1402 J. Lydgate Compl. Black Knight 218 The thought oppressed with inward sighes sore.
c1402 J. Lydgate Compl. Black Knight 580 The teares gonne fro mine eyen raine Full pitously, for very inward roth.
1508 W. Dunbar Ballade Barnard Stewart in Poems (1998) I. 178 Is none of Scotland borne..Bot he..wald of inwart hie effectioun, But dreyd of danger, de in thi defence.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxix What inward affeccion, and feruent desire, the kyng my Master hath alwaies had, to haue a perfecte peace.
1627 H. Wotton Let. to Charles I in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1672) sig. d6v With whom he did communicate the inwardest thoughts of his heart.
c. Spiritually minded, devout, pious: = interior adj. 3c ? Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > piety > [adjective]
GodfrightOE
goodOE
ghostlyOE
Godfrightya1225
seelya1225
devout?c1225
piteousc1300
spiritualc1384
graciousa1387
godlyc1390
pitifulc1449
inwardc1450
piousc1450
evangelica1475
servantly1503
obedientiala1513
Christian1526
well-believing1529
God-fearing1548
resigneda1555
heavenly minded1569
timorate1570
Godfull1593
pious1595
fearful1597
devoutful1598
devotea1625
serious1684
unctuous1742
theopathetic1749
fire-spirited1845
theopathic1846
unctional1849
interior1854
devotionate1864
sacramental1874
pi1891
c1450 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi ii. i. 41 A very inwarde man, & fre from inordinat affeccions.
c1450 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi ii. v. 45 Thou shalt neuer be inwarde & deuoute man, but yf þou kepe silence of oþir men, & specialy beholde þiself.
1690 W. Penn Brief Acct. Rise Quakers (1834) 49 Being more religious, inward, still, solid, and observing.
1694 W. Penn Acct. Travails Holland & Germany Pref. sig. A iij Wherefore, Reader, be Serious, Inward and Inquisitive for thy souls Sake.
†3.
a. Belonging to the inner circle of one's acquaintance or friends; closely associated or acquainted; intimate, familiar, confidential. Obsolete. (Common in 16th and 17th centuries.)
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [adjective] > intimate or familiar > closely associated or acquainted
fastOE
specialc1390
near1523
inward1535
close1577
particular1588
lié1855
solid1882
1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 519 Ane Murra man maist inwart with the king.
1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 238 Ane Chyld of hir Chalmer, Schir,..maist inwart of ane.
1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1371*/2 Men knowne..to be..verie inward with the duke of Guise.
1602 S. Daniel Hymens Triumph iii. i You two were wont to be most inward Friends.
1606 J. Day Ile of Guls sig. B4 These Ladies are so inward with our tricks, theres no good to be done vppon them.
1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus Rom. Hist. xv. v. 35 One that would seeme most inward unto him, and of his familiar acquaintance.
1629 F. Quarles Argalus & Parthenia i. 24 Friendly to all men, inward but with few.
1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth i. 13 She applyed her first care (howbeit with but a few of her inwardest Counsailors,) to the restoring of the Protestants Religion.
†b. Of a relation or feeling between two persons: Close, intimate. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [adjective] > intimate or familiar > (of personal relations) intimate
inward1525
strict1601
1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. ci. [xcvii.] 295 All weren nat in his inwarde loue.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 174 For their inward conversation, love, affinitie.
1645 J. Milton Tetrachordon 73 The most inward and dear alliance of mariage.
†c. Of a bird or beast: Domesticated, tame.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > domestic animal > [adjective]
tamec888
mildOE
meekc1175
privy1340
unwilda1400
familiar1483
gentle?1531
domestical1562
inward1575
inwards1575
housal1611
domestic1620
cicurated1646
domesticated1802
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [adjective] > tamed or trained
tamec888
mildOE
meekc1175
unwilda1400
chastisedc1440
reclaimed1440
made1474
familiar1483
gentle?1531
domestical1562
inward1575
inwards1575
housal1611
domestic1620
cicurated1646
domiciliated1782
domesticated1802
broken1805
hand-tamed1932
1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie 9 That Eagle..is by al probabilitie and coniecture, no inwarde Eagle, but a fugitiue, and a rangler.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Accoquiner, to make tame, inward, familiar; to reclaim a wild thing.
a1643 W. Cartwright Lady-errant ii. ii, in Comedies (1651) sig. b4 Wee'l keep you, As they doe Hawkes..Watching untill you leave Your wildness, and prove inward.
†4. Secret, not disclosed; private; in quot. 1612, that is such secretly. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > secrecy, concealment > [adjective] > that is secretly such
inward1548
secreta1616
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > hiding, concealing from view > privacy > [adjective] > innermost
inmostc897
innerc900
privyc1300
intrinsic1490
interior1548
intrinsical1548
inward1548
secret1548
retired1596
in-pent1613
bosom1640
sneaking1748
interior1775
inside1888
1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxvv All inward grudges and open discordes.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. i. 92 What is inwarde betweene vs, let it passe. View more context for this quotation
1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus Rom. Hist. xviii. iv. 109 In their neere attendance which they gave about privie and inward ministeries [L. inter ministeria vitae secretioris].
1611 G. Chapman May-day ii. i. 16 Pray eene goe in againe, for I haue some inward newes for you.
1612 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 124 There is no decaying Marchant, or inward begger, hath so manie tricks to vphold the credit of their wealth.
5. Existing in or pertaining to the country or place itself; domestic, intestine. Obsolete or archaic.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [adjective] > domestic as opposed to foreign
domestical1531
inwarda1535
intestine1535
domestic1545
inland1546
home?1569
ephestian1652
inlandish1657
interior1768
blighty1900
a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 62/2 Inward warre among our self.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. lxxxiii The inward affaires of the realme of Englande.
a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) Ep. Ded. sig. A3v Your Maiesties reigne hauing beene blessed from the Highest with inward peace.
1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth i. 16 The Dangers inward they foresaw would be, from the Noblemen remoued from the Queenes Councell.
a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) Inward-maid, the house-maid in a farm-house, who has no work in the dairy, etc.
†6. Pertaining to the thing in itself; intrinsic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective]
propera1325
indwelling14..
resident1525
subsistenta1530
corporate1531
immanent1535
intrinsical?1545
integral1551
inexistent1553
internal1564
subjective1564
insident1583
inward1587
inherent1588
imminent1605
inhering1609
intern1612
subjectory1614
intimate1632
inhesive1639
intrinsic1642
implantate1650
medullary1651
implicit1658
inexisting1678
originala1682
indwelt1855
1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. v. 58 Forasmuch as the onely God is..the highest degree of life; he hath his maner of conceyuing and begetting most inward of all.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 512 The neerest inward and most proper cause of marine movings.
1620 T. Granger Syntagma Logicum 38 Necessitie Absolute, by supposition, proceding from causes Inward, which is necessitie of nature, and appetite.
II. In reference to direction or motion. [ < the adverb.]
7. Directed or proceeding towards the inside.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > direction > specific directions > [adjective] > having inward direction
inturning1382
inbenta1586
intrusive1847
inward1849
incurrent1851
indoor1874
1849 R. T. Claridge Cold-water Cure 81 The eruption took an inward direction and inflammation of the lungs was the consequence.
1875 C. Clery Minor Tactics x. 131 Charged the Russian left wing when it had nearly completed its inward wheel.
1898 Daily News 13 July 4/7 Each Government..receives all the money on outward postages, and none on inward postages.
B. n. [absolute use of the adjective, already in Old English.]
1. The inward or internal part, the inside; usually spec. the internal parts or organs of the body, the entrails.
a. singular. (Now rare.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > internal organs > [noun]
innethc888
guta1000
inwardc1000
inwarda1300
entrailc1330
innerera1340
entraila1382
inwardness1388
bowelc1440
paunch?c1475
umbles1536
parts entire1596
inmeat1616
in-parta1629
internalsa1629
giblet1647
viscera1651
pluck1711
viscus1728
inside1741
trollibags1824
innards1825
interior1835
splanchnology1842
work1884
the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [noun] > inside or interior
bosom1489
belly1535
insidea1557
inward1609
interior1828
c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 159/35 Intestina, smælþearmas, uel inneweard.
c1000 Ælfric Exodus xxix. 17 His innewerde and his fet þu legst uppan his heofod.
c1275 XI Pains Hell 151 in O. Eng. Misc. 151 Gripes freteþ heore Mawen..And heore ineward vych del.
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 2864 Þat ich in is Ineward mid suerd make a sseþe.
1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 87 The moghettis, Lyuer longes and the Inward shal be for your chyldren.
1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health cxlviii. 128 The intrailes or inwarde of beastes.
1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets cxxviii. sig. H3v To kisse the tender inward of thy hand. View more context for this quotation
1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. 63 Matter has no inward.
1884 J. Payne 1001 Nights VII. 80 He snatched up the man who had kicked him and carried him into the inward of the island.
b. plural. (Now only in spec. sense: = Entrails.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > internal organs > [noun]
innethc888
guta1000
inwardc1000
inwarda1300
entrailc1330
innerera1340
entraila1382
inwardness1388
bowelc1440
paunch?c1475
umbles1536
parts entire1596
inmeat1616
in-parta1629
internalsa1629
giblet1647
viscera1651
pluck1711
viscus1728
inside1741
trollibags1824
innards1825
interior1835
splanchnology1842
work1884
a1300 E.E. Psalter cviii[i.]. 18 Als watre, it in-yhede In his inwardes.
c1425 Bk. Found. St. Bartholomew's (1923) 30 His ynwardes were purgid from this dedly fylthe.
1531 W. Tyndale Expos. 1 John (1537) 82 [To] brynge a beaste and slay it and offre the bloude and the fat of the inwardes.
1596 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent (rev. ed.) 526 Assured that the Inwardes of each place may best be knowen by such as reside therein.
1671 W. Salmon Synopsis Medicinæ i. xxxvii. 83 Obstruction is a Stoppage of the Inwards by thickned Flegm.
1726 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey V. xx. 325 The Prince..to his sire assigns The tasteful inwards, and nectareous wines.
1850 C. Kingsley Alton Locke I. xii. 182 Ups and downs o' hills..enough, to shake a body's victuals out of his inwards.
2. The inner nature or essence of a thing or person; that which is within; the interior, secret, or intrinsic character, qualities, thoughts, etc.
a. singular. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun]
pitheOE
i-cundeeOE
roota1325
substancec1330
juicec1380
marrowa1382
formc1385
acta1398
quidditya1398
substantial forma1398
inward1398
savourc1400
inwardc1450
allaya1456
essencya1475
being1521
bottom1531
spirit?1534
summary1548
ecceity1549
core1556
flower1568
formality1570
sum and substance1572
alloy1594
soul1598
inwardness1605
quid1606
fibre1607
selfness1611
whatness1611
essentialityc1616
propera1626
the whole shot1628
substantiala1631
esse1642
entity1643
virtuality1646
ingeny1647
quoddity1647
intimacy1648
ens1649
inbeing1661
essence1667
interiority1701
intrinsic1716
stamen1758
character1761
quidditas1782
hyparxis1792
rasa1800
bone1829
what1861
isness1865
inscape1868
as-suchness1909
Wesen1959
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum ii. viii. (Add. MS. 27, 944) lf. 15/1 An aungel..settith his entent in-to þe inwarde of god.
1832 Ld. Tennyson Eleänore in Poems (new ed.) 25 There is nothing here, Which, from the outward to the inward brought, Moulded thy baby thought.
1884 J. Payne tr. Tales from Arabic I. 106 O vizier..make thine inward like unto thine outward.
†b. plural. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun]
pitheOE
i-cundeeOE
roota1325
substancec1330
juicec1380
marrowa1382
formc1385
acta1398
quidditya1398
substantial forma1398
inward1398
savourc1400
inwardc1450
allaya1456
essencya1475
being1521
bottom1531
spirit?1534
summary1548
ecceity1549
core1556
flower1568
formality1570
sum and substance1572
alloy1594
soul1598
inwardness1605
quid1606
fibre1607
selfness1611
whatness1611
essentialityc1616
propera1626
the whole shot1628
substantiala1631
esse1642
entity1643
virtuality1646
ingeny1647
quoddity1647
intimacy1648
ens1649
inbeing1661
essence1667
interiority1701
intrinsic1716
stamen1758
character1761
quidditas1782
hyparxis1792
rasa1800
bone1829
what1861
isness1865
inscape1868
as-suchness1909
Wesen1959
c975 Rushw. Gosp. Mark vii. 21 From ionnawordum..of heorte monna sweaunga yfel oft cumað.
c1450 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi ii. i. 41 Yf þou haddist ones parfitly entrid in to þe inwardes of Ihesu, & haddist sauored a litel of his brennyng loue.
1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Matt. xiii. 76 He printeth it not utterly in the inwardes of his minde.
1680 W. Allen Perswasive to Peace & Unity (ed. 2) Pref. 36 How necessary it is to look into the inwards of things.
1721 R. Keith tr. Thomas à Kempis Soliloquy of Soul x, in tr. Thomas à Kempis Select Pieces II. 178 How disturbed my Conscience is; how confused all my Inwards.
†3. An intimate or familiar acquaintance: = intimate n. (Cf. 3a) Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] > friend > close or intimate friend
belamy?c1225
friarc1290
specialc1300
necessaryc1384
familiar?c1400
great frienda1425
gossea1549
particular1577
shopfellow?1577
cockmate1578
privado1584
bosom friend1590
better half1596
ingle1602
inward1607
bully boy1609
bosom-piecea1625
hail-fellow1650
bosom-bird1655
intimate1660
crony1665
intimado1682
chum1684
friend of one's bosom1712
right bower1829
inquaintancea1834
cad1836
chummy1849
bond-friend1860
raggie1901
bosom1913
aceboy1951
boon coon1951
mellow1967
squeeze1980
acegirl2009
1607 T. Middleton Michaelmas Terme ii. sig. D Hee's a kinde Gentleman, a verie inward of mine.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iii. i. 394 Sir, I was an inward of his:..and I beleeue I know the cause of his withdrawing.
4. plural. Articles coming in or imported, or dues on such articles. Also attributive.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > duty on goods > [noun] > on imported goods
custom1389
prise1455
aids1523
tariff1592
cocket1612
custom duty1677
indulto1691
ingate1701
parisis1714
inwards1761
customs duty1800
imposition1863
indult1900
society > trade and finance > merchandise > [noun] > imports or exports
outgate1573
import1638
importation1656
allation1657
exportation1665
export1690
re-export1728
exportable1873
inwards1878
visibles1962
1761 Gentleman's Mag. 604 Mann, E. L. Collector of Inwards at Custom House.
1878 F. S. Williams Midland Railway (ed. 4) 643 Upon the ‘Inwards’ platform we find cases of hard~ware from Birmingham, casks of shoes from Leicester, hampers of lace from Nottingham [etc.].

Draft additions September 2004

inward direct investment n. Economics (chiefly British) = inward investment n. at Additions.
ΚΠ
1968 Times 26 Jan. 21/1 A detailed survey on both outward and inward direct investment.
1990 Economist 22 Sept. 33/1 Britain is itself now the recipient of a huge influx of inward direct investment.

Draft additions September 2004

inward investment n. Economics investment in a certain geographical area by investors based outside that area; cf. foreign direct investment n. at foreign adj., n.2, and adv. Compounds 2, outward investment n. (b) at outward adj., n.1, and adv. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > types of money-dealing > [noun] > investment > other types of investing or investment
perpetual1833
fundholding1835
capital investment1842
floating1888
flotation1889
carried interest1908
ethical investment1915
National Savings1919
locking up1924
ploughing-back1924
foreign portfolio investment1951
inward investment1962
round-tripping1973
short-termism1986
1962 Times 4 July 16/3 Both outward and inward investment has risen steeply during the period.
1976 Newsweek (Nexis) 12 July 54 It's hard for unions to claim that outward investments cost them jobs and then turn around and oppose inward investment.
1996 Guardian 7 Sept. 5/3 The wily Forsyth started saying the ‘Tartan tax’ would cost Scots up to 3p in the £1, and hit jobs and inward investment.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

inwardv.

Etymology: < inward adv. or inward adj.
rare.
†1. intransitive and reflexive. To come inwards or in, to enter. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1611 J. Florio Queen Anna's New World of Words Indentrarsi, to inward himselfe.
1611 J. Florio Queen Anna's New World of Words Innentrare, to inward or enter into.
2. transitive. To make inward or subjective. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > consciousness > subjectivity, relation to self > make subjective, interiorize [verb (transitive)]
internalize1794
subjectivize1825
subjectify1840
inward1868
interiorize1906
1868 Contemp. Rev. 8 618 The oriental mind..subjectifies the individuality, or, to frame a word for the occasion, inwards it.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

inwardadv.prep.

Brit. /ˈɪnwəd/, U.S. /ˈɪnwərd/
Forms: Old English inweard, ( inneweard, ionnaword, Middle English inneward, ineward(e), Middle English– inward; (Middle English inwar, Middle English–1600s inwarde, Middle English inword, ynwarde, Middle English–1500s Scottish inwart, inuart, 1500s inwerd, Scottish inuert).
Etymology: Old English innan- , inne- , inweard = Old High German inwert , Middle Dutch inne- , inwaert , -wert , -wart : see inward v.
A. adv.
1. Towards the inside or interior (of a place, space, or material body).
a. Of motion or direction.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming in > [adverb]
ineOE
inwardc1000
within1297
benward1572
ingate1590
inwards1598
in-bye1768
inside1866
the world > space > direction > specific directions > [adverb] > in inward direction or towards interior
upwarda1000
inwardc1000
upwards1513
inwards1598
withinward1611
inwardly1667
in-bye1768
inwith1768
c1000 Nicodemus xxxi, in Thwaite Heptat. App. (1698) 18 Ða hig inweard foron þa gemytton hig twegen ealde weras.
a1225 St. Marher. 8 As me ledde hire inward.
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 11094 Arblastes sone & ginnes wiþoute me bende, & ssote inward vaste inou.
1413 Pilgr. Sowle (1483) i. iv. 4 Beholdyng inward as fer as I myȝt, thenne saw I many syeges ryal and wonderful.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) x. 397 Als-soyn thai Held carpand Inward [1489 Adv. inwart] on thar way.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A4 Pathes and alleies wide..Leading inward farr.
1658 W. Johnson tr. F. Würtz Surgeons Guid ii. vii. 67 It happeneth sometimes, that the scull by a heavy blow is bowed inward.
1707 J. Chamberlayne Angliæ Notitia (ed. 22) 497 Comptroller of the Cloth and Petty-Custom inward and outward.
1707 J. Chamberlayne Angliæ Notitia (ed. 22) 501 Patent-Officers in the Out-Ports..Southampton, one Customer inward, One Customer outward. Passim.
1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 2 230 When the eye rolls inward.
1871 D. G. Rossetti Ave in Poems 103 The cherubim, arrayed, conjoint, Float inward to a golden point.
b. Of position or situation: In or on the inside; in the interior, within; internally: = inwardly adv. 1 ? Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adverb] > within
inneeOE
binc950
withinc1000
inwitha1225
withinforthc1374
inwardc1400
inwards1598
c1400 Rom. Rose 4411 Inward myn herte I fele blede.
1471 G. Ripley Compound of Alchymy vi. ix, in E. Ashmole Theatrum Chem. Britannicum (1652) 163 The Mater ys alterate, Both inward and outward substancyally.
?1521 A. Barclay Bk. Codrus & Mynalcas sig. Cvv A castell, or toure moost curyous, Dreadfull vnto sight but inwarde excellent.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A4 The Maple seeldom inward sound.
1611 Bible (King James) 1 Kings vii. 25 The Sea was set aboue vpon them, and all their hinder parts were inward . View more context for this quotation
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 16/2 Such Lines or Circles, as ly inward in the material Sphere.
†c. With an ‘inward’ tone, with muffled utterance, indistinctly: cf. inward adj. 1d. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > [adverb] > in an undertone
smalleOE
softlya1375
alowc1400
lowly1440
in mutec1530
inwardly1530
inward1644
sotto voce1737
1644 J. Milton Of Educ. 4 Englishmen..are observ'd by all other nations to speak exceeding close and inward.
2. figurative.
a. Towards that which is within; into the mind or soul; into one's own thoughts.
ΚΠ
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 199 Son se me biginneð consentin tosunne. let þe lust gan inward & þe delit waxen.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. KKviiv Loke inwarde on our owne conscience, and remembre our synnes.
a1600 R. Hooker in Wks. (1845) I. 580 Looking inward we are stricken dumb; looking upward we speak and prevail.
1766 J. Fordyce Serm. Young Women II. viii. 81 Satiated with external pleasures, she turns inward.
b. Within, in, or in relation to, the mind or soul; mentally or spiritually; = inwardly adv. 3.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > spirituality > [adverb]
inwardc950
in (in early use also on) one's heartOE
inwardlya1000
withinc1000
inlyOE
inwardsa1250
intellectuallya1398
at heartc1400
spiritally1502
internally1567
interiorly1609
soul-like1839
c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xi. 39 Þætte ðonne inweard [Rushw. ionnaword] is iuer [L. intus est vestrum] full is mið nednimincg and mið unrehtwisnise.
c1420 T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum 321 If he inward hadde any repentaunce.
a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 389 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 107 It synkis sone in all part Of a trewe scottis hart Reiosand ws Inwart.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) 2 Cor. vii. 5 Outwarde was fightynge, in warde was feare.
1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets lxii. sig. Ev It is so grounded inward in my heart. View more context for this quotation
1659 J. Dryden Heroique Stanza's xii, in E. Waller et al. Three Poems 4 We inward bled whilst they prolong'd our pain.
†B. prep.
In the interior of; within. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
14.. Sir Beues (MS. M) 1208 Right on the bryge, the Romans seys, They met Beues inwarde the paleys.

Compounds

Combinations of the adverb.
ΚΠ
c1425 Bk. Found. St. Bartholomew's (1923) 23 A-noone the Inward-borne blyndenesse fledde a-way.
1850 J. G. Whittier Shoemakers in Songs of Labor 59 Still dreamed my inward-turning eye.
1866 R. M. Ballantyne Shifting Winds xiv. 136 The Captain hailed the first inward-bound vessel he met with.
1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. I. x. 320 The more utterly ‘selfish’ I am in this primitive way, the more blindly absorbed my thought will be in the objects and impulses of my lusts, and the more devoid of any inward looking glance.
1910 R. Kipling Rewards & Fairies p. x These shall cleanse and purify Webbed and inward-turning eye.
1946 A. Koestler Thieves in Night 207 She sipped her dry Martini with an inward-turned look.
1961 A. Miller Misfits xii. 131 His eyes are sightless, inward-looking.
1963 Times 28 Jan. 5/2 Yet Schumann's poetry has its feet on German earth, and it was possible to feel that Mr. Richter's presentation of it was just a little too disembodied and wraithlike, his interpretation a little too inward-looking.
1968 Guardian 15 Apr. 9/6 Pressure from inward-looking, anti-national groups.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.n.c888v.1611adv.prep.c950
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