iwisadj.adv.n.

/ɪˈwɪs/

Forms: α. Old English gewis, Middle English–1600s iwis, (Middle English i-wis, Middle English–1600s I-wis, Middle English–1800s I wis); Middle English iwiss, (1500s I wys), Middle English ywys, Middle English–1600s ywis, Middle English–1500s iwys, e-wis, 1500s ywus, yewus, 1500s–1600s iwus, I wus. β. Middle English–1500s iwisse, (Middle English i wisse, Middle English–1600s I wisse), Middle English iwise, iwysse, Middle English–1600s ywisse, Middle English ywysse, 1500s I wyse, yewisse, 1600s I wusse. Nearly every one of these forms occurs written continuously, hyphenated, and as two words; in the two latter cases, those beginning with i have frequently a capital, I-wis, I wis, I wisse, etc.

Etymology: < Old English gewis adjective (= Old High German giwis, Middle High German and Dutch gewis, German gewiss certain), of which the neuter was used adverbially in Middle English β. Middle English iwisse adverb corresponding to an Old English type *gewisse = Old High German ga-, giwisso, Middle High German gewisse certainly. After 14th cent., when final -e ceased to have any value, the two forms were mere variant spellings, as is seen by the rhyming of iwise with his in Cursor Mundiγ. For aphetic form wis see wis adv. For in wis (perhaps in part an expansion of iwis ), see wis n.a1240 Ureisum in Lamb. Hom. 187 As wis ase drope of þi deorwurþe blod mahte waschen a-wai alle folkes fulþe ase wis lifes louerd þe ilke fif wallen..wascne mine fif wittes.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2521 An her endede to ful in wis Ðe boc ðe is hoten genesis.1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 86/1 Alas, your sinnes are so horrible, that none can be more: yea wis, sinne?

archaic.

A. adj. (gewis)

Certain (subjectively and objectively). Only in Old English.

ΚΠ

c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xli. §4 Ic wundrige hwy swa mænige wise men..swa lytel gewis funden.

c900 tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (1890) iv. xxv. [xxiv.] 348 Þæt is gesegen þæt he wære gewis his seolfes forðfore.

a1000 Prose Life Guthlac (1848) v. 30 We syndon gewisse þines lifes.

c1000 Gosp. Nicod. iii Myd gewyssum gesceade yrn & clypa..þone [man].

B. adv. (gewis, iwis, and iwisse)

Certainly, assuredly, indeed, truly. (Often with weakened sense as a metrical tag.)The writing with capital I, and separation of the two elements, have led later authors to understand and use it as equivalent to I wot, I know, as if a present of I wist.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb] > assuredly, indeed

soothlyc825

forsoothc888

wiselyc888

sooth to sayOE

i-wislichec1000

to (‥) soothOE

iwis?c1160

certesa1250

without missa1275

i-witterlic1275

trulyc1275

aplight1297

certc1300

in (good) fayc1300

verily1303

certain1330

in truthc1330

to tell (also speak, say) the truthc1330

certainlya1375

faithlya1375

in faitha1375

surelya1375

in sooth1390

in trothc1390

in good faitha1393

to witc1400

faithfullyc1405

soothly to sayc1405

all righta1413

sad?a1425

in certc1440

wella1470

truec1480

to say (the) truth1484

of a truth1494

of (a) trotha1500

for a truth?1532

in (of) verity1533

of verityc1550

really1561

for, in, or into very?1565

indeed1583

really and truly1600

indeed and indeed1673

right enough1761

deed1816

just1838

of a verity1850

sho1893

though1905

verdad1928

sholy1929

ja-nee1937

only1975

deffo1996

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > making certain, assurance > [adverb]

iwis?c1160

sickerlyc1175

wisc1175

wislyc1200

i-witterlic1275

sickerc1275

certc1300

hardilyc1300

hardlya1325

certain1330

tristilya1350

certainlya1375

redelya1375

redilya1375

surelyc1380

hand in handa1382

righta1393

assuredlya1400

surea1400

naturallyc1425

in certc1440

ascertainly1477

soverly1513

perqueer1568

really1604

assurelya1626

just1687

pos1710

besure1743

verdad1928

?c1160 Winteney Rule St. Benet (1888) 39 Ic eam ȝewis wyrm & nængman.

a1175 Cott. Hom. 233 He is iwiss mihti.

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 15 Ȝe hit maȝen witen iwis þet hit is al for ure sunne.

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 55 Þet is al soð, ful iwis.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 687 Þatt seȝȝde he fuliwiss forr þi. Þatt ta wass cumenn time.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14713 Iwis ȝe beoð Ænglisce. englen ilicchest.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 159 Ðe fifte day god made ywis Of water ilc fuel and eruerilc fis.

c1325 Metr. Hom. 17 And als Symond thoht this, Crist wist quat he thoht I wis.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 2967 Bot herd it es to kepe, iwise [Fairf. I.-wys, Gött. i-wis, Trin. Cambr. I wis] þe þing þat ilk man wald war his.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 876 For-þi þat thou has don þe mis, þiself þou wite þi wa, i-wis.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 12749 Of pantera come perpantera e-wis [Trin. Cambr. I-wis].

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 655 With my deeth I may be quyt ywis.

c1440 Generydes 862 To sey yow myn intent I wis.

a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) ii. iv. sig. n.vii^v That prince Edmunde the thyrde son ewis Of Edwarde senior true foundour shulde be.

?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Avij Yet nothynge so grose as the yerth I wys.

1565 A. Golding tr. Ovid Fyrst Fower Bks. Metamorphosis i. f. 12 No maruell thoughe thou bee so prowde and full of wordes ywvs.

1578 T. Churchyard Disc. Queenes Entertainem. sig. Kiij The cace is aunswered thus, You are not ruld by loue of babes, nor womens willes yewus.

1598 J. Marston Certaine Satyres in Metamorph. Pigmalions Image 34 And there (I wis) like no quaint stomack't man Eates vp his armes.

1616 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Scornful Ladie i. sig. B3^v A comlier wear I wusse it is then those dangling slops.

1748 J. Thomson Castle of Indolence ii. xlviii To prove it were, I wis, To prove the beauteous world excels the brute abyss.

1829 T. Hood Epping Hunt xviii A well-bred horse he was, I wis.

1845 E. Guest in Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 160 Till lately, our editors always converted the innocent adverb i-wiss (certainly) into I wiss, I know.

1865 A. C. Swinburne Masque Queen Bersabe in Poems & Ballads 48 I wis men shall spit at me.

β. c1275 Laȝamon Brut 19315 Mid moche blisse And richedom iwisse.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 91 Ðo gan hem dagen wel i-wisse, Quan god hem ledde in-to blisse.a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 697 Ȝis, i-wisse, was it sche, y wot wel þe soþe.c1410 Sir Cleges 480 ‘Tell me trewth..Knowyste thou of that man?’ The harper seyd, ‘Yee, I wysse’.a1535 J. Fisher Wayes to Perfect Relig. in Eng. Wks. (1876) i. 368 I wisse it is a thing much more reasonable.c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 897 All cold it became & the course helde, Bothe of ymur & aire, after I-wise.1565 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. (1611) 36 Yewisse, M. Harding, it greeveth you full sore they are so many.1598 B. Yong tr. J. de Montemayor Diana 10 For them the tender grasse in pleasant vales doth growe ywisse, Sweete shadowed riuer bankes tell me where my Syrenus is.1663 A. Cowley Cutter of Coleman-St. v. vi. 60 An' these be your Visions! little did I think I wusse—O what shall I do?

†C. n.

[the adjective used absolutely: compare Old High German giwissî, Middle German gewisse ‘certainty’, and the modern for certain.] Certainty: in mid iwisse with certainty, certainly (= B.); also to iwisse for certain. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > [noun]

mid iwissea1000

certaina1300

certaintya1340

sickerness1390

sickerty1405

sureness1419

redinessc1425

suretyc1425

surenessa1475

assurancec1485

certitude1538

constancy1563

assuredness1570

certainness1571

confirmedness1667

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > making certain, assurance > of course, certainly [phrase]

to iwissea1000

mid iwissea1000

in wisc1000

to wis(se)c1000

without(en (any) weenc1175

sans fail1297

thereof no strife1297

but werea1300

forouten werea1300

out of werea1300

without werea1300

without deceit1303

for certainc1320

it is to wittingc1320

withouten carec1320

without nayc1330

without noc1330

without (but out of) dread1340

no doubtc1380

without distancec1390

no fresea1400

out of doubta1400

without doubta1400

for, (in, at obs.), of, to (a) certaintyc1400

withouten stance14..

hazel woods shakea1413

of, on, in warrantisec1440

sure enough?1440

without question?1440

wythout diswerec1440

without any dispayrec1470

for (also of) a surety?a1475

in (also for) surenessa1475

of certainc1485

without any (also all) naya1500

out of question?1526

past question?1526

for sure1534

what else1540

beyond (also out of, past, without) (all) peradventure1542

to be a bidden by1549

out of (also without) all cry1565

with a witness1579

upon my word1591

no question1594

out of all suspicion1600

for a certain1608

without scruple1612

to be sure1615

that's pos1710

in course1722

beyond (all) question1817

(and) no mistake1818

no two ways about it (also that)1818

of course1823

bien entendu1844

yessiree1846

you bet you1857

make no mistake1876

acourse1883

sans doute1890

how are you?1918

you bet your bippy1968

a1000 Rule St. Benet (1885) lxviii. 128 Wite se gingra mid gewisse, þæt hit him eal framað.

a1000 Assmann's Angelsächs Homil. 55 Forðan ðe we nyton to nanum gewisse.

a1200 Moral Ode 40 Þenne haueð he his mid iwisse.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3792 Muchel wes þa blisse þat heo makeden mid iwisse.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1770 Peniȝes þer buoð an sunda to iwisse an hundrad punda.

a1300 K. Horn 432 He gan hire for to kesse Wel ofte mid ywisse.

c1315 Shoreham 23 Wanne eny prest his messe syngeth, I-lief hyt myd y-wysse.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	iwis
释义	iwisadj.adv.n. /ɪˈwɪs/ Forms: α. Old English gewis, Middle English–1600s iwis, (Middle English i-wis, Middle English–1600s I-wis, Middle English–1800s I wis); Middle English iwiss, (1500s I wys), Middle English ywys, Middle English–1600s ywis, Middle English–1500s iwys, e-wis, 1500s ywus, yewus, 1500s–1600s iwus, I wus. β. Middle English–1500s iwisse, (Middle English i wisse, Middle English–1600s I wisse), Middle English iwise, iwysse, Middle English–1600s ywisse, Middle English ywysse, 1500s I wyse, yewisse, 1600s I wusse. Nearly every one of these forms occurs written continuously, hyphenated, and as two words; in the two latter cases, those beginning with i have frequently a capital, I-wis, I wis, I wisse, etc. Etymology: < Old English gewis adjective (= Old High German giwis, Middle High German and Dutch gewis, German gewiss certain), of which the neuter was used adverbially in Middle English β. Middle English iwisse adverb corresponding to an Old English type gewisse = Old High German ga-, giwisso, Middle High German gewisse* certainly. After 14th cent., when final -e ceased to have any value, the two forms were mere variant spellings, as is seen by the rhyming of iwise with his in Cursor Mundiγ. For aphetic form wis see wis adv. For in wis (perhaps in part an expansion of iwis ), see wis n.a1240 Ureisum in Lamb. Hom. 187 As wis ase drope of þi deorwurþe blod mahte waschen a-wai alle folkes fulþe ase wis lifes louerd þe ilke fif wallen..wascne mine fif wittes.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2521 An her endede to ful in wis Ðe boc ðe is hoten genesis.1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 86/1 Alas, your sinnes are so horrible, that none can be more: yea wis, sinne? archaic. A. adj. (gewis) Certain (subjectively and objectively). Only in Old English. ΚΠ c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xli. §4 Ic wundrige hwy swa mænige wise men..swa lytel gewis funden. c900 tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (1890) iv. xxv. [xxiv.] 348 Þæt is gesegen þæt he wære gewis his seolfes forðfore. a1000 Prose Life Guthlac (1848) v. 30 We syndon gewisse þines lifes. c1000 Gosp. Nicod. iii Myd gewyssum gesceade yrn & clypa..þone [man]. B. adv. (gewis, iwis, and iwisse) Certainly, assuredly, indeed, truly. (Often with weakened sense as a metrical tag.)The writing with capital I, and separation of the two elements, have led later authors to understand and use it as equivalent to I wot, I know, as if a present of I wist. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb] > assuredly, indeed soothlyc825 forsoothc888 wiselyc888 sooth to sayOE i-wislichec1000 to (‥) soothOE iwis?c1160 certesa1250 without missa1275 i-witterlic1275 trulyc1275 aplight1297 certc1300 in (good) fayc1300 verily1303 certain1330 in truthc1330 to tell (also speak, say) the truthc1330 certainlya1375 faithlya1375 in faitha1375 surelya1375 in sooth1390 in trothc1390 in good faitha1393 to witc1400 faithfullyc1405 soothly to sayc1405 all righta1413 sad?a1425 in certc1440 wella1470 truec1480 to say (the) truth1484 of a truth1494 of (a) trotha1500 for a truth?1532 in (of) verity1533 of verityc1550 really1561 for, in, or into very?1565 indeed1583 really and truly1600 indeed and indeed1673 right enough1761 deed1816 just1838 of a verity1850 sho1893 though1905 verdad1928 sholy1929 ja-nee1937 only1975 deffo1996 the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > making certain, assurance > [adverb] iwis?c1160 sickerlyc1175 wisc1175 wislyc1200 i-witterlic1275 sickerc1275 certc1300 hardilyc1300 hardlya1325 certain1330 tristilya1350 certainlya1375 redelya1375 redilya1375 surelyc1380 hand in handa1382 righta1393 assuredlya1400 surea1400 naturallyc1425 in certc1440 ascertainly1477 soverly1513 perqueer1568 really1604 assurelya1626 just1687 pos1710 besure1743 verdad1928 ?c1160 Winteney Rule St. Benet (1888) 39 Ic eam ȝewis wyrm & nængman. a1175 Cott. Hom. 233 He is iwiss mihti. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 15 Ȝe hit maȝen witen iwis þet hit is al for ure sunne. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 55 Þet is al soð, ful iwis. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 687 Þatt seȝȝde he fuliwiss forr þi. Þatt ta wass cumenn time. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14713 Iwis ȝe beoð Ænglisce. englen ilicchest. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 159 Ðe fifte day god made ywis Of water ilc fuel and eruerilc fis. c1325 Metr. Hom. 17 And als Symond thoht this, Crist wist quat he thoht I wis. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 2967 Bot herd it es to kepe, iwise [Fairf. I.-wys, Gött. i-wis, Trin. Cambr. I wis] þe þing þat ilk man wald war his. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 876 For-þi þat thou has don þe mis, þiself þou wite þi wa, i-wis. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 12749 Of pantera come perpantera e-wis [Trin. Cambr. I-wis]. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 655 With my deeth I may be quyt ywis. c1440 Generydes 862 To sey yow myn intent I wis. a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) ii. iv. sig. n.vii^v That prince Edmunde the thyrde son ewis Of Edwarde senior true foundour shulde be. ?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Avij Yet nothynge so grose as the yerth I wys. 1565 A. Golding tr. Ovid Fyrst Fower Bks. Metamorphosis i. f. 12 No maruell thoughe thou bee so prowde and full of wordes ywvs. 1578 T. Churchyard Disc. Queenes Entertainem. sig. Kiij The cace is aunswered thus, You are not ruld by loue of babes, nor womens willes yewus. 1598 J. Marston Certaine Satyres in Metamorph. Pigmalions Image 34 And there (I wis) like no quaint stomack't man Eates vp his armes. 1616 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Scornful Ladie i. sig. B3^v A comlier wear I wusse it is then those dangling slops. 1748 J. Thomson Castle of Indolence ii. xlviii To prove it were, I wis, To prove the beauteous world excels the brute abyss. 1829 T. Hood Epping Hunt xviii A well-bred horse he was, I wis. 1845 E. Guest in Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 160 Till lately, our editors always converted the innocent adverb i-wiss (certainly) into I wiss, I know. 1865 A. C. Swinburne Masque Queen Bersabe in Poems & Ballads 48 I wis men shall spit at me. β. c1275 Laȝamon Brut 19315 Mid moche blisse And richedom iwisse.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 91 Ðo gan hem dagen wel i-wisse, Quan god hem ledde in-to blisse.a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 697 Ȝis, i-wisse, was it sche, y wot wel þe soþe.c1410 Sir Cleges 480 ‘Tell me trewth..Knowyste thou of that man?’ The harper seyd, ‘Yee, I wysse’.a1535 J. Fisher Wayes to Perfect Relig. in Eng. Wks. (1876) i. 368 I wisse it is a thing much more reasonable.c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 897 All cold it became & the course helde, Bothe of ymur & aire, after I-wise.1565 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. (1611) 36 Yewisse, M. Harding, it greeveth you full sore they are so many.1598 B. Yong tr. J. de Montemayor Diana 10 For them the tender grasse in pleasant vales doth growe ywisse, Sweete shadowed riuer bankes tell me where my Syrenus is.1663 A. Cowley Cutter of Coleman-St. v. vi. 60 An' these be your Visions! little did I think I wusse—O what shall I do? †C. n. [the adjective used absolutely: compare Old High German giwissî, Middle German gewisse ‘certainty’, and the modern for certain.] Certainty: in mid iwisse with certainty, certainly (= B.); also to iwisse for certain. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > [noun] mid iwissea1000 certaina1300 certaintya1340 sickerness1390 sickerty1405 sureness1419 redinessc1425 suretyc1425 surenessa1475 assurancec1485 certitude1538 constancy1563 assuredness1570 certainness1571 confirmedness1667 the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > making certain, assurance > of course, certainly [phrase] to iwissea1000 mid iwissea1000 in wisc1000 to wis(se)c1000 without(en (any) weenc1175 sans fail1297 thereof no strife1297 but werea1300 forouten werea1300 out of werea1300 without werea1300 without deceit1303 for certainc1320 it is to wittingc1320 withouten carec1320 without nayc1330 without noc1330 without (but out of) dread1340 no doubtc1380 without distancec1390 no fresea1400 out of doubta1400 without doubta1400 for, (in, at obs.), of, to (a) certaintyc1400 withouten stance14.. hazel woods shakea1413 of, on, in warrantisec1440 sure enough?1440 without question?1440 wythout diswerec1440 without any dispayrec1470 for (also of) a surety?a1475 in (also for) surenessa1475 of certainc1485 without any (also all) naya1500 out of question?1526 past question?1526 for sure1534 what else1540 beyond (also out of, past, without) (all) peradventure1542 to be a bidden by1549 out of (also without) all cry1565 with a witness1579 upon my word1591 no question1594 out of all suspicion1600 for a certain1608 without scruple1612 to be sure1615 that's pos1710 in course1722 beyond (all) question1817 (and) no mistake1818 no two ways about it (also that)1818 of course1823 bien entendu1844 yessiree1846 you bet you1857 make no mistake1876 acourse1883 sans doute1890 how are you?1918 you bet your bippy1968 a1000 Rule St. Benet (1885) lxviii. 128 Wite se gingra mid gewisse, þæt hit him eal framað. a1000 Assmann's Angelsächs Homil. 55 Forðan ðe we nyton to nanum gewisse. a1200 Moral Ode 40 Þenne haueð he his mid iwisse. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3792 Muchel wes þa blisse þat heo makeden mid iwisse. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1770 Peniȝes þer buoð an sunda to iwisse an hundrad punda. a1300 K. Horn 432 He gan hire for to kesse Wel ofte mid ywisse. c1315 Shoreham 23 Wanne eny prest his messe syngeth, I-lief hyt myd y-wysse. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.adv.n.c888
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