irradiationn.
/ɪreɪdɪˈeɪʃən/ I. In reference to rays of light.
1.
a. The action of irradiating, or emitting rays or beams of light; shining.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > light > [noun] > ray or beam > emission of
beaming1398
radiationa1500
radiancea1593
radiancy1595
irradiation1599
eradiation1633
irradiancy1646
actinobolism1654
radiature1663
effulgence1667
irradiance1667
circumradiancy1673
diradiation1706
beaminess1741
raying1787
rayonnance1848
radiate1889
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > emission of light, radiation > [noun]
irradiation1599
eradiation1633
radiature1663
diradiation1706
actinism1847
Cerenkov effect1940
superradiance1957
1599 F. Sparry tr. C. de Cattan Geomancie 59 The beaming and irradiation of the saide Signes.
1615 E. Howes Stow's Annales (new ed.) 1030/2 The Irradiation of this Comets streame was sometime extended to a wonderfull length.
1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. ii. iii. 323 The same verticall stars, the same irradiations of Planets, aspects alike.
a1716 R. South Serm. Several Occasions (1744) VIII. 363 Sooner may a dark room enlighten itself, without the irradiation of a candle or the sun.
1800 W. Herschel in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 90 257 Advanced far enough to receive the irradiation of the colour which passed through the opening.
1890 W. C. Russell Ocean Trag. I. iii. 46 There was something positively phosphoric in the irradiation on her face and hair, as though in sober truth they were self-luminous.
b. A ray of light, a beam.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > light > [noun] > ray or beam
beamc885
rowc1225
stringc1275
steamc1300
light beama1398
shafta1400
rayc1400
strakec1400
rade?a1563
gleed1566
radiation1570
shine1581
rayon1591
stralla1618
radius1620
rule1637
irradiation1643
track1693
emanation1700
spoke1849
spearc1850
slant1856
sword1866
secondary1921
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > [noun] > rays or waves
rayc1400
tress1423
radiation1570
hair1594
hair1606
irradiation1643
beam1664
light wave1871
1643 J. Howell Parables 6 The Sunne detained his beames and irradiations from them.
1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 181 How he..dispenses his Irradiations as far as either Pole.
1790 E. Umfreville Present State of Hudson's Bay 23 The Aurora Borealis..sometimes the irradiations are seen of a very bright red, at other times of a pale milky colour.
2. figurative.
a. A beaming forth of spiritual light.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > inspiration or revelation > [noun]
lightOE
lightingOE
inspiration1303
illuminationsc1340
inyettingc1340
revelationc1384
oraclec1425
revealingc1429
informationc1450
infusionc1450
illustrationc1480
gospel1481
aspirationc1534
illuminating1561
afflation1576
entheos1594
enthusiasm1595
flame-light1611
illapse1614
inspirement1616
spiration1629
respirationa1631
irradiation1631
income1647
afflatus1649
theopneustian1660
entheasm1752
prana1785
inflation1835
theopneusty1847
inflatusa1861
theopneustia1894
1631 Earl of Manchester Contemplatio Mortis 20 If in this life holinesse maketh the face of a man to shine by an Irradiation from the heart.
1649 Εἰκων Βασιλικη 76 God..from whom alone are all the irradiations of true Glory and Majesty.
a1711 T. Ken Serm. preached at Whitehall in Prose Wks. (1838) 114 His conversation had so many irradiations of divinity in it.
1747 J. Hervey Medit. II. 100 Opening our Minds to the Irradiations of his Wisdom.
1807 G. Chalmers Caledonia I. i. i. 5 The sun of truth shot forth the irradiations of a clearer light on the dark events of the most ancient times.
b. Intellectual enlightenment; illumination of the mind.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > information > enlightenment > [noun]
enlightening1561
irradiation1589
enlightenment1621
illumination1634
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > enlightenment > [noun]
lighteOE
lightening1395
illustrationc1480
irradiation1589
illumination1634
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie i. viii. 15 Such persons as be illuminated with the brightest irradiations of knowledge and of the veritie and due proportion of things.
1608 T. James Apol. Wickliffe 11 Some are illuminated and enlightened from aboue,..which illumination and irradiation of theirs..is much confirmed and warranted vnto vs, by their holy liues and conuersations.
1661 K. W. Confused Characters 115 Their noetical faculties devoid of all Philosophick irradiations.
1754 S. Johnson Adventurer No. 137. ⁋9 They are universally ignorant, yet with greater or less irradiations of knowledge.
1860 W. Collins Woman in White ii. i. 158 She..brightened suddenly with the irradiation of a new idea.
3.
a. Optics. The apparent enlargement or extension of the edges of an object strongly illuminated, when seen against a dark ground.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > optical illusion > [noun] > an optical illusion > optical distortions
refraction1698
suppression1702
aerial perspective1704
irradiation1834
double image1880
barrel distortion1889
pincushion distortion1892
Poggendorff illusion1898
Ponzo illusion1942
pincushioning1947
space myopia1962
pincushion1968
Müller-Lyer1972
1834 Nat. Philos. (Libr. Useful Knowl.) III. Astron. xii. 249 The first of these corrections is attributed to an optical effect called irradiation.
1867 G. F. Chambers Descr. Astron. i. vii. 70 To allow for the exaggeration of its dimensions by irradiation.
1876 J. Bernstein Five Senses 77 People look larger in light clothes than in dark, which may also be explained as the effect of irradiation.
1878 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. (ed. 2) iii. ii. 433 Irradiation, a white patch on a dark ground appears larger, and a dark patch on a white ground smaller, than it really is.
b. Photography. The scattering of light by silver halide crystals in a photographic emulsion causing diffuseness of the image obtained on development.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > a photograph > qualities and effects > [noun] > indistinctness
veil1853
fogging1854
fog1856
halation1859
veiling1864
red fog1873
light fog1880
fuzz1889
soft focus1919
graininess1921
irradiation1924
unsharpness1961
1924 L. P. Clerc Ilford Man. Process Work vi. 53 The effect of irradiation, evidently, is the more marked,..as the exposure is longer.
1940 ‘C. I. Jacobson’ Developing ii. 43 If the exposure is longer, then the light is scattered so that it spreads beyond the area protected by the metal, and hence irradiation takes place.
1968 H. Baines in C. E. Engel Photogr. for Scientist i. 20 This scatter from one crystal to others is known as ‘irradiation’.
II. In reference to other rays.† 6. † b. The (fancied) emission of an immaterial fluid or influence from the eye. Obsolete.
4. The emission of heat-rays.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > radiation of heat
ray1599
irradiation1794
radiance1800
radiation1802
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [noun] > emission or diffusion
irradiation1794
radiance1800
radiation1802
actinism1847
scattering1866
emissivity1880
1794 J. Hutton Diss. Philos. Light 67 Those philosophers, who have adopted the theory of irradiated heat,..suppose, that there is no irradiation when there is an equilibrium of heat among bodies.
5. Emanation from a common centre.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > [noun] > movement away from a centre
centrifugence1769
irradiation1879
1879 tr. A. de Quatrefages de Bréau Human Species 179 Zoological geography is now met with everywhere, because it has spread by irradiation in every direction from this centre.
a. In older Physiology: The emission or emanation of any fluid, influence, principle, or virtue, from an active centre. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > [noun] > action of excreting > action of emanating
irradiation1615
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 57 If a nerue be deriued vnto the part, by whose illustration and irradiation, all the particles of that part haue sence.
1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iii. ix. 124 The generation of bodies is not effected as some conceive, of soules, that is, by Irradiation . View more context for this quotation
1666 G. Harvey Morbus Anglicus iv. 38 The manner whereby the faculty of the brain effects a locomotive action in any muscul is by irradiation.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Irradiation,..us'd by Van Helmont..to express the Operation of some Mineral Medicines, which they will have to impart their Virtue without sending forth any thing material out of them, and without loss of their own Substance or Weight.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > [noun] > action of excreting > action of emanating > from eye
irradiation1625
1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 40 There seemeth to be acknowledged, in the Act of Enuy, an Eiaculation, or Irradiation of the Eye.
1660 tr. M. Amyraut Treat. conc. Relig. i. iii. 38 As the irradiations of our Eyes are dissipated in the wide Aer.
1696 J. Aubrey Misc. (1721) 185 Infants are very sensible of these Iradiations of the Eyes; In..Southern Countries, the Nurses and Parents are very shy to let People look upon their young Children for fear of Fascination.
7. Physiology. ‘A movement which proceeds from the centre peripherically’ ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon); the transmission of nerve-excitation from a nerve-centre outwards; also, the spreading of a stimulus from one nerve-centre to others.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > action of nervous system > [noun] > reception or transmission of impulses
reflection1836
irradiation1847
conduction1855
diffusion1859
projection1872
conductivity1881
fusion1892
facilitation1894
reciprocal innervation1896
chemoreception1901
photoreception1902
neurotropism1905
proprioception1906
cheirokinaesthesia1913
schema1920
recruitment1923
conductance1926
volley1928
rectification1941
supersensitivity1949
mechanoreception1958
neurotransmission1961
electroreception1963
phototransduction1972
somatotopy1976
1847 H. E. Lloyd & B. G. Babington tr. E. von Feuchtersleben Princ. Med. Psychol. 88 The transition to the homogeneous is called irradiation (in motor nerves synergy—in sensitive, sympathy).
1855 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) Irradiatio,..term used in physics, for the movement from the centre to the circumference of a body: irradiation.
Categories »
8. Anatomy. ‘Applied to the disposition of fibres or other structures in the form of a star, with a centre and diverging rays’ ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon 1887).
9. Exposure to the action of some kind of radiation (other than visible light, as X-rays, ultra-violet radiation, or neutrons); the (or an) action or process of irradiating something. Also, radiation allowed to be incident upon something.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by radiation > [noun]
radiotherapeutics1897
irradiation1901
radiotherapy1902
ray therapy1912
radiation treatment1913
radiation therapy1922
radiosurgery1951
the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > X-rays > [noun] > examination or treatment with
X-radiation1896
irradiation1901
X-irradiation1956
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > chromatism > [noun] > spectrum > ultraviolet light > irradiation with
irradiation1935
ultraviolation1978
the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > nuclear fission > nuclear fuel > [noun] > process of irradiating
irradiation1951
the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > ionizing radiation > [noun] > process of irradiating
irradiation1972
1901 N.Y. Med. Jrnl. 16 Nov. 908/2 Up to today irradiation has been done seven times [on the same patient].
1901 N.Y. Med. Jrnl. 16 Nov. 909/1 If a strong effect is desired, intense irradiation must naturally be employed.
1903 Med. Rec. 31 Jan. 169 It seemed to be preferable to extirpate the tumorous portions..before resorting to irradiation.
1915 H. A. Colwell & S. Russ Radium, X-rays & Living Cell iii. 116 Radium, like X rays, does not effect the immediate death of the cell; specimens subjected to three days' continuous irradiation still underwent division.
1926 Encycl. Brit. Suppl. III. 284 It was noticed that some forms of malignant disease disappeared after treatment by irradiation.
1935 Practitioners Libr. Med. & Surg. VII. v. 158 Ultraviolet irradiation of the skin is effective in preventing or curing rickets.
1935 Practitioners Libr. Med. & Surg. VII. v. 159 Short exposures of thin films of milk to ultraviolet irradiation.
1936 B. J. M. Harrison Textbk. Roentgenol. iii. 52 If he moves out of position the irradiation falls on the protected covers and not upon the patient.
1951 Jrnl. Sci. Instruments 28 191/1 The neutron irradiation of small quantities of material in the pile is often carried out in aluminium foil ‘envelopes’ or in silica capsules.
1953 Carter & Merritt in Smith & Wermer Mod. Treatm. xx. 433/1 Daily shortwave diathermy in combination with infra-red irradiation twice applied to the lumbar area may be of value.
1953 Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. XVIII. 101/2 Irradiation of cultures of lysogenic Bacillus megatherium with ultraviolet light greatly increased the proportion of bacteria producing phage.
1957 Times 3 Sept. 9/2 Therapeutic irradiation of the pelvic region would certainly involve considerable risk to an embryo in the direct beam.
1972 Physics Bull. July 398 The damage produced during irradiations with 20 MeV C ions and 48 MeV Ni ions has been normalized to that produced by 4 MeV protons where we can make reasonably accurate estimates of the number of displaced atoms.
10. Neurology. The dispersion of a nervous impulse to parts beyond the normal path of conduction.
ΚΠ
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. Irradiation. 2. Applied by Meynert to the slow transmission of stimuli through the fibrillary network of the gray substance, as distinguished from transmission along regularly medullated nerves.
1901 J. M. Baldwin Dict. Philos. & Psychol. I. 575/1 It has been suggested that irradiation..is at the foundation of all or most pleasurable sensations.
Draft additions 1993
spec. The irradiation of food using gamma rays in order to improve its keeping quality. Cf. food irradiation n. at food n. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preserving or pickling > [noun] > preserving by radiation treatment
irradiation1954
radiosterilization1954
radio-pasteurization1956
radappertization1964
radicidation1964
radurization1964
the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > [noun] > method of food preservation
food irradiation1925
irradiation1954
1954 Nature 24 Apr. 753/2 Dr Hannan..went on to describe the effects of irradiation on the foods themselves.
1989 What Diet & Lifestyle Dec. 19/1 Irradiation to cut salmonella will kill the natural yeasts and moulds which compete with botulinum, allowing, under favourable conditions, its quicker growth.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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