| 释义 |
artichoken. Origin: A borrowing from Italian. Etymon: Italian articiocco. Etymology: < Italian regional (northern) articiocco (16th cent.), apparently < Spanish alcarchofa (1492; now usually alcachofa ) or its etymon Spanish Arabic al-ḵaršūfa < al- the + ḵaršūfa , regional variant (also ḵaršafa , ḵuršūfa ) of classical Arabic ḥaršafa (compare modern standard Arabic ḵuršūfa ), singular form corresponding to ḥaršaf , collective noun (compare modern standard Arabic ḵuršūf ), further etymology unknown. In forms artichault , (plural) artichaux after Middle French, French artichault (1538). The β. forms are apparently either after Arabic or after forms in another European language: compare Portuguese alcachofra (1609; 1563 as alcachofa), and also Italian carciofo (1546; a1533 as carciofolo). Compare also Dutch artisjok (1567), German Artischocke (1556).The word seems to have been subject to widespread alteration as a result of folk etymology throughout its history. The Italian regional (northern) form articiocco may have been influenced by Italian arci- arch-, chief (see arch- prefix) and ciocco stump (1321; further etymology uncertain). In French the second element of the word seems to have been variously influenced by association with e.g. chaud warm (see chaud adj.; compare artichaud : 1690), and hault , haut height (see haut adj.; compare artichaut (1596), artichault (1538)). In the 16th cent. various alterations are found in Latin, e.g. articoccus (compare coccus n.), articoctus (compare coct adj.), articactus (compare cactus n.). Similarly, many of the English forms reflect reanalysis of the word by folk etymology. Forms with initial hart- are apparently influenced by association with heart n., while the second element was apparently reanalysed as choke n.2 or choke v. from an early date. This has been variously explained as resulting from the belief that the flower contained an inedible centre which would choke anyone attempting to eat it (compare choke n.2 5), or resulting from the plant's rapid growth which would quickly ‘choke’ anything else growing nearby (compare e.g. quot. 1641 at sense 2). 1. the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > stalk vegetables > [noun] > artichokes the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > stalk vegetables > artichokes 1531 MS. Acc. Bk. in 2 Feb. (1884) 85/2 Bringing Archecokks to the Kings Grace. 1542 A. Borde xx. sig. K.i There is nothynge vsed to be eaten of Artochockes but ye hed of them. 1563 T. Hill (new ed.) 101 The Artichocke groweth like in the heade unto the Pine apple. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach ii. f. 63 The Hartichoch..is a kinde of Thistel, by the diligence of the Gardner, brought to be a good Garden hearbe. 1582 in R. Hakluyt (1599) II. i. 165 In time of memory things haue bene brought in that were not here before, as..the Artichowe in time of king Henry the eight. 1598 tr. G. de La Perrière sig. Iiv [He] did not yet forget the niggardlinesse, but parted Lettice and Artichaux in two. 1601 B. Jonson v. i. sig. K4 Like a young Hartechocke that alwayes carries Pepper and salte in it selfe. View more context for this quotation 1634 24 For 14 dozen of hartichoakes £02 16s. 00d. 1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet xxii. 215 Artichokes [printed Atichokes] grew sometimes onely in the Isle of Sicil; and since my remembrance they were so dainty in England, that usually they were sold for crownes a peice. 1688 mmcccxxxiv/4 Right Dutch Artichoaks..for Six Shillings and eight Pence the Hundred. 1727 J. Swift Pastoral Dialogue Richmond-Lodge in (1735) II. 375 The Dean..Shall..steal my Artichokes no more. 1763 J. Mills IV. 49 If these were of the green, or conic sort, which we call French archtichokes, as it is highly probable they were; this size is the more surprizing, as that species never spreads near so much as our globe artichoke. 1832 E. Lankester 281 Nowhere does the artichoke arrive at greater perfection than in the Orkney Islands. 1884 A. de Candolle ii. ii. 93 Targioni..relates that the artichoke was brought from Naples to Florence in 1466. 1913 J. E. Rogers 175 Almost any farm has some land on it not good for much but these artichokes. 1931 25 Oct. 9/3 Perhaps the most striking plants were the species Protea, a genus of shrubs with flower-heads surrounded by coloured bracts so that they look like glorified globe artichokes. 1979 Sept. 16/2 He came to this country in 1962—a transplantation for which anyone who has tasted his stuffed artichoke will be fervently thankful. 2006 Jan. 86/3 Globe artichokes (also known as French or green artichoke) are a great all-round female superfood. 1602 T. Dekker sig. G4 Sir Vau. Will you amble Hobby-horse, will you trot and amble? Tuc. Raw Artichocke I shall sauce thee. a1626 W. Rowley (1662) sig. E2 Clown. Let me see, is your great belly gone? Ioan. Yes, and this the happy fruit. Clown. What, this Hartichoke? A Childe born with a beard on his face? a1640 J. Day & H. Chettle (1659) sig. F2 Let him alone you cross legg'd-hartichoak. 1812 Ld. Byron 20 Oct. (1973) II. 233 If it was a fiction there would be no difficulty, but certainly truth is an Artichoke particularly to her. 1870 E. Strachey in 26 Nov. They have eaten, leaf by leaf, a whole artichoke of treaties, taking the September Convention for the last mouthful. a1979 E. Bishop in C. K. Doreski (1993) 150 That crooked box set up on pilings, shingled green, a sort of artichoke of a house. 2005 G. De Carlo in P. Blundell Jones et al. i. 4 They form the artichoke of cultural activity, layer after layer: philosopher..designer, builder, city planner, etc. the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > root vegetable > [noun] > Jerusalem artichoke the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > root vegetables > Jerusalem artichoke 1620 T. Venner vii. 134 Artichocks of Ierusalem, is a roote vsually eaten with butter, vinegar, and pepper. 1641 R. Greville i. iv. 16 Error being like the Jerusalem-Artichoake; plant it where you will, it overrunnes the ground and choakes the Heart. 1720 C. Morris 25 Oct. (1934) 81 I set 4 Jeruslaem Artichoaks by the Stable Dung-hill. 1736 ii. iii. 284 Set Potatoes, and Jerusalem Artichoaks. 1846 A. Soyer 37 Peel, wash, and dry, on a cloth, ten artichokes. 1861 T. L. Peacock i. 1 From this girasol we have made Jerusalem, and from the Jerusalem artichoke we make Palestine soup. 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore I. 575/1 The name of Jerusalem Artichoke is considered to be a corruption of the Italian Girasole Articocco, or Sunflower Artichoke, under which name it is said to have been originally distributed from the Farnese garden at Rome soon after its introduction to Europe in 1617. 1929 A. E. Housman 14 Sept. (1971) 284 I was however agreeably surprised by a Palestine soup which had not the faintest trace of artichoke. 2005 Dec. 31/4 Jerusalem artichokes aren't fussy, and would make an ideal choice for a shady corner of the patio. Compounds1950 7 Feb. 4/4 President Truman and Secretary of State Acheson now have to choose between letting the Soviet Union eat Asia ‘artichoke fashion’, leaf by leaf, or interrupting that meal. 1992 19 Oct. 24/2 Clinton, in fact, had adopted his usual artichoke style of revelation on the topic of his antiwar years: one leaf gingerly removed at a time. C2. 1607 T. Tomkis ii. i. sig. C4 Insteed of Hargebush peices discharge Hartichockpies. 1730 C. Charles 138 Season them with sweet Seasonings, as an Artichoke Pie. 1880 M. C. S. Hibbert-Ware i. i. 14 Artichoke pie and boiled potatoes. 2004 (Nexis) 7 Apr. 6 e Costanzo's mother made a delicious artichoke pie. C3. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > stalk vegetables > artichokes > parts of 1641 J. Murrell (ed. 5) ii. 87 Take two Hartichoake bottomes, cut them in square peeces or quarters. 1723 J. Nott sig. G8v Make Ragoo of Fat Livers..Truffles, Asparagus-Tops or Artichoke-Bottoms. 1816 J. Simpson (new ed.) 92 Put the artichoke bottoms in and fry them of a light brown. 1847 S. Rutledge 98 Make a sauce of a pint of milk..put in the artichoke bottoms [etc.]. 1925 D. Monroe & L. M. Stratton xxii. 224 The French or Globe Artichoke is round or cone shaped, with long flat green scales attached to the base or artichoke bottom. 1990 Apr. 51/1 A savory dish for two is the..flavorful roasted and larded saddle of young venison with lignon pears and artichoke bottoms and stuffed with..red cabbage and spaetzle. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > stalk vegetables > artichokes > parts of 1909 27 Oct. 8/4 Lettuce and Artichoke Heart Salad. 1917 E. Ferber xiii. 219 I suppose by next Christmas the grocery department will be putting in artichoke hearts, and truffles and French champagne by the keg for community orders. 1992 Sept. 62/2 Many customers are eager to try..a fricassee of wild mushrooms and artichoke hearts that arrives at the table in a covered cassolette and is meant to be spooned over risotto flavored with chervil and a splash of truffle-infused oil. 2007 18 Jan. 38/1 The champiñon (a pie topped with roasted mushrooms, artichoke hearts, caramelized onion, mozzarella and ricotta) wasn't particularly Latin. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1531 |
