inoculatev.

Brit.

/ᵻˈnɒkjᵿleɪt/, U.S.

/ᵻˈnɑkjəˌleɪt/

Forms:

α. late Middle English enoculate, 1600s enoculat, 1600s enoculate.

β. late Middle English– inoculate, 1500s–1600s inoculat (Scottish), 1600s–1700s innocculate.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin inoculāt-, inoculāre.

Etymology: < classical Latin inoculāt-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of inoculāre to engraft, to implant < in- in- prefix³ + oculus eye, bud (see oculus n.).Compare French inoculer to vaccinate against smallpox (1723). With the α. forms compare en- prefix¹.

a. transitive. Horticulture. To propagate (a desirable kind of woody plant) by the insertion of one or more of its buds into the bark of a different kind of plant (the stock); to insert (a bud) for this purpose; to insert a bud into (a stock). Frequently with on, on to, or upon (specifying the stock). Cf. bud v.¹ 5. Now historical and rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > propagate [verb (transitive)] > a cutting: graft > graft by budding

ineyec1420

inoculate?1440

inoculer?1440

implant1660

bud1663

bud-graft1930

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) v. l. 123 Peches han their seson At May Kalendes hem tenoculate [L. inoculari].

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iv. l. 465 (MED) In April figtreen inoculate [L. Inoculari] May best be.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry ii. f. 96^v You shall inoculate, or imbudde them in May, or April, y^e stocke being cut aloft, and many young buddes set in.

1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 269 A dextrous Hand inoculates [Fr. fait ecussoner] a Rose-tree Bud upon an Apple-Stock.

1767 J. Abercrombie Every Man his Own Gardener (ed. 2) 266 These young plants will in the second summer be fit to be inoculated.

1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 483/1 It is therefore found most advantageous to bud or inoculate them in the summer, when both scion and stock are in the state of equal vegetation.

2010 S. Bernofsky tr. J. Erpenbeck Visitation 3 He helps the farmers propagate their fruit trees in the spring, inoculating the wild stock with active buds around Midsummer's Day and dormant ones when the sap rises for the second time.

†b. intransitive. Horticulture. To propagate by means of the insertion of buds. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [verb (intransitive)] > graft

graff1483

imbranch1577

inoculate1601

graft1626

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xvii. xviii. 522 In all other parts of Greece, they make no doubt to inoculate [L. inoculare], and to graffe in that season.

1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ xii. 233 Now [sc. in June] begin to Inoculate, beware of cutting Trees, other than young shoots of this year.

1726 R. Bradley App. New Improvem. Planting & Gardening 27 To inoculate, is the same as to eneye, or to bud; and is nearly the same as the Ancients call'd Emplastration; only their Emplastration was cutting out a large Piece of the smooth Bark of a Tree with several Buds upon it.

†c. transitive. figurative and in figurative contexts. With in, on, into, etc. To insert or incorporate (a person or thing) into a system, situation, etc.; to impose (something) on another. Also: to insert or incorporate something into (an existing state of affairs). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > introduction or bringing in > introduce or bring something in [verb (transitive)] > implant

insowc1340

pitch1340

graffc1420

fixa1533

instincta1538

implanta1541

engraft1585

enrace1590

inoculate1604

place1621

haft1755

the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > insert or put in [verb (transitive)] > so as to unite > specific something immaterial

engraft1585

inoculate1604

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. i. 120 Vertue cannot so enoculat [1623 innocculate] our old stock, but we shall relish of it.

1605 S. Page Serm. preached at Funerall R. Leueson sig. B6 Then when the Romane Empire like a young budd of greatnesse, was first Inoculate in the ranckstocke of vndisciplin'd tymes.

1614 J. Budden in tr. P. Ayrault Disc. Parents Honour Ep. Ded. sig. A2^v A sonne, nay the eldest son, the first fruits of his strength, so faire a bud, to be stript from his naturall barke perforce, and inoculated in a stocke of a strange kind.

a1639 H. Wotton Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 342 Pompey had one very ignoble custome, to insert, or (as I may term it) to inoculate himself into other mens merits and praises.

1752 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 11 Nov. (1932) (modernized text) V. 1969 You have yet very little experience and knowledge of the world; now I wish to inoculate mine upon you.

a1797 H. Walpole Mem. George II (1847) I. vi. 188 The Pelhams..always inoculated private quarrels on affairs of state.

1820 Ld. Byron Let. 9 Mar. (1977) VII. 90 I think that it may be inoculated into the body of the letter with a little care—Consult—& and engraft it.

†2.

a. transitive. With to, into, with. To join or fix (a material thing) to something else. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > insert or put in [verb (transitive)] > so as to unite

imp1340

graff1377

engraffa1400

graft1562

complant1582

inoculate1615

engraft1793

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > fact or action of being connected or connecting > connect [verb (transitive)] > make continuous (with) > connect with continuity of substance

inoculate1615

inosculate1829

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια iii. xx. 158 The Mammarie descending veine..is vnder the right muscles of the Abdomen about the nauell inoculated by Anastomosis with the Epigastricke veine.

1647 J. Trapp Comm. Evangelists & Acts (Mark xiii. 1) Huge stones and so cunningly cemented, as it were inoculated, the one into the other.

1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) i. xxxvii. 82 The smallest Twigs of the Branches [of the arteries] are inoculated into the greater.

1694 R. Franck Northern Mem. 93 This is the Rock, and that which you see elevated in the Air, and inoculated to it, is an artificial Fabrick, invelop'd..in the very Breast of this prodigious Mountain.

b. intransitive. With into, with. Of a material thing: to become joined or grafted with something else; to combine. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > fact or action of being connected or connecting > be or become connected [verb (intransitive)] > form continuity of substance

continue1626

inoculate1646

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iii. xv. 142 Their Eggs in chaines or links together (which sometime conjoyne and inoculate into each other).

1720 W. Gibson Farriers New Guide i. iv. 47 The sixth Pair [of nerves] inoculate with the fifth.

a. transitive. Medicine. To introduce material from the pocks of smallpox or (later) cowpox into the skin of (a person), as a means of preventing a later severe attack of smallpox; to have (a person) treated in this way. In early use also: †to infect with (smallpox or cowpox) by this method (obsolete). Now historical.Cf. variolate v., vaccinate v. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > production of disease > make diseased [verb (transitive)] > inoculate

inoculate1714

invaccinate1880

1714 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 29 (contents) 51 A Letter from Emanuel Timone, Philos. & Med. D. in Univers. Oxon. & Patav. S.R.S. containing the Method of Inoculating the Small-Pox; practis'd with Success at Constantinople &c.

1722 London Gaz. No. 6045/8 A Child has been inoculated with the Matter.

1730 W. Douglass Diss. Inoculation Small-pox 14 We find that out of 72 or 73 persons inoculated by Mr. Boylston in Roxbury [Massachusetts], and the adjacent Country Towns, 5 to have died.

1775 S. Johnson Journey W. Islands 159 He has disarmed it [sc. small-pox] of its terrour at Muack, by inoculating eighty of his people.

1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 319 With the cow-pox matter were inoculated Mr. Darke's servant, Thomas Vick, about seventeen years of age, Mr. Colborne's three children.., and Mr. Colborne's servant.

1842 R. Dunglison Pract. Med. II. 620 The matter of modified smallpox, inserted under the cuticle of one who has neither been inoculated nor vaccinated, produces genuine smallpox.

1913 Hist. Inoculation & Vaccination (Burroughs Wellcome & Co.) ii. 36 About the same time [sc. 1721] Dr. Zabdiel Boylston inoculated one of his children and two of his negro servants.

2013 A. Mohun Risk ii. 45 In the frenzy of the epidemic he [sc. James Jurin] had inoculated people who were not good candidates for the treatment.

b. intransitive. Originally: to perform inoculation against smallpox with material from pocks (now historical). In later use: to perform inoculation for protection against other diseases or for various other purposes.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > immunoprophylaxis > immunize [verb (intransitive)] > inoculate or vaccinate

inoculate1722

vaccinate1800

vax2018

1722 I. Massey Short & Plain Acct. Inoculation 17 It may not like Bleeding fall into unskilful Hands, who for Money, and through Ignorance, will inoculate without Distinction.

1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 231 Dr. Jenner..ventured to inoculate with the matter of a putrid sore, with a view of determining if this also had the power of preserving from the contagion of the small-pox.

1849 Med. Times 29 Sept. 273/3 A surgeon at Marseilles proposes to inoculate for cholera.

1889 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 6 Dec. 36 He [sc. Pasteur] had been able to inoculate against the bacillus of anthrax.

1917 Official Bull. (U.S. Comm. Public Information) 16 Nov. 7/1 Enough of the double vaccine used to inoculate against both paratyphoids ‘A’ and ‘B’ has been sent out.

1923 K. J. Matheson & S. A. Hall Manuf. Camembert Cheese (U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. No. 1171) 11 French makers claim that it is not necessary to inoculate with the mold after it is once established.

1993 A. E. Marble Surgeons, Smallpox, & Poor v. 157 On 1 April 1791, Drs John Hoose, William Burns, and Johnn Perry of Shelburne were sent a circular letter ordering them to stop inoculating against smallpox.

2006 S. Warrick Way to make Wine 185 Vintners hoping for extra-buttery white wines inoculate with malolactic bacteria after the primary fermentation.

c. transitive. Medicine. More generally: to introduce infective material or (in later use) a modified preparation of an infective agent or toxin into (a person or animal), for protection against a disease. Cf. vaccinate v. 1b, immunize v. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > immunoprophylaxis > immunize [verb (transitive)] > inoculate or vaccinate

inoculate1759

vaccine1802

vaccinate1880

vax2006

1759 Philos. Trans. 1758 (Royal Soc.) 50 535 Mr. Bewley, a surgeon of reputation in Lincolnshire, inoculated three beasts two years old.., with mucus from the nostrils.

1759 F. Home Med. Facts & Exper. 270 A child of seven months old..was inoculated by the blood taken from a measly child two days before.

1866 J. Gamgee Cattle Plague 176 Ten bullocks were inoculated with nasal discharge, and three with the serum of blood.

1882 Jrnl. Sci. 4 438 If a cow is inoculated against anthrax during gestation, her calf obtains immunity against the disease.

1895 Med. Reporter 16 Sept. 175/2 When large numbers have been inoculated, cholera has, during the year, been particularly absent.

1916 W. S. Churchill Let. ?1 Feb. in W. S. Churchill & C. S. Churchill Speaking for Themselves (1999) vii. 166 I have been inoculated for tetanus, as I progged my hand showing how easy it was to climb barbed wire.

1953 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Oct. 831/2 Although I had had ambulatory typhoid in South Africa early in 1900, I had myself inoculated with the two doses then recommended.

2003 N.Y. Times Mag. 21 Dec. 22/3 There is a phenomenon known as herd immunity: if many people in a group are inoculated, all in the group..are much less likely to become ill.

2021 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 13 Jan. 2 In total 1,871,288 have been inoculated, the ministry said.

d. transitive. To introduce infective material or agents into (a living organism, wound, culture medium, etc.), esp. for experimental purposes. In later use also: to introduce beneficial microorganisms into (soil, seed, food products, etc.).

ΚΠ

1778 J. Vaughan Two Cases Hydrophobia 25 I was sorry afterwards I did not inoculate a dog with this saliva.

1801 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 5 85 Surgeons and nurses may by accident inoculate themselves with syphilis, in places appropriated for the reception of venereal patients.

1878 Pharmaceut. Jrnl. & Trans. 19 Jan. 573/2 Every drop with which I should inoculate glasses of boiled milk should, on average, contain one of the bacteria.

1886 H. M. Biggs tr. F. Hueppe Methods Bacteriol. Investig. iv. 171 It [sc. the nutrient solution] is then inoculated with a few drops of the mixture of bacteria to be tested.

1891 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 3rd Ser. 2 872 It is possible, however, to inoculate the soil by means of samples of earth obtained from a field where serradella has already been successfully sown.

1920 E. F. Smith Introd. Bacterial Dis. Plants ii. 112 In studying a particular disease, the student will..seek to inoculate those parts of the plant which naturally develop the disease.

1953 G. M. Briggs Approved Pract. Forage & Feed Production iii. 65 It is good insurance always to inoculate sweet clover seed before planting.

1995 J. I. Cooper Viruses & Environment (ed. 2) iii. 75 Characteristically, the ability of vectors to inoculate plants with these viruses diminishes in the absence of renewed opportunity to feed on virus-infected plants.

2000 P. F. Fox et al. Fund. Cheese Sci. x. 218/1 Several methods are used to inoculate the cheese with molds.

e. transitive. To introduce (infective material or agents) into a living organism, wound, culture medium, etc., esp. for experimental purposes. In later use also: to introduce (beneficial microorganisms) into soil, seed, food products, etc.

ΚΠ

1839 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 51 452 He inoculated matter taken from the vulvular chancres.

1892 Daily News 12 Sept. 2/6 A man with a scratch might inoculate the poisonous germ from contact with an infected animal.

1928 L. E. H. Whitby Med. Bacteriol. iii. 46 The loop or needle must be sterilized in the flame before being charged with the material to be inoculated.

1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xviii. 50/1 When bacteria are inoculated into a fresh fluid medium there is little or no increase in their number for a period.

1994 Earthkeeper Apr. 6/4 Tree seedlings inoculated with such fungi show dramatically higher growth rates.

2017 M. S. Cook Cultured Cook iii. 49 Depending on the type of cheese, different yeasts or other microbes are inoculated into the cheese to encourage their growth.

4. figurative.

a. transitive. To imbue (a person) with a feeling, opinion, habit, etc.; to instil a feeling, opinion, habit, etc., in (a person).

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > instilling ideas > instil ideas [verb (transitive)] > instil person with ideas

infecta1387

imbue1555

infuse1560

imbrue1565

instil1644

impregnate1652

inoculate1784

indoctrinate1832

brainwash1951

1784 G. Culley Let. 24 Oct. in M. Culley & G. Culley Trav. Jrnls. & Lett. (2002) 186 Infected with that kind of enthusiasm which perhaps its lucky we were inoculated with long ago.

1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller I. 102 My parents had tried in vain to inoculate me with wisdom.

1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey I. ii. vi. 128 I must not inoculate you with my bad spirits.

1913 Times 5 May 7/7 Time for all who are not inoculated with Anglomania to array themselves against the latest scheme of pro-Britishers to aid the land of their love.

1937 N. Coward Present Indicative ix. 377 Bushell and Guerrier, having firmly inoculated me with the naval bug, obtained permission from their captain..for us both to travel..with them.

1990 G. Will Suddenly i. iii. 8 MTV is currently inoculating America's young with..the emphatic, if vague, injunction to ‘save the planet’.

b. transitive. With against, from. To protect (a person or thing) from something; to make immune to the effects of something.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > protect or defend [verb (transitive)] > secure or protect

fence1435

munite1533

fortress1542

entrench1559

bulwark1610

antidote1630

retrench1705

vaccinate1809

inoculate1863

immunize1903

1863 Liverpool Mercury 13 Nov. 6/2 By getting up a discussion which is certain to produce a vast deal of bitterness and ill-will, the Imperial peacemaker hopes to inoculate Europe against war.

1938 E. B. White One Man's Meat (1982) 6 The chill, noisy immersion provided a brisk beginning for the day and inoculated me against indolence.

2002 Washington Post 18 Jan. (Home ed.) c8/1 You had to say no. And as long as you were humane, honest and firm, you're inoculated from blame.

2003 Art Rev. May 97/3 Successive Biennales seem to have inoculated Venice, its inhabitants and its innumerable tourists against the effects of contemporary art.

c. transitive. Computing. To protect (a computer, network, etc.) against a virus or other malware, by installing or updating appropriate security software.

ΚΠ

1988 Philadelphia Daily News 2 Mar. 29/4 A New Jersey company is offering to ‘inoculate’ computers against ‘viruses’, or rogue programs that are designed to spread from computer to computer and damage data the computers store.

1996 PC World Nov. 182/1 They inoculated PCs, LANs, and workstations—some 5300 computers—against the virus, and by Tuesday morning the problem was solved.

2017 C.S. Selfe Resources in Techn. Communications (e-book ed.) Both sites are dedicated to distributing information about computer viruses and how to inoculate computers.

5. transitive. Metallurgy. To add a small quantity of a substance to (molten metal, esp. iron, or a molten alloy) in order to produce a smaller grain size or otherwise improve the microstructure of the cast material.The added substance typically provides crystallization nuclei that allow the metal to solidify with the desired microstructure and properties.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > heat > melt > treat or inoculate molten metal

physic1876

inoculate1916

1916 [implied in: Pop. Sci. Monthly June 912 It seems as if metallurgy will create a new and vastly important branch for itself—the branch of producing inoculating material for metals, which shall change their temper and form swiftly. (at inoculating n. Compounds)].

1931 Proc. Inst. Brit. Foundrymen 23 96 Small grain-size and high density can be..achieved by ‘dosing’ or inoculating the alloy so that prior to the main solidification taking place the alloy contains numerous evenly and finely-dispersed nuclei to form centres of crystallisation.

1963 C. H. Samans Metallic Materials Engin. vi. 316 When it is desired to improve the structure of the cast iron and, consequently, its mechanical properties, the metal often is inoculated just before pouring.

2006 H. Fredriksson & U. Åkerlind Materials Processing during Casting vi. 152/2 It is important to inoculate a superheated melt before the solidification process starts.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2022; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	inoculate
释义	inoculatev. Brit. /ᵻˈnɒkjᵿleɪt/, U.S. /ᵻˈnɑkjəˌleɪt/ Forms: α. late Middle English enoculate, 1600s enoculat, 1600s enoculate. β. late Middle English– inoculate, 1500s–1600s inoculat (Scottish), 1600s–1700s innocculate. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin inoculāt-, inoculāre. Etymology: < classical Latin inoculāt-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of inoculāre to engraft, to implant < in- in- prefix³ + oculus eye, bud (see oculus n.).Compare French inoculer to vaccinate against smallpox (1723). With the α. forms compare en- prefix¹. 1. a. transitive. Horticulture. To propagate (a desirable kind of woody plant) by the insertion of one or more of its buds into the bark of a different kind of plant (the stock); to insert (a bud) for this purpose; to insert a bud into (a stock). Frequently with on, on to, or upon (specifying the stock). Cf. bud v.¹ 5. Now historical and rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > propagate [verb (transitive)] > a cutting: graft > graft by budding ineyec1420 inoculate?1440 inoculer?1440 implant1660 bud1663 bud-graft1930 tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) v. l. 123 Peches han their seson At May Kalendes hem tenoculate [L. inoculari]. tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iv. l. 465 (MED) In April figtreen inoculate [L. Inoculari] May best be. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry ii. f. 96^v You shall inoculate, or imbudde them in May, or April, y^e stocke being cut aloft, and many young buddes set in. 1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 269 A dextrous Hand inoculates [Fr. fait ecussoner] a Rose-tree Bud upon an Apple-Stock. 1767 J. Abercrombie Every Man his Own Gardener (ed. 2) 266 These young plants will in the second summer be fit to be inoculated. 1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 483/1 It is therefore found most advantageous to bud or inoculate them in the summer, when both scion and stock are in the state of equal vegetation. 2010 S. Bernofsky tr. J. Erpenbeck Visitation 3 He helps the farmers propagate their fruit trees in the spring, inoculating the wild stock with active buds around Midsummer's Day and dormant ones when the sap rises for the second time. †b. intransitive. Horticulture. To propagate by means of the insertion of buds. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [verb (intransitive)] > graft graff1483 imbranch1577 inoculate1601 graft1626 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xvii. xviii. 522 In all other parts of Greece, they make no doubt to inoculate [L. inoculare], and to graffe in that season. 1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ xii. 233 Now [sc. in June] begin to Inoculate, beware of cutting Trees, other than young shoots of this year. 1726 R. Bradley App. New Improvem. Planting & Gardening 27 To inoculate, is the same as to eneye, or to bud; and is nearly the same as the Ancients call'd Emplastration; only their Emplastration was cutting out a large Piece of the smooth Bark of a Tree with several Buds upon it. †c. transitive. figurative and in figurative contexts. With in, on, into, etc. To insert or incorporate (a person or thing) into a system, situation, etc.; to impose (something) on another. Also: to insert or incorporate something into (an existing state of affairs). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > introduction or bringing in > introduce or bring something in [verb (transitive)] > implant insowc1340 pitch1340 graffc1420 fixa1533 instincta1538 implanta1541 engraft1585 enrace1590 inoculate1604 place1621 haft1755 the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > insert or put in [verb (transitive)] > so as to unite > specific something immaterial engraft1585 inoculate1604 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. i. 120 Vertue cannot so enoculat [1623 innocculate] our old stock, but we shall relish of it. View more context for this quotation 1605 S. Page Serm. preached at Funerall R. Leueson sig. B6 Then when the Romane Empire like a young budd of greatnesse, was first Inoculate in the ranckstocke of vndisciplin'd tymes. 1614 J. Budden in tr. P. Ayrault Disc. Parents Honour Ep. Ded. sig. A2^v A sonne, nay the eldest son, the first fruits of his strength, so faire a bud, to be stript from his naturall barke perforce, and inoculated in a stocke of a strange kind. a1639 H. Wotton Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 342 Pompey had one very ignoble custome, to insert, or (as I may term it) to inoculate himself into other mens merits and praises. 1752 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 11 Nov. (1932) (modernized text) V. 1969 You have yet very little experience and knowledge of the world; now I wish to inoculate mine upon you. a1797 H. Walpole Mem. George II (1847) I. vi. 188 The Pelhams..always inoculated private quarrels on affairs of state. 1820 Ld. Byron Let. 9 Mar. (1977) VII. 90 I think that it may be inoculated into the body of the letter with a little care—Consult—& and engraft it. †2. a. transitive. With to, into, with. To join or fix (a material thing) to something else. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > insert or put in [verb (transitive)] > so as to unite imp1340 graff1377 engraffa1400 graft1562 complant1582 inoculate1615 engraft1793 the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > fact or action of being connected or connecting > connect [verb (transitive)] > make continuous (with) > connect with continuity of substance inoculate1615 inosculate1829 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια iii. xx. 158 The Mammarie descending veine..is vnder the right muscles of the Abdomen about the nauell inoculated by Anastomosis with the Epigastricke veine. 1647 J. Trapp Comm. Evangelists & Acts (Mark xiii. 1) Huge stones and so cunningly cemented, as it were inoculated, the one into the other. 1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) i. xxxvii. 82 The smallest Twigs of the Branches [of the arteries] are inoculated into the greater. 1694 R. Franck Northern Mem. 93 This is the Rock, and that which you see elevated in the Air, and inoculated to it, is an artificial Fabrick, invelop'd..in the very Breast of this prodigious Mountain. b. intransitive. With into, with. Of a material thing: to become joined or grafted with something else; to combine. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > fact or action of being connected or connecting > be or become connected [verb (intransitive)] > form continuity of substance continue1626 inoculate1646 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iii. xv. 142 Their Eggs in chaines or links together (which sometime conjoyne and inoculate into each other). View more context for this quotation 1720 W. Gibson Farriers New Guide i. iv. 47 The sixth Pair [of nerves] inoculate with the fifth. 3. a. transitive. Medicine. To introduce material from the pocks of smallpox or (later) cowpox into the skin of (a person), as a means of preventing a later severe attack of smallpox; to have (a person) treated in this way. In early use also: †to infect with (smallpox or cowpox) by this method (obsolete). Now historical.Cf. variolate v., vaccinate v. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > production of disease > make diseased [verb (transitive)] > inoculate inoculate1714 invaccinate1880 1714 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 29 (contents) 51 A Letter from Emanuel Timone, Philos. & Med. D. in Univers. Oxon. & Patav. S.R.S. containing the Method of Inoculating the Small-Pox; practis'd with Success at Constantinople &c. 1722 London Gaz. No. 6045/8 A Child has been inoculated with the Matter. 1730 W. Douglass Diss. Inoculation Small-pox 14 We find that out of 72 or 73 persons inoculated by Mr. Boylston in Roxbury [Massachusetts], and the adjacent Country Towns, 5 to have died. 1775 S. Johnson Journey W. Islands 159 He has disarmed it [sc. small-pox] of its terrour at Muack, by inoculating eighty of his people. 1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 319 With the cow-pox matter were inoculated Mr. Darke's servant, Thomas Vick, about seventeen years of age, Mr. Colborne's three children.., and Mr. Colborne's servant. 1842 R. Dunglison Pract. Med. II. 620 The matter of modified smallpox, inserted under the cuticle of one who has neither been inoculated nor vaccinated, produces genuine smallpox. 1913 Hist. Inoculation & Vaccination (Burroughs Wellcome & Co.) ii. 36 About the same time [sc. 1721] Dr. Zabdiel Boylston inoculated one of his children and two of his negro servants. 2013 A. Mohun Risk ii. 45 In the frenzy of the epidemic he [sc. James Jurin] had inoculated people who were not good candidates for the treatment. b. intransitive. Originally: to perform inoculation against smallpox with material from pocks (now historical). In later use: to perform inoculation for protection against other diseases or for various other purposes. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > immunoprophylaxis > immunize [verb (intransitive)] > inoculate or vaccinate inoculate1722 vaccinate1800 vax2018 1722 I. Massey Short & Plain Acct. Inoculation 17 It may not like Bleeding fall into unskilful Hands, who for Money, and through Ignorance, will inoculate without Distinction. 1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 231 Dr. Jenner..ventured to inoculate with the matter of a putrid sore, with a view of determining if this also had the power of preserving from the contagion of the small-pox. 1849 Med. Times 29 Sept. 273/3 A surgeon at Marseilles proposes to inoculate for cholera. 1889 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 6 Dec. 36 He [sc. Pasteur] had been able to inoculate against the bacillus of anthrax. 1917 Official Bull. (U.S. Comm. Public Information) 16 Nov. 7/1 Enough of the double vaccine used to inoculate against both paratyphoids ‘A’ and ‘B’ has been sent out. 1923 K. J. Matheson & S. A. Hall Manuf. Camembert Cheese (U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. No. 1171) 11 French makers claim that it is not necessary to inoculate with the mold after it is once established. 1993 A. E. Marble Surgeons, Smallpox, & Poor v. 157 On 1 April 1791, Drs John Hoose, William Burns, and Johnn Perry of Shelburne were sent a circular letter ordering them to stop inoculating against smallpox. 2006 S. Warrick Way to make Wine 185 Vintners hoping for extra-buttery white wines inoculate with malolactic bacteria after the primary fermentation. c. transitive. Medicine. More generally: to introduce infective material or (in later use) a modified preparation of an infective agent or toxin into (a person or animal), for protection against a disease. Cf. vaccinate v. 1b, immunize v. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > immunoprophylaxis > immunize [verb (transitive)] > inoculate or vaccinate inoculate1759 vaccine1802 vaccinate1880 vax2006 1759 Philos. Trans. 1758 (Royal Soc.) 50 535 Mr. Bewley, a surgeon of reputation in Lincolnshire, inoculated three beasts two years old.., with mucus from the nostrils. 1759 F. Home Med. Facts & Exper. 270 A child of seven months old..was inoculated by the blood taken from a measly child two days before. 1866 J. Gamgee Cattle Plague 176 Ten bullocks were inoculated with nasal discharge, and three with the serum of blood. 1882 Jrnl. Sci. 4 438 If a cow is inoculated against anthrax during gestation, her calf obtains immunity against the disease. 1895 Med. Reporter 16 Sept. 175/2 When large numbers have been inoculated, cholera has, during the year, been particularly absent. 1916 W. S. Churchill Let. ?1 Feb. in W. S. Churchill & C. S. Churchill Speaking for Themselves (1999) vii. 166 I have been inoculated for tetanus, as I progged my hand showing how easy it was to climb barbed wire. 1953 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Oct. 831/2 Although I had had ambulatory typhoid in South Africa early in 1900, I had myself inoculated with the two doses then recommended. 2003 N.Y. Times Mag. 21 Dec. 22/3 There is a phenomenon known as herd immunity: if many people in a group are inoculated, all in the group..are much less likely to become ill. 2021 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 13 Jan. 2 In total 1,871,288 have been inoculated, the ministry said. d. transitive. To introduce infective material or agents into (a living organism, wound, culture medium, etc.), esp. for experimental purposes. In later use also: to introduce beneficial microorganisms into (soil, seed, food products, etc.). ΚΠ 1778 J. Vaughan Two Cases Hydrophobia 25 I was sorry afterwards I did not inoculate a dog with this saliva. 1801 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 5 85 Surgeons and nurses may by accident inoculate themselves with syphilis, in places appropriated for the reception of venereal patients. 1878 Pharmaceut. Jrnl. & Trans. 19 Jan. 573/2 Every drop with which I should inoculate glasses of boiled milk should, on average, contain one of the bacteria. 1886 H. M. Biggs tr. F. Hueppe Methods Bacteriol. Investig. iv. 171 It [sc. the nutrient solution] is then inoculated with a few drops of the mixture of bacteria to be tested. 1891 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 3rd Ser. 2 872 It is possible, however, to inoculate the soil by means of samples of earth obtained from a field where serradella has already been successfully sown. 1920 E. F. Smith Introd. Bacterial Dis. Plants ii. 112 In studying a particular disease, the student will..seek to inoculate those parts of the plant which naturally develop the disease. 1953 G. M. Briggs Approved Pract. Forage & Feed Production iii. 65 It is good insurance always to inoculate sweet clover seed before planting. 1995 J. I. Cooper Viruses & Environment (ed. 2) iii. 75 Characteristically, the ability of vectors to inoculate plants with these viruses diminishes in the absence of renewed opportunity to feed on virus-infected plants. 2000 P. F. Fox et al. Fund. Cheese Sci. x. 218/1 Several methods are used to inoculate the cheese with molds. e. transitive. To introduce (infective material or agents) into a living organism, wound, culture medium, etc., esp. for experimental purposes. In later use also: to introduce (beneficial microorganisms) into soil, seed, food products, etc. ΚΠ 1839 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 51 452 He inoculated matter taken from the vulvular chancres. 1892 Daily News 12 Sept. 2/6 A man with a scratch might inoculate the poisonous germ from contact with an infected animal. 1928 L. E. H. Whitby Med. Bacteriol. iii. 46 The loop or needle must be sterilized in the flame before being charged with the material to be inoculated. 1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xviii. 50/1 When bacteria are inoculated into a fresh fluid medium there is little or no increase in their number for a period. 1994 Earthkeeper Apr. 6/4 Tree seedlings inoculated with such fungi show dramatically higher growth rates. 2017 M. S. Cook Cultured Cook iii. 49 Depending on the type of cheese, different yeasts or other microbes are inoculated into the cheese to encourage their growth. 4. figurative. a. transitive. To imbue (a person) with a feeling, opinion, habit, etc.; to instil a feeling, opinion, habit, etc., in (a person). ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > instilling ideas > instil ideas [verb (transitive)] > instil person with ideas infecta1387 imbue1555 infuse1560 imbrue1565 instil1644 impregnate1652 inoculate1784 indoctrinate1832 brainwash1951 1784 G. Culley Let. 24 Oct. in M. Culley & G. Culley Trav. Jrnls. & Lett. (2002) 186 Infected with that kind of enthusiasm which perhaps its lucky we were inoculated with long ago. 1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller I. 102 My parents had tried in vain to inoculate me with wisdom. 1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey I. ii. vi. 128 I must not inoculate you with my bad spirits. 1913 Times 5 May 7/7 Time for all who are not inoculated with Anglomania to array themselves against the latest scheme of pro-Britishers to aid the land of their love. 1937 N. Coward Present Indicative ix. 377 Bushell and Guerrier, having firmly inoculated me with the naval bug, obtained permission from their captain..for us both to travel..with them. 1990 G. Will Suddenly i. iii. 8 MTV is currently inoculating America's young with..the emphatic, if vague, injunction to ‘save the planet’. b. transitive. With against, from. To protect (a person or thing) from something; to make immune to the effects of something. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > protect or defend [verb (transitive)] > secure or protect fence1435 munite1533 fortress1542 entrench1559 bulwark1610 antidote1630 retrench1705 vaccinate1809 inoculate1863 immunize1903 1863 Liverpool Mercury 13 Nov. 6/2 By getting up a discussion which is certain to produce a vast deal of bitterness and ill-will, the Imperial peacemaker hopes to inoculate Europe against war. 1938 E. B. White One Man's Meat (1982) 6 The chill, noisy immersion provided a brisk beginning for the day and inoculated me against indolence. 2002 Washington Post 18 Jan. (Home ed.) c8/1 You had to say no. And as long as you were humane, honest and firm, you're inoculated from blame. 2003 Art Rev. May 97/3 Successive Biennales seem to have inoculated Venice, its inhabitants and its innumerable tourists against the effects of contemporary art. c. transitive. Computing. To protect (a computer, network, etc.) against a virus or other malware, by installing or updating appropriate security software. ΚΠ 1988 Philadelphia Daily News 2 Mar. 29/4 A New Jersey company is offering to ‘inoculate’ computers against ‘viruses’, or rogue programs that are designed to spread from computer to computer and damage data the computers store. 1996 PC World Nov. 182/1 They inoculated PCs, LANs, and workstations—some 5300 computers—against the virus, and by Tuesday morning the problem was solved. 2017 C.S. Selfe Resources in Techn. Communications (e-book ed.) Both sites are dedicated to distributing information about computer viruses and how to inoculate computers. 5. transitive. Metallurgy. To add a small quantity of a substance to (molten metal, esp. iron, or a molten alloy) in order to produce a smaller grain size or otherwise improve the microstructure of the cast material.The added substance typically provides crystallization nuclei that allow the metal to solidify with the desired microstructure and properties. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > heat > melt > treat or inoculate molten metal physic1876 inoculate1916 1916 [implied in: Pop. Sci. Monthly June 912 It seems as if metallurgy will create a new and vastly important branch for itself—the branch of producing inoculating material for metals, which shall change their temper and form swiftly. (at inoculating n. Compounds)]. 1931 Proc. Inst. Brit. Foundrymen 23 96 Small grain-size and high density can be..achieved by ‘dosing’ or inoculating the alloy so that prior to the main solidification taking place the alloy contains numerous evenly and finely-dispersed nuclei to form centres of crystallisation. 1963 C. H. Samans Metallic Materials Engin. vi. 316 When it is desired to improve the structure of the cast iron and, consequently, its mechanical properties, the metal often is inoculated just before pouring. 2006 H. Fredriksson & U. Åkerlind Materials Processing during Casting vi. 152/2 It is important to inoculate a superheated melt before the solidification process starts. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2022; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < v.?1440
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