indurateadj.

/ˈɪndjʊrət/

Forms: Also Middle English–1500s en-.

Etymology: < Latin indūrātus, past participle of indūrāre to make hard, < in- (in- prefix³) + dūrus hard: see endure v. Formerly stressed inˈdurate.

Now rare.

1. Of things: Made hard, hardened. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > [adjective] > hardened

yharded1297

hardeneda1425

hardedc1425

starkeda1500

enharded1523

indurate1531

stonied1590

over-hardened1612

obdured1619

immarbled1641

stockfished1654

obdurate1743

hard-set?1781

1531 W. Tyndale Answere Mores Dialoge f. vi^v As the nature of those hard & indurat adamand stones is, to draw all to them.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 273 Haddockes or hakes indurate and dryed with coulde.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 435 A little aboue the hooues..there are indurate and hardned thicke skins.

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. v. i. vi. 480 Auoide at all times indurate salt,..meat.

1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 315 Beta..Calyx urceolate, base indurate in fruit.

a. Of persons, their character, feelings, etc.: Morally hardened, rendered callous; also, fixed in determination, stubborn, obstinate. Now rare.Often of the heart, referring to the phrase induratum est cor Pharaonis (Pharaoh's heart was hardened) in the Vulgate (Exodus vii. 13, 22).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted

hard hearteOE

steelena1000

hardOE

hard-heartedc1225

stony?c1230

yhert1340

dure1412

hardedc1425

induratec1425

stonishc1450

hardenedc1480

steely1508

flinty1536

endured1540

stiff-stomached1540

heartless1556

indured1558

flint-hearted1560

iron1561

marble1565

stone-hearted?1569

stony-hearted1569

iron-hearted1570

steel-hearted1571

rocky?1578

brawned1582

flinted1582

padded1583

obdure?1590

brawny1596

flintful1596

flint-heart1596

steeled1600

cauterized1603

indurated1604

flinty-hearted1629

ahenean1630

dedolent1633

brawny-hearteda1639

hard-grained1643

callous1647

upsitten1682

seared1684

petrified1720

calloused1746

coreless1813

pebble-hearted1816

hard-shelled1848

hard-plucked1857

steel trap1921

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > obdurate

hardOE

induratec1425

hardenedc1480

obdureda1500

indured1558

obdurate1590

obfirmed1597

indurated1604

obduratious1672

case-hardened1836

c1425 Orolog. Sapient. vii, in Anglia X. 388/24 To hem þat haue her vndirstondynge blyndet, and hir affeccyon indurate & hardnet.

1426 J. Lydgate tr. G. de Guileville Pilgrimage Life Man 4070 Hertys that be obstynat With synnes olde, ek indurat, And fulfyllyd with vnclennesse.

1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 497 b Whereby we are taught to eschew the company of endurate heretyques after once or twise admonition.

1598 S. Rowlands Betraying of Christ sig. C My heart's indurate, hardned, vnrelenting.

1667 Omnia Comesta a Belo 14 They are as indurat as Pharaoh.

1855 Fraser's Mag. 51 170 Nothing but indurate cynicism..can account for it.

†b. Physically hardened; rendered hardy or capable of enduring hardships. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > capable of endurance

sufferable1481

indurate1555

1555 R. Eden Disc. Vyages Butrigarius & Cabote in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 253 They are indurate to abyde coulde, hunger, and laboure.

†c. figurative. Of conditions and the like. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli Secretes Alexis of Piemount (1568) 24 b If the griefe be so indurate and hardened that it will not be healed by the aforesaid remedies.

1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth iii. 26 To ease the indurate passion of the spleene.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

induratev.

/ˈɪndjʊreɪt/

Etymology: < Latin indūrāt-, participial stem of indūrāre : see indurate adj. Formerly stressed inˈdurate.

a. transitive. To make (a substance) hard; to harden.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > make hard [verb (transitive)]

hardenc1175

forharda1325

enharden1502

forharden1571

roche1582

obdurate1583

indurate1594

obdure1624

1594 H. Plat Diuerse Sorts of Soyle 23 in Jewell House Which water..doth indurate and congeale it self with such things as doo happen to bee mixed with it.

1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 4/1 The same syde and the stomacke beginne to be induratede and harde.

1676 J. Evelyn Philos. Disc. Earth 44 Divers Waters, not only indurate and petrifie other substances [etc.].

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) (at cited word) The Sun indurates Clay.

1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh iv. 148 The very heat of burning youth applied To indurate forms and systems!

1865 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire (new ed.) VIII. lxiii. 28 The deep alluvial soil of the Danubian Valley was indurated by frost.

b. To make hardy; to inure.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > strengthening > make strong [verb (transitive)] > make robust

harden?1532

induratec1575

toughen1582

endure1596

stouten1834

the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > do habitually [verb (transitive)] > accustom (a person) > inveterate

hardena1425

stew1604

flesh1661

inveterate1835

indurate1879

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > make emotionally unfeeling [verb (transitive)]

insensate1621

dispassiona1631

dispassionate1658

stolidify1827

indurate1890

c1575 J. Hooker Life Sir P. Carew in Archaeologia (1840) 28 148 Yf fortytude..doe also indurate the bodye to abyde all labors.

1879 A. W. Tourgée Fool's Errand xx. 114 They [slaves] had been indurated to want, exposure and toil.

1890 Spectator 4 Jan. They are hardier and more indurated against the indifference or ridicule of the world.

2. To harden (the heart, etc.); to render callous or unfeeling; to make stubborn or obstinate.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > make emotionally unfeeling [verb (transitive)] > make hard or callous

hardc1325

hardenc1350

engrege1382

endurec1384

indurec1450

indurate1538

obduratea1540

brawn1571

hard heart1581

sear1582

cauterize1587

myrmidonize1593

obdure1598

Gorgonize1609

stonea1616

petrifya1631

petrificate1647

roborate1652

case-harden1687

ossify1803

hard-boil1929

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > make obstinate or stubborn [verb (transitive)] > make obdurate

hard1340

hardena1425

indurec1450

indurate1538

obduratea1540

1538 H. Latimer Let. 18 May in Serm. & Remains (1845) (modernized text) II. 392 More like to indurate than to mollify.

1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft xiii. xviii. 314 God indeed performed the other actions, to indurate Pharao.

1635 R. Brathwait tr. M. Silesio Arcadian Princesse 118 Sharp doomes indurate natures most relenting.

1801 H. M. Williams Sketches Manners French Republic I. ii. 13 It is the curse of revolutionary calamities to indurate the heart.

1891 F. W. Farrar Darkness & Dawn I. xxxii. 318 That such a spectacle..should indurate still further the callosity of hardened hearts.

a. intransitive. Of things: To become or grow hard.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > become hard [verb (intransitive)]

hardeOE

hardenc1350

obdure1609

indurate1626

obdurate1659

accrust1881

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §796 This sheweth that Bodies doe..by the Coldnesse of the Quick-siluer, Indurate.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. v. 91 That plants and ligneous bodies may indurate under water..we have experiment in Coralline.

1804 J. Abernethy Surg. Observ. 149 The disposition [of the sore] to indurate is greater.

1833 E. Bulwer-Lytton Godolphin I. xxi. 260 The drops that trickle within the cavern harden, yet brighten into spars as they indurate.

1898 J. Hutchinson Archives Surg. IX. 113 The one begins by an ulcer which indurates, the other begins by an induration which ulcerates.

b. Of a custom: To become fixed or inveterate.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [verb (intransitive)] > of custom: become fixed

indurate1865

1865 E. B. Pusey Eirenicon 30 (tr. from Latin) And now, through custom, or, rather, corruption, it has indurated, that a mass..is bought and sold by a blind people and by wicked simoniacal priests.

1881 Times 10 Feb. 9/5 The prescription will soon grow, and begin to indurate.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2018).

单词	indurate
释义	indurateadj. /ˈɪndjʊrət/ Forms: Also Middle English–1500s en-. Etymology: < Latin indūrātus, past participle of indūrāre to make hard, < in- (in- prefix³) + dūrus hard: see endure v. Formerly stressed inˈdurate. Now rare. 1. Of things: Made hard, hardened. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > [adjective] > hardened yharded1297 hardeneda1425 hardedc1425 starkeda1500 enharded1523 indurate1531 stonied1590 over-hardened1612 obdured1619 immarbled1641 stockfished1654 obdurate1743 hard-set?1781 1531 W. Tyndale Answere Mores Dialoge f. vi^v As the nature of those hard & indurat adamand stones is, to draw all to them. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 273 Haddockes or hakes indurate and dryed with coulde. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 435 A little aboue the hooues..there are indurate and hardned thicke skins. 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. v. i. vi. 480 Auoide at all times indurate salt,..meat. 1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 315 Beta..Calyx urceolate, base indurate in fruit. 2. a. Of persons, their character, feelings, etc.: Morally hardened, rendered callous; also, fixed in determination, stubborn, obstinate. Now rare.Often of the heart, referring to the phrase induratum est cor Pharaonis (Pharaoh's heart was hardened) in the Vulgate (Exodus vii. 13, 22). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted hard hearteOE steelena1000 hardOE hard-heartedc1225 stony?c1230 yhert1340 dure1412 hardedc1425 induratec1425 stonishc1450 hardenedc1480 steely1508 flinty1536 endured1540 stiff-stomached1540 heartless1556 indured1558 flint-hearted1560 iron1561 marble1565 stone-hearted?1569 stony-hearted1569 iron-hearted1570 steel-hearted1571 rocky?1578 brawned1582 flinted1582 padded1583 obdure?1590 brawny1596 flintful1596 flint-heart1596 steeled1600 cauterized1603 indurated1604 flinty-hearted1629 ahenean1630 dedolent1633 brawny-hearteda1639 hard-grained1643 callous1647 upsitten1682 seared1684 petrified1720 calloused1746 coreless1813 pebble-hearted1816 hard-shelled1848 hard-plucked1857 steel trap1921 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > obdurate hardOE induratec1425 hardenedc1480 obdureda1500 indured1558 obdurate1590 obfirmed1597 indurated1604 obduratious1672 case-hardened1836 c1425 Orolog. Sapient. vii, in Anglia X. 388/24 To hem þat haue her vndirstondynge blyndet, and hir affeccyon indurate & hardnet. 1426 J. Lydgate tr. G. de Guileville Pilgrimage Life Man 4070 Hertys that be obstynat With synnes olde, ek indurat, And fulfyllyd with vnclennesse. 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 497 b Whereby we are taught to eschew the company of endurate heretyques after once or twise admonition. 1598 S. Rowlands Betraying of Christ sig. C My heart's indurate, hardned, vnrelenting. 1667 Omnia Comesta a Belo 14 They are as indurat as Pharaoh. 1855 Fraser's Mag. 51 170 Nothing but indurate cynicism..can account for it. †b. Physically hardened; rendered hardy or capable of enduring hardships. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > capable of endurance sufferable1481 indurate1555 1555 R. Eden Disc. Vyages Butrigarius & Cabote in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 253 They are indurate to abyde coulde, hunger, and laboure. †c. figurative. Of conditions and the like. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli Secretes Alexis of Piemount (1568) 24 b If the griefe be so indurate and hardened that it will not be healed by the aforesaid remedies. 1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth iii. 26 To ease the indurate passion of the spleene. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online December 2020). induratev. /ˈɪndjʊreɪt/ Etymology: < Latin indūrāt-, participial stem of indūrāre : see indurate adj. Formerly stressed inˈdurate. 1. a. transitive. To make (a substance) hard; to harden. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > make hard [verb (transitive)] hardenc1175 forharda1325 enharden1502 forharden1571 roche1582 obdurate1583 indurate1594 obdure1624 1594 H. Plat Diuerse Sorts of Soyle 23 in Jewell House Which water..doth indurate and congeale it self with such things as doo happen to bee mixed with it. 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 4/1 The same syde and the stomacke beginne to be induratede and harde. 1676 J. Evelyn Philos. Disc. Earth 44 Divers Waters, not only indurate and petrifie other substances [etc.]. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) (at cited word) The Sun indurates Clay. 1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh iv. 148 The very heat of burning youth applied To indurate forms and systems! 1865 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire (new ed.) VIII. lxiii. 28 The deep alluvial soil of the Danubian Valley was indurated by frost. b. To make hardy; to inure. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > strengthening > make strong [verb (transitive)] > make robust harden?1532 induratec1575 toughen1582 endure1596 stouten1834 the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > do habitually [verb (transitive)] > accustom (a person) > inveterate hardena1425 stew1604 flesh1661 inveterate1835 indurate1879 the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > make emotionally unfeeling [verb (transitive)] insensate1621 dispassiona1631 dispassionate1658 stolidify1827 indurate1890 c1575 J. Hooker Life Sir P. Carew in Archaeologia (1840) 28 148 Yf fortytude..doe also indurate the bodye to abyde all labors. 1879 A. W. Tourgée Fool's Errand xx. 114 They [slaves] had been indurated to want, exposure and toil. 1890 Spectator 4 Jan. They are hardier and more indurated against the indifference or ridicule of the world. 2. To harden (the heart, etc.); to render callous or unfeeling; to make stubborn or obstinate. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > make emotionally unfeeling [verb (transitive)] > make hard or callous hardc1325 hardenc1350 engrege1382 endurec1384 indurec1450 indurate1538 obduratea1540 brawn1571 hard heart1581 sear1582 cauterize1587 myrmidonize1593 obdure1598 Gorgonize1609 stonea1616 petrifya1631 petrificate1647 roborate1652 case-harden1687 ossify1803 hard-boil1929 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > make obstinate or stubborn [verb (transitive)] > make obdurate hard1340 hardena1425 indurec1450 indurate1538 obduratea1540 1538 H. Latimer Let. 18 May in Serm. & Remains (1845) (modernized text) II. 392 More like to indurate than to mollify. 1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft xiii. xviii. 314 God indeed performed the other actions, to indurate Pharao. 1635 R. Brathwait tr. M. Silesio Arcadian Princesse 118 Sharp doomes indurate natures most relenting. 1801 H. M. Williams Sketches Manners French Republic I. ii. 13 It is the curse of revolutionary calamities to indurate the heart. 1891 F. W. Farrar Darkness & Dawn I. xxxii. 318 That such a spectacle..should indurate still further the callosity of hardened hearts. 3. a. intransitive. Of things: To become or grow hard. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > become hard [verb (intransitive)] hardeOE hardenc1350 obdure1609 indurate1626 obdurate1659 accrust1881 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §796 This sheweth that Bodies doe..by the Coldnesse of the Quick-siluer, Indurate. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. v. 91 That plants and ligneous bodies may indurate under water..we have experiment in Coralline. View more context for this quotation 1804 J. Abernethy Surg. Observ. 149 The disposition [of the sore] to indurate is greater. 1833 E. Bulwer-Lytton Godolphin I. xxi. 260 The drops that trickle within the cavern harden, yet brighten into spars as they indurate. 1898 J. Hutchinson Archives Surg. IX. 113 The one begins by an ulcer which indurates, the other begins by an induration which ulcerates. b. Of a custom: To become fixed or inveterate. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [verb (intransitive)] > of custom: become fixed indurate1865 1865 E. B. Pusey Eirenicon 30 (tr. from Latin) And now, through custom, or, rather, corruption, it has indurated, that a mass..is bought and sold by a blind people and by wicked simoniacal priests. 1881 Times 10 Feb. 9/5 The prescription will soon grow, and begin to indurate. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2018). < adj.c1425v.1538
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