indirectadj.

1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iv. ii. 167 The quene foloweth..to a place indirect in the maner of a rook in to the black poynt to fore the phisicien [ Cessoles (ed. 1505, h 1): Ad locum indirectum ad modum Rochi in quadro nigro ante medicum].

1595 C. Middleton Short Introd. for to learne to Swimme 8 Unorderly labouring in the water, they by the indirect mooving of their bodyes pull downe themselves.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 iv. iii. 313 God knowes..By what by-paths, and indirect crookt waies, I met this crowne. View more context for this quotation

1638 J. Suckling Aglaura i. 4 The indirect way's the nearest.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 631 O pittie and shame, that they..should turn aside to tread Paths indirect, or in the mid way faint! View more context for this quotation

1763 C. Churchill Ghost iv. 158 By ways oblique and indirect.

1570 Act 13 Eliz. c. 20 §1 Livings..may not by corrupt and indirect Dealings be transferred to other Uses.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. iii. 111 Did you by indirect and forced courses, Subdue and poison this young maides affections? View more context for this quotation

1655 W. Gouge & T. Gouge Learned Comm. Hebrewes (xiii. 5) iv. 40 Whatsoever is by force or fraud, by stealing, lying, or any other indirect course gotten, is an effect of covetousnesse.

1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Indirect, said of a thing done by ill Practice, or under-hand Dealing, or by foul means, contrary to Law and Custom.

1708 London Gaz. No. 4422/7 One of Her Majesty's..Secretaries of State receiv'd a Letter..promising discovery of several indirect Practices.

1716 A. Pope Full Acct. E. Curll 4 I do sincerely pray Forgiveness for those indirect Methods I have pursued in inventing new Titles to old Books, putting Authors Names to Things they never saw [etc.].

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iv. iii. 105 His title, the which we find Too indirect for long continuance. View more context for this quotation

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 474/1 In the Australian tribal organization of two phratries, four subphratries, and totem clans, there occurs a peculiar form of descent... The children are born into the subphratry neither of their father nor of their mother, and that descent in such cases is either female or male, according as the subphratry into which the children are born is the companion subphratry of their mother's or of their father's subphratry. In the former case we have what may be called indirect female descent; in the latter, indirect male descent... Descent..is direct in the phratry, indirect in the subphratry.

1925 Gloss. Terms Illum. & Photom. (B.S.I.) 8 Indirect lighting, a system of lighting in which the greater part of the luminous flux reaches the area to be illuminated only after reflection from a ceiling or other object external to the fitting.

1933 Archit. Rev. 74 214 Indirect lighting is housed in a specially designed reflector abutting against a mirror which reflects and doubles it.

1969 Bodl. Libr. Rec. VIII. 117 This lighting is not only sufficient for reading, but is diffused to give adequate indirect lighting to the immediate surroundings.

1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft ii. iii. 24 All maner of waies are to be vsed, direct and indirect.

1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. Introd. Pref. sig. b2^v To condemn Figurative and Indirect ways of conveying ev'n Serious and Sacred matters, is to forget How often Christ himself made use of Parables.

1720 D. Waterland 8 Serm. Divinity of Christ 237 The implicite or indirect proofs I shall but briefly mention.

1783 R. Watson Hist. Philip II (1793) I. iii. 381 To agree to such an indirect form of expression, as might not alarm the pride..of the Spaniards.

1824 T. Starkie Pract. Treat. Law of Evidence I. iii. 478 These positions lead immediately to an inquiry into the nature and force of indirect or circumstantial evidence.

1833 T. Starkie Pract. Treat. Law Evid. (ed. 2) I. 17 Indirect or inferential evidence, where an inference is made as to the truth of the disputed fact, not by means of the actual knowledge which any witness had of the fact, but from collateral facts ascertained by competent means.

1865 E. B. Tylor Res. Early Hist. Mankind i. 4 The place of direct records has to be supplied, in great measure, by indirect evidence.

1922 F. D. Lugard Dual Mandate Brit. Trop. Afr. x. 199 The Governor of the Gold Coast..observed: ‘The chiefs are keenly appreciative of our policy of indirect rule, and of the full powers they retain under their native institutions.’

1928 F. D. Lugard (title) Representative forms of government and ‘indirect rule’ in British Africa.

1928 F. D. Lugard 19 I propose in this chapter to discuss..‘Indirect Rule’—though ‘Dependent Rule’ would seem a more suitable term,—more especially in..the conditions of tropical Africa.

1931 Economist 28 Mar. 667/2 He [sc. Sir Donald Cameron]..submitted that this dream would be shattered if the policy, inaugurated in Tanganyika in 1925, of developing that territory on the lines of indirect rule by the mandatory and direct economic production by the natives were allowed to develop.

1939 H. Nicolson Diary 20 July (1966) 406 The Ambassador is..so interested in convincing them how right is the Soviet definition of ‘indirect aggression’ that he forgets to offer them any tea.

1940 B. Ward Russian Foreign Policy 28 Mutual guarantees, the definition of indirect aggression—all these were trivial points compared with the principal obstacle, the Polish guarantee.

1957 P. Worsley Trumpet shall Sound 261 This became particularly urgent, when..the growing inadequacy of direct methods of rule..brought about the introduction of Indirect Rule in many territories.

1958 Hansard Commons 16 July 1245 The question is one of perverting nationalist feelings and perverting those who wish to overthrow the established order of society so that they serve to further indirect aggression.

1958 Listener 7 Aug. 185/1 Much has been said about President Nasser's propaganda machine, which has given rise to a new term, ‘indirect aggression’, which in Western eyes, it seems, may now be held as justification for military intervention.

1958 Spectator 8 Aug. 184/3 Nor was this member of the Baghdad Pact the only indirect aggressor against France.

1959 Earl Jowitt & C. Walsh Dict. Eng. Law II. 960/1 Indirect evidence, proof of collateral circumstances from which a fact in controversy, not directly attested by witnesses or documents, may be inferred.

1959 Spectator 21 Aug. 236/2 The invention of ‘indirect rule’, the system of governing a territory by allowing the existing tribal authorities to continue to administer tribal law under the restraint of a British Resident.

1962 Listener 18 Oct. 593/2 The legacy of Britain's policy of indirect rule in this Region of Nigeria is clearly visible in the comparatively static nature of these societies.

1671 J. Newton Introd. Art Logick ii. iv. 100 Indirect reduction, or reduction by bringing the adversary to some absurdity hath play only in these two Moods.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Indirect Modes, of Syllogisms in Logic, are the five last Modes of the first Figure... 'Tis the Conversion of the Conclusion which renders the Modes indirect.

1828 R. Whately Rhetoric i. ii. §1 in Encycl. Metrop. 258/1 Either the Premiss of an opponent or his Conclusion may be disproved, either in the Direct or in the Indirect Method; i.e. either by proving the truth of the Contradictory, or by showing that an absurd Conclusion may fairly be deduced from the Proposition in question.

1858 H. Coppée Elements of Logic 135 Indirect redcution consists in proving, not that the original conclusion is true, but that its contradictory is false.

1860 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 5) §127. 271 Showing that something impossible or absurd follows from contradicting our conclusion is called indirect demonstration.

1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic v. 141 Indirect..predication was..that..in which the species was predicated of the genus [etc.].

1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic vii. 201 If we exclude the Fourth Figure altogether, considering Bramantip, Camenes, &c. as indirect Moods of the First, there are but fourteen direct Moods.

1891 J. Welton Man. Logic I. iv. iv. 426 This indirect process is not reduction in the same sense as the direct method is.

1896 J. Welton Man. Logic (ed. 2) I. iv. iv. §128. 358 Reduction is indirect when a new syllogism is formed which establishes the validity of the original conclusion by showing the illegitimacy of its Contradictory.

1908 G. H. Joyce Principles of Logic i. xi. 185 Indirect Reduction is the only method employed by Aristotle for dealing with Baroco and Bocardo.

1989 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 265/2 Indirect reduction can be used not only for Baroco and Bocardo but for all moods of the second and third figures.

1801 A. Hamilton Addr. to Electors N.Y. 21 That which is called the direct tax..was always insisted upon by them as preferable to taxes of the indirect kind.

1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation Introd. 1 A tax..is said to be direct when it is immediately taken from property or labour; and indirect when it is taken from them by making their owners pay for liberty to use certain articles, or to exercise certain privileges.

1868 J. E. T. Rogers Man. Polit. Econ. (1876) xxii. 287 The greater part of the taxes raised in this and in most other civilised countries are known as indirect. They consist in the levy of imposts on articles of consumption [etc.].

1884 J. Rae Contemp. Socialism i. 37 Customs and indirect taxation of different kinds.

1869 H. S. Osborn Metall. Iron & Steel ii. ii. 274 In ancient times iron was extracted from the ore as malleable iron. This is called the direct, in contra-distinction to the present method of producing cast iron and afterward malleable, which latter is called the indirect method.

1967 W. H. Dennis Found. Iron & Steel Metall. i. 13 Gradually a technique was developed of removing the derived impurities... This process was designated fining..and resulted in wrought iron... The method involved a two-stage process: (a) Reduction of iron ore to make pig iron, and (b) remelting and purifying the pig iron to make wrought iron and hence was an indirect process in contrast to the former direct process of producing iron blooms from the ore in one stage.

1959 Jrnl. Assoc. Computing Machinery Apr. 130 The 709 has built-in indirect addressing; i.e., the address field can specify the location of a location rather than the location of an operand.

1960 Datamation Sept. 33/1 Whenever an indirect address is specified, it selects another half-word in which is contained another address.

1970 O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing vi. 105 One can say that the contrary of immediate addressing is indirect addressing, which can be used in certain computers and denoted by a tag in the instruction.

1979 Sci. Amer. Apr. 75/3 In another method, called indirect addressing, the address given in a program specifies not the actual location of the desired data but a register or a memory cell where the address will be found.

1980 C. S. French Computer Sci. xxiv. 181 If the second address is yet a further indirect address then the address is called a multi-level address.

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. iv. 344 Quaþ þe kynge to conscience, ‘knowen ich wolde What is relacion rect and indyrect after..for englisch was it neuere’.

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. iv. 365 Thus is relacion rect ryht as adiectif and substantif A-cordeþ in alle kyndes with his antecedent. Indirect þyng ys as ho so coueited Alle kynne kynde to knowe and to folwe, With~oute [case] to cacche [to] and come to boþe numbres.

1866 C. P. Mason Eng. Gram. (ed. 7) 111 In such sentences..the dependent clauses are indirect questions.

1866 W. E. Jelf Gram. Greek Lang. (ed. 4) §886 II. 627 Indirect interrog. sentences.

1870–7 W. F. Moulton tr. Winer Gram. N.T. Greek iii. §60. 9 When words spoken by others are quoted, they are not, as a rule, brought into the structure of the sentence in the indirect construction.

1879 H. J. Roby Gram. Latin Lang. II. 342 When a statement, question [etc.] is reported in a form which makes it dependent in construction on some such words as said, the language is said to be oblique or indirect.

1879 H. J. Roby Gram. Latin Lang. II. 54 The indirect object is the person (or thing) affected by the occurrence of an action..although not directly or primarily acted on.

1881 C. P. Mason Eng. Gram. (ed. 24) 149 The Indirect Object of a verb denotes that which is indirectly affected by an action, but is not the immediate object or product of it, as ‘Give him the book’, ‘Make me a coat’.

1823 W. Scott Peveril IV. iv. 88 He is one who will neither seek an indirect advantage by a specious road, or take an evil path to gain a real good purpose.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 95 He could not bring himself to sacrifice..his salary of eight thousand pounds a year, and the far larger indirect emoluments of his office.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues II. 8 Happiness is not the direct aim, but the indirect consequence of the good government.

1880 T. E. Holland Elem. Jurispr. xiii. 220 ‘Direct’, or ‘general’, damages are those which are the necessary and immediate consequence of the wrong, while ‘indirect’, or ‘special’, damages are sometimes granted in respect of its remoter consequences.

1879 W. Flemming in Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol. LXXVII. 3 Bei anderen..Fällen..lassen sich Bilder, die anscheinend einer directen Kerntheilung entsprachen, einer indirecten (s.u.) zudeuten.]

1880 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 3 51 In discussing the changes undergone by the nucleus in cell-division, Professor W. Flemming distinguishes two methods of division which have been described by various observers, the direct and the indirect.

1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) Introd. p. xxii The..division of the nucleus..may be direct or amitotic... Or it may be indirect or mitotic.

1909 J. R. Green Hist. Bot. ii. i. 181 The terms indirect, and direct, nuclear division were introduced by Flemming in 1879, and were long in favour.

1925 E. B. Wilson Cell (ed. 3) ii. 116 Mitosis (indirect division).