includev.
/ɪnˈkluːd/, /ɪŋˈkluːd/, U.S. /ᵻnˈklud/, /ɪŋˈklud/ I. To enclose, confine.† 2. transitive. To embody or constitute (something). Obsolete.† 3. transitive. Geometry. Of a geometric figure: to circumscribe (another geometric figure). Obsolete.
1. † b. transitive. figurative. With reference to an immaterial boundary or bounded entity. Obsolete except as merged in sense 6.
a. transitive. To put or keep (a person or thing) within bounds or in an enclosed space; to enclose, confine, surround, shut in. Now only in passive: (of a solid object, globule of liquid, or gas bubble) to be enclosed within a mineral, rock, etc.; cf. inclusion n. 2b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclose [verb (transitive)]
beloukOE
pind?c1225
closec1275
beshuta1300
to shut about13..
umbclosec1330
to close about1340
aclosec1350
in close1393
enclose?a1400
tinec1400
concludea1425
includec1425
wallc1430
underclosec1440
inclusea1450
hedgec1500
lista1513
inrail1523
interclude1524
fence1535
parclose1535
riba1547
pale1570
impale1579
embay1582
immure1583
upclosec1590
enchase1591
interclose1592
recinct1598
underfong1599
intermure1606
bound1609
engirt1627
bosom1637
infence1652
cancellate1664
circumclude1677
embosomc1750
comprehend1807
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclosing or confining > enclose or confine [verb (transitive)]
pena1200
bebar?c1225
loukc1275
beshuta1300
parc1300
to shut in1398
to close inc1400
parrockc1400
pinc1400
steekc1400
lock?a1425
includec1425
key?a1439
spare?c1450
enferme1481
terminea1500
bebay1511
imprisona1533
besetc1534
hema1552
ram1567
warda1586
closet1589
pound1589
seclude1598
confine1600
i-pend1600
uptie1600
pinfold1605
boundify1606
incoop1608
to round in1609
ring1613
to buckle ina1616
embounda1616
swathe1624
hain1636
coopa1660
to sheathe up1661
stivea1722
cloister1723
span1844
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > be enclosed [verb (intransitive)]
include1799
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. l. 1294 (MED) Cruelly þei gan hym to include..He myȝt nat eskape with þe lyf.
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iv. l. 338 (MED) The flouryng tre, the trunke in leed Enclude [L. includere].
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1876) VI. 169 That he includede [L. includeret] a wicked spirite in a potte boylynge.
a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 85 Hospitall riall, the lord of all Thy closet did include.
1564 N. Haward tr. Eutropius Briefe Chron. i. sig. D.ii The Romaynes which were here [i.e. in the capitol] included.
1588 A. Fraunce Lawiers Logike i. xvii. f. 62v They hedge in and include the ground.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1678 (1955) IV. 138 To see Mr. Elias Ashmoles Library & Curiosities..he shewed me a Toade included in Amber.
1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 151 It holds air included in it, and swims by the lightness of the air.
1785 W. Cowper Task vi. 243 He..includes In grains as countless as the sea-side sands, The forms with which he sprinkles all the earth.
1799 H. Davy in T. Beddoes Contrib. Physical & Med. Knowl. 158 The globe was..inserted horizontally in a vessel, so as to be perfectly included from light.
1853 Graham's Mag. May 561/1 There are engraved three Andrew crosses, included by two strokes.
1858 E. H. Sears Athanasia viii. 68 A spirit allied with seraphim included in this animal frame.
1900 T. H. Holland in Mem. Geol. Surv. India 28 217 When the production of schlieren results in the formation of well-defined bodies included in the normal rock, [etc.].
1994 New Phytologist 128 803/2 During this period seeds..were included in the peat.
2008 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 85 723/2 Tissues included in amber are usually perfectly conserved.
ΚΠ
1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (rev. ed.) f. 95 Of thair fude his flock we haif begylit..And in fals beleif hes thame includit.
1568 W. Dunbar in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 64 The souerane senȝour of all celsitude..quhilk all thing creat and all thing dois includ.
1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. iii. 119 Then euery thing include [1623 includes] it selfe in power, Power into will, will into appetite.
1610 Bible (Douay) II. Jer. xix. 9 The distresse, wherein their enemies shal include them.
1782 W. Cowper Charity in Poems 210 The soul thus kindled from above..Includes creation in her close embrace.
ΚΠ
a1450 ( J. Walton tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Royal) 99 Bot þing þat lakkeþ in perfeccioun, Þat it be souereyn good þou wilt not say; It wolde includen contradiccioun.
c1450 J. Lydgate Secrees (Sloane 2464) l. 163 (MED) Alisaundre, this matere to me is straunge, And includith A maner of dyspayr.
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1551 R. Record Pathway to Knowl. i. sig. Gv You shall perceaue that the same circle shall iustelye include the triangle proposed.
?a1560 L. Digges Geom. Pract.: Pantometria (1571) iii. viii. sig. R j v The circles semidiameter that encludeth the greater Hexagonum.
1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 6v That two right lines include not a superficies.
1655 T. Stirrup Descr. & Use Universall Quadrat ii. xxiii. 116 A Spherical Triangle, is a figure included by three arches of great circles.
1775 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 65 299 The square of one side of the triangle being compleated so as to include the triangle, I say, that part of the side of the square that falls within the circle is equal to the radius.
1830 P. Morton Geometry vi. iii. 201/2 A circle includes a greater portion of the spherical surface than any spherical polygon of the same perimeter.
4. transitive. Of two things (esp. lines, planes, etc.): to form (an angle) at a point of intersection or join.
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1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Retto angolo, Such an angle or corner wherein the magnitudes that by their crossing include the angle, fall plumbe or perpendicular one vpon another.
1659 J. Collins Geom. Dyalling 32 A Line drawn into the Center from B, shall include the Angle of a Polar plains Reclination agreeable to the two first terms of the proportion.
1730 J. Harris Treat. Navigation i. 2 The Point where the Lines meet, is called the Angular Point; and the two Lines which include the Angle, are called the Legs, or the Containing Sides of the said Angle.
1815 J. Dobson Elements Geom. II. 26 The two definite planes are said to make or to contain or to include an angle.
1968 Jrnl. Paleontol. 42 88/2 Adjacent costellae include an angle of about 10°.
2010 Plant Cell 22 1303 Supercomplexes are arranged head-to-tail, forming diagonal rows that include an angle of ~50° with the horizontal axis.
5. transitive. Of a wall, fence, perimeter, etc.: to enclose (a place or area) within limits; to form the boundary of. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclose [verb (transitive)] > enclose in an area
include1662
1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ i. ii. §4 It [sc. Palætyrus] was after included in its circuit.
1771 A. Burns Geodæsia Improved i. x. 230 Take up so many Perpendiculars..as will include the Area of all the Fields which that Main-line passeth through.
1816 Encycl. Londinensis XIV. 64/1 One or more walks about two yards wide intersect each vineyard, and are included by stone walls two feet high.
1856 A. P. Stanley Sinai & Palestine (1858) xiv. 459 The question whether the wall of Herod really ran so as just to exclude or just to include the present site.
1932 O. Oeser tr. K. Vossler Spirit Lang. in Civilization iv. 53 A fence has never yet forced a gardener to use the whole area included by it.
II. To have, put in, or incorporate as part of a whole.
6.
a. transitive. To contain or incorporate as a secondary feature, characteristic, or consequence; to involve, imply; esp. (of a concept or term) to cover (another concept or term) within its scope, to encompass.
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the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > incorporation or inclusion > incorporate or include [verb (transitive)] > as a subordinate element
includec1425
subsume1863
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) v. l. 960 (MED) Oetes..Leet send a lettre anon to þe wyf Of þis myȝti grete Agamenoun, In whiche þer was included fals tresoun.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. QQv In the vertue of faythe is vnderstande, sure Hope and parfite charyte: For whan faithe is parfyte, it encludeth them bothe.
a1540 R. Barnes All Men Bounde to receiue Holy Communion in W. Tyndale et al. Wks. (1573) ii. 228/2 Our mayster Christ sheweth, that in fulfilling ij. of these Commaundementes, bee all workes included.
1566 J. Martiall Replie to Calfhills Blasphemous Answer i. sig. Kijv S. Peter willed vs to be stronge in faith, and to ioyne vnto our faith sobrietie, which contayneth fasting, and to vse watchinge, which includeth prayer.
1588 A. Fraunce Lawiers Logike i. i. f. 2v [A proposition] which is contrarie to all reason, and includeth in it selfe a manifest contradiction.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III i. iii. 8 The losse of such a Lord includes all harme. View more context for this quotation
1647 R. Hollingworth Rejoynder to S. Eaton viii. 59 The word Elders may and ought to include the Apostles.
1651 T. Tany Nations Right 2 The Major, includes the Minor.
a1763 W. Shenstone Ess. in Wks. (1765) II. 144 Every good poet includes a critic.
1773 A. Murray Clear Display Trinity ii. iii. 203 The term Father includes the divine three.
1804 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. IV. 233 A power of appointment relating to the land, includes in itself a right to appoint, either absolutely, or with a new power of revocation and appointment.
1883 Contemp. Rev. 43 47 There is a love that includes friendship, as religion includes morality.
1937 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 49 253 Comprehending often includes perceiving.
2009 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 24 Sept. 86/4 His concept of the functional stretched to include metaphor.
b. transitive. To contain as part of a group, category, etc.; to have as any of a number of sections, members, constituent elements, etc. Sometimes also: to consist of (all of the parts making up the whole); to comprise.In quot. a1616 with figurative reference to an encompassing circle; cf. branch I.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > condition or state of being inclusive > include [verb (transitive)]
comprehend1393
includec1475
comprise1651
embrace1697
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > incorporation or inclusion > incorporate or include [verb (transitive)]
beclipc1230
beshut1340
contain1340
comprehendc1374
continue1377
begripe1393
close1393
incorpor1398
conceive?c1400
includec1475
engrossa1500
complect1523
conclude?1523
employ1528
to take in1534
retain1577
surmise1578
imprehend1590
immerse1605
comprise1651
involve1651
complexa1657
embrace1697
incorporate1824
embody1847
cover1868
c1475 (?c1440) J. Lydgate Horse, Goose & Sheep (Harl.) in Select. Minor Poems (1840) 118 The moralite... Whiche includithe in many sundry wise, No man shuld..For no prerogatif his neyghburghe to dispise.
a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. Prol. f. iiiv This boke Includyth Storyes fele.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) i. iii. 116 With Henries death, the English Circle ends, Dispersed are the glories it included . View more context for this quotation
1659 J. Pearson Expos. Apostles Creed 527 In the number of the fifty dayes was both the day of the wave-offering and of Pentecost included.
1673 W. Temple Observ. United Provinces i. 5 I cannot affirm..whether it [sc. Flanders] only bordered upon, or included the lower parts of the vast Woods of Ardenne.
1730 W. Forbes Inst. Law Scotl. II. 83 Surety for keeping the Peace, differs from Surety for the good Behaviour, in that the later includes the former and something more.
1751 J. Hill Hist. Materia Medica 4 The Class of the Metals..includes only six Bodies, which are, 1. Gold. 2. Silver. 3. Copper. 4. Tin. 5. Iron. And 6. Lead.
1847 Bewick's Hist. Brit. Birds (new ed.) I. 70 It includes..the Pie, Jay, Nutcracker, Chough, Chatterer, [etc.].
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iv. §2. 167 The Great Council..was held to include all tenants who held directly of the Crown.
1948 Billboard 10 Apr. 31/3 Paul supervised the construction of the four pools,..which included one large bathing and play pool, a long Olympic size pool and two kiddie pools.
1976 Early Music 4 522/2 (advt.) All prices include dispatch.
2008 Daily Tel. 8 Sept. 11/2 Symptoms include vomiting, headaches, fatigue and panic attacks.
c. transitive. As a postmodifying past participle in parenthetical non-finite clauses: contained as part of the whole group or category being considered.
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1727 D. Defoe Tour Great Brit. III. v. 143 The Product of Scotland, which it exports into foreign Countries, England included.
1764 J. Smeaton Reports (1812) I. 49 Underground passage,..for about 4 s. a yard, pitting included.
1825 W. Scott Talisman iii, in Tales Crusaders III. 51 Some fifty more men, archers and varlets included.
1878 tr. F. von Gentz in Spectator 5 Jan. 18/2 No one in Vienna (the Prince himself included) takes to heart the Greco-Turkish complication.
1928 Cent. Mag. Aug. 422/1 There's a five pound note for every man,..yourself included, if we beat the Conqueror to London.
1972 Sci. Amer. Dec. 6/2 The long-range goal of providing small power sources, automobiles included, with nonpolluting synthetic fuels.
1995 Hanover (Ont.) Post 18 July b8/4 (advt.) The Earth Machine Composter will be sold for $11.00 per unit, taxes included.
2002 National Trust Mag. Summer 93/1 Many people, us included, do in fact appreciate the spare beauty and elegance of wind turbines.
7.
a. transitive. To put in as a part, section, or component; to insert, add in. In early use: esp. to insert (a passage, account, etc.) or make reference to (a person, event, etc.) in a written text.
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1560 F. Withers in tr. R. Pole Seditious & Blasphemous Oration To Rdr. sig. ✠iii He wrote a boke against kyng Henry theyght..in the which boke..he includid this most detestable pestiferous yea and seditious oration against the king of England.
1625 J. Ussher Let. 2 May in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eminent Lit. Men (1843) 132 I was bold to include you in a Letter to my Lo. of Landaff.
1655 tr. C. Sorel Comical Hist. Francion viii. 2 I include also in this book the evil actions of persons of authority.
1816 Encycl. Perthensis (ed. 2) IV. 284/2 He was..compiling a Review..in which he included a short account of the rebellion.
1841 tr. F. Schiller in King's Coll. Mag. Dec. 322 I will include you in my morning and evening prayer.
1925 H. C. Booth tr. F. Auerbach Mod. Magnetics (U.K. ed.) vii. 180 In order to be able to observe what goes on in this circuit we include a galvanometer in it.
1969 Audio May 24/3 A similar two-track version may also be made if it is decided to include the song in a future stereo LP album.
1973 V. C. Ike Potter's Wheel (1974) iv. 31 David's mother..had failed to include a mosquito net in David's holiday kit.
2013 M. Zailckas Mother, Mother (2014) 340 The store called the number she included in her letter to you.
b. transitive. To consider as a member of a group, set, etc., for the purpose of classification or calculation; to place in a class or category. Frequently with in or under.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > condition or state of being inclusive > include [verb (transitive)] > in a class, description, or reckoning
accounta1464
lap1552
include1575
shroud1593
comprise1597
list1622
classicate1654
classa1658
distribute1664
to run over ——1724
immerse1734
group1759
compute1818
classify1854
count1857
to ring in1916
1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus iii. f. 49v Bot I suppone thir wemen ar Include..For to fulfill the number suspensiue.
1640 E. Reynolds Treat. Passions ix. 78 All which..I include under the name of Iudiciarie Physiognomie.
1644 K. Digby Two Treat. i. xiii. 208 I must note, that vnder the title of plants I include not zoophytes or plantanimals.
?a1701 S. Smith Last Great Assize ii. 64 We are included in the Number of Gods chosen People.
1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 18 Men of feeble parts..are not to be included in this number.
1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic I. i. i. §3 The enumeration has omitted nothing which ought to have been included.
1892 J. Sully Human Mind II. xiii. 1 We include under the head of feeling all psychical states or phenomena.
1934 U.S. Patent 1,977,253 1/1 In the term alkylamine I include substituted alkyl amines.
1971 Canad. Antiques Collector Apr. 22/1 Articles ranging from ladles to snuff boxes, candlesticks to combs, may be included in the group known as treen.
2008 New Yorker 25 Aug. 56/3 The house..has thirty-five thousand square feet of floor space, if you include the basement.
8.
a. transitive. To invite, welcome, or encourage the involvement of (a person) in an activity, conversation, etc.
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1860 Harper's Mag. Oct. 646/2 The pleasant conversations under the pine-tree never included her now.
1948 H. Holmes Ten O'Clock Scholar xxxvi. 316 A thousand..plans that had never included her.
1967 Washington Post 12 Feb. f12/1 All the girls in my class used to be very close and included everyone in everything.
1991 J. Smiley Thousand Acres xii. 79 He charmed his daughters and included them in the game, even allowing them to decide strategy when his play was at a crisis.
2011 C. Moran How to be Woman (2012) xi. 209 If I were wearing my collegiate corduroy jacket..you would include me in your conversation about Jung.
b. transitive. colloquial (originally U.S.). to include (a person) out: to exclude (a person) from an activity, situation, group, etc. Chiefly in imperative in include me (also us) out, used to indicate that one does not want any part in something: ‘count me (or us) out’.Often associated with the U.S. film producer Sam Goldwyn (see quot. 1937).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being exclusive > exclude [verb (transitive)]
exclude1382
to face (a person) out ofc1530
repulse1548
seclude1581
excommune1650
to peg out1672
to include out1934
1934 Let's Fall in Love (serialization of screenplay) in Comanche Chief (Texas) 19 Jan. 2/2 I didn't say it. Include me out of it.
1935 Chicago Tribune 27 Mar. 13/4 The proposition was..read to them and all of them agreed except one... The rest looked at him inquiringly, awaiting his answer. After a long pause he gave it. ‘Include me out,’ he said.
1937 A. Johnston in Sat. Evening Post 8 May 6/1 An ordinary man, on deciding to quit the Hays organization, might have turned to his fellow producers and said, ‘Gentlemen, I prefer to stand aloof,’ or, ‘Gentlemen, I have decided to go my own way.’ Sam [Goldwyn] said, ‘Gentlemen, include me out.’
1938 Hansard Commons 8 Nov. 18/1 It may be that the First Commissioner of Works..will now label the ‘Aye’ Lobby the ‘Sez you’ Lobby, and the other the ‘Include me out’ Lobby.
1947 Life 21 Apr. 8/2 If that war becomes a reality, include us out!
1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Aug. 435/1 Our young men..only ask to be included-out of the social and historical process.
1971 Daily Tel. 13 Oct. 11/5 Half the in-jokes included me out, but I revelled in the way the actors caricatured famous folk.
2006 K. Poppe Reclaiming Sci. from Darwinism xxiii. 268 Sorry, but include me out.
c. transitive. colloquial. to include (a person) in: to involve (a person) in an activity, situation, etc. Frequently in imperative in include me (also us) in: ‘count me (or us) in’. [After to include (a person) out at sense 8b, with pleonastic in for humorous or emphatic effect.]
ΚΠ
1938 N.Y. Amsterdam News 10 Dec. 8/1 (caption) Cab Calloway, famous Hi-de-ho king, when told about the Amsterdam Midnight Show, yelled ‘Include me in’.
1947 Lowell (Mass.) Sun 29 Oct. 6/1 Everyone with a sense of fairness is always pleased to see a fellow who has had a lot of tough luck making progress. Include us in, please.
1958 G. Mitchell Spotted Hemlock x. 101 I shall suggest giving you lunch and include him in.
1967 P. G. Wodehouse Company for Henry ii. 39 You surprise me. A free meal, and he made no attempt to include himself in?
1972 G. Bromley In Absence of Body iii. 33 Looking for clues? If so, include me in.
2003 W. Venator Wither this Land 18 Any fighting, include me in.
9. transitive. To arrive at the conclusion that something is the case; to infer, deduce; = conclude v. 8a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > process of inferring, inference > infer, conclude [verb (transitive)]
concludec1374
takec1400
to drive outc1443
drive1447
derive1509
reasona1527
deduce1529
include1529
infer1529
gather1535
deduct?1551
induce1563
pick1565
fetch1567
collect1581
decide1584
bring1605
to take up1662
1529 T. More Supplyc. Soulys i. f. iiiv Wherof he wold include that..the king must nedis graunt a licence to such lewd felows to rayle vppon them.
1580 E. May tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. iv. vii. f. 113 He confirmeth, and thervpon includeth, that there is no Apostolike sea, where we can see nothing but horrible Apostasie.
10. transitive. To bring to a close; = conclude v. 5. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > end or conclusion > bring to an end or conclude [verb (transitive)]
yendc1000
abatec1300
finec1300
endc1305
finisha1375
definec1384
terminec1390
achievea1393
out-enda1400
terminate?a1425
conclude1430
close1439
to bring adowna1450
terma1475
adetermine1483
determine1483
to knit up1530
do1549
parclose1558
to shut up1575
expire1578
date1589
to close up1592
period1595
includea1616
apostrophate1622
to wind off1650
periodizea1657
dismiss1698
to wind up1740
to put the lid on1873
to put the tin hat on something1900
to wash up1925
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) v. iv. 158 We will include all iarres, With Triumphes, Mirth, and rare solemnity. View more context for this quotation
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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