| 释义 |
immunityn. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French immunité; Latin immūnitās. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman inmunité, immunitee, Anglo-Norman and Middle French immunité, imunité (French immunité ) exemption (from a charge, a duty, legal action, etc.) (1341), right of sanctuary (1367), exemption of the church from secular duties (a1377), privilege (conferred by the sovereign) (a1411) and its etymon classical Latin immūnitās exemption from tax or tribute, exemption from duties or obligations, in post-classical Latin also inviolability, sanctity of hallowed ground (from 8th cent. in British sources; from 11th cent. in continental sources), right of sanctuary, asylum (from 12th cent. in British sources), place of sanctuary (from 13th cent. in British sources), benefit of clergy (13th cent. in a British source) < immūnis immune adj. + -tās (see -ty suffix1; compare -ity suffix). Compare Old Occitan immunitat (early 15th cent.), Catalan immunitat (1325), Spanish inmunidad (1371 as imunidat), Portuguese imunidade (1543 as ymmunidade), Italian immunitá (a1348), and also Dutch immuniteit (1598), German Immunität (a1670), Swedish immunitet (1561).With forms in initial e- compare Middle French (Liège) emunité and perhaps also e- prefix2. 1. Chiefly Law and in legal contexts. society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > [noun] c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Macc. x. 34 Dais of ynmunite [L. immunitatis], or fraunchise, and of remissioun to alle Jewis that ben in my rewme. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden (Harl. 2261) (1879) VII. 97 (MED) Canutus..grawntenge fre liberte and immunite [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. fredome for al askynge] to the towne. 1602 T. North tr. S. Goulart 64 The Senate..in fauour of his profession, gaue immunitie to all others that from that time foorth did practise Phisicke. 1613 S. Purchas iii. xvi. 276 Inriching..the place with name of a Citie, with building and immunitie. 1623 E. Conway Let. 17 July in H. Ellis (1824) 1st Ser. III. 155 His Majesty foresawe an infinite liberty, a perpetuall emunity graunted to the Roman Catholiques. 1641 J. Milton 12 A foul injury and derogation..of that birth-right and immunity which Christ hath purchas'd for us with his blood. 1720 D. Manley i. 43 Another time he thought to bestow an immense Treasure and Immunity upon the Bandity that infested the Woods in the Forest of Arles. 1785 W. Cowper v. 211 A clear escape from tyrannizing lust, And full immunity from penal woe. 1827 H. Hallam I. v. 262 The English subject continued to pride himself in his immunity from taxation without consent of parliament. 1866 29 Jan. 8/4 Those concerned in transactions of this kind have certainly no claim to immunity from prosecution. 1897 F. W. Maitland ii. 270 In an ordinary case the clause of immunity will first contain some general words declaring the land to be free of burdens in general, and then some exceptive words declaring that it is not to be free from certain specified burdens. 1910 W. W. Willoughby I. §184. 439 By an act of Congress in 1902, the immunity from double jeopardy for crime as provided in the Constitution had been extended to the Philippines. 1951 L. L. Leonard i. vi. 110 The Secretary-General may waive immunity of any officials, and the Security Council may waive the immunity of the Secretary-General. 1991 K. Hafner & J. Markoff i. 52 Susan asked for immunity from prosecution in exchange for doing her civic duty and testifying against Kevin and Roscoe. a1449 in S. A. Moore (1871) ii. 77 The citeseyns..were seised of suche a view yn the same cite to be holde and of ij coroners of them self yn and of the same cite wt many and other divers custumys libertees jurisdiccions ymmynnetees and franchises. 1450 in (1900) 57 76 (MED) If any such acte shude be made, hit were clere contrairie to the libertees, fredoms, & immynities & franchises of the seide comitee [of Chester]. a1538 T. Starkey (1989) 100 Certayn pryvylegys & prerogatyf..as..he schold not be constraynyd to go forth to warre..wyth such other lyke immunytes & pryvylegys. 1571 c. 29 §5 All manner of Liberties Fraunchises Immunyties..geven or graunted to the said Chauncellor Maisters and Schollers of either of the said Universities. 1612 in R. Renwick (1887) I. 131 The maltmen..may..posses thair wounted liberteis, privilages and immuniteis. 1643 W. Prynne iii. 93 This enoyling..derives no personall Prerogatives or Immunities at all to kings. 1690 J. Child iii. 87 Merchandizing..the purchasing of an Immunity or Monopoly to the prejudice of our Country. 1701 D. Hume (1828) 56 A motion, by way of Act, in favours of the Company prorogating their temporary privileges and immunities for the space of 9 years, to ly on the table. 1759 W. Robertson I. i. 16 Civil privileges and immunities were the consequence of their victories. 1798 H. M. Williams I. xv. 207 To grant special immunities to various cities and districts. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vii, in 2nd Ser. I. 177 He is the Provost of Perth, and..must see the freedoms and immunities of the burgh preserved. 1854 24 Mar. 4/4 The immunities of a public minister do not protect such of their attendants as are debtors, as to debts incurred before their entering the minister's service. 1887 June 327 The immunities..conceded to the members of that monopolist corporation. 1934 7 26 The first charter for Carolina, granting the rights, jurisdictions, and immunities of the Palatine of Durham. 1972 (Nexis) 17 Mar. 84 The draft security law..enabling the President to declare a ‘state of internal war’, increasing the powers and immunities of the security forces. 1990 D. Kavanagh (ed. 2) Introd. i. 13 Removal of some immunities which unions had long enjoyed under common law. society > law > legal right > right of specific class, person, or place > [noun] > legal privilege or immunity > applying to clergy 1449 (2005) V. 153/2 He woll þat þis bille..be committed to the archiebisshoppes and bisshoppes..be cause it touchith the immunite and liberte of the chirch. 1469 (1814) II. 94/2 That the fredome of haly kirk be obseruit..in all ymunit [sic], preulege and fredome. a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in (1557) 46/1 Godde forbydde that anye manne shoulde..breake the immunitee, and libertye of that sacred Sainctuary. 1570 J. Foxe (rev. ed.) I. 143/1 Men of the Clergie..he indued with speciall priuilegies and immunites. 1609 J. Skene tr. Statutes f. 49, in How oft ane manslayer takes him self to the immunitie of the kirk. 1610 G. Carleton 161 These immunities which Emperours and Princes haue giuen to the Church, the Church ought to inioy without disturbance, and to withdraw such immunities, were high sacriledge and impiety. 1660 Bp. J. Taylor II. iii. iii. 11 This immunity and intemeration of holy things as well as holy persons. 1711 No. 4831/2 The Congregation of Immunities have..had under their Consideration the Affairs of Naples, where the Viceroy has caused several Criminals of State to be taken forcibly out of the Churches, whither they had fled for Sanctuary. 1738 R. Seagrave 18 To question Constantine's patrimony, or the rights, and immunities of Holy Church is execrable heresy! 1776 W. J. Mickle in tr. L. de Camoens iv. 168 (note) The clergy had the singular honesty to desert what was stiled the church immunities. 1821 24 Apr. 260/4 Lord Ashburton, in looking at the immunities enjoyed by Protestant Dissenters, found it difficult to perceive why similar advantages should be denied to..Catholics. 1838 W. H. Prescott II. i. xii. 4 Even ecclesiastical immunities, which proved so effectual a protection in most countries at this period, were not permitted to screen the offender. 1883 J. A. Froude IV. i. iii. 34 The question of the immunities of the clergy had been publicly raised. 1902 E. Wharton I. ii. 274 The dreadful fate of Ganganelli has checked bolder sovereigns than his Highness in their attempts on the immunities of the Church. 1969 11 July 9/2 Privileges and immunities of the priesthood and its separate style of dress and life began only after the fifth century. 1991 5 367 The chaplains of five Benedictine and Augustinian nunneries did participate in meetings of the secular clergy,..but the Franciscans, Dominicans, Vallombrosans and other religious orders enjoying special fiscal immunities, did not. society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > freedom of action or from restraint > [noun] 1549 H. Latimer 6th Serm. sig. Tiiiv There is sum place in London, as they saye, immunitie, impunitie. What should I call it? a preueledged place for whoredome. 1583 P. Stubbes sig. Lvii The arguments of tragedies, is anger, wrath, immunitie, crueltie, iniurie, incest, murther. 1639 P. Massinger iv. ii. sig. Iv To pay your debts, and take your lechery..With all your other choyce immunities. a1680 S. Butler (1759) I. 126 And he..Is sentenc'd and deliver'd up To Satan..For vent'ring wickedly to put a Stop To his Immunities and free Affairs. the world > action or operation > safety > [noun] > safety or invulnerability ?1567 (new ed.) Pref. sig. Biv Be..mercifull, in punishyng your owne transgressions, in our bodies and persones,..though your bodies and persones enioye your immunitie, from all suche afflictions. 1592 tr. F. Du Jon (Rev. xxii. 1) 85 Freedome and immunitie from all euill. 1628 F. Hubert (unauthorized ed.) 65 It rather craues immunity and rest. 1640 E. Reynolds xxvi. 269 Another cause of Boldnesse, is Immunity from Danger, or at least a Versatilousnesse and Dexterity of wit to evade it. 1677 M. Hale ii. 162 I have no cause to hope for an Immunity from Trouble, so long as I have no Immunity from Sin. 1723 J. Barker 24 From varying modes, which oft our mindes inslave, Lo! here, a full immunity we have. 1757 E. Burke i. §15. 27 Nor is it either in real or fictitious distresses, our immunity from them which produces our delight. 1789 J. Bentham x. p. xcviii Now, pleasure is in itself a good: nay, even setting aside immunity from pain, the only good. 1832 S. Hibbert xiv. 102 To these convulsions succeeded a long interval of complete, or nearly complete, immunity from volcanic eruptions. 1854 C. Brontë Let. in E. C. Gaskell (1857) II. xiii. 320 It is long since I have known such comparative immunity from headache. 1894 J. T. Fowler in St. Adamnan Introd. 32 Ireland has enjoyed an immunity from snakes. 1938 June 32/2 The wearable surface and particular immunity to stain of the new metals..make them invaluable kitchen materials. 1954 13 June 54 Give the youngsters some kind of immunity against the slums and social injustices. 1991 T. Pakenham xxvii. 502 The insurrection was spread by spirit mediums, who promised the Shona immunity from white bullets. the world > health and disease > [noun] > good health > resistance to disease > immunity 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch 1116 What be those then, good Colotes, who are accompanied with this immunity, that they can neither be hurt nor diseased?] a1650 G. Boate (1652) xxiii. 179 The immunity from certain diseases consisteth in the air, not in the bodies of the people. 1689 W. Salmon tr. Y. van Diemerbroeck ii. 3 The small pox... Old age challenges a greater immunity from them, then other ages. 1753 W. Hird 42 We have it in our power to preserve the body in a degree of immunity from disease, or at least, of dislodging its cause. 1782 W. Stevenson 92 A man may live a life of luxurious indolence and intemperence, with immunity from disease. 1818 7 249 A very slight variation, is sufficient to destroy immunity in those whose organs are become exquisitely sensible of variation from immutable uniformity of meteorological succession. 1866 30 June 718/2 Now it has been found that after continued inoculation the body will enter into a state of immunity from further inoculation with syphilitic matter. 1892 Sept. 629 Acquired immunity depends upon the formation of an antitoxine in the body of the immune animal. 1925 H. L. Mencken Let. 1 Apr. in H. L. Mencken & S. Haardt (1987) 202 The main business is to raise your immunity, and the way to do it is to keep your nourishment high. 1953 R. W. Fairbrother (ed. 7) xvii. 217 Little immunity appears to result from an actual attack of gonorrhœa, second infection being common. 1997 M. Fabi ii. 44 It's an American louse, so the American labrusca grapes have evolved a certain degree of natural immunity. 2006 9 June (Home ed.) a7/5 Vaccines are always most effective when there is a ‘herd immunity’, when enough people are immunized that the pathogen gradually disappears. 1879 W. E. Hearn (new ed.) x. 232 Outside this association there..was the Household, considered as a corporate body, without any relation to other Households... This independent position of the Household may be called Immunity, as opposed to the Community. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.c1384 |
