hydrolysisn.

/hʌɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/

Etymology: < Greek ὕδωρ, ὑδρο- water + λύσις dissolving, < λύειν to dissolve.

Any reaction in which a bond is broken by the agency of water and the hydrogen and hydroxyl of the water become independently attached to the two atoms previously linked; the decomposition or splitting of a compound in this way. Also applied to the analogous decomposition of an organic compound by the action of an acid or alkali, and to any reaction between a water molecule and an ion that produces a hydrogen or hydroxyl ion.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions (general) > specific

hydrolysis1880

aldol condensation1886

aldol reaction1888

aldolization1898

base exchange1912

acidolysis1930

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > hydrolysis

hydrolysis1880

1880 H. E. Armstrong Introd. Study Org. Chem. (ed. 2) 190 (note) Decompositions like those of starch into dextrose, of cane-sugar into dextrose and levulose..which involve the fixation of the elements of water, may all be said to be the result of hydrolysis.

1890 Athenæum 27 Dec. 893/1 Other processes..already in constant use on very large scales..[are] bromination and chlorination, nitration, sulphonation with its concomitant hydrolysis.

1894 G. M'Gowan tr. A. Bernthsen Text-bk. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) 84 By saponification or hydrolysis of their ethers.

1900 W. H. Perkin & F. S. Kipping Org. Chem. (rev. ed.) x. 188 All ethereal salts are decomposed by water, mineral acids, and alkalies, the change..being spoken of as hydrolysis... CH₃·COOC₃H₇ + KOH = CH₃·COOK + C₃H₇·OH.

1935 R. H. A. Plimmer in Harrow & Sherwin Textbk. Biochem. v. 155 Hydrolysis of proteins to the amino acids is effected by boiling with acids, or alkalis, or by the action of the enzyme trypsin.

1938 C. D. Hurd in H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. vii. 617 In reactions in which the CN bond is severed by hydrolysis, it is universally characteristic for the nitrogen to attract the hydrogen of water, and carbon the oxygen or hydroxyl.

1948 S. Glasstone Textbk. Physical Chem. (ed. 2) xii. 986 The hydrolysis must then be represented by M(H₂O)n⁺ + H₂O⇌H₃O⁺ + M(H₂O)n-₁OH.

1950 P. J. Durrant Org. Chem. xxix. 447 Many of the chemical reactions occurring in fermentation and in the metabolism of living organisms are hydrolyses.

1951 R. E. Kirk & D. F. Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. VII. 741 The reaction of a nitrile with water to form an amide CH₃CN + H₂O→CH₃CONH₂ is thought of as a hydrolysis, although it is also a hydration.

1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xi. 201 Hydrolysis [of nitriles] may be effected either by hot mineral acids..or by hot alkali... CH₃·CN + 2H₂O + HCl→CH₃·COOH + NH₄Cl... CH₃·CN + H₂O + NaOH→CH₃·COONa + NH₃.

Derivatives

ˈhydrolyst n. [compare analyst] a hydrolytic agent.

ΚΠ

1880 H. E. Armstrong Introd. Study Org. Chem. (ed. 2) 190 (note) Those substances which, like sulphuric acid, diastase, emulsin, etc., induce hydrolysis, may be termed hydrolytic agents or hydrolysts.

hydrolyte n. [Greek λυτός that may be dissolved] a body subjected to hydrolysis.

ΚΠ

1880 H. E. Armstrong Introd. Study Org. Chem. (ed. 2) 190 (note) The substance hydrolysed is the hydrolyte.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online March 2018).

单词	hydrolysis
释义	hydrolysisn. /hʌɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/ Etymology: < Greek ὕδωρ, ὑδρο- water + λύσις dissolving, < λύειν to dissolve. Any reaction in which a bond is broken by the agency of water and the hydrogen and hydroxyl of the water become independently attached to the two atoms previously linked; the decomposition or splitting of a compound in this way. Also applied to the analogous decomposition of an organic compound by the action of an acid or alkali, and to any reaction between a water molecule and an ion that produces a hydrogen or hydroxyl ion. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions (general) > specific hydrolysis1880 aldol condensation1886 aldol reaction1888 aldolization1898 base exchange1912 acidolysis1930 the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > hydrolysis hydrolysis1880 1880 H. E. Armstrong Introd. Study Org. Chem. (ed. 2) 190 (note) Decompositions like those of starch into dextrose, of cane-sugar into dextrose and levulose..which involve the fixation of the elements of water, may all be said to be the result of hydrolysis. 1890 Athenæum 27 Dec. 893/1 Other processes..already in constant use on very large scales..[are] bromination and chlorination, nitration, sulphonation with its concomitant hydrolysis. 1894 G. M'Gowan tr. A. Bernthsen Text-bk. Org. Chem. (ed. 2) 84 By saponification or hydrolysis of their ethers. 1900 W. H. Perkin & F. S. Kipping Org. Chem. (rev. ed.) x. 188 All ethereal salts are decomposed by water, mineral acids, and alkalies, the change..being spoken of as hydrolysis... CH₃·COOC₃H₇ + KOH = CH₃·COOK + C₃H₇·OH. 1935 R. H. A. Plimmer in Harrow & Sherwin Textbk. Biochem. v. 155 Hydrolysis of proteins to the amino acids is effected by boiling with acids, or alkalis, or by the action of the enzyme trypsin. 1938 C. D. Hurd in H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. vii. 617 In reactions in which the CN bond is severed by hydrolysis, it is universally characteristic for the nitrogen to attract the hydrogen of water, and carbon the oxygen or hydroxyl. 1948 S. Glasstone Textbk. Physical Chem. (ed. 2) xii. 986 The hydrolysis must then be represented by M(H₂O)n⁺ + H₂O⇌H₃O⁺ + M(H₂O)n-₁OH. 1950 P. J. Durrant Org. Chem. xxix. 447 Many of the chemical reactions occurring in fermentation and in the metabolism of living organisms are hydrolyses. 1951 R. E. Kirk & D. F. Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. VII. 741 The reaction of a nitrile with water to form an amide CH₃CN + H₂O→CH₃CONH₂ is thought of as a hydrolysis, although it is also a hydration. 1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xi. 201 Hydrolysis [of nitriles] may be effected either by hot mineral acids..or by hot alkali... CH₃·CN + 2H₂O + HCl→CH₃·COOH + NH₄Cl... CH₃·CN + H₂O + NaOH→CH₃·COONa + NH₃. Derivatives ˈhydrolyst n. [compare analyst] a hydrolytic agent. ΚΠ 1880 H. E. Armstrong Introd. Study Org. Chem. (ed. 2) 190 (note) Those substances which, like sulphuric acid, diastase, emulsin, etc., induce hydrolysis, may be termed hydrolytic agents or hydrolysts. hydrolyte n. [Greek λυτός that may be dissolved] a body subjected to hydrolysis. ΚΠ 1880 H. E. Armstrong Introd. Study Org. Chem. (ed. 2) 190 (note) The substance hydrolysed is the hydrolyte. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online March 2018). < n.1880
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