† i-weldev.

Forms: 1. Present stem

α. Old English gewaldan, Old English gewealdan, early Middle English iwalde, early Middle English iwolde.

β. Old English gewælda (Northumbrian), Old English geweldan, Old English gewildan, Old English gewyldan, Old English giwælda (Northumbrian), early Middle English gewelde, early Middle English ȝewild (imperative), early Middle English ȝewylde, early Middle English iwelde, Middle English ywelde.

Also 3rd singular indicative Old English gewelt, Old English gewilt, Old English gewylt, late Old English gewyllt, early Middle English ȝewalt, early Middle English iwelt. 2. Past tense a. Strong Old English geweold. b. Weak Old English gewelde, Old English gewilde, Old English gewylde, late Old English gewellde, early Middle English ȝewilde, early Middle English ȝewold (plural subjunctive), early Middle English ȝewylde, early Middle English iwalde. 3. Past participle a. Strong Old English gewalden, Old English gewealden, late Old English gewealn- (inflected form). b. Weak Old English geweld, Old English gewild, Old English gewyld, early Middle English iwald, early Middle English iwealde, early Middle English iweld, early Middle English iwelt.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: A merging of two distinct but closely related verbs: (i) an Old English strong verb of Class VII (West Saxon gewealdan ), cognate with Middle Dutch gewouden , Old Saxon giwaldan (Middle Low German gewelden , gewolden ), Old High German giwaltan (Middle High German gewalten ), Gothic gawaldan < the Germanic base of y- prefix + the Germanic base of wield v.; compare i-wald n.; (ii) an Old English weak verb of Class I (early West Saxon gewieldan , Anglian gewældan ) < the Germanic base of y- prefix + the Germanic base of wield v., with a suffix causing i-mutation. Compare (with different stem class) Old Saxon giwaldon . Compare also the β. forms at i-wald n. and the discussion at that entry. Compare wield v.Already in Old English, the two verbs are often formally impossible to distinguish in the 2nd and 3rd singular present indicative, where the strong verb (in contracted forms in West Saxon) shows i-mutation of the stem vowel. There is also overlap in meaning, although the weak verb predominates in sense 1. No strong forms appear to survive in Middle English (although the stem-final dental would sometimes make reflexes of strong forms difficult to distinguish). It is unclear whether Old English and Middle English prefixed forms of the past participle represent the prefixed or the unprefixed verb, i.e. wield v. or i-welde v., as formally they may belong to either. For this reason all Old English and Middle English prefixed past participle forms have been repeated in the Forms sections of both entries.

Obsolete.

1. transitive. To overcome, subdue (someone or something).

ΘΠ

society > authority > rule or government > rule or govern [verb (transitive)]

steera900

hold971

wieldOE

warda1000

redeOE

wisc1000

i-weldeOE

rightlecheOE

rightOE

raima1325

governc1325

guyc1330

rulea1387

justicec1390

rekea1400

reigna1413

lorda1450

earlc1450

seignoryc1475

over-govern1485

overrulec1488

emperyc1503

gubern?a1505

signorize1594

sway1613

gubernate1623

overlead1720

belord1858

prime minister1906

society > authority > subjection > subjecting or subjugation > subject [verb (transitive)]

wieldOE

i-weldeOE

onwaldOE

overwieldlOE

amaistera1250

underlaya1300

daunt1303

underbringc1320

yoke?c1335

undercasta1340

afaitec1350

faite1362

subjecta1382

to make subjectc1384

distraina1400

underlouta1400

underthewa1400

underset1422

subjectc1460

subjuge?1473

submise?1473

dompt1480

suppedit?1483

to keep under1486

abandon1487

bandon?a1500

suppeditatec1545

to bring under1563

reduce1569

assubject1579

overpower1597

envassal1606

assubjugate1609

vassal1612

subact1619

vassalize1647

vassalate1659

to school down1818

to ride herd on (also over)1895

OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) v. 4 He oft..toslat þa raceteaga & þa fotcoppsas tobræc, & hine nan man gewyldan [c1200 Hatton gewelden; L. domare] ne mihte.

OE Ælfric Homily: De Duodecim Abusivis (Corpus Cambr. 178) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 301 Witodlice se[o] sidefulnyss gewylt [a1225 Lamb. 487 iwelt] ealle unþeawas.

c1175 ( Ælfric Homily: St. Vincent's Day (Cambr. Ii.1.33) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 105 Æfre ȝe ȝewyldon mid witum hi ealle and hi heore diȝlan dæda eow bedyrnan ne mihton.

2. transitive. To have power over (someone or something); to control (a part of the body); to rule (a place). Also: to accomplish (an act or deed).In quot. OE with the object in the genitive.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xviii. 176 Ic ana gewealde ealles middaneardes.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4503 Tou and twenti wintre. þis lond he iwalde.

c1300 St. Clement (Laud) l. 99 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 325 Heo ne miȝte i-welde noþur Arm ne honde to pulte enes mete to hire mouth.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 491 He..assaieþ dedes þat he may nouȝt y-welde.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2019; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	i-welde
释义	† i-weldev. Forms: 1. Present stem α. Old English gewaldan, Old English gewealdan, early Middle English iwalde, early Middle English iwolde. β. Old English gewælda (Northumbrian), Old English geweldan, Old English gewildan, Old English gewyldan, Old English giwælda (Northumbrian), early Middle English gewelde, early Middle English ȝewild (imperative), early Middle English ȝewylde, early Middle English iwelde, Middle English ywelde. Also 3rd singular indicative Old English gewelt, Old English gewilt, Old English gewylt, late Old English gewyllt, early Middle English ȝewalt, early Middle English iwelt. 2. Past tense a. Strong Old English geweold. b. Weak Old English gewelde, Old English gewilde, Old English gewylde, late Old English gewellde, early Middle English ȝewilde, early Middle English ȝewold (plural subjunctive), early Middle English ȝewylde, early Middle English iwalde. 3. Past participle a. Strong Old English gewalden, Old English gewealden, late Old English gewealn- (inflected form). b. Weak Old English geweld, Old English gewild, Old English gewyld, early Middle English iwald, early Middle English iwealde, early Middle English iweld, early Middle English iwelt. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: A merging of two distinct but closely related verbs: (i) an Old English strong verb of Class VII (West Saxon gewealdan ), cognate with Middle Dutch gewouden , Old Saxon giwaldan (Middle Low German gewelden , gewolden ), Old High German giwaltan (Middle High German gewalten ), Gothic gawaldan < the Germanic base of y- prefix + the Germanic base of wield v.; compare i-wald n.; (ii) an Old English weak verb of Class I (early West Saxon gewieldan , Anglian gewældan ) < the Germanic base of y- prefix + the Germanic base of wield v., with a suffix causing i-mutation. Compare (with different stem class) Old Saxon giwaldon . Compare also the β. forms at i-wald n. and the discussion at that entry. Compare wield v.Already in Old English, the two verbs are often formally impossible to distinguish in the 2nd and 3rd singular present indicative, where the strong verb (in contracted forms in West Saxon) shows i-mutation of the stem vowel. There is also overlap in meaning, although the weak verb predominates in sense 1. No strong forms appear to survive in Middle English (although the stem-final dental would sometimes make reflexes of strong forms difficult to distinguish). It is unclear whether Old English and Middle English prefixed forms of the past participle represent the prefixed or the unprefixed verb, i.e. wield v. or i-welde v., as formally they may belong to either. For this reason all Old English and Middle English prefixed past participle forms have been repeated in the Forms sections of both entries. Obsolete. 1. transitive. To overcome, subdue (someone or something). ΘΠ society > authority > rule or government > rule or govern [verb (transitive)] steera900 hold971 wieldOE warda1000 redeOE wisc1000 i-weldeOE rightlecheOE rightOE raima1325 governc1325 guyc1330 rulea1387 justicec1390 rekea1400 reigna1413 lorda1450 earlc1450 seignoryc1475 over-govern1485 overrulec1488 emperyc1503 gubern?a1505 signorize1594 sway1613 gubernate1623 overlead1720 belord1858 prime minister1906 society > authority > subjection > subjecting or subjugation > subject [verb (transitive)] wieldOE i-weldeOE onwaldOE overwieldlOE amaistera1250 underlaya1300 daunt1303 underbringc1320 yoke?c1335 undercasta1340 afaitec1350 faite1362 subjecta1382 to make subjectc1384 distraina1400 underlouta1400 underthewa1400 underset1422 subjectc1460 subjuge?1473 submise?1473 dompt1480 suppedit?1483 to keep under1486 abandon1487 bandon?a1500 suppeditatec1545 to bring under1563 reduce1569 assubject1579 overpower1597 envassal1606 assubjugate1609 vassal1612 subact1619 vassalize1647 vassalate1659 to school down1818 to ride herd on (also over)1895 OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) v. 4 He oft..toslat þa raceteaga & þa fotcoppsas tobræc, & hine nan man gewyldan [c1200 Hatton gewelden; L. domare] ne mihte. OE Ælfric Homily: De Duodecim Abusivis (Corpus Cambr. 178) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 301 Witodlice se[o] sidefulnyss gewylt [a1225 Lamb. 487 iwelt] ealle unþeawas. c1175 ( Ælfric Homily: St. Vincent's Day (Cambr. Ii.1.33) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 105 Æfre ȝe ȝewyldon mid witum hi ealle and hi heore diȝlan dæda eow bedyrnan ne mihton. 2. transitive. To have power over (someone or something); to control (a part of the body); to rule (a place). Also: to accomplish (an act or deed).In quot. OE with the object in the genitive. Π OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xviii. 176 Ic ana gewealde ealles middaneardes. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4503 Tou and twenti wintre. þis lond he iwalde. c1300 St. Clement (Laud) l. 99 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 325 Heo ne miȝte i-welde noþur Arm ne honde to pulte enes mete to hire mouth. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 491 He..assaieþ dedes þat he may nouȝt y-welde. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2019; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < v.OE
随便看	make reporture make repose make reprisals make request make resemblance make residence make resort make response make restitution make return make revel-rout make revelrout make reverence make reverence to make reversis make review make riddance make rings around make rings round make roast meat for make roast meat of make room make roomth make root make running