housecarln.

Brit.

/ˈhaʊskɑːl/, U.S.

/ˈhaʊsˌkɑrl/

Forms: Old English huskarl, Old English–early Middle English huscarl, late Old English huskarll, early Middle English huscarll, early Middle English huskerall, 1600s– housecarle, 1600s– huscarle, 1700s– huscarl, 1800s– housecarl, 1800s– housekarl, 1800s– huskarl, 1900s– huskarle.

Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian.

Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare early Scandinavian (runic: Sweden) huskarl retainer, Old Icelandic húskarl manservant, (in plural) king's men, bodyguard, Old Norwegian húskarlar (plural) king's men, bodyguard, Old Danish huskarl retainer; later Norwegian huskar , Swedish huskarl (1681), and Danish huskarl (late 18th cent.) apparently represent revivals (chiefly in historical use) of the earlier Scandinavian words) < the Germanic base of house n.¹ + the Germanic base of carl n.¹ Compare post-classical Latin huscarlus, huscarla (from c1075 in British sources), Anglo-Norman huscarle, huscharle, huscherle, husecarle, etc. (1139), both < English.The early Scandinavian runic evidence suggests a difference between West Norse and East Norse usage reflecting different sociocultural factors: in West Norse the term is often used simply to refer to a house servant (compare the sense in Old Icelandic), whereas in East Norse it usually denotes a man of higher social status, a free retainer in the service of his lord (see further J. Lindow Comitatus, Individual & Honor: Stud. in North Germanic Institutional Vocab. (1976) 113–25, and compare J. Jesch Ships & Men in Late Viking Age (2001) 237–9). In Old English frequent as a byname; also found as personal name both in Old English and early Middle English, especially in areas of former Scandinavian settlement (use of Huskarl as a personal name is also attested in early Scandinavian runic inscriptions in English territory settled by Scandinavians). In Middle English attested only in late copies of material of Old English composition; otherwise only as a surname, e.g. Rembaldus Vscarl (1166), Ricardus Huscarl (1176), Rogero Huscharl (1213), etc. The frequency of attestation as a surname in the 12th and 13th centuries might suggest that the word was still in use in the early Middle English period, but it is possible that the surnames merely reflect the continuing use as a personal name. The word was revived in antiquarian and historical use in the 17th cent.

historical in later use.

A retainer or member of the household troops of an (esp. Scandinavian) king or noble. Also: (in late Anglo-Saxon and Norman England) a man of thegn's rank, esp. one of Scandinavian descent.In Old English apparently originally used with reference to the Scandinavian retainers of Cnut, who reigned as King of England, 1016–35 (cf. quot. lOE³). Danish sources of the late 12th cent. attribute an elaborate institutionalized code of conduct to Cnut's bodyguard, but there seems to be no contemporary evidence for this.In quots. 1817, 1921 apparently ultimately reflecting the lower status of housecarls in West Norse sources (see etymological note).

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > armed retainer > [noun]

housecarlOE

lede kempc1275

lede knightc1275

lede thegnc1275

sergeant-at-arms1377

servanta1400

myrmidon1620

OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.i) anno 1041 Her let Harðacnut hergian eall Wihracestrescire for his twegra huscarla þingon, ðe þæt strange gyld budon.

lOE Writ of Edward the Confessor (Sawyer 1121) in F. E. Harmer Anglo-Saxon Writs (1952) 344 Swa full & swa forð swa Þurstan min huskarll hit furmest of me heold.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 1070 Þa comen into Elig Cristien þa densce biscop & Osbearn eorl & þa densca huscarles mid heom.

lOE Bounds (Sawyer 969) in M. A. O'Donovan Charters of Sherborne (1988) 68 Þis ys þæra vii hida landboc to Hortune þe Cnut cining gebocode Bouige hys huskarle on ece yrfe.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 576 They had slaine his Huscarles [L. huscarlos].

1670 J. Milton Hist. Brit. vi. 277 Hardecnute sending his Housecarles, so they call'd his Officers, to gather the Tribute impos'd.

1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. I. App. i. 97 He summoned from all parts his huscarles or houseceorles and retainers.

1778 Hist. Cheshire I. p. lxvii When earl Godwin besieged the Confessor in London, he summoned together from all parts his huscarles.

1817 Sale-Room 29 Mar. 99/1 He was found dead, with his face quite black, supposed to have been strangled by the ghost of a house-carl, or slave.

1870 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (ed. 2) I. vi. 441 The Housecarls were in fact a standing army.

1873 E. Thompson Hist. Eng. vii. 26 The thanes and house-carls were slaughtered almost to a man around their fallen standard.

1921 A. Orbeck tr. H. Ibsen Olaf Liljekrans ii. ix, in Early Plays 198 Ingeborg has a fancy for your house-carl.

2003 R. A. Fletcher Bloodfeud viii. 168 Accompanied by his housecarls he [sc. Harold] covered the two hundred-odd miles between York and London in an extraordinary short space of time.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	housecarl
释义	housecarln. Brit. /ˈhaʊskɑːl/, U.S. /ˈhaʊsˌkɑrl/ Forms: Old English huskarl, Old English–early Middle English huscarl, late Old English huskarll, early Middle English huscarll, early Middle English huskerall, 1600s– housecarle, 1600s– huscarle, 1700s– huscarl, 1800s– housecarl, 1800s– housekarl, 1800s– huskarl, 1900s– huskarle. Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare early Scandinavian (runic: Sweden) huskarl retainer, Old Icelandic húskarl manservant, (in plural) king's men, bodyguard, Old Norwegian húskarlar (plural) king's men, bodyguard, Old Danish huskarl retainer; later Norwegian huskar , Swedish huskarl (1681), and Danish huskarl (late 18th cent.) apparently represent revivals (chiefly in historical use) of the earlier Scandinavian words) < the Germanic base of house n.¹ + the Germanic base of carl n.¹ Compare post-classical Latin huscarlus, huscarla (from c1075 in British sources), Anglo-Norman huscarle, huscharle, huscherle, husecarle, etc. (1139), both < English.The early Scandinavian runic evidence suggests a difference between West Norse and East Norse usage reflecting different sociocultural factors: in West Norse the term is often used simply to refer to a house servant (compare the sense in Old Icelandic), whereas in East Norse it usually denotes a man of higher social status, a free retainer in the service of his lord (see further J. Lindow Comitatus, Individual & Honor: Stud. in North Germanic Institutional Vocab. (1976) 113–25, and compare J. Jesch Ships & Men in Late Viking Age (2001) 237–9). In Old English frequent as a byname; also found as personal name both in Old English and early Middle English, especially in areas of former Scandinavian settlement (use of Huskarl as a personal name is also attested in early Scandinavian runic inscriptions in English territory settled by Scandinavians). In Middle English attested only in late copies of material of Old English composition; otherwise only as a surname, e.g. Rembaldus Vscarl (1166), Ricardus Huscarl (1176), Rogero Huscharl (1213), etc. The frequency of attestation as a surname in the 12th and 13th centuries might suggest that the word was still in use in the early Middle English period, but it is possible that the surnames merely reflect the continuing use as a personal name. The word was revived in antiquarian and historical use in the 17th cent. historical in later use. A retainer or member of the household troops of an (esp. Scandinavian) king or noble. Also: (in late Anglo-Saxon and Norman England) a man of thegn's rank, esp. one of Scandinavian descent.In Old English apparently originally used with reference to the Scandinavian retainers of Cnut, who reigned as King of England, 1016–35 (cf. quot. lOE³). Danish sources of the late 12th cent. attribute an elaborate institutionalized code of conduct to Cnut's bodyguard, but there seems to be no contemporary evidence for this.In quots. 1817, 1921 apparently ultimately reflecting the lower status of housecarls in West Norse sources (see etymological note). ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > armed retainer > [noun] housecarlOE lede kempc1275 lede knightc1275 lede thegnc1275 sergeant-at-arms1377 servanta1400 myrmidon1620 OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.i) anno 1041 Her let Harðacnut hergian eall Wihracestrescire for his twegra huscarla þingon, ðe þæt strange gyld budon. lOE Writ of Edward the Confessor (Sawyer 1121) in F. E. Harmer Anglo-Saxon Writs (1952) 344 Swa full & swa forð swa Þurstan min huskarll hit furmest of me heold. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 1070 Þa comen into Elig Cristien þa densce biscop & Osbearn eorl & þa densca huscarles mid heom. lOE Bounds (Sawyer 969) in M. A. O'Donovan Charters of Sherborne (1988) 68 Þis ys þæra vii hida landboc to Hortune þe Cnut cining gebocode Bouige hys huskarle on ece yrfe. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 576 They had slaine his Huscarles [L. huscarlos]. 1670 J. Milton Hist. Brit. vi. 277 Hardecnute sending his Housecarles, so they call'd his Officers, to gather the Tribute impos'd. 1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. I. App. i. 97 He summoned from all parts his huscarles or houseceorles and retainers. 1778 Hist. Cheshire I. p. lxvii When earl Godwin besieged the Confessor in London, he summoned together from all parts his huscarles. 1817 Sale-Room 29 Mar. 99/1 He was found dead, with his face quite black, supposed to have been strangled by the ghost of a house-carl, or slave. 1870 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (ed. 2) I. vi. 441 The Housecarls were in fact a standing army. 1873 E. Thompson Hist. Eng. vii. 26 The thanes and house-carls were slaughtered almost to a man around their fallen standard. 1921 A. Orbeck tr. H. Ibsen Olaf Liljekrans ii. ix, in Early Plays 198 Ingeborg has a fancy for your house-carl. 2003 R. A. Fletcher Bloodfeud viii. 168 Accompanied by his housecarls he [sc. Harold] covered the two hundred-odd miles between York and London in an extraordinary short space of time. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.OE
随便看	misrelated participle misrelates misrelating misrelation misrelations misreligion misreligious misremember misremembered misremembering misremembers misremembrance misremp misrender misrendered misrendering misrenders misrepeat misreport misreported moneypaper moneyquake moneyraiser moneyraising moneyruled