hurdsn.

Brit.

/həːdz/, U.S.

/hərdz/

Forms: (Chiefly in plural form)

α. early Old English herdu, early Old English herdun, Old English heordan (inflected form), Old English heorþana (genitive plural, perhaps transmission error), Old English heorþena (genitive plural, perhaps transmission error), Middle English heerdes, Middle English heorden, Middle English herd (singular), Middle English herdde (singular), Middle English herdes, Middle English herdis, Middle English herdys, Middle English hurde (singular), Middle English hurden, Middle English hurdenne, Middle English hvrden, Middle English hyrden, Middle English hyrdys, Middle English–1500s heerdis, Middle English–1500s hyrdys, Middle English–1600s hurdes, 1500s hyrdes, 1500s hyrdis, 1500s–1600s hirds, 1500s– hurds, 1800s– huerds (English regional (Cheshire)), 1800s– yerds (English regional (Cheshire)); Scottish pre-1700 herdis, 1800s herd (singular); N.E.D. also records forms Middle English hyrdes, Middle English hyrdis.

β. late Middle English–1500s hardis, late Middle English–1500s hardys, late Middle English–1600s hardes, 1500s– hards Brit. /hɑːdz/, U.S. /hɑrdz/ (now chiefly historical and regional); Scottish pre-1700 hardes, pre-1700 hardis, pre-1700 1700s– hards; N.E.D. also records a form Middle English hards. Early Old English herdun at α. forms is recorded in MS Karlsruhe Aug. 135 (54) (first half of the 10th cent.), copied by a foreign scribe, and may not be fully English in form.

Origin: Apparently a word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Apparently cognate with early modern Dutch hērde , heerde (1599 in Kiliaan; Dutch (now regional: East Flanders) heerd ), and further with West Frisian hjidde , East Frisian (Saterland) hēde , North Frisian (Sylt) Hiiđ , Middle Dutch hēde (Dutch hede , (Friesland) hiede ), Middle Low German hēde (German regional (Low German) hēde , hēden , heen ; > German Hede ), and (with assimilation of consonants and apparently with different ablaut grade) Old Icelandic haddr woman's long hair, as well as (with different suffixation) Old High German har , haro (Middle High German har , German (now rare) Haar ), Old Icelandic hǫrr , all in sense ‘flax’, and perhaps Old Frisian hēr , in uncertain sense (perhaps ‘flax’), and further with the Indo-European base of Early Irish cír comb, rake, Old Church Slavonic česati to scratch, to tickle, Old Russian česati to scratch, to comb (Russian česat′ ), Lithuanian kastis (reflexive) to dig, kasyti to scratch gently, and perhaps also of Hellenistic Greek κέσκεον coarser parts of flax or hemp. Compare harden n. and see discussion at that entry.In Old English usually a weak noun and usually assumed to be feminine (i.e. heorde (plural heordan )); the isolated early form herdu perhaps represents a strong feminine. Some details of the early history of the stem vowel in English are uncertain, although the attested forms apparently developed from early Old English short e . The modern English forms can all be explained as showing reflexes of Middle English short e ; the forms hurds and hirds at α. forms probably show inverted spellings. The β. forms apparently reflect regular late Middle English lowering of short e to a before r . The form yerds shows the development of a palatal on-glide. N.E.D. (1898) enters this word under the double headword hards, hurds and gives the pronunciation as (hāɹdz, hɒ̄ɹdz) /hɑːdz/, /hɜːdz/.

Usually with plural agreement. The coarser parts of flax or hemp; = tow n.¹ 3. Sometimes: spec. the coarsest grade of tow.In early use occasionally with reference to use as kindling (cf. e.g. quots. eOE², c1384 at α. ).

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > flax, hemp, or jute > heckled > coarse parts

hurdseOE

oakumeOE

tow1530

flax-hurd1614

tow hards1615

codilla1748

backings1780

swingling-tow1828

α.

eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 110/2 Stuppa, heordan.

eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 317 Naptarum, heordena, æbreda, acumba.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 307 Nest flesch ne schal nan werien nan linnene bute hit beo of harde & greate heorden.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Dan. iii. 46 And thei ceesiden not..for to tende the fourneis with napte, herdis of hemp, or flaxe [L. stuppa], and pitche, and kittyngus of vynes.

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 35 A plumaciol..maad of herdis [?a1450 BL Add. hurdes] or of towe.

?a1425 (?c1350) Northern Passion (Rawl.) 2429 Hir clathes bi lyue be-gan to brin Als herdes þat had bene ryght dry.

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 241 Hyrdys, or herdys of flax, or hempe, stuppa.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 183 Vnes estovpes, a locke of towe or hurdes.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 193^v It [sc. the coconut] is inuolued and couered with many webbes much lyke vnto those hyrdes of towe whiche they vse in Andalusia.

1632 P. Holland tr. Xenophon Cyrupædia vii. vi. 167 We have pitch and hirds likewise, that will as suddenly flame out.

1661 M. Stevenson Twelve Moneths 52 The strike it self you shall pass thorow a finer Heckle, and the Hurds which come from thence, you shall save to make fine middle cloth of.

1737 H. Bracken Farriery Improved xxxv. 492 Wounds..dress'd with Hurds.

1809 W. Nicholson Brit. Encycl. III. sig. M2^v Hold the strike of flax stiff in your hand, and break it well upon the coarse hackle, saving the hurds to make harder cloth of.

1844 W. Jamie Muse of Mearns 135 She held the herd on the beam, And gar'd the treddles ply.

1891 G. O. Shields Amer. Bk. Dog 159 No bedding at all in summer, and hemp hurds in winter.

1914 Yearbk. U.S. Dept. Agric. 1913 336 If the 750 pounds of long fiber is hackled it will yield about 340 pounds of single-dressed hemp,..140 pounds fine tow, and 90 pounds hurds and waste.

1943 Hemp (U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 1935) 11 If hemp stalks are lifted from the ground before they are sufficiently retted, the fiber will not separate easily from the woody hurds (small pieces of the woody core of the plant) in milling.

2003 Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 9 July 2 Potential markets for the extracted fibre, and for the remaining woody hurds in animal bedding or building products were discussed.

β. c1440 Liber de Diversis Med. 10 (MED) Tak celidon & do it in hardes & sythen do it in hate askes & late it sethe þer-in.1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 612 Pik and ter als haf thai tane, And lynt and hardis [1489 Adv. herdis] with brynstane.a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 696/9 Hec stupa, a hardes.1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection ii. sig. Oii Chyppes, hay and hardes, whiche be maters apte to burne.1656 W. Coles Art of Simpling 64 A Cokar tree, whose hairy stuff or hards which is next the outer bark doth make cordage and tackle for ships.1795 M. Madan in tr. Persius Satires 145 (note) The coarse part of flax, tow, hards, oakum to calk ships with.1814 Encycl. Londinensis XII. 766/1 Tow, or hards, is sold as low as 5d.a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) Hards, coarse flax.1892 C. R. Dodge Rep. Flax, Hemp, Ramie & Jute (ed. 2) 73 The ‘shive’ or ‘hards’ are used for fuel in place of the best quality of bituminous coal.1916 Country Gentleman 8 July 1323/1 After the fiber is free from hards or pith it is sent to hand-hackling plants.2002 C. F. Foster Seven Househ. i. 29 The hards—the large bits broken off by the heckling—could be picked apart and the fibres added to the tow.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	hurds
释义	hurdsn. Brit. /həːdz/, U.S. /hərdz/ Forms: (Chiefly in plural form) α. early Old English herdu, early Old English herdun, Old English heordan (inflected form), Old English heorþana (genitive plural, perhaps transmission error), Old English heorþena (genitive plural, perhaps transmission error), Middle English heerdes, Middle English heorden, Middle English herd (singular), Middle English herdde (singular), Middle English herdes, Middle English herdis, Middle English herdys, Middle English hurde (singular), Middle English hurden, Middle English hurdenne, Middle English hvrden, Middle English hyrden, Middle English hyrdys, Middle English–1500s heerdis, Middle English–1500s hyrdys, Middle English–1600s hurdes, 1500s hyrdes, 1500s hyrdis, 1500s–1600s hirds, 1500s– hurds, 1800s– huerds (English regional (Cheshire)), 1800s– yerds (English regional (Cheshire)); Scottish pre-1700 herdis, 1800s herd (singular); N.E.D. also records forms Middle English hyrdes, Middle English hyrdis. β. late Middle English–1500s hardis, late Middle English–1500s hardys, late Middle English–1600s hardes, 1500s– hards Brit. /hɑːdz/, U.S. /hɑrdz/ (now chiefly historical and regional); Scottish pre-1700 hardes, pre-1700 hardis, pre-1700 1700s– hards; N.E.D. also records a form Middle English hards. Early Old English herdun at α. forms is recorded in MS Karlsruhe Aug. 135 (54) (first half of the 10th cent.), copied by a foreign scribe, and may not be fully English in form. Origin: Apparently a word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Apparently cognate with early modern Dutch hērde , heerde (1599 in Kiliaan; Dutch (now regional: East Flanders) heerd ), and further with West Frisian hjidde , East Frisian (Saterland) hēde , North Frisian (Sylt) Hiiđ , Middle Dutch hēde (Dutch hede , (Friesland) hiede ), Middle Low German hēde (German regional (Low German) hēde , hēden , heen ; > German Hede ), and (with assimilation of consonants and apparently with different ablaut grade) Old Icelandic haddr woman's long hair, as well as (with different suffixation) Old High German har , haro (Middle High German har , German (now rare) Haar ), Old Icelandic hǫrr , all in sense ‘flax’, and perhaps Old Frisian hēr , in uncertain sense (perhaps ‘flax’), and further with the Indo-European base of Early Irish cír comb, rake, Old Church Slavonic česati to scratch, to tickle, Old Russian česati to scratch, to comb (Russian česat′ ), Lithuanian kastis (reflexive) to dig, kasyti to scratch gently, and perhaps also of Hellenistic Greek κέσκεον coarser parts of flax or hemp. Compare harden n. and see discussion at that entry.In Old English usually a weak noun and usually assumed to be feminine (i.e. heorde (plural heordan )); the isolated early form herdu perhaps represents a strong feminine. Some details of the early history of the stem vowel in English are uncertain, although the attested forms apparently developed from early Old English short e . The modern English forms can all be explained as showing reflexes of Middle English short e ; the forms hurds and hirds at α. forms probably show inverted spellings. The β. forms apparently reflect regular late Middle English lowering of short e to a before r . The form yerds shows the development of a palatal on-glide. N.E.D. (1898) enters this word under the double headword hards, hurds and gives the pronunciation as (hāɹdz, hɒ̄ɹdz) /hɑːdz/, /hɜːdz/. Usually with plural agreement. The coarser parts of flax or hemp; = tow n.¹ 3. Sometimes: spec. the coarsest grade of tow.In early use occasionally with reference to use as kindling (cf. e.g. quots. eOE², c1384 at α. ). ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > flax, hemp, or jute > heckled > coarse parts hurdseOE oakumeOE tow1530 flax-hurd1614 tow hards1615 codilla1748 backings1780 swingling-tow1828 α. eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 110/2 Stuppa, heordan. eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 317 Naptarum, heordena, æbreda, acumba. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 307 Nest flesch ne schal nan werien nan linnene bute hit beo of harde & greate heorden. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Dan. iii. 46 And thei ceesiden not..for to tende the fourneis with napte, herdis of hemp, or flaxe [L. stuppa], and pitche, and kittyngus of vynes. a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 35 A plumaciol..maad of herdis [?a1450 BL Add. hurdes] or of towe. ?a1425 (?c1350) Northern Passion (Rawl.) 2429 Hir clathes bi lyue be-gan to brin Als herdes þat had bene ryght dry. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 241 Hyrdys, or herdys of flax, or hempe, stuppa. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 183 Vnes estovpes, a locke of towe or hurdes. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 193^v It [sc. the coconut] is inuolued and couered with many webbes much lyke vnto those hyrdes of towe whiche they vse in Andalusia. 1632 P. Holland tr. Xenophon Cyrupædia vii. vi. 167 We have pitch and hirds likewise, that will as suddenly flame out. 1661 M. Stevenson Twelve Moneths 52 The strike it self you shall pass thorow a finer Heckle, and the Hurds which come from thence, you shall save to make fine middle cloth of. 1737 H. Bracken Farriery Improved xxxv. 492 Wounds..dress'd with Hurds. 1809 W. Nicholson Brit. Encycl. III. sig. M2^v Hold the strike of flax stiff in your hand, and break it well upon the coarse hackle, saving the hurds to make harder cloth of. 1844 W. Jamie Muse of Mearns 135 She held the herd on the beam, And gar'd the treddles ply. 1891 G. O. Shields Amer. Bk. Dog 159 No bedding at all in summer, and hemp hurds in winter. 1914 Yearbk. U.S. Dept. Agric. 1913 336 If the 750 pounds of long fiber is hackled it will yield about 340 pounds of single-dressed hemp,..140 pounds fine tow, and 90 pounds hurds and waste. 1943 Hemp (U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 1935) 11 If hemp stalks are lifted from the ground before they are sufficiently retted, the fiber will not separate easily from the woody hurds (small pieces of the woody core of the plant) in milling. 2003 Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 9 July 2 Potential markets for the extracted fibre, and for the remaining woody hurds in animal bedding or building products were discussed. β. c1440 Liber de Diversis Med. 10 (MED) Tak celidon & do it in hardes & sythen do it in hate askes & late it sethe þer-in.1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 612 Pik and ter als haf thai tane, And lynt and hardis [1489 Adv. herdis] with brynstane.a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 696/9 Hec stupa, a hardes.1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection ii. sig. Oii Chyppes, hay and hardes, whiche be maters apte to burne.1656 W. Coles Art of Simpling 64 A Cokar tree, whose hairy stuff or hards which is next the outer bark doth make cordage and tackle for ships.1795 M. Madan in tr. Persius Satires 145 (note) The coarse part of flax, tow, hards, oakum to calk ships with.1814 Encycl. Londinensis XII. 766/1 Tow, or hards, is sold as low as 5d.a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) Hards, coarse flax.1892 C. R. Dodge Rep. Flax, Hemp, Ramie & Jute (ed. 2) 73 The ‘shive’ or ‘hards’ are used for fuel in place of the best quality of bituminous coal.1916 Country Gentleman 8 July 1323/1 After the fiber is free from hards or pith it is sent to hand-hackling plants.2002 C. F. Foster Seven Househ. i. 29 The hards—the large bits broken off by the heckling—could be picked apart and the fibres added to the tow. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.eOE
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