approvern.¹

/əˈpruːvə/

Etymology: < approve v.¹ + -er suffix¹.

1. A person who proves or offers to prove (another) guilty; hence, an informer, an accuser. Now restricted to: A person who confesses a felony and gives evidence against his or her accomplices in order to secure their conviction; one who turns king's (queen's) or state's evidence. [In this sense generally provour in Anglo-Norman (Britton) and Middle English.]

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > accusation, allegation, or indictment > [noun] > one who accuses of crime

wrayerc1000

appellorc1400

criminatora1425

appeacher1440

taintor1451

denunciator1474

approverc1475

appealer1519

denouncer1533

detector1541

impeacher1552

peacher1570

delatora1572

approvant1587

appellant1597

exhibitera1616

exhibitant1818

incriminator1838

rapper1904

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > evidence > [noun] > a witness > one who turns state's evidence

provera1325

approverc1475

appellor1660

probator1676

lemon1931

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 69 Oiþer he schal dampne þe prouar, or til he fauor þe accusar, þat miȝt not proue, schal iuge þe vngilty.

1533 T. More Debellacyon Salem & Bizance ii. xv. f. xxvi Some peraduenture bycame approuers when they were caste, and called for a coroner.

1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie 315 He is the assailaunt, and is commonly called the approouer or maintainer.

1588 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha (new ed.) iii. ii. 344 A Prouour..must beginne with confession of his owne fault, before he may be admitted to burthen an other man.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xxiv. 851/2 Suffer neither the said prouer, nor defender to take any of their weapons.

a1625 H. Finch Law (1627) iv. xxxiii. 387 The Defendant confessing an enditement of felonie may accuse others, in which case wee call him an Approuer.

1679 Tryall R. Langhorn 27 An Approver, while he is in that service, hath a Peny a day.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 670 The testimony of a crowd of approvers swearing for their necks.

†2. A person who proves, tests, or tries. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > one who or that which tests > one who

provera1382

sayer1422

tasterc1440

approver?1541

?1541 R. Copland Maner to Examyne Lazares in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens sig. Qij Whan that the approuers come..for to examyne them.

1691 A. Wood Athenæ Oxonienses II. 444 [John Rowe] was appointed one of the Approvers of Ministers according to the Presbyterian way.

3. A person who confirms, sanctions, pronounces good, or commends.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > [noun] > approver

allower1528

approver1548

admirer1571

approbator1667

(a) one for ——1682

accorder1860

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus 2 Cor. in Paraphr. New Test. (R.) Jesus Christe is my witnes and approuer.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. viii. 502/2 Not onely..witnesses at the doing, but also approuers of the deed.

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 2 Among the approvers of certain proceedings in France.

1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton Rienzi III. x. vii. 311 The loudest grumbler..now the loudest approver.

1864 Q. Rev. 115 196 Even the flesh of the conger has approvers in modern days.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

† approverapprowern.²

Forms: Also Middle English approwour, approuour, approuer.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman aprouour, Old French *aproeor, < aproer : see approve v.² In medieval Latin apruātor and approuātor; corrupt modern Latin approbātor. Ought to be written apprower.

Obsolete.

One who looks after the profit or interest of an employer; or who manages land for the owner; a steward or bailiff; an agent in any business.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > delegated authority > one having delegated or derived authority > [noun] > steward or bailiff in charge of another's property

town-reeveeOE

reeveeOE

gravec1175

procuratorc1300

dispender1340

provost1340

bailiec1375

officerc1375

dispenserc1380

proctora1382

dispensator1382

farmerc1384

approverc1386

husbanda1387

stewardc1405

chamberlain1423

procurer1477

factor1520

bailiff1528

land-steward1535

improver1536

grieve1537

amtman1582

administrator1596

stead-man1609

dapifer1636

vogt1694

house jobber1709

commissioner1760

foreman1774

house agent1793

ground-officer1815

land-agent1846

wic-reeve1853

steadward1876

house farmer1882

house-knacker1884

land-sergeant1894

1326 Act 1 Edw. III ii. viii, in Stat. Realm I. 256 Qils sount grevez par viscountes qi se fount nomer approuours le Roi. [1618 transl. in Pulton: That they be grieved by Sheriffes, naming themselues the King's approuers.]]

c1386 G. Chaucer Friar's Tale 43 This false theef, this Somonour..Hadde alwey bawdes redy to his honde..They weren his approwours [v.r. apprououris, aprouers, approwers] priuely; He toke hym self a greet profit therby.

1691 Blount's Νομο-λεξικον (ed. 2) (at cited word) Bailiffs of Lords in their Franchises are called their Approvers. Approvers of the King are those that have the letting of the King's Demeans in small Mannors, to his best advantage.

1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Approvers in the Marches of Wales, were such as had Licenses to buy and sell Cattle into those parts.

1758 Monthly Rev. 19 464 Wardens or approvers..Each in his county was almost usually the chief collector of the royal revenue.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	approver
释义	approvern.¹ /əˈpruːvə/ Etymology: < approve v.¹ + -er suffix¹. 1. A person who proves or offers to prove (another) guilty; hence, an informer, an accuser. Now restricted to: A person who confesses a felony and gives evidence against his or her accomplices in order to secure their conviction; one who turns king's (queen's) or state's evidence. [In this sense generally provour in Anglo-Norman (Britton) and Middle English.] ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > accusation, allegation, or indictment > [noun] > one who accuses of crime wrayerc1000 appellorc1400 criminatora1425 appeacher1440 taintor1451 denunciator1474 approverc1475 appealer1519 denouncer1533 detector1541 impeacher1552 peacher1570 delatora1572 approvant1587 appellant1597 exhibitera1616 exhibitant1818 incriminator1838 rapper1904 society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > evidence > [noun] > a witness > one who turns state's evidence provera1325 approverc1475 appellor1660 probator1676 lemon1931 c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 69 Oiþer he schal dampne þe prouar, or til he fauor þe accusar, þat miȝt not proue, schal iuge þe vngilty. 1533 T. More Debellacyon Salem & Bizance ii. xv. f. xxvi Some peraduenture bycame approuers when they were caste, and called for a coroner. 1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie 315 He is the assailaunt, and is commonly called the approouer or maintainer. 1588 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha (new ed.) iii. ii. 344 A Prouour..must beginne with confession of his owne fault, before he may be admitted to burthen an other man. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xxiv. 851/2 Suffer neither the said prouer, nor defender to take any of their weapons. a1625 H. Finch Law (1627) iv. xxxiii. 387 The Defendant confessing an enditement of felonie may accuse others, in which case wee call him an Approuer. 1679 Tryall R. Langhorn 27 An Approver, while he is in that service, hath a Peny a day. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 670 The testimony of a crowd of approvers swearing for their necks. †2. A person who proves, tests, or tries. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > one who or that which tests > one who provera1382 sayer1422 tasterc1440 approver?1541 ?1541 R. Copland Maner to Examyne Lazares in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens sig. Qij Whan that the approuers come..for to examyne them. 1691 A. Wood Athenæ Oxonienses II. 444 [John Rowe] was appointed one of the Approvers of Ministers according to the Presbyterian way. 3. A person who confirms, sanctions, pronounces good, or commends. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > [noun] > approver allower1528 approver1548 admirer1571 approbator1667 (a) one for ——1682 accorder1860 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus 2 Cor. in Paraphr. New Test. (R.) Jesus Christe is my witnes and approuer. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. viii. 502/2 Not onely..witnesses at the doing, but also approuers of the deed. 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 2 Among the approvers of certain proceedings in France. View more context for this quotation 1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton Rienzi III. x. vii. 311 The loudest grumbler..now the loudest approver. 1864 Q. Rev. 115 196 Even the flesh of the conger has approvers in modern days. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † approverapprowern.² Forms: Also Middle English approwour, approuour, approuer. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman aprouour, Old French aproeor, < aproer* : see approve v.² In medieval Latin apruātor and approuātor; corrupt modern Latin approbātor. Ought to be written apprower. Obsolete. One who looks after the profit or interest of an employer; or who manages land for the owner; a steward or bailiff; an agent in any business. ΘΚΠ society > authority > delegated authority > one having delegated or derived authority > [noun] > steward or bailiff in charge of another's property town-reeveeOE reeveeOE gravec1175 procuratorc1300 dispender1340 provost1340 bailiec1375 officerc1375 dispenserc1380 proctora1382 dispensator1382 farmerc1384 approverc1386 husbanda1387 stewardc1405 chamberlain1423 procurer1477 factor1520 bailiff1528 land-steward1535 improver1536 grieve1537 amtman1582 administrator1596 stead-man1609 dapifer1636 vogt1694 house jobber1709 commissioner1760 foreman1774 house agent1793 ground-officer1815 land-agent1846 wic-reeve1853 steadward1876 house farmer1882 house-knacker1884 land-sergeant1894 1326 Act 1 Edw. III ii. viii, in Stat. Realm I. 256 Qils sount grevez par viscountes qi se fount nomer approuours le Roi. [1618 transl. in Pulton: That they be grieved by Sheriffes, naming themselues the King's approuers.]] c1386 G. Chaucer Friar's Tale 43 This false theef, this Somonour..Hadde alwey bawdes redy to his honde..They weren his approwours [v.r. apprououris, aprouers, approwers] priuely; He toke hym self a greet profit therby. 1691 Blount's Νομο-λεξικον (ed. 2) (at cited word) Bailiffs of Lords in their Franchises are called their Approvers. Approvers of the King are those that have the letting of the King's Demeans in small Mannors, to his best advantage. 1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Approvers in the Marches of Wales, were such as had Licenses to buy and sell Cattle into those parts. 1758 Monthly Rev. 19 464 Wardens or approvers..Each in his county was almost usually the chief collector of the royal revenue. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.¹c1475n.²c1386
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approvern.1

† approverapprowern.2

approvern.¹

† approverapprowern.²