† hinepron.

Forms: 1. early Old English hienne (West Saxon, rare), Old English hiene, Old English higne (rare), Old English hina (rare), Old English hinie (Northumbrian, transmission error), Old English hrine (Northumbrian, transmission error), Old English (rare)–early Middle English hinæ, Old English (rare)–Middle English hin, Old English–Middle English hine, Old English–Middle English hyne, early Middle English hen, early Middle English hene, early Middle English in, early Middle English ine, Middle English hinn, Middle English hyn. 2. Combined (sometimes in contracted form) with a preceding word early Middle English -en, early Middle English -ene, early Middle English -in, early Middle English -ine.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: The accusative singular third person masculine personal pronoun form, cognate with Old Frisian hine , hini , Old Dutch hin , hine , hino (Middle Dutch hin , hen ); for the further etymology see discussion at he pron., n.¹, and adj. Parallel in inflection are Old Saxon ina , ine (also, rare, hina ; Middle Low German en , ene , on , one ), Old High German in (Middle High German in , German ihn ), and Gothic ina : see further discussion at he pron., n.¹, and adj.Replacement by dative forms. In English, as in Old Frisian and Dutch, this original accusative has been replaced by the dative him . For early examples of use of dative forms in direct object function in constructions where an accusative would be expected see him pron. 1c and note at that sense (and for use with prepositions which earlier took an accusative see quots. at him pron. 1b). By the mid 12th cent. this replacement was normal in northern and many midland varieties; it appears to have been complete everywhere before the end of the Middle English period. Systematic use of the distinctive accusative forms survives longest in Kentish texts, e.g. the Ayenbite of Inwit (see quots. 1340 at sense 1a, 1340 at sense 2). For Old English hine selfne and its reflex in early Middle English see discussion at himself pron. and n. Ambiguous forms. It is possible that late attestations of hin , hyn may sometimes represent forms of him pron. with delabialization in low stress (compare later 'un pron.), if they are not simply scribal errors for him pron. (showing omission of a minim). Quots. c1400 and a1450 at sense 1a are from texts in which him is usual in positions where an accusative would have been found historically. The unusual use in quot. a1400 at sense 1c very probably shows an error for him . Other notes on forms. The Old English forms (early West Saxon) hiene , (late West Saxon) hyne , perhaps show laxing of i in low stress, but may also merely be inverted spellings for hine . The early Northumbrian (runic) form hinæ on the Ruthwell Cross probably preserves the early Old English ending -æ (later -e ); later spellings such as hinæ , hina , however, show inverted spelling after reduction of the final vowel in low stress. Early loss of the final vowel in Middle English is also due to low stress (compare discussion at her pron.¹). The early Middle English forms hen , hene , with stem vowel e , probably also result from low stress, although they may alternatively show the influence of other pronoun forms (compare similar forms of him pron.).

Obsolete.

The objective case of the masculine third person singular pronoun, corresponding to the subjective he pron.

1. With reference to a male person or animal.

a. As direct object: = him pron. 1c.

eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 787 Se gerefa þærto rad..& hiene mon ofslog.

OE tr. Gospel of Nicodemus (Cambr.) i. §5. 147 Gelæde hyne in to me.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1126 He sende him to Walingeforde siððon & Hugo to Windlesofra & let hine don on harde bande.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 19 We hine sculde luuian and hersumian.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 23 Þa men þe beoð in þe castel and hin ȝemeð þet beoð þes monnes eȝan and his fet.

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 37 Þe uorme..preiseð hine biuoren him sulf. & makeð hine..ȝet betere þen he beo.

c1275 Kentish Serm. in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 215 (MED) Al swo hi hedden i-fonden ure louerd, swo hin an-urede and him offrede hire offrendes.

c1275 Kentish Serm. in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 214 Hi wolden gon for to hyne anuri.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13162 Let hine halden [c1300 Otho let him holde] France .

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 294 Mid him he hine lædde.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3004 Fleges kin sal hin ouer-gon.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 16 Liȝtbere þe angel..him wolde emni to god, þet hine zo uayr an zuo guod hedde y-mad.

c1400 Life St. Anne (Minn.) (1928) l. 260 Go kepe hyn at þe gylden ȝhate.

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxxviii. l. 374 I saw hyn fyhten, as I vndirstond.

b. As object of a preposition: = him pron. 1b.

OE (Mercian) Rushw. Gospels: Matt. xxvii. 54 Qui cum eo erant custodientes Iesum : þa þe mid hinæ werun haldende hælend.

OE Ælfric Let. to Sigeweard (De Veteri et Novo Test.) (Laud) 58 Man mot on eornost motian wið his Drihten, se þe wyle þæt we sprecon mid weorcum wið hine.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1119 Þæs cynges mæn Heanriges manega..wið hine acordedan þe æror mid heora castelan him togeanes wæron.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14469 Sexisce men..seiden þat heo wolden wið hine grið i-wurchen.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 48 Hise word, ðat is hise wise sune, Ðe was of hin fer ear bi-foren Or ani werldes time boren.

c. As indirect object: = him pron. 1a.In quot. a1400 as object (originally dative) of an impersonal verb.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1127 Se kyng of France..iæf hine þone eorldom, & þet landfolc him wið toc.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 3574 To liue on lyue trauayle hin [a1400 Vesp. him] þink.

2. reflexive. = him pron. 3.

OE Vercelli Homilies (1992) iii. 80 Swa lange swa Adam hine gehæfde þæt he þæs æples ne abyrgde.

c1175 ( Homily: Hist. Holy Rood-tree (Bodl. 343) (1894) 2 Moyses..þer twa niht hine reste.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 322 He tæh hine [c1300 Otho him] aȝein ane þrowe & þreateð þene castel.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 116 Þet he hine loky uram ayen-uallinge.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	hine
释义	† hinepron. Forms: 1. early Old English hienne (West Saxon, rare), Old English hiene, Old English higne (rare), Old English hina (rare), Old English hinie (Northumbrian, transmission error), Old English hrine (Northumbrian, transmission error), Old English (rare)–early Middle English hinæ, Old English (rare)–Middle English hin, Old English–Middle English hine, Old English–Middle English hyne, early Middle English hen, early Middle English hene, early Middle English in, early Middle English ine, Middle English hinn, Middle English hyn. 2. Combined (sometimes in contracted form) with a preceding word early Middle English -en, early Middle English -ene, early Middle English -in, early Middle English -ine. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: The accusative singular third person masculine personal pronoun form, cognate with Old Frisian hine , hini , Old Dutch hin , hine , hino (Middle Dutch hin , hen ); for the further etymology see discussion at he pron., n.¹, and adj. Parallel in inflection are Old Saxon ina , ine (also, rare, hina ; Middle Low German en , ene , on , one ), Old High German in (Middle High German in , German ihn ), and Gothic ina : see further discussion at he pron., n.¹, and adj.Replacement by dative forms. In English, as in Old Frisian and Dutch, this original accusative has been replaced by the dative him . For early examples of use of dative forms in direct object function in constructions where an accusative would be expected see him pron. 1c and note at that sense (and for use with prepositions which earlier took an accusative see quots. at him pron. 1b). By the mid 12th cent. this replacement was normal in northern and many midland varieties; it appears to have been complete everywhere before the end of the Middle English period. Systematic use of the distinctive accusative forms survives longest in Kentish texts, e.g. the Ayenbite of Inwit (see quots. 1340 at sense 1a, 1340 at sense 2). For Old English hine selfne and its reflex in early Middle English see discussion at himself pron. and n. Ambiguous forms. It is possible that late attestations of hin , hyn may sometimes represent forms of him pron. with delabialization in low stress (compare later 'un pron.), if they are not simply scribal errors for him pron. (showing omission of a minim). Quots. c1400 and a1450 at sense 1a are from texts in which him is usual in positions where an accusative would have been found historically. The unusual use in quot. a1400 at sense 1c very probably shows an error for him . Other notes on forms. The Old English forms (early West Saxon) hiene , (late West Saxon) hyne , perhaps show laxing of i in low stress, but may also merely be inverted spellings for hine . The early Northumbrian (runic) form hinæ on the Ruthwell Cross probably preserves the early Old English ending -æ (later -e ); later spellings such as hinæ , hina , however, show inverted spelling after reduction of the final vowel in low stress. Early loss of the final vowel in Middle English is also due to low stress (compare discussion at her pron.¹). The early Middle English forms hen , hene , with stem vowel e , probably also result from low stress, although they may alternatively show the influence of other pronoun forms (compare similar forms of him pron.). Obsolete. The objective case of the masculine third person singular pronoun, corresponding to the subjective he pron. 1. With reference to a male person or animal. a. As direct object: = him pron. 1c. Π eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 787 Se gerefa þærto rad..& hiene mon ofslog. OE tr. Gospel of Nicodemus (Cambr.) i. §5. 147 Gelæde hyne in to me. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1126 He sende him to Walingeforde siððon & Hugo to Windlesofra & let hine don on harde bande. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 19 We hine sculde luuian and hersumian. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 23 Þa men þe beoð in þe castel and hin ȝemeð þet beoð þes monnes eȝan and his fet. a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 37 Þe uorme..preiseð hine biuoren him sulf. & makeð hine..ȝet betere þen he beo. c1275 Kentish Serm. in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 215 (MED) Al swo hi hedden i-fonden ure louerd, swo hin an-urede and him offrede hire offrendes. c1275 Kentish Serm. in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 214 Hi wolden gon for to hyne anuri. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13162 Let hine halden [c1300 Otho let him holde] France . c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 294 Mid him he hine lædde. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3004 Fleges kin sal hin ouer-gon. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 16 Liȝtbere þe angel..him wolde emni to god, þet hine zo uayr an zuo guod hedde y-mad. c1400 Life St. Anne (Minn.) (1928) l. 260 Go kepe hyn at þe gylden ȝhate. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxxviii. l. 374 I saw hyn fyhten, as I vndirstond. b. As object of a preposition: = him pron. 1b. Π OE (Mercian) Rushw. Gospels: Matt. xxvii. 54 Qui cum eo erant custodientes Iesum : þa þe mid hinæ werun haldende hælend. OE Ælfric Let. to Sigeweard (De Veteri et Novo Test.) (Laud) 58 Man mot on eornost motian wið his Drihten, se þe wyle þæt we sprecon mid weorcum wið hine. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1119 Þæs cynges mæn Heanriges manega..wið hine acordedan þe æror mid heora castelan him togeanes wæron. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14469 Sexisce men..seiden þat heo wolden wið hine grið i-wurchen. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 48 Hise word, ðat is hise wise sune, Ðe was of hin fer ear bi-foren Or ani werldes time boren. c. As indirect object: = him pron. 1a.In quot. a1400 as object (originally dative) of an impersonal verb. Π lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1127 Se kyng of France..iæf hine þone eorldom, & þet landfolc him wið toc. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 3574 To liue on lyue trauayle hin [a1400 Vesp. him] þink. 2. reflexive. = him pron. 3. Π OE Vercelli Homilies (1992) iii. 80 Swa lange swa Adam hine gehæfde þæt he þæs æples ne abyrgde. c1175 ( Homily: Hist. Holy Rood-tree (Bodl. 343) (1894) 2 Moyses..þer twa niht hine reste. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 322 He tæh hine [c1300 Otho him] aȝein ane þrowe & þreateð þene castel. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 116 Þet he hine loky uram ayen-uallinge. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < pron.eOE
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