helmn.¹

Brit.

/hɛlm/, U.S.

/hɛlm/

Forms: Old English– helm; also Middle English hælm, healm, Middle English–1600s helme, 1500s healme.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Common Germanic: Old English helm strong masculine = Old Frisian, Old Saxon (Low German, Middle Dutch, Dutch), Old High German (Middle High German, German) helm , Old Norse hjalmr (Swedish, Danish hjelm ), Gothic hilms < Old Germanic *helmo-z < pre-Germanic *kelmo-s , < root kel- to cover, conceal (see heel v.¹). Old French helme (modern French heaume) masculine, Italian elmo, Spanish yelmo, are from Old High German. Senses 7, 8 are probably < Norse.

I. A helmet and related uses.

a. That part of the armour which covers the head; a helmet. Now poetic and archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > helmet > [noun]

helmc725

hoodc1275

crestc1325

iron hatc1330

testerc1386

helmet1470

cap1530

hood-skull1537

headpiecea1555

caska1586

mazer1605

casque1696

head cover1839

c725 Corpus Gloss. 422 Cassium, helm.

c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 143/27 Crista, helmes camb.

a1175 Cott. Hom. 243 Þa beoð sceold helm and brenie.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12883 Hælm [c1300 Otho healm] an his hafde.

c1480 (a1400) St. Christopher 549 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 355 Þane gert þe kinge ane helme tak.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 65 b/2 A helme of brasse on his heed.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) liv. 182 There was brought him a good harneis, helme, sheld, & spere.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 840 O're Shields and Helmes, and helmed heads he rode.

1716 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad II. v. 5 High on his Helm Celestial Lightnings play.

1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise: Pt. III 345 Methought I had a helm upon my head Wrought all of gold.

figurative.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 193 Habbeð rihte bileue to brunie, and hope to helme.a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. lix. 17 The helm of helthe in his hed.

b. Heraldry. = helmet n. 2.

ΚΠ

1864 C. Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. xiv. 165 A large helm surmounted by the lion crest.

†2. transferred. Put for a man in armour. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > armed man > man wearing armour > [noun]

helma1400

knight caligate1562

iron man1596

corslet1598

corsleteer1609

corslet-man1611

cuirassier1625

kurisee1649

cataphract1671

hoplomachist1793

a1400–50 Alexander 5498 Ser Bedwyn þe bald with many briȝt helmes.

1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur vi. vi The kyng of Northgaly's with eyght score helmes.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry V f. xlvij In the Vaward wer eight thousande Healmes of Knightes and Esquiers and foure thousande Archers.

†3. Christ's crown of thorns. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1000 Ælfric Homilies II. 252 Mid þyrnenum helme his heafod befengon.

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 147 Ure helende..hefde uppen his hefde þornene helm.

a1400 Leg. Rood (1871) 142 Þorw-out his helm þe harde hat Þe þornes in-to his flesch gan crepe.

II. The top or crown.

4. The crown, top, or summit of anything; in Old English esp. the leafy top of a tree. Obsolete exc. dialect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > high position > [noun] > highest point or top

headOE

copa1000

heightOE

topc1000

highestlOE

crest1382

coperounc1400

summita1425

summity?a1425

toppet1439

altitude?a1475

upperest1484

principala1533

pitcha1552

supremity1584

culm1587

period1595

spire1600

upward1608

cope1609

fastigium1641

vertex1641

culmen1646

supreme1652

tip-top1702

peak1785

helm1893

altaltissimo1975

c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxxiv. §10 He onginþ of ðam wyrtrumum and swa upweardes grewþ..oþ ðone helm.

c1000 Ælfric Homilies II. 150 His orf læswode mid treowenum helme.

a1100 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 243/33 Frondea robora, gebufe beamas uel helmas.

1893 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Helm, the top (crest) or head of a thing. ‘Helm o' the hill’..a considerable eminence on the old post road a few miles south of Felton.

†5. The head or cap of an alembic or retort.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > general vessels > retorts or stills > parts of

cane1430

nose1559

steal1585

helm1594

helmet1599

tin-worm1800

tubulure1800

tubulature1830

tubulusc1900

1594 H. Plat Diuers Chimicall Concl. Distillation 5 in Jewell House Those glasses which they call bodies..fitted to their helmes.

1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. iii. sig. E3 She'll mount you vp, like quick-siluer, Ouer the helme .

1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. ii. 102 That its oil or sulphur came over the Helm upon the first heat.

1719 J. Chamberlayne tr. B. Nieuwentyt Relig. Philosopher II. xviii. vii. 418 Distil it with a glowing Iron Pot, upon which there is an Iron Helm.

III. Something that covers.

†6. A covering. (Only in Old English) Obsolete.

ΚΠ

OE Riddle 3 64 Þonne hnige eft under lyfte helm londe near.

7. A roofed shelter for cattle, etc.; a shed. northern.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal enclosure or house general > [noun] > animal house

houseOE

stablec1250

standing?1440

helm1501

barth1570

stablet1585

hive1653

barn1770

animal shelter1891

1501 Searcher's Verdicts in Surtees Misc. (1888) 22 For his kid helme upon þe tenement or ground.

a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 61 The greate helme in the Staggarth helde 43 [loades], the helme in the foregarth helde 22.

1691 J. Ray N. Country Words in Coll. Eng. Words (ed. 2) 36 An Helm, a Hovel.

1855 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Yorks. Words 82 Helm, a hovel, an open shed for cattle in a field.

1863 Mrs. Toogood Specim. Yorks. Dial. Helm, a cart or cattle shed.

8. English regional (Cumberland and Westmorland). (Also helm-cloud.) The local name of a cloud which forms over a mountain top before or during a storm; esp. that which accompanies the helm-wind (also occasionally called the helm), a violent wind which in certain circumstances rushes down the escarpment of the Pennines near Cross Fell, when a helm-cloud lies over the summit. helm bar, a roll of cloud suspended in the air to the leeward of the helm-cloud.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [noun] > specific wind in Pennines

helm-wind1777

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cloud > [noun] > a cloud > cloud on mountain (Cumbria)

helm-cloud1777

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cloud > [noun] > a cloud > cloud on mountain (Cumbria) > roll of cloud to leeward of

helm bar1777

1777 J. Nicolson & R. Burn Hist. Westmorland & Cumberland I. 7 It is called a Helm-wind.

1777 J. Nicolson & R. Burn Hist. Westmorland & Cumberland I. 7 A rolling cloud..hovers over the mountain tops..When this cloud appears, the country people say the helm is up..This helm..continues in its station, although a violent roaring hurricane comes tumbling down the mountain.

1787 J. Clarke Surv. Lakes Cumberland Introd. p.xl A black streak of cloud..continually fed from the white one, which is the real Helm: this is called the Helm-bar, from its being supposed to bar or obstruct the winds that burst forth upon the vallies beneath as soon as it wholly vanishes.

1787 J. Clarke Surv. Lakes Cumberland Introd. p.xl Such is the Helm-Wind generated in that enormous cloud, which, like a helmet, covers the summit of Cross-fell.

1801 S. T. Coleridge Poems II. 159 Ancient Skiddaw..Thus spake from out his helm of cloud.

1885 Nature 23/1 Whenever the helm-wind was blowing, there was an easterly wind.

1886 Jrnl. Royal Meteorol. Soc. 2 On certain occasions, when the wind is from some Easterly point, the Helm suddenly forms..Small portions of thin vaporous clouds are seen travelling from the Helm Cloud to the Bar.

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 515/2 Here for weeks at a time prevails a kind of cyclone, revolving on a horizontal axis parallel to the escarpment,—the ‘helm-wind’.

1888–9 J. G. Goodchild in Trans. Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæol. Soc. XIV. 44 The Helm Wind descends with greatest force in the neighbourhood of the highest elevation of the Escarpment, being strongest along a zone extending a few miles on each side of Cross Fell, and gradually diminishing in force in proportion to the distance on either side.

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations, as helm-bearing, helm-decked, helm-mover; helm bar n., helm-cloud n., helm-wind n. (see sense 8). helm-guard n. ‘a chain attaching the helm to the girdle or to the mammelière’ ( Cent. Dict.).

ΚΠ

a1100 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 243/40 Frondigeris coronis, helmberendum wuldorbeagum.

?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads vi. 277 The great helm~mover thus received the authoress of his kind.

?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads ii. 725 Helm-deck'd Hector.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

helmn.²

Brit.

/hɛlm/, U.S.

/hɛlm/

Forms: Old English helma, Middle English–1600s helme, (1600s helmne, 1700s Scottish hellim), 1500s– helm.

Etymology: Old English helma weak masculine, corresponding in stem to Old Norse hjálm strong feminine. With sense 3, compare Middle High German helm handle.

a. The handle or tiller, in large ships the wheel, by which the rudder is managed; sometimes extended so as to include the whole steering gear.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > steering equipment > [noun]

helmc725

sternc1400

steerage1857

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > steering equipment > [noun] > helm

helmc725

c725 Corpus Gl. 4 Clavus, helma.

c1050 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 182/6.

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 12060 Roþeres, helmes, right for to stande.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 235/1 Helme, or þe rothere of a schyp.

?1518 Cocke Lorelles Bote sig. C.j^v Some stered at the helme behynde Some whysteled after the wynde.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 5 Many times the ships will feele no helme.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Helme of the Rudder of a ship, is a handle of wood, put on the Rudder for a man to govern the same, and direct the ship.

1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. i. 17 The Helmne is hard a weather, mind at Helmne what is said to you carefully.

1757 T. Gray Ode II ii. ii, in Odes 17 In gallant trim the gilded Vessel goes; Youth on the prow, and Pleasure at the helm.

a1796 R. Burns (song) When Guilford good our Pilot stood, An' did our hellim thraw, man.

1826 H. N. Coleridge Six Months W. Indies 76 There was no one on deck but the man at the helm and himself.

b. Use or turning of the helm, space through which the helm is turned.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > steering > [noun] > use of helm

helm1892

1892 Pall Mall Gaz. 23 Feb. 7/1 Many of the witnesses disagree as to the amount of helm which was given to the ship.

1894 Times 17 Mar. 5/4 Very little helm, three or four spokes either to port or starboard, would have done it.

c. Phrases. down with the helm, down helm, the order to place the helm so as to bring the rudder to windward. up with the helm, up helm, the order to place the helm so as to bring the rudder to leeward. See also alee adv., amidships adv. and adj., bear v.¹ 31b, ease v. 9, to feel her (also the) helm at feel v. Phrases 4, over n.¹, port n.⁶, starboard n., adj., and adv., weather n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > steering > [phrase] > order to turn helm

down with the helm1833

up helm1840

up with the helm1840

down helm1874

1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine at Amidships Put the helm amidships, i.e. in the middle.

1833 M. Scott Tom Cringle's Log II. iv. 159 ‘Down with the helm, and let her come round,’ said I.

1840 N. P. Willis in S. Longfellow Life H. W. Longfellow (1891) I. xxi. 371 So I up helm for my sister's house in Brighton.

1859 T. P. Thompson Audi Alteram Partem II. xc. 66 See if he does not up helm, and make the best run of it he can.

1874 F. G. D. Bedford Sailor's Pocket Bk. vi. 171 If caught in a hard sudden squall, down helm at once... A tendency to carry lee helm should be counteracted at once.

1880 Boy's Own Bk. (new ed.) 316 Helm's-a-lee, the call of the helmsman when his helm is hard down in tacking.

a. figurative. That by which affairs, etc., are guided.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > control > [noun] > guidance > means of

helmc888

stern1401

leading-rein1864

c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxxv. §4 Mid þæm helman and mid þæm stiorroþre his godnesse.

?1499 J. Skelton Bowge of Courte (de Worde) sig. Avi^v Holde vp the helme loke vp & lete god stere.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) i. i. 75 You slander The Helmes o'th State.

1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ v. xxxiii. 37 Bishop Laud..sits at the helme of the Church.

1679 Established Test 2 'Tis dangerous meddling with the Helm of State.

1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1879) I. 216/1 Fabius came to the helm, when Rome experienced the worst..turn of fortune.

1840 T. Arnold Hist. Rome II. 33 The elderly men, who generally held the tribuneship, now abandoned the helm in despair.

b. transferred. Any part which is used like a helm.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > engine > [noun] > parts of

helm1663

spring-beam?1794

steam-jacket1838

cut-off1849

steam-jacketing1870

starting block1881

timing chain1889

timing mark1901

decelerator1907

air drain1908

plenum chamber1908

reservoir1920

the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > family Salmonidae (salmon) > [noun] > genus Salmo > salmo salar (salmon) > parts of

salmon bellowsc1460

gib1818

helm1861

parr marks1880

1663 Marquis of Worcester Cent. Names & Scantlings Inventions Exact Def. 15 The [Water-commanding] Engine consisteth of the following Particulars..5. A Helm or Stern with Bitt and Reins, wherewith any Child may guide, order, and controul the whole Operation.

1861 G. H. Kingsley in F. Galton Vacation Tourists & Trav. 1860 162 Salmon..give a series of sharp sculling strokes with their broad helms, which sends them sheer out of the water.

†3. A handle, helve. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > tool > parts of tools generally > [noun] > handle

handleeOE

helvec897

haftc1000

steal1377

start1380

handa1400

helmc1430

handlinga1450

pull1551

grasp1561

hilt1574

cronge1577

hold1578

tab1607

manubrium1609

tree1611

handfast1638

stock1695

handing1703

gripe1748

stem1796

handhold1797

grip1867

c1430 Syr Gener. 3729 Like mattokes wer here wepens wroght, With long helmes of yren stoute.

1589 ‘Marphoreus’ Martins Months Minde sig. H4 Let them once cut a helme for their hatchet, but of a braunch of you, and they will cut downe all the wood handsmooth.

?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) v. 312 A great axe..In which a fair well-polish'd helm was put.

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations.

helm circle n. the smallest circle in which a ship can be turned.

ΚΠ

1884 Western Morning News 2 Aug. 8/1 The diameter of the helm circle of the Defence is..500 yards.

helm-coat n. see coat n. 8.

helm-man n. = helmsman n.

helm-port n. (see quot.).

ΚΠ

1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 124 Helm-port, that hole in the counter through which the head of the rudder passes. Helm port transom, the piece of timber placed athwart the inside of the counter timbers at the height of the helm-port.

† helm-stock n. Obsolete the tiller (cf. Dutch helmstok).

ΚΠ

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid v. xiv. 62 Our burd hym kest amyde the flowand se, Rycht all togiddir with the helmstok of tre.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

helmn.³

Forms: Also 1500s helme, 1700s healm, 1800s dialect h)ellum, elam, elm.

Etymology: apparently related to haulm n., Old English healm , but the phonology is not clear. In sense 2, Dutch and Low German have also helm, in Holstein halm, in Heligoland hallem; some Dutch dialects have helm, hellem, hellim in the general sense of halm, straw. It has been suggested that helm might be a special southern development of Old English healm haulm n.

dialect.

a. The stalk of corn; the stalks collectively, straw; esp. as made up in bundles or laid straight for thatching. (In this sense perhaps confused with yelm n.)

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > plants, grasses, or reeds > [noun] > for thatching > wheat-straw > in bundles or laid straight

helm1437

yelming1581

yelma1825

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > plants, grasses, or reeds > [noun] > for thatching

thacka900

wattlesc900

thatch1398

thackingc1440

litter1453

long straw1591

helm1669

thatching1671

straw1765

yelma1825

thatch-grass1884

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > plants, grasses, or reeds > [noun] > straw > types of

stubble1382

rye straw?1523

kex1550

helm1669

broom-straw1785

Leghorn1817

Tuscan grass1830

buntal1910

baku1927

sisal1928

1437 [see Compounds].

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. viii. 461 Barley hath helme or strawe, lyke wheaten strawe.

1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ (1681) 238 The best..is called Helm, that is, long and stiff Wheat-straw (with the Ears cut off) bound up in bundles unbruised.

1674 J. Ray S. & E. Countrey Words in Coll. Eng. Words 68 Haulm or Helm, stubble gathered after the corn is inned.

a1722 E. Lisle in J. Britten Old Country & Farming Words (E.D.S.) (1880) Gloss. Observ. Husb. 62 Helm, halm, or straw prepared for thatching.

1862 J. R. Wise New Forest (1863) 282 [In the New Forest] three elams make a bundle..[In Wiltshire] the measurement is somewhat different, five elams forming a bundle.

1866 R. D. Blackmore Cradock Nowell xxxiii The wind..brought an ‘elam’ of thatch to shelter her.]

b. = haulm n. a.

ΚΠ

1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. Hellum, the stalk of beans, pease, vetches, potatoes, clover, etc... Not..straw of any kind..A coarse kind of stalk is implied.

2. A name for the Bent-grass of the sandhills. ? Obsolete or alien.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > reedy or aquatic grasses > [noun] > bent grass, rush, or sedge

sedgec1000

flaga1387

sniddlea1400

bentc1425

helm1640

marram1640

beach-grass1681

spreta1700

bent-grass1777

marsh grass1785

sea-grass1791

sedge-grass1847

sand grass1856

1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum 1200 The Italians, and Spaniards call it Sparto..The Dutch Halm. And we in English, Helme, and Matweede.

1897 Contemp. Rev. June 863 Swarms of rabbits lie out in the ‘helm’, buckthorn bushes and little dwarf pine copses [in Holland].

Compounds

helm-sheaf; helm-bote n. (in quot. -bought), the right of cutting helm in a common field for thatching.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > rights to do or use something > [noun] > right to cut grass, straw, etc.

helm-bote1437

greenhew1777

sweepage1895

1437 in E. Hobhouse Church-wardens' Accts. (1890) 178 Uno homini locato pro le stubel vocato helmebought falcando hoc pro dicta domo pistrine cooperienda.

1583 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (ed. 4) II. 2149/2 Good store of helme sheaues.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

helmv.¹

Etymology: Old English helmian, < helm n.¹

transitive. To furnish or cover with a helm. (Chiefly poetic.)

ΚΠ

OE Andreas (1932) 1305 Niht helmade, brunwann oferbræd beorgas steape.

c1000 Ælfric Gram. (Z.) xliii. 256 Galea, helm. Galeatus, gehelmod.

c1205 Laȝamon Brut 26277 Gerin & Beof..and Walwain..iburned and ihelmed.

c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde ii. 544 (593) Maris þe god þat helmyd is of stel.

1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Chron. (1812) II. clxviii. 472 Anone, they were agayne helmed, and ran togider.

1691 J. Dryden King Arthur i. i. 3 Now again you Helm your hoary Head.

1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc vii. 498 Then from the bank He sprung, and helm'd his head.

a1839 W. M. Praed Poems (1864) II. 366 Now saddle my steed and helm my head.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

helmv.²

Etymology: < helm n.²

transitive. To guide with or as with a helm; to steer. Chiefly figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > control > [verb (transitive)] > guide

wieldeOE

steera1000

wisc1000

wiseOE

turnc1175

kenc1200

conduec1330

dressc1330

govern1340

addressc1350

guidea1400

conducec1475

conduct1481

rectifya1500

besteer1603

helm1607

engineer1831

beacon1835

society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > steering > steer [verb (intransitive)]

steerc897

stretchc1275

steer1340

stern14..

to steer a, one's course1602

helm1607

society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > steering > steer [verb (transitive)]

steera1122

stretchc1275

lead1377

stern1577

helm1607

rudder1856

steer1873

1607 J. Marston What you Will ii. i. C iij b Fate helmeth all.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iii. i. 403 The businesse he hath helmed, must..giue him a better proclamation.

1807 J. Barlow Columbiad i. 49 The steerman gaily helms his course along.

1884 Ld. Tennyson Becket i. iii. 66 No forsworn Archbishop Shall helm the Church.

1890 H. R. Haggard & A. Lang World's Desire 41 He helmed the ship towards these.

intransitive or absolute.1666 London Gaz. No. 31/4 The Conquerors..helmed a weather, and stood for the Southward Cape.

Draft additions August 2007

transitive. Film and Television (originally U.S.). To direct (a film, television programme, etc.). Also intransitive.

ΚΠ

1930 Los Angeles Times 30 Nov. 1/3 At least nine out of ten pictures produced so far this year have been helmed by the ‘chiefs’ reared in the silent school of film production.

1965 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 11 July (Parade Mag. section) 8/3 The British director helming Zhivago.

1995 Radio Times 1 July (Midlands ed.) 54/4 Lew Landers helms with felicity.

2002 Premiere July 33/2 He had helmed six features of his own, codirected one, and contributed two short segments to omnibus films.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

helmv.³

Etymology: < helm n.³; but see yelm v.

dialect.

transitive. To lay (straw) in order for thatching.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > build or provide with specific parts [verb (transitive)] > roof > thatch > lay straw straight for thatching

haulma1642

helma1722

yelm1890

a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1752) 236 Straw is heaped up together in order to be helmed.

1763 R. Forster in Philos. Trans. 1762 (Royal Soc.) 52 475 I had a woman..helming of straw, i.e. laying it straight, for the thatcher.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online September 2018).

n.¹c725

n.²c725

n.³1437

v.¹OE

v.²1607

v.³a1722

单词	helm
释义	helmn.¹ Brit. /hɛlm/, U.S. /hɛlm/ Forms: Old English– helm; also Middle English hælm, healm, Middle English–1600s helme, 1500s healme. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Common Germanic: Old English helm strong masculine = Old Frisian, Old Saxon (Low German, Middle Dutch, Dutch), Old High German (Middle High German, German) helm , Old Norse hjalmr (Swedish, Danish hjelm ), Gothic hilms < Old Germanic helmo-z < pre-Germanic kelmo-s , < root kel- to cover, conceal (see heel v.¹). Old French helme (modern French heaume) masculine, Italian elmo, Spanish yelmo, are from Old High German. Senses 7, 8 are probably < Norse. I. A helmet and related uses. 1. a. That part of the armour which covers the head; a helmet. Now poetic and archaic. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > helmet > [noun] helmc725 hoodc1275 crestc1325 iron hatc1330 testerc1386 helmet1470 cap1530 hood-skull1537 headpiecea1555 caska1586 mazer1605 casque1696 head cover1839 c725 Corpus Gloss. 422 Cassium, helm. c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 143/27 Crista, helmes camb. a1175 Cott. Hom. 243 Þa beoð sceold helm and brenie. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12883 Hælm [c1300 Otho healm] an his hafde. c1480 (a1400) St. Christopher 549 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 355 Þane gert þe kinge ane helme tak. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 65 b/2 A helme of brasse on his heed. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) liv. 182 There was brought him a good harneis, helme, sheld, & spere. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 840 O're Shields and Helmes, and helmed heads he rode. View more context for this quotation 1716 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad II. v. 5 High on his Helm Celestial Lightnings play. 1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise: Pt. III 345 Methought I had a helm upon my head Wrought all of gold. figurative.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 193 Habbeð rihte bileue to brunie, and hope to helme.a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. lix. 17 The helm of helthe in his hed. b. Heraldry. = helmet n. 2. ΚΠ 1864 C. Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. xiv. 165 A large helm surmounted by the lion crest. †2. transferred. Put for a man in armour. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > armed man > man wearing armour > [noun] helma1400 knight caligate1562 iron man1596 corslet1598 corsleteer1609 corslet-man1611 cuirassier1625 kurisee1649 cataphract1671 hoplomachist1793 a1400–50 Alexander 5498 Ser Bedwyn þe bald with many briȝt helmes. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur vi. vi The kyng of Northgaly's with eyght score helmes. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry V f. xlvij In the Vaward wer eight thousande Healmes of Knightes and Esquiers and foure thousande Archers. †3. Christ's crown of thorns. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1000 Ælfric Homilies II. 252 Mid þyrnenum helme his heafod befengon. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 147 Ure helende..hefde uppen his hefde þornene helm. a1400 Leg. Rood (1871) 142 Þorw-out his helm þe harde hat Þe þornes in-to his flesch gan crepe. II. The top or crown. 4. The crown, top, or summit of anything; in Old English esp. the leafy top of a tree. Obsolete exc. dialect. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > high position > [noun] > highest point or top headOE copa1000 heightOE topc1000 highestlOE crest1382 coperounc1400 summita1425 summity?a1425 toppet1439 altitude?a1475 upperest1484 principala1533 pitcha1552 supremity1584 culm1587 period1595 spire1600 upward1608 cope1609 fastigium1641 vertex1641 culmen1646 supreme1652 tip-top1702 peak1785 helm1893 altaltissimo1975 c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxxiv. §10 He onginþ of ðam wyrtrumum and swa upweardes grewþ..oþ ðone helm. c1000 Ælfric Homilies II. 150 His orf læswode mid treowenum helme. a1100 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 243/33 Frondea robora, gebufe beamas uel helmas. 1893 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Helm, the top (crest) or head of a thing. ‘Helm o' the hill’..a considerable eminence on the old post road a few miles south of Felton. †5. The head or cap of an alembic or retort. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > general vessels > retorts or stills > parts of cane1430 nose1559 steal1585 helm1594 helmet1599 tin-worm1800 tubulure1800 tubulature1830 tubulusc1900 1594 H. Plat Diuers Chimicall Concl. Distillation 5 in Jewell House Those glasses which they call bodies..fitted to their helmes. 1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. iii. sig. E3 She'll mount you vp, like quick-siluer, Ouer the helme . View more context for this quotation 1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. ii. 102 That its oil or sulphur came over the Helm upon the first heat. 1719 J. Chamberlayne tr. B. Nieuwentyt Relig. Philosopher II. xviii. vii. 418 Distil it with a glowing Iron Pot, upon which there is an Iron Helm. III. Something that covers. †6. A covering. (Only in Old English) Obsolete. ΚΠ OE Riddle 3 64 Þonne hnige eft under lyfte helm londe near. 7. A roofed shelter for cattle, etc.; a shed. northern. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal enclosure or house general > [noun] > animal house houseOE stablec1250 standing?1440 helm1501 barth1570 stablet1585 hive1653 barn1770 animal shelter1891 1501 Searcher's Verdicts in Surtees Misc. (1888) 22 For his kid helme upon þe tenement or ground. a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 61 The greate helme in the Staggarth helde 43 [loades], the helme in the foregarth helde 22. 1691 J. Ray N. Country Words in Coll. Eng. Words (ed. 2) 36 An Helm, a Hovel. 1855 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Yorks. Words 82 Helm, a hovel, an open shed for cattle in a field. 1863 Mrs. Toogood Specim. Yorks. Dial. Helm, a cart or cattle shed. 8. English regional (Cumberland and Westmorland). (Also helm-cloud.) The local name of a cloud which forms over a mountain top before or during a storm; esp. that which accompanies the helm-wind (also occasionally called the helm), a violent wind which in certain circumstances rushes down the escarpment of the Pennines near Cross Fell, when a helm-cloud lies over the summit. helm bar, a roll of cloud suspended in the air to the leeward of the helm-cloud. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [noun] > specific wind in Pennines helm-wind1777 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cloud > [noun] > a cloud > cloud on mountain (Cumbria) helm-cloud1777 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cloud > [noun] > a cloud > cloud on mountain (Cumbria) > roll of cloud to leeward of helm bar1777 1777 J. Nicolson & R. Burn Hist. Westmorland & Cumberland I. 7 It is called a Helm-wind. 1777 J. Nicolson & R. Burn Hist. Westmorland & Cumberland I. 7 A rolling cloud..hovers over the mountain tops..When this cloud appears, the country people say the helm is up..This helm..continues in its station, although a violent roaring hurricane comes tumbling down the mountain. 1787 J. Clarke Surv. Lakes Cumberland Introd. p.xl A black streak of cloud..continually fed from the white one, which is the real Helm: this is called the Helm-bar, from its being supposed to bar or obstruct the winds that burst forth upon the vallies beneath as soon as it wholly vanishes. 1787 J. Clarke Surv. Lakes Cumberland Introd. p.xl Such is the Helm-Wind generated in that enormous cloud, which, like a helmet, covers the summit of Cross-fell. 1801 S. T. Coleridge Poems II. 159 Ancient Skiddaw..Thus spake from out his helm of cloud. 1885 Nature 23/1 Whenever the helm-wind was blowing, there was an easterly wind. 1886 Jrnl. Royal Meteorol. Soc. 2 On certain occasions, when the wind is from some Easterly point, the Helm suddenly forms..Small portions of thin vaporous clouds are seen travelling from the Helm Cloud to the Bar. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 515/2 Here for weeks at a time prevails a kind of cyclone, revolving on a horizontal axis parallel to the escarpment,—the ‘helm-wind’. 1888–9 J. G. Goodchild in Trans. Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæol. Soc. XIV. 44 The Helm Wind descends with greatest force in the neighbourhood of the highest elevation of the Escarpment, being strongest along a zone extending a few miles on each side of Cross Fell, and gradually diminishing in force in proportion to the distance on either side. Compounds attributive and in other combinations, as helm-bearing, helm-decked, helm-mover; helm bar n., helm-cloud n., helm-wind n. (see sense 8). helm-guard n. ‘a chain attaching the helm to the girdle or to the mammelière’ ( Cent. Dict.). ΚΠ a1100 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 243/40 Frondigeris coronis, helmberendum wuldorbeagum. ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads vi. 277 The great helm~mover thus received the authoress of his kind. ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads ii. 725 Helm-deck'd Hector. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2022). helmn.² Brit. /hɛlm/, U.S. /hɛlm/ Forms: Old English helma, Middle English–1600s helme, (1600s helmne, 1700s Scottish hellim), 1500s– helm. Etymology: Old English helma weak masculine, corresponding in stem to Old Norse hjálm strong feminine. With sense 3, compare Middle High German helm handle. 1. a. The handle or tiller, in large ships the wheel, by which the rudder is managed; sometimes extended so as to include the whole steering gear. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > steering equipment > [noun] helmc725 sternc1400 steerage1857 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > steering equipment > [noun] > helm helmc725 c725 Corpus Gl. 4 Clavus, helma. c1050 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 182/6. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 12060 Roþeres, helmes, right for to stande. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 235/1 Helme, or þe rothere of a schyp. ?1518 Cocke Lorelles Bote sig. C.j^v Some stered at the helme behynde Some whysteled after the wynde. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 5 Many times the ships will feele no helme. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Helme of the Rudder of a ship, is a handle of wood, put on the Rudder for a man to govern the same, and direct the ship. 1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. i. 17 The Helmne is hard a weather, mind at Helmne what is said to you carefully. 1757 T. Gray Ode II ii. ii, in Odes 17 In gallant trim the gilded Vessel goes; Youth on the prow, and Pleasure at the helm. a1796 R. Burns (song) When Guilford good our Pilot stood, An' did our hellim thraw, man. 1826 H. N. Coleridge Six Months W. Indies 76 There was no one on deck but the man at the helm and himself. b. Use or turning of the helm, space through which the helm is turned. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > steering > [noun] > use of helm helm1892 1892 Pall Mall Gaz. 23 Feb. 7/1 Many of the witnesses disagree as to the amount of helm which was given to the ship. 1894 Times 17 Mar. 5/4 Very little helm, three or four spokes either to port or starboard, would have done it. c. Phrases. down with the helm, down helm, the order to place the helm so as to bring the rudder to windward. up with the helm, up helm, the order to place the helm so as to bring the rudder to leeward. See also alee adv., amidships adv. and adj., bear v.¹ 31b, ease v. 9, to feel her (also the) helm at feel v. Phrases 4, over n.¹, port n.⁶, starboard n., adj., and adv., weather n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > steering > [phrase] > order to turn helm down with the helm1833 up helm1840 up with the helm1840 down helm1874 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine at Amidships Put the helm amidships, i.e. in the middle. 1833 M. Scott Tom Cringle's Log II. iv. 159 ‘Down with the helm, and let her come round,’ said I. 1840 N. P. Willis in S. Longfellow Life H. W. Longfellow (1891) I. xxi. 371 So I up helm for my sister's house in Brighton. 1859 T. P. Thompson Audi Alteram Partem II. xc. 66 See if he does not up helm, and make the best run of it he can. 1874 F. G. D. Bedford Sailor's Pocket Bk. vi. 171 If caught in a hard sudden squall, down helm at once... A tendency to carry lee helm should be counteracted at once. 1880 Boy's Own Bk. (new ed.) 316 Helm's-a-lee, the call of the helmsman when his helm is hard down in tacking. 2. a. figurative. That by which affairs, etc., are guided. ΘΚΠ society > authority > control > [noun] > guidance > means of helmc888 stern1401 leading-rein1864 c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxxv. §4 Mid þæm helman and mid þæm stiorroþre his godnesse. ?1499 J. Skelton Bowge of Courte (de Worde) sig. Avi^v Holde vp the helme loke vp & lete god stere. a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) i. i. 75 You slander The Helmes o'th State. View more context for this quotation 1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ v. xxxiii. 37 Bishop Laud..sits at the helme of the Church. 1679 Established Test 2 'Tis dangerous meddling with the Helm of State. 1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1879) I. 216/1 Fabius came to the helm, when Rome experienced the worst..turn of fortune. 1840 T. Arnold Hist. Rome II. 33 The elderly men, who generally held the tribuneship, now abandoned the helm in despair. b. transferred. Any part which is used like a helm. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > engine > [noun] > parts of helm1663 spring-beam?1794 steam-jacket1838 cut-off1849 steam-jacketing1870 starting block1881 timing chain1889 timing mark1901 decelerator1907 air drain1908 plenum chamber1908 reservoir1920 the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > family Salmonidae (salmon) > [noun] > genus Salmo > salmo salar (salmon) > parts of salmon bellowsc1460 gib1818 helm1861 parr marks1880 1663 Marquis of Worcester Cent. Names & Scantlings Inventions Exact Def. 15 The [Water-commanding] Engine consisteth of the following Particulars..5. A Helm or Stern with Bitt and Reins, wherewith any Child may guide, order, and controul the whole Operation. 1861 G. H. Kingsley in F. Galton Vacation Tourists & Trav. 1860 162 Salmon..give a series of sharp sculling strokes with their broad helms, which sends them sheer out of the water. †3. A handle, helve. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > tool > parts of tools generally > [noun] > handle handleeOE helvec897 haftc1000 steal1377 start1380 handa1400 helmc1430 handlinga1450 pull1551 grasp1561 hilt1574 cronge1577 hold1578 tab1607 manubrium1609 tree1611 handfast1638 stock1695 handing1703 gripe1748 stem1796 handhold1797 grip1867 c1430 Syr Gener. 3729 Like mattokes wer here wepens wroght, With long helmes of yren stoute. 1589 ‘Marphoreus’ Martins Months Minde sig. H4 Let them once cut a helme for their hatchet, but of a braunch of you, and they will cut downe all the wood handsmooth. ?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) v. 312 A great axe..In which a fair well-polish'd helm was put. Compounds attributive and in other combinations. helm circle n. the smallest circle in which a ship can be turned. ΚΠ 1884 Western Morning News 2 Aug. 8/1 The diameter of the helm circle of the Defence is..500 yards. helm-coat n. see coat n. 8. helm-man n. = helmsman n. helm-port n. (see quot.). ΚΠ 1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 124 Helm-port, that hole in the counter through which the head of the rudder passes. Helm port transom, the piece of timber placed athwart the inside of the counter timbers at the height of the helm-port. † helm-stock n. Obsolete the tiller (cf. Dutch helmstok). ΚΠ 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid v. xiv. 62 Our burd hym kest amyde the flowand se, Rycht all togiddir with the helmstok of tre. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2022). helmn.³ Forms: Also 1500s helme, 1700s healm, 1800s dialect h)ellum, elam, elm. Etymology: apparently related to haulm n., Old English healm , but the phonology is not clear. In sense 2, Dutch and Low German have also helm, in Holstein halm, in Heligoland hallem; some Dutch dialects have helm, hellem, hellim in the general sense of halm, straw. It has been suggested that helm might be a special southern development of Old English healm haulm n. dialect. 1. a. The stalk of corn; the stalks collectively, straw; esp. as made up in bundles or laid straight for thatching. (In this sense perhaps confused with yelm n.) ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > plants, grasses, or reeds > [noun] > for thatching > wheat-straw > in bundles or laid straight helm1437 yelming1581 yelma1825 society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > plants, grasses, or reeds > [noun] > for thatching thacka900 wattlesc900 thatch1398 thackingc1440 litter1453 long straw1591 helm1669 thatching1671 straw1765 yelma1825 thatch-grass1884 society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > plants, grasses, or reeds > [noun] > straw > types of stubble1382 rye straw?1523 kex1550 helm1669 broom-straw1785 Leghorn1817 Tuscan grass1830 buntal1910 baku1927 sisal1928 1437 [see Compounds]. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. viii. 461 Barley hath helme or strawe, lyke wheaten strawe. 1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ (1681) 238 The best..is called Helm, that is, long and stiff Wheat-straw (with the Ears cut off) bound up in bundles unbruised. 1674 J. Ray S. & E. Countrey Words in Coll. Eng. Words 68 Haulm or Helm, stubble gathered after the corn is inned. a1722 E. Lisle in J. Britten Old Country & Farming Words (E.D.S.) (1880) Gloss. Observ. Husb. 62 Helm, halm, or straw prepared for thatching. 1862 J. R. Wise New Forest (1863) 282 [In the New Forest] three elams make a bundle..[In Wiltshire] the measurement is somewhat different, five elams forming a bundle. 1866 R. D. Blackmore Cradock Nowell xxxiii The wind..brought an ‘elam’ of thatch to shelter her.] b. = haulm n. a. ΚΠ 1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. Hellum, the stalk of beans, pease, vetches, potatoes, clover, etc... Not..straw of any kind..A coarse kind of stalk is implied. 2. A name for the Bent-grass of the sandhills. ? Obsolete or alien. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > reedy or aquatic grasses > [noun] > bent grass, rush, or sedge sedgec1000 flaga1387 sniddlea1400 bentc1425 helm1640 marram1640 beach-grass1681 spreta1700 bent-grass1777 marsh grass1785 sea-grass1791 sedge-grass1847 sand grass1856 1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum 1200 The Italians, and Spaniards call it Sparto..The Dutch Halm. And we in English, Helme, and Matweede. 1897 Contemp. Rev. June 863 Swarms of rabbits lie out in the ‘helm’, buckthorn bushes and little dwarf pine copses [in Holland]. Compounds helm-sheaf; helm-bote n. (in quot. -bought), the right of cutting helm in a common field for thatching. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > rights to do or use something > [noun] > right to cut grass, straw, etc. helm-bote1437 greenhew1777 sweepage1895 1437 in E. Hobhouse Church-wardens' Accts. (1890) 178 Uno homini locato pro le stubel vocato helmebought falcando hoc pro dicta domo pistrine cooperienda. 1583 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (ed. 4) II. 2149/2 Good store of helme sheaues. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online December 2020). helmv.¹ Etymology: Old English helmian, < helm n.¹ transitive. To furnish or cover with a helm. (Chiefly poetic.) ΚΠ OE Andreas (1932) 1305 Niht helmade, brunwann oferbræd beorgas steape. c1000 Ælfric Gram. (Z.) xliii. 256 Galea, helm. Galeatus, gehelmod. c1205 Laȝamon Brut 26277 Gerin & Beof..and Walwain..iburned and ihelmed. c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde ii. 544 (593) Maris þe god þat helmyd is of stel. 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Chron. (1812) II. clxviii. 472 Anone, they were agayne helmed, and ran togider. 1691 J. Dryden King Arthur i. i. 3 Now again you Helm your hoary Head. 1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc vii. 498 Then from the bank He sprung, and helm'd his head. a1839 W. M. Praed Poems (1864) II. 366 Now saddle my steed and helm my head. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2021). helmv.² Etymology: < helm n.² transitive. To guide with or as with a helm; to steer. Chiefly figurative. ΘΚΠ society > authority > control > [verb (transitive)] > guide wieldeOE steera1000 wisc1000 wiseOE turnc1175 kenc1200 conduec1330 dressc1330 govern1340 addressc1350 guidea1400 conducec1475 conduct1481 rectifya1500 besteer1603 helm1607 engineer1831 beacon1835 society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > steering > steer [verb (intransitive)] steerc897 stretchc1275 steer1340 stern14.. to steer a, one's course1602 helm1607 society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > steering > steer [verb (transitive)] steera1122 stretchc1275 lead1377 stern1577 helm1607 rudder1856 steer1873 1607 J. Marston What you Will ii. i. C iij b Fate helmeth all. a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iii. i. 403 The businesse he hath helmed, must..giue him a better proclamation. View more context for this quotation 1807 J. Barlow Columbiad i. 49 The steerman gaily helms his course along. 1884 Ld. Tennyson Becket i. iii. 66 No forsworn Archbishop Shall helm the Church. 1890 H. R. Haggard & A. Lang World's Desire 41 He helmed the ship towards these. intransitive or absolute.1666 London Gaz. No. 31/4 The Conquerors..helmed a weather, and stood for the Southward Cape. Draft additions August 2007 transitive. Film and Television (originally U.S.). To direct (a film, television programme, etc.). Also intransitive. ΚΠ 1930 Los Angeles Times 30 Nov. 1/3 At least nine out of ten pictures produced so far this year have been helmed by the ‘chiefs’ reared in the silent school of film production. 1965 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 11 July (Parade Mag. section) 8/3 The British director helming Zhivago. 1995 Radio Times 1 July (Midlands ed.) 54/4 Lew Landers helms with felicity. 2002 Premiere July 33/2 He had helmed six features of his own, codirected one, and contributed two short segments to omnibus films. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2021). helmv.³ Etymology: < helm n.³; but see yelm v. dialect. transitive. To lay (straw) in order for thatching. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > build or provide with specific parts [verb (transitive)] > roof > thatch > lay straw straight for thatching haulma1642 helma1722 yelm1890 a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1752) 236 Straw is heaped up together in order to be helmed. 1763 R. Forster in Philos. Trans. 1762 (Royal Soc.) 52 475 I had a woman..helming of straw, i.e. laying it straight, for the thatcher. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online September 2018). < n.¹c725n.²c725n.³1437v.¹OEv.²1607v.³a1722
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