hardyadj.n.¹

Brit.

/ˈhɑːdi/, U.S.

/ˈhɑrdi/

Forms: Middle English ardi, Middle English ardy, Middle English harde, Middle English hardiȝe, Middle English herdi, Middle English herdy, Middle English–1500s hardi, Middle English–1600s hardie, Middle English–1600s hardye, Middle English– hardy; Scottish pre-1700 harddy, pre-1700 1700s– hardy, pre-1700 1900s– hardie.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French hardi.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman ardi, herdi, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French hardi, Anglo-Norman and Middle French hardy (French hardi ) courageous, bold, brave (c1100 as adjective; late 12th cent. as noun in sense ‘bold or brave person’), impudent, insolent, presumptuous (late 12th cent.; compare fol hardi foolhardy adj.), (of things) sturdy, tough (1335); further etymology uncertain and disputed (see below). Compare Old Occitan ardit , Catalan ardit (c1200), Spanish ardido (a1207), Portuguese ardido (13th cent.), Italian ardito (end of the 13th cent.). Compare hard adj., with which this word (although of different origin) shows partial semantic overlap.Further etymology. The French adjective, like the parallel adjectives in other Romance languages, has usually been taken as an early borrowing < an unattested West Germanic weak verb cognate with, or similarly formed to, hard v. (compare the Germanic verbs cited at that entry). An alternative, but not generally accepted, etymology derives it < an unattested post-classical Latin form *arditus , past participle of *ardire , variant (with change of conjugation) of classical Latin ardēre to burn (see ardent adj.). See further discussion in Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français at hardi adj.¹ Specific senses. With sense A. 2 compare foolhardy adj. Specific forms. In form harde rhyming with duȝte , variant of doughty adj. Earlier use as surname. Slightly earlier currency is apparently implied by surnames; compare Willelmus Hardi (1194), Gaufridus Hardy (1206).

A. adj.

a. Of a person, a person's disposition, etc.: courageous, daring; bold, resolute. Formerly also with †in, †of. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > courage > daring > [adjective]

keenc897

dearOE

bolda1000

hardyc1225

yepec1275

crousea1400

jeopardousa1513

audacious1550

facing1564

venturous1565

daring1582

daring-hardy1597

audaculous1603

dareful1614

adventuresome1628

outdacious1742

risky1826

plucky1835

plucked1846

racy1901

have-a-go1953

philobatic1955

Boy's Own1967

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) 799 Porfirie ant auguste wurðen of þeos wordes so swiðe wil-cweme, & so hardi.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 201 Þibeoð eauer aȝein him hardi ase liun intreowe bileaue.

c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) 2086 He nom of his ferde six hundred cniþtes of alle þe kenneste and of þan hardieste [c1275 Calig. hardest].

c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 1136 Gode kniȝt & ardi in fiȝt.

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) v. l. 830 Troylus..Yong, fresche, strong, and hardy as lyon.

a1475 Sir Gawain & Carl Carlisle (1951) l. 92 (MED) A hardyer knygȝt not be fonde, Full herdy he was and bolde.

?1504 S. Hawes Example of Vertu sig. cc.vi He in his youth so hardy was That he dyd sle the gyaunt Golias.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 94 A good Knight and hardie of his handes.

1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. vii. v. 1043 No man is so hardy as to rule on horse-backe by a Church.

1694 J. Sergeant Hist. Romance Wars Gallieno & Nasonius xviii. 85 All this could not discourage the hardy and daring Grandorsio from his Undertaking.

1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure II. 162 Mrs. Cole..look'd on me now as a girl after her own heart, afraid of nothing; and..hardy enough to fight all the weapons of pleasure through.

1764 H. Walpole Castle of Otranto i. 30 Art thou so hardy, as to dare my vengeance?

1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. iv. 200 In this treatise, such a hardy spirit of innovation was displayed..that [etc.].

1885 Manch. Examiner 13 June 5/2 No one..would be hardy enough to take up the reins after he had thrown them down.

1928 Princeton Alumni Weekly 10 Feb. 490/2 It would be a hardy theorizer who referred the successful public careers of Dr. Witherspoon's graduates to the scheme of their formal education.

b. Of an action, undertaking, quality, etc.: exhibiting or requiring resolution or courage; audacious. Now rare.

ΚΠ

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 182 Hardi bileaue bringgeð þe deouel on flucht.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 2088 (MED) Gracian..uor is ardy [a1400 Trin. Cambr. hardiȝe] dedes, of him uor dradde ynou.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 7659 (MED) Þis batal was hardy I-nogh.

1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. sig. H.viii But more thei wear amased at this aduentorous & hardy onset.

1585 in T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. 20 (note) A hardie enterprise of certaine knights.

1627 P. Hay Advt. Subj. Scotl. 9 Hee did Knight fiue of his Sonnes, for their great and hardie Adventures, about these exploits.

1685 J. Evelyn Mem. (1857) II. 253 He..has served the Court interest on all the hardiest occasions.

1749 W. Hawkins Henry & Rosamond i. i. 2 Talks of high Fame, and hardy Feats of Arms: Thou hast inspir'd his Soul.

1783 S. Johnson Let. 19 Apr. (1994) IV. 130 Silenced by a hardy denial of facts.

1829 New Monthly Mag. 26 157 The hardy mendaciousness which asserts impossibilities, and defies public reproof.

1884 E. Reclus in Contemp. Rev. May 633 A hardy stroke on the Stock Exchange.

2012 Washington Post (Nexis) 17 June b7 To send them packing to America, lured by the tales of buffalo hunts and Indian skirmishes and the taste of hardy adventure.

2. In negative sense: unduly or rashly bold; full of temerity; presumptuous. Cf. foolhardy adj. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > courage > daring > reckless daring > [adjective] > rash or overbold

hardy?c1225

over-hardyc1225

temeraryc1410

overbolda1425

temerous1461

temerarious1532

fool-bold1549

over-daringa1593

fool-heady1611

temeritous1892

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 47 Þu an sunful mon art sa swiðe hardi to kasten canh echnen vp on an ȝeung wimmon.

a1300 Passion our Lord 98 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 40 Louerd.., hwo is so hardy man Þat durre þe bytraye?

?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 60^v Hardy,..temerarius, qui sine concilio agit.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxii. 474 Yf Reynawd were soo hardy to doo ony harme vnto richarde of normandy, I sholde hange hym wyth myn owen handes.

a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) ix. §42. 40 That na man be hardy him to heghe abouen the stabilnes of haly men.

a1500 (?c1450) Merlin ii. 37 Thei sholde not be so hardy be-fore me to make yow no lesynge.

1563 A. Brooke Agreem. Sondry Places Script. 99 Certaynly ther is no feare nor reuerence nor good opinion of god among vs when we are so hardy and rashe to aske of God things which our owne conscience would not graunt vs.

1649 J. Evelyn in tr. F. de La Mothe Le Vayer Of Liberty & Servitude Transl. Epist. sig. A8 The matter is anothers, and entertained by Persons of that Eminency, that I dare presume no man will appeare so hardy, as rashly, either to condemne, or prejudice it.

1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 503 What shall we say now to such a hardy Writer, as this is?

1715 L. Theobald tr. Aristophanes Clouds iv. 53 But suppose I bring you on your Oath, you will not be so hardy as to call the Gods to Witness that you owe me nothing?

1838 Boston Q. Rev. Oct. 450 In this respect, science, which at times is quite too hardy in its physiological conjectures, has some important duties to fulfil.

1890 Sat. Rev. 1 Feb. 150/1 A warning to others not henceforward to be so hardy.

1911 W. B. Maxwell Mrs. Thompson iv. 41 There was perhaps something too hardy in the way he kept his eyes fixed on her face.

†3. Quick, ready; eager, keen. Also with in (doing something), to (do something). Obsolete.Frequently in negative constructions, esp. not so hardy.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > wish or inclination > willingness > [adjective] > eager

yevereOE

frecka1000

cofc1000

fousOE

sharpc1000

anguishous?c1225

eager?a1300

hardya1387

hetera1400

yeverousa1400

belivea1450

forthward1488

yapc1500

ertand1508

tite?a1540

high1649

fell1667

forwardeda1674

agog1683

enthusiastic1777

empressé1878

rearing1904

press-on1948

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 71 (MED) Whanne þe senatoures and þe Romayns hadde i-take to rede to forsake Italy for drede, þis Scipio drouȝ out his swerd and forbede hem, and seide nouȝt so hardy.

c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. Prol. l. 76 (MED) Heo scholde not beo so hardi to deceyue so þe peple.

a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 342 Petre was..hardi in axing.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 27 Than woll they be the more hardy whan they se you but aboute twenty thousande.

1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie sig. Eeii^v That a hartlesse harted spider: should be growne: Hardy to fight, till we flies be ouerthrowne.

1620 J. Pyper tr. H. d'Urfé Hist. Astrea ix. 304 I pray you command Fleurial that he be not so hardy, to bring any thing from this arrogant.

1672 Chaucer's Ghoast 118 Therewith he meant to have slain the King. Not so hardy, said Sir Crucifrag, upon pain of thy Head, if thou touch him any more.

†4. Of a tree: strong, enduring; vigorous. Obsolete.In some quots. apparently as a more general term of commendation.

ΚΠ

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. cxvi. 1009 And [Palma] is a tree noble and hardy [L. nobilis et insignis].

c1430 (c1380) G. Chaucer Parl. Fowls (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1871) l. 176 The byldere ok & ek the hardy assh.

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iv. l. 453 (MED) Dayly make hem dronken; hardiest [L. animatas], I am expert, so be they forto grete In magnytude, & brynge in pomys grete.

a. Of a person or animal: capable of enduring fatigue, hardship, or adverse conditions; physically robust; healthy. Of a thing: sturdy, tough, resilient, long-lasting.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > [adjective] > of health: good > resistant to disease, etc.

strongeOE

stalworthc1175

starka1250

stiff1297

stalworthyc1300

vigorousc1330

stoura1350

lustyc1374

marrowya1382

sturdyc1386

crank1398

robust1490

vigorious1502

stalwart1508

hardy1548

robustious1548

of force1577

rustical1583

marrowed1612

rustic1620

robustic1652

solid1741

refractory1843

salted1864

resistant1876

saulteda1879

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust

strongeOE

hardOE

stalworthc1175

starka1250

stiff1297

steel to the (very) backa1300

stalworthyc1300

wightc1300

stable13..

valiant1303

stithc1325

toughc1330

wrast1338

stoura1350

sadc1384

wighty14..

derfc1440

substantialc1460

well-jointed1483

felon1487

robust1490

stalwart1508

stoutya1529

robustous?1531

rankc1540

hardy1548

robustious1548

stout1576

rustical1583

rustic1620

iron1638

robustic1652

swankinga1704

strapping1707

rugged1731

solid1741

vaudy1793

flaithulach1829

ironbark1833

swankie1838

tough as (old) boots or leather1843

skookum1847

hard (also tough, sharp) as nails1862

hard-assed1954

nails1974

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. cl A tall and a hardye personage.

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. ii. 32 How strong and hardie I was, and how I could endure the cold and tempestuous season.

1631 T. May tr. J. Barclay Mirrour of Mindes iv. 139 The Irish, which liue not in Townes, or ciuill places, are wonderfull hardy in enduring any ayre, or diet.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 920 [Art] thou then they Less hardie to endure?

1712 J. Arbuthnot John Bull Still in Senses ii. 10 This Usage tho' it stunted the Girl in her Growth, gave her a hardy Constitution.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth V. 183 When once grown up, turkies are very hardy birds.

1823 Lit. Examiner 27 Sept. 203 The example of those British oaks..whose intuitive property it is..to..cling to the hardy gravel.

1840 Calhoun County (Marshall, Mich.) Patriot 25 Sept. 1/5 Whenever the slightest breath of air swept over the dreary waste, even the hardy Swede shivered like an ague-struck girl.

1862 E. Bulwer-Lytton Strange Story II. xxv. 175 The solitudes of that blithesome and hardy Nature.

1903 William & Mary Coll. Q. Hist. Mag. 12 44 Major-General Winston (or Winslow) has with him a large body of troops, hardy veterans, inured to fatigue.

1945 A. Pollitzer Let. 1 Aug. in G. O'Keeffe & A. Pollitzer Lovingly, Georgia (1990) 285 She is looking very well. Iv'e [sic] never seen her hardier or browner.

1966 E. E. Bacon Central Asians under Russ. Rule (1980) v. 128 Cattle, less hardy than the Central Asian breeds of sheep, horses, and camels, do not fit well into the nomadic pattern.

2006 Photovideo Sept. 28/1 It was a hardy device that could withstand a few knocks and bumps.

b. Of an action, quality, etc.: exhibiting, entailing, or characterized by physical robustness or endurance.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust > of bodily strength

hardy1601

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust > involving or requiring robustness

hardy1601

1601 R. Chester Loves Martyr 47 The Saxons men of hardie strength.

1674 A. Cremer tr. J. Scheffer Hist. Lapland 124 The Laplanders lead a miserable and hardy kind of life.

1730 J. Thomson Autumn in Seasons 166 Nurse of a people, in misfortune's school Train'd up to hardy deeds.

1795 Personal Best Pledge Public Reform 13 They may be exposed to the nameless severities of a hardy existence.

1845 R. Ford Hand-bk. Travellers in Spain I. i. 53 The horses of Navarre..are still esteemed for their hardy strength.

1884 Athenæum 19 July 79/3 The hardy but squalid Spartanism of our older public schools.

1933 Bulletin (Sydney) 20 Dec. 10/3 There was a hardy war-time story of a stonebroke Digger.

1956 Life 2 Apr. 69/2 The system provided..the opportunity for virile sport and lofty buildings, for the hardy pursuit of agriculture.

2004 Owl Canad. Family May 32 In the hardy tradition of olde-tyme fishing, our boat is no luxury cruiser.

c. Horticulture. Of a plant: capable of surviving adverse conditions (esp. cold temperatures); (also) able to grow outside without protection throughout the year. See also hardy annual n., hardy perennial n. at Compounds 2, and half-hardy adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [adjective] > hardy or not hardy

tender1614

hardy1629

sturdy1695

nicec1710

tenderish1798

half-hardy1818

ironclad1871

1629 J. Parkinson Paradisi in Sole 498 Our winter Lettice is wonderfull hardy to endure our cold.

1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 59 in Sylva Auriculas..need not be hous'd; it is a hardy Plant.

1721 R. Bradley Philos. Acct. Wks. Nature 183 Was I to describe the Gardens of Particulars in France, we should find them abound in natural Beauties, and only wanting of those Ornaments in which we exceed most other Parts of Europe, viz, Grass, Gravel, and Variety of hardy Ever-greens.

1783 T. Blaikie Diary Sc. Gardener (1931) 187 A little way from St Germains..ther is a Curious Gentelman one Mr. Trochereau who has a curious collection of hardy exotick plants.

1813 C. Marshall Introd. Knowl. & Pract. Gardening (ed. 5) xv. 222 Borecole or cale is a hardy green.

1868 Amer. Jrnl. Hort. 3 96 The hardy azaleas... Most of the varieties, of which there are scores, are hardy as far north as Massachusetts.

1934 Amer. Home July 68g/1 Agave stricta is a palm-like hardy plant and is used extensively for outdoor landscaping as it withstands most all kinds of weather and does not rot from too much water.

1969 T. H. Everett Living Trees of World 63/1 American arbor-vitae or northern white-cedar, T. occidentalis, is much hardier than any other species.

2006 Grow your Own July 54/2 Kale is a hardy vegetable—its fresh leaves and shoots can be harvested even in severe winters.

B. n.¹

1. A hardy person (in various senses of the adjective). rare before 20th cent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [noun] > strong person

hardyc1475

bruiser1742

ball of musclec1914

Tarzan1921

musclehead1923

heavy1962

c1475 (?c1425) Avowing of King Arthur (1984) l. 259 Þe hed of þat hardy He sette on a stake.

a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 160 (MED) The good kynge Dauy, the worthy hardy.

1963 Life 7 June 109/2 Wrestling with their heavy boats and struggling to hang on to elusive gear, these hardies are among the 126 outdoorsmen who tackled the first annual Texas Water Safari.

1997 Vanity Fair June 66/3 The tenor of American pop culture is no longer set by such hairy-chested hardies but by weedier guys.

2. A hardy plant. See sense A. 5c.In quot. 1847, a use as n. of half-hardy adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [noun] > hardy plant

hardy1856

ironclad1870

1847 D. Landreth Johnson's Dict. Mod. Gardening 131/2 The half-hardies, O. media, 0. polyacantha, and 0. vulgaris.]

1856 ‘E. S. Delamer’ Flower Garden 169 Look over the patches of ‘hardies’ sown last month, and repair any failures by sowing afresh.

1921 House & Garden Apr. 88/2 (advt.) How about those hardies, those shrubs, those trees, you were going to plant?

2011 N. Romanowski Wetland Weeds 106 Waterlilies are considered here as two major groups, with very different cold tolerances,..known to gardeners as ‘tropicals’ and ‘hardies’.

Compounds

C1. Parasynthetic, as hardy-limbed, hardy-mannered, hardy-witted, etc., adjs.

ΚΠ

?a1425 (?a1400) Descr. Edward III (Lamb. 491) in Brut (1908) 333 [a1500 Harl. 753 He was] a wel and a hardy hertid [Harl. continues man, for he dred neuer of none myshappes].

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. lix He was a man..of body somewhat crasse and corpulent, quycke wytted, bold and hardy stomaked.

1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. ii. 433 Ronsard..hardy-witted, handleth happily All sorts of subiect, stile, and Poesie.

1704 W. Nicolson Diary 9 Dec. in London Diaries (1985) 248 I cursorily took notice of the Cork-Tree, Green and as hardy-looked as a Sea-Buckthorne.

1796 G. D. Harley Poems 234 Shou'd we not blame the hardy-headed fool Who saw the elemental war advance Yet might elude the fury of the storm.

1825 T. Moore Jrnl. 31 Oct. in Mem. (1853) IV. 339 The sexton, a shrewd, hardy-mannered fellow.

1839 W. Howitt Boy's Country-bk. 214 He was a bold, hardy spirited lad that could take care of himself.

1857 J. S. Blackie Lays & Legends Anc. Greece 15 Hardy-limbed, and sturdy labour's Primal type was he.

1912 G. A. Ackerman Christmas Praises 203 Such teachings by their lives exemplified,..Were clad with eloquence almost Divine, To ev'ry hardy-handed son of earth.

2004 Vanity Fair Dec. 403/1 Assisting Johnson were a fresh wave of young, hardy-livered, scoop-scoring ‘Page Six’ reporters.

C2.

hardy annual n. an annual plant tolerant of frost or cold, typically sown in the open ground where it is to flower, and sometimes returning year after year from self-sown seed; (figurative) a matter or news story that returns regularly.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by age or cycles > [noun] > annual

annual1633

hardy annual1706

tender annual1769

winter annual1857

semi-annual1882

therophyte1913

the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > topic, subject-matter > [noun] > recurring theme

refraina1413

hardy annual1706

hardy perennial1759

1706 G. London & H. Wise Retir'd Gard'ner I. iii. xv. 341 There are many Sorts of Candy-Tufts, but in our Gardens in England we make use but of Two Sorts of them... to make a Show the First Year; after which the Plants produce their Seed, and die. The Plants of this Sort we call Hardy Annuals.

1852 R. Buist Amer. Flower-garden Directory (ed. 5) 29 Hardy Annuals..are possessed of much beauty of hue.

1892 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 Aug. 4/2 (Farmer) Readers..are once more filling the columns of that journal with ‘Is Marriage a Failure?’ The hardy annual is called ‘English Wives’ this time.

1921 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 22 Oct. 678/2 My protest is a hardy annual, and I fear the powers that be will let it remain so.

2004 BBC Gardeners' World Dec. 66/2 Sown outdoors from March to May, this hardy annual is the perfect choice for cottage garden borders where it will flower from July all the way through to September and will self-seed freely.

hardy perennial n. a herbaceous plant with a perennial rootstock that can withstand frost; (figurative) something which recurs continually or at regular intervals.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by age or cycles > [noun] > perennial > herbaceous perennial

hardy perennial1759

herbaceous perennial1868

the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > topic, subject-matter > [noun] > recurring theme

refraina1413

hardy annual1706

hardy perennial1759

1759 T. Perfect Pract. of Gardening 3 Under these four heads may be comprehended the whole practice of common gardening... 2.The raising hardy biennials or perennials in the nursery in the open ground.

1888 Sat. Rev. 30 June 786/2 The games still in vogue may be resolved into two classes; the first of them, which has been called the Hardy Perennial, contains those which are followed all the year round without respect to season.

1900 J. M. Abbott in W. D. Drury Bk. Gardening viii. 260 Hardy herbaceous perennials are a very popular set of plants.

1967 C. O. Skinner Madame Sarah (new ed.) vii. 132 Thousands of playgoers travelled thousands of miles to sob over Marguerite Gauthier's departure from life..in that hardy perennial whose actual title is La Dame aux Camélias.

2003 Amateur Gardening 24 May 25/2 Being hardy annuals and hardy perennials, scabious can be sown in situ, or in cells for transplanting later.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	hardy
释义	hardyn.² Brit. /ˈhɑːdi/, U.S. /ˈhɑrdi/ Forms: 1800s– hardie, 1800s– hardy. Origin: Probably formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: hard adj., -y suffix³. Etymology: Probably < hard adj. + -y suffix³.A derivation < hardy adj. is unlikely on semantic grounds. It is unclear whether the following quot. from an inventory of the belongings of a blacksmith shows an earlier instance of this word:1692 in B. S. Trinder & J. Cox Yeoman & Colliers in Telford 1660–1750 (1980) 292 4 rolars & a hardey. In metalworking: a vertical bar or blade of hard iron with a sharp edge, on which a nail-maker can strike off the shaped nail from the iron rod. Also: a short chisel with a square shank for fitting upright into a corresponding socket in a blacksmith's anvil (see hardy hole n. at Compounds), so that a metal piece can be placed on the sharp edge and marked or cut with a hammer-blow. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for making other articles > [noun] > nail-making equipment nail-tool1338 hag-iron1825 hardy1829 bore1831 stake-iron1832 1829 Jrnl. Senate Pennsylvania Session 1828–9 II. 561/2 Report of the Adjutant General and Auditor General... Smiths' chissels..hardie..punch. 1870 Good Words Apr. 247 My bore and hardy must be done, Or I cannot make good nails. 1964 S. Crawford Basic Engin. Processes xiii. 270 The hot set is used for cutting or marking hot material, often used in conjunction with a hardie. 1965 A. F. Shirley Metalwork Techn. vi. 84 Metal..should be heated where it is to be cut and this part placed on the hardie and hammered to form a vee cut. 2008 J. DeLaRonde Blacksmithing Basics for Homestead viii. 67 On the hardy, hit it hard enough to cut most of the way through. Compounds hardy hole n. a square socket near the heel of an anvil, into which a hardy or various other tools may be fitted. ΚΠ 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 1061/2 Hardy (Forging), a chisel or fuller having a square shank for insertion into a square hole in an anvil called a hardy-hole. 2006 L. Sims Backyard Blacksmith i. 17 Anvil tools, especially the hot and cold cut hardies, should be removed from the hardy hole immediately after use. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). hardyadj.n.¹ Brit. /ˈhɑːdi/, U.S. /ˈhɑrdi/ Forms: Middle English ardi, Middle English ardy, Middle English harde, Middle English hardiȝe, Middle English herdi, Middle English herdy, Middle English–1500s hardi, Middle English–1600s hardie, Middle English–1600s hardye, Middle English– hardy; Scottish pre-1700 harddy, pre-1700 1700s– hardy, pre-1700 1900s– hardie. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French hardi. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman ardi, herdi, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French hardi, Anglo-Norman and Middle French hardy (French hardi ) courageous, bold, brave (c1100 as adjective; late 12th cent. as noun in sense ‘bold or brave person’), impudent, insolent, presumptuous (late 12th cent.; compare fol hardi foolhardy adj.), (of things) sturdy, tough (1335); further etymology uncertain and disputed (see below). Compare Old Occitan ardit , Catalan ardit (c1200), Spanish ardido (a1207), Portuguese ardido (13th cent.), Italian ardito (end of the 13th cent.). Compare hard adj., with which this word (although of different origin) shows partial semantic overlap.Further etymology. The French adjective, like the parallel adjectives in other Romance languages, has usually been taken as an early borrowing < an unattested West Germanic weak verb cognate with, or similarly formed to, hard v. (compare the Germanic verbs cited at that entry). An alternative, but not generally accepted, etymology derives it < an unattested post-classical Latin form arditus , past participle of ardire , variant (with change of conjugation) of classical Latin ardēre to burn (see ardent adj.). See further discussion in Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français at hardi adj.¹ Specific senses. With sense A. 2 compare foolhardy adj. Specific forms. In form harde rhyming with duȝte , variant of doughty adj. Earlier use as surname. Slightly earlier currency is apparently implied by surnames; compare Willelmus Hardi (1194), Gaufridus Hardy (1206). A. adj. 1. a. Of a person, a person's disposition, etc.: courageous, daring; bold, resolute. Formerly also with †in, †of. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > courage > daring > [adjective] keenc897 dearOE bolda1000 hardyc1225 yepec1275 crousea1400 jeopardousa1513 audacious1550 facing1564 venturous1565 daring1582 daring-hardy1597 audaculous1603 dareful1614 adventuresome1628 outdacious1742 risky1826 plucky1835 plucked1846 racy1901 have-a-go1953 philobatic1955 Boy's Own1967 c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) 799 Porfirie ant auguste wurðen of þeos wordes so swiðe wil-cweme, & so hardi. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 201 Þibeoð eauer aȝein him hardi ase liun intreowe bileaue. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) 2086 He nom of his ferde six hundred cniþtes of alle þe kenneste and of þan hardieste [c1275 Calig. hardest]. c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 1136 Gode kniȝt & ardi in fiȝt. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) v. l. 830 Troylus..Yong, fresche, strong, and hardy as lyon. a1475 Sir Gawain & Carl Carlisle (1951) l. 92 (MED) A hardyer knygȝt not be fonde, Full herdy he was and bolde. ?1504 S. Hawes Example of Vertu sig. cc.vi He in his youth so hardy was That he dyd sle the gyaunt Golias. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 94 A good Knight and hardie of his handes. 1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. vii. v. 1043 No man is so hardy as to rule on horse-backe by a Church. 1694 J. Sergeant Hist. Romance Wars Gallieno & Nasonius xviii. 85 All this could not discourage the hardy and daring Grandorsio from his Undertaking. 1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure II. 162 Mrs. Cole..look'd on me now as a girl after her own heart, afraid of nothing; and..hardy enough to fight all the weapons of pleasure through. 1764 H. Walpole Castle of Otranto i. 30 Art thou so hardy, as to dare my vengeance? 1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. iv. 200 In this treatise, such a hardy spirit of innovation was displayed..that [etc.]. 1885 Manch. Examiner 13 June 5/2 No one..would be hardy enough to take up the reins after he had thrown them down. 1928 Princeton Alumni Weekly 10 Feb. 490/2 It would be a hardy theorizer who referred the successful public careers of Dr. Witherspoon's graduates to the scheme of their formal education. b. Of an action, undertaking, quality, etc.: exhibiting or requiring resolution or courage; audacious. Now rare. ΚΠ ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 182 Hardi bileaue bringgeð þe deouel on flucht. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 2088 (MED) Gracian..uor is ardy [a1400 Trin. Cambr. hardiȝe] dedes, of him uor dradde ynou. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 7659 (MED) Þis batal was hardy I-nogh. 1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. sig. H.viii But more thei wear amased at this aduentorous & hardy onset. 1585 in T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. 20 (note) A hardie enterprise of certaine knights. 1627 P. Hay Advt. Subj. Scotl. 9 Hee did Knight fiue of his Sonnes, for their great and hardie Adventures, about these exploits. 1685 J. Evelyn Mem. (1857) II. 253 He..has served the Court interest on all the hardiest occasions. 1749 W. Hawkins Henry & Rosamond i. i. 2 Talks of high Fame, and hardy Feats of Arms: Thou hast inspir'd his Soul. 1783 S. Johnson Let. 19 Apr. (1994) IV. 130 Silenced by a hardy denial of facts. 1829 New Monthly Mag. 26 157 The hardy mendaciousness which asserts impossibilities, and defies public reproof. 1884 E. Reclus in Contemp. Rev. May 633 A hardy stroke on the Stock Exchange. 2012 Washington Post (Nexis) 17 June b7 To send them packing to America, lured by the tales of buffalo hunts and Indian skirmishes and the taste of hardy adventure. 2. In negative sense: unduly or rashly bold; full of temerity; presumptuous. Cf. foolhardy adj. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > courage > daring > reckless daring > [adjective] > rash or overbold hardy?c1225 over-hardyc1225 temeraryc1410 overbolda1425 temerous1461 temerarious1532 fool-bold1549 over-daringa1593 fool-heady1611 temeritous1892 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 47 Þu an sunful mon art sa swiðe hardi to kasten canh echnen vp on an ȝeung wimmon. a1300 Passion our Lord 98 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 40 Louerd.., hwo is so hardy man Þat durre þe bytraye? ?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 60^v Hardy,..temerarius, qui sine concilio agit. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxii. 474 Yf Reynawd were soo hardy to doo ony harme vnto richarde of normandy, I sholde hange hym wyth myn owen handes. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) ix. §42. 40 That na man be hardy him to heghe abouen the stabilnes of haly men. a1500 (?c1450) Merlin ii. 37 Thei sholde not be so hardy be-fore me to make yow no lesynge. 1563 A. Brooke Agreem. Sondry Places Script. 99 Certaynly ther is no feare nor reuerence nor good opinion of god among vs when we are so hardy and rashe to aske of God things which our owne conscience would not graunt vs. 1649 J. Evelyn in tr. F. de La Mothe Le Vayer Of Liberty & Servitude Transl. Epist. sig. A8 The matter is anothers, and entertained by Persons of that Eminency, that I dare presume no man will appeare so hardy, as rashly, either to condemne, or prejudice it. 1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 503 What shall we say now to such a hardy Writer, as this is? 1715 L. Theobald tr. Aristophanes Clouds iv. 53 But suppose I bring you on your Oath, you will not be so hardy as to call the Gods to Witness that you owe me nothing? 1838 Boston Q. Rev. Oct. 450 In this respect, science, which at times is quite too hardy in its physiological conjectures, has some important duties to fulfil. 1890 Sat. Rev. 1 Feb. 150/1 A warning to others not henceforward to be so hardy. 1911 W. B. Maxwell Mrs. Thompson iv. 41 There was perhaps something too hardy in the way he kept his eyes fixed on her face. †3. Quick, ready; eager, keen. Also with in (doing something), to (do something). Obsolete.Frequently in negative constructions, esp. not so hardy. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > wish or inclination > willingness > [adjective] > eager yevereOE frecka1000 cofc1000 fousOE sharpc1000 anguishous?c1225 eager?a1300 hardya1387 hetera1400 yeverousa1400 belivea1450 forthward1488 yapc1500 ertand1508 tite?a1540 high1649 fell1667 forwardeda1674 agog1683 enthusiastic1777 empressé1878 rearing1904 press-on1948 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 71 (MED) Whanne þe senatoures and þe Romayns hadde i-take to rede to forsake Italy for drede, þis Scipio drouȝ out his swerd and forbede hem, and seide nouȝt so hardy. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. Prol. l. 76 (MED) Heo scholde not beo so hardi to deceyue so þe peple. a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 342 Petre was..hardi in axing. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 27 Than woll they be the more hardy whan they se you but aboute twenty thousande. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie sig. Eeii^v That a hartlesse harted spider: should be growne: Hardy to fight, till we flies be ouerthrowne. 1620 J. Pyper tr. H. d'Urfé Hist. Astrea ix. 304 I pray you command Fleurial that he be not so hardy, to bring any thing from this arrogant. 1672 Chaucer's Ghoast 118 Therewith he meant to have slain the King. Not so hardy, said Sir Crucifrag, upon pain of thy Head, if thou touch him any more. †4. Of a tree: strong, enduring; vigorous. Obsolete.In some quots. apparently as a more general term of commendation. ΚΠ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. cxvi. 1009 And [Palma] is a tree noble and hardy [L. nobilis et insignis]. c1430 (c1380) G. Chaucer Parl. Fowls (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1871) l. 176 The byldere ok & ek the hardy assh. tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iv. l. 453 (MED) Dayly make hem dronken; hardiest [L. animatas], I am expert, so be they forto grete In magnytude, & brynge in pomys grete. 5. a. Of a person or animal: capable of enduring fatigue, hardship, or adverse conditions; physically robust; healthy. Of a thing: sturdy, tough, resilient, long-lasting. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > [adjective] > of health: good > resistant to disease, etc. strongeOE stalworthc1175 starka1250 stiff1297 stalworthyc1300 vigorousc1330 stoura1350 lustyc1374 marrowya1382 sturdyc1386 crank1398 robust1490 vigorious1502 stalwart1508 hardy1548 robustious1548 of force1577 rustical1583 marrowed1612 rustic1620 robustic1652 solid1741 refractory1843 salted1864 resistant1876 saulteda1879 the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust strongeOE hardOE stalworthc1175 starka1250 stiff1297 steel to the (very) backa1300 stalworthyc1300 wightc1300 stable13.. valiant1303 stithc1325 toughc1330 wrast1338 stoura1350 sadc1384 wighty14.. derfc1440 substantialc1460 well-jointed1483 felon1487 robust1490 stalwart1508 stoutya1529 robustous?1531 rankc1540 hardy1548 robustious1548 stout1576 rustical1583 rustic1620 iron1638 robustic1652 swankinga1704 strapping1707 rugged1731 solid1741 vaudy1793 flaithulach1829 ironbark1833 swankie1838 tough as (old) boots or leather1843 skookum1847 hard (also tough, sharp) as nails1862 hard-assed1954 nails1974 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. cl A tall and a hardye personage. 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. ii. 32 How strong and hardie I was, and how I could endure the cold and tempestuous season. 1631 T. May tr. J. Barclay Mirrour of Mindes iv. 139 The Irish, which liue not in Townes, or ciuill places, are wonderfull hardy in enduring any ayre, or diet. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 920 [Art] thou then they Less hardie to endure? View more context for this quotation 1712 J. Arbuthnot John Bull Still in Senses ii. 10 This Usage tho' it stunted the Girl in her Growth, gave her a hardy Constitution. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth V. 183 When once grown up, turkies are very hardy birds. 1823 Lit. Examiner 27 Sept. 203 The example of those British oaks..whose intuitive property it is..to..cling to the hardy gravel. 1840 Calhoun County (Marshall, Mich.) Patriot 25 Sept. 1/5 Whenever the slightest breath of air swept over the dreary waste, even the hardy Swede shivered like an ague-struck girl. 1862 E. Bulwer-Lytton Strange Story II. xxv. 175 The solitudes of that blithesome and hardy Nature. 1903 William & Mary Coll. Q. Hist. Mag. 12 44 Major-General Winston (or Winslow) has with him a large body of troops, hardy veterans, inured to fatigue. 1945 A. Pollitzer Let. 1 Aug. in G. O'Keeffe & A. Pollitzer Lovingly, Georgia (1990) 285 She is looking very well. Iv'e [sic] never seen her hardier or browner. 1966 E. E. Bacon Central Asians under Russ. Rule (1980) v. 128 Cattle, less hardy than the Central Asian breeds of sheep, horses, and camels, do not fit well into the nomadic pattern. 2006 Photovideo Sept. 28/1 It was a hardy device that could withstand a few knocks and bumps. b. Of an action, quality, etc.: exhibiting, entailing, or characterized by physical robustness or endurance. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust > of bodily strength hardy1601 the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust > involving or requiring robustness hardy1601 1601 R. Chester Loves Martyr 47 The Saxons men of hardie strength. 1674 A. Cremer tr. J. Scheffer Hist. Lapland 124 The Laplanders lead a miserable and hardy kind of life. 1730 J. Thomson Autumn in Seasons 166 Nurse of a people, in misfortune's school Train'd up to hardy deeds. 1795 Personal Best Pledge Public Reform 13 They may be exposed to the nameless severities of a hardy existence. 1845 R. Ford Hand-bk. Travellers in Spain I. i. 53 The horses of Navarre..are still esteemed for their hardy strength. 1884 Athenæum 19 July 79/3 The hardy but squalid Spartanism of our older public schools. 1933 Bulletin (Sydney) 20 Dec. 10/3 There was a hardy war-time story of a stonebroke Digger. 1956 Life 2 Apr. 69/2 The system provided..the opportunity for virile sport and lofty buildings, for the hardy pursuit of agriculture. 2004 Owl Canad. Family May 32 In the hardy tradition of olde-tyme fishing, our boat is no luxury cruiser. c. Horticulture. Of a plant: capable of surviving adverse conditions (esp. cold temperatures); (also) able to grow outside without protection throughout the year. See also hardy annual n., hardy perennial n. at Compounds 2, and half-hardy adj. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [adjective] > hardy or not hardy tender1614 hardy1629 sturdy1695 nicec1710 tenderish1798 half-hardy1818 ironclad1871 1629 J. Parkinson Paradisi in Sole 498 Our winter Lettice is wonderfull hardy to endure our cold. 1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 59 in Sylva Auriculas..need not be hous'd; it is a hardy Plant. 1721 R. Bradley Philos. Acct. Wks. Nature 183 Was I to describe the Gardens of Particulars in France, we should find them abound in natural Beauties, and only wanting of those Ornaments in which we exceed most other Parts of Europe, viz, Grass, Gravel, and Variety of hardy Ever-greens. 1783 T. Blaikie Diary Sc. Gardener (1931) 187 A little way from St Germains..ther is a Curious Gentelman one Mr. Trochereau who has a curious collection of hardy exotick plants. 1813 C. Marshall Introd. Knowl. & Pract. Gardening (ed. 5) xv. 222 Borecole or cale is a hardy green. 1868 Amer. Jrnl. Hort. 3 96 The hardy azaleas... Most of the varieties, of which there are scores, are hardy as far north as Massachusetts. 1934 Amer. Home July 68g/1 Agave stricta is a palm-like hardy plant and is used extensively for outdoor landscaping as it withstands most all kinds of weather and does not rot from too much water. 1969 T. H. Everett Living Trees of World 63/1 American arbor-vitae or northern white-cedar, T. occidentalis, is much hardier than any other species. 2006 Grow your Own July 54/2 Kale is a hardy vegetable—its fresh leaves and shoots can be harvested even in severe winters. B. n.¹ 1. A hardy person (in various senses of the adjective). rare before 20th cent. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [noun] > strong person hardyc1475 bruiser1742 ball of musclec1914 Tarzan1921 musclehead1923 heavy1962 c1475 (?c1425) Avowing of King Arthur (1984) l. 259 Þe hed of þat hardy He sette on a stake. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 160 (MED) The good kynge Dauy, the worthy hardy. 1963 Life 7 June 109/2 Wrestling with their heavy boats and struggling to hang on to elusive gear, these hardies are among the 126 outdoorsmen who tackled the first annual Texas Water Safari. 1997 Vanity Fair June 66/3 The tenor of American pop culture is no longer set by such hairy-chested hardies but by weedier guys. 2. A hardy plant. See sense A. 5c.In quot. 1847, a use as n. of half-hardy adj. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [noun] > hardy plant hardy1856 ironclad1870 1847 D. Landreth Johnson's Dict. Mod. Gardening 131/2 The half-hardies, O. media, 0. polyacantha, and 0. vulgaris.] 1856 ‘E. S. Delamer’ Flower Garden 169 Look over the patches of ‘hardies’ sown last month, and repair any failures by sowing afresh. 1921 House & Garden Apr. 88/2 (advt.) How about those hardies, those shrubs, those trees, you were going to plant? 2011 N. Romanowski Wetland Weeds 106 Waterlilies are considered here as two major groups, with very different cold tolerances,..known to gardeners as ‘tropicals’ and ‘hardies’. Compounds C1. Parasynthetic, as hardy-limbed, hardy-mannered, hardy-witted, etc., adjs. ΚΠ ?a1425 (?a1400) Descr. Edward III (Lamb. 491) in Brut (1908) 333 [a1500 Harl. 753 He was] a wel and a hardy hertid [Harl. continues man, for he dred neuer of none myshappes]. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. lix He was a man..of body somewhat crasse and corpulent, quycke wytted, bold and hardy stomaked. 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. ii. 433 Ronsard..hardy-witted, handleth happily All sorts of subiect, stile, and Poesie. 1704 W. Nicolson Diary 9 Dec. in London Diaries (1985) 248 I cursorily took notice of the Cork-Tree, Green and as hardy-looked as a Sea-Buckthorne. 1796 G. D. Harley Poems 234 Shou'd we not blame the hardy-headed fool Who saw the elemental war advance Yet might elude the fury of the storm. 1825 T. Moore Jrnl. 31 Oct. in Mem. (1853) IV. 339 The sexton, a shrewd, hardy-mannered fellow. 1839 W. Howitt Boy's Country-bk. 214 He was a bold, hardy spirited lad that could take care of himself. 1857 J. S. Blackie Lays & Legends Anc. Greece 15 Hardy-limbed, and sturdy labour's Primal type was he. 1912 G. A. Ackerman Christmas Praises 203 Such teachings by their lives exemplified,..Were clad with eloquence almost Divine, To ev'ry hardy-handed son of earth. 2004 Vanity Fair Dec. 403/1 Assisting Johnson were a fresh wave of young, hardy-livered, scoop-scoring ‘Page Six’ reporters. C2. hardy annual n. an annual plant tolerant of frost or cold, typically sown in the open ground where it is to flower, and sometimes returning year after year from self-sown seed; (figurative) a matter or news story that returns regularly. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by age or cycles > [noun] > annual annual1633 hardy annual1706 tender annual1769 winter annual1857 semi-annual1882 therophyte1913 the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > topic, subject-matter > [noun] > recurring theme refraina1413 hardy annual1706 hardy perennial1759 1706 G. London & H. Wise Retir'd Gard'ner I. iii. xv. 341 There are many Sorts of Candy-Tufts, but in our Gardens in England we make use but of Two Sorts of them... to make a Show the First Year; after which the Plants produce their Seed, and die. The Plants of this Sort we call Hardy Annuals. 1852 R. Buist Amer. Flower-garden Directory (ed. 5) 29 Hardy Annuals..are possessed of much beauty of hue. 1892 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 Aug. 4/2 (Farmer) Readers..are once more filling the columns of that journal with ‘Is Marriage a Failure?’ The hardy annual is called ‘English Wives’ this time. 1921 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 22 Oct. 678/2 My protest is a hardy annual, and I fear the powers that be will let it remain so. 2004 BBC Gardeners' World Dec. 66/2 Sown outdoors from March to May, this hardy annual is the perfect choice for cottage garden borders where it will flower from July all the way through to September and will self-seed freely. hardy perennial n. a herbaceous plant with a perennial rootstock that can withstand frost; (figurative) something which recurs continually or at regular intervals. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by age or cycles > [noun] > perennial > herbaceous perennial hardy perennial1759 herbaceous perennial1868 the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > topic, subject-matter > [noun] > recurring theme refraina1413 hardy annual1706 hardy perennial1759 1759 T. Perfect Pract. of Gardening 3 Under these four heads may be comprehended the whole practice of common gardening... 2.The raising hardy biennials or perennials in the nursery in the open ground. 1888 Sat. Rev. 30 June 786/2 The games still in vogue may be resolved into two classes; the first of them, which has been called the Hardy Perennial, contains those which are followed all the year round without respect to season. 1900 J. M. Abbott in W. D. Drury Bk. Gardening viii. 260 Hardy herbaceous perennials are a very popular set of plants. 1967 C. O. Skinner Madame Sarah (new ed.) vii. 132 Thousands of playgoers travelled thousands of miles to sob over Marguerite Gauthier's departure from life..in that hardy perennial whose actual title is La Dame aux Camélias. 2003 Amateur Gardening 24 May 25/2 Being hardy annuals and hardy perennials, scabious can be sown in situ, or in cells for transplanting later. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). hardyv. Brit. /ˈhɑːdi/, U.S. /ˈhɑrdi/ Forms: Middle English hardi, Middle English hardie, Middle English hardye, Middle English herdy, Middle English–1500s 1800s– hardy. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: hardy adj. Etymology: < hardy adj. Compare earlier harden v. Compare also hard v. 3, hardish v.Apparently re-formed in the 19th cent. Now rare. 1. transitive. To make hardy or robust; (also) to embolden, encourage. In later use chiefly in to hardy off: = to harden off at harden v. 12. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > courage > encouragement > encourage or embolden [verb (transitive)] hearteOE bieldc897 hardenc1175 elnea1225 hardyc1225 boldc1275 hardishc1325 endurec1384 assurec1386 emboldc1400 recomfortc1405 enharda1450 support1479 enhardy1483 animatec1487 encourage1490 emboldishc1503 hearten1524 bolden1526 spright1531 raise1533 accourage1534 enheart1545 to hearten on1555 hearten?1556 alacriate1560 bespirit1574 bebrave1576 to put in heart1579 to hearten up1580 embolden1583 bravea1593 enhearten1610 inspiritc1610 rehearten1611 blood1622 mana1625 valiant1628 flush1633 firm1639 buoy1645 embrave1648 reinhearten1652 reanimate1655 reinspirit1660 to give mettle to1689 warm1697 to lift (up) a person's spirits1711 reman1715 to make a man of1722 respirit1725 elate1726 to cocker up1762 enharden1779 nerve1799 boost1815 brace1816 high-mettle1831 braven1865 brazen1884 c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) 988 Eadi meiden, erndi me to þi leoue lauerd..þet he iþe tintreo þet iham iturnd to hardi [c1225 Bodl. heardi] min heorte. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 218 Lucye, to hardy [c1325 Calig. hardissi] ys men, prykede her and þer. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1156 Forto hardien þe hertes of here heiȝh burnes. c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 41 (MED) Al gates j hardied me and went wel nyh to hire. 1509 H. Watson tr. S. Brant Shyppe of Fooles (de Worde) lxxii. sig. R.i^v I haue hardyed myselfe in grete faytes of armes. 1532 R. Copland in W. Walter tr. G. Boccaccio Guystarde & Sygysmonde sig. C.ij^v But hardyed in loue, makynge thy Iudgement Wenynge therby, his herte for to relent. 1841 Gardeners' Chron. 13 Feb. 116/3 When the plants are hardied off, they are planted out in good time in May, and will bear a plentiful crop in August and September following. 1917 E. F. Piper Barbed Wire 68 If my life Were like a man's I might go striding free To fresh adventures, hardying my soul, Choosing my ground of vantage. 1976 Org. Gardening & Farming Apr. 155/1 The hardy seedlings can be transplanted to the garden as soon as the soil is prepared and the plants..hardied off. †2. intransitive. To become bold. Obsolete.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1823 C. Lamb in London Mag. July 22/2 Still hardying more and more in his triumphs over our simplicity. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.²1829adj.n.¹c1225v.c1225
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hardyn.2

Compounds

hardyadj.n.1

Compounds

hardyv.

hardyn.²

hardyadj.n.¹