hardinessn.

Brit.

/ˈhɑːdɪnᵻs/, U.S.

/ˈhɑrdinᵻs/

Forms: Middle English hardynys, Middle English–1500s hardynes, Middle English–1600s hardines, Middle English–1600s hardinesse, Middle English–1600s hardynesse, Middle English– hardiness, 1600s hardyness; also Scottish pre-1700 hardines, pre-1700 hardynes, pre-1700 hardynesse.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: hardy adj., -ness suffix.

Etymology: < hardy adj. + -ness suffix. With sense 1 compare earlier hardiesse n. In sense 2 partly after hardness n., and partly reflecting a scribal or compositorial error for that word.

1. The quality or fact of being bold or courageous; presumption; resoluteness. Now archaic and rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > courage > daring > [noun]

derfshipa1225

boldheada1250

derayc1300

daringc1374

hardinessc1380

hardimenta1413

enterprisec1450

felony1485

boldness1489

adventurousness1530

derfnessc1540

hardihead1579

hardihood1594

dare1595

adventurement1598

audaciousness1601

daringness1622

adventuresomeness1731

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1763 (MED) Hys heȝe herte & his hardynys schel brynge ous alle in wo.

c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 4890 Alisaundres hardynesse may noman seye, Þe whiche..Al þat he seeþ þencheþ forto wynne.

c1425 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Harl.) 64 Þe emperour with stod, And dredde of hys hardynesse [c1325 Calig. hardiesse].

a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xv. 231 A yonge knyght of grete hardynesse.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. f. ccii/2 Tidynges cam to the duke..how that y^e duches his wyfe was..delyuered of a sonne, wherof the duke and all his hoost was right ioyous, & were of the more hardynes, to atempt dedes of armes.

1604 S. Hieron Preachers Plea 183 The bold hardinesse of many now adayes, is greatly to be pitied.

1650 H. Parker True Portraiture Kings Eng. 38 His zeal and hardiness brought him to his death.

1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. vi. 107 There being none that had the hardiness Yet, to declare..for the King.

1755 Connoisseur No. 68. 407 The old lady had the hardiness to squint at the sum total.

1814 Q. Rev. 12 76 [Du Bartas] coining words when he did not find them ready minted for his use, introducing new compounds, good or bad, with equal hardiness.

1866 R. Chambers Ess. 1st Ser. 27 To execute a purpose so lofty..would have..required great hardiness of heart.

1905 Tom Watson's Mag. (N.Y.) July 118/1 The Asphalt Trust..had the hardiness to apply to the United States to use coercion against Castro.

1995 C. Rumens Best China Sky 11 Who will truthfully describe The face that always remained a stubborn child's, Outstaring us with hardiness, impudence, fear.

†2. = hardness n. (in various senses). Obsolete.Frequently as a transmission error. N.E.D. (1898) notes: ‘Catachrestic for hardness. Often an error of copyists and editors.’

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > [noun]

hardnessOE

hardinessa1398

obdurityc1600

marblenessa1631

durity1646

unimpressibility1854

flintiness1871

secondary hardening1915

the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > hardship > a) hardship(s)

hardnesseOE

hardship?c1225

fitc1325

hardinessa1398

a bitter spreada1500

endurancea1555

endurement1605

straina1628

a hard chapter1684

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. v. xxx. 227 [Nailes] ben imaad to helpe and socoure of þe endes of þe fyngres to defende ham and warde ham wiþ hardynes, and schulde ellis for tendirnesse be esily ihert and igreued.

a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 11 (MED) Callus, hardines of fete.

c1450 (c1400) Bk. Vices & Virtues (Huntington) (1942) 165 (MED) Þei putten hem to suffre grete hardynesse, þat hadden in þe world grete delite.

1539 R. Taverner Garden of Wysdom sig. A.iii The office of a capytayne is agaynst rebelles to vse hardynes, and agaynste his liege subiettes gentylnes.

1564 P. Moore Hope of Health ii. ix. f. xl The oile whiche is made of the flowers of Lilies, hath vertue to dissolue, mollifie and digeste all hardines and swelling, specially the hardines of the wombe.

1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo i. xlvii. 244 Our people can endure all climates and hardinesse as well as others, and by good orders and gaine may be allured to vndertake labour and pains.

1696 C. K. Seasonable & Modest Thoughts 15 Those generally, who through the Strength of their Constitution and the Hardiness and Frugality of their Education, are..as able as any to undergo long Voyages.

3. Capability of enduring hardship, discomfort, or harsh conditions; (in later use) esp. physical robustness.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > [noun] > good health > resistance to disease

lustc950

lustinessc1325

vigourc1386

hardinessc1405

lustihood1600

stamina1726

lustihead1748

hardihood1780

robustfulness1879

refractoriness1887

refractiveness1931

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [noun] > robustness

hardishipa1250

stalworthnessa1340

stalworthinessa1387

pithc1395

hardinessc1405

robustness?1533

valiantness1553

validity1578

robustiousness1600

robustuousness1648

robusticness1676

robusticity1777

hardihood1780

ironness1803

induration1827

robustihood1834

stalwartness1859

the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by good growth > [noun] > good growth or power

vegetation?c1450

validity1578

vigour1604

vegetity1628

virour1657

hardiness1834

robustness1870

c1405 (c1375) G. Chaucer Monk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 22 Lo Sampson..Was neuere swich another as was he To speke of strengthe and ther w^t hardynesse.

a1500 (?a1425) tr. Secreta Secret. (Lamb.) 116 (MED) Broodnesse of brest, and greetnesse of sholdres and bak, bytokyns prowesse and hardynesse.

1564 A. Golding tr. Justinus Hist. Trogus Pompeius ix. f. 45^v The Scythians were estemed according to the courage of the minde and hardinesse of the bodye, and not according to their substaunce.

1642 J. Milton Apol. Smectymnuus 13 With usefull and generous labours preserving the bodies health, and hardinesse.

1665 R. Hooke Micrographia Table sig. Mm/1 Of a blue Fly... Its hardiness to indure freezing, and steeping in Spirit of wine.

1780 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. (1789) vi. §9 The external indications..of hardiness..are the firmness of the fibres, and the callosity of the skin. Strength is more peculiarly the gift of nature: hardiness, of education.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xl. 490 Luxury enervated the hardiness of their minds and bodies.

1834 Penny Cycl. II. 189/1 [The apple] from its hardiness and great abundance, is one of the most important productions of cold climates.

1881 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 755 Out-door exercises..would be the surest way to regain the hardiness and longevity of our forefathers.

1933 Jrnl. Royal Soc. Arts 81 341 The growing of hardy trees and shrubs..is limited by three considerations—hardiness, soil and atmosphere.

1987 Jrnl. Social Psychol. 127 339 Sex, age, grade in school, religion, and well-being were all significantly associated with differences in [psychological] hardiness.

2010 Sheep! Jan. 52/1 She raises Targhee-Rambouillet crosses that she breeds for fine wool, meat quality, hardiness and good herding ability.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	hardiness
释义	hardinessn. Brit. /ˈhɑːdɪnᵻs/, U.S. /ˈhɑrdinᵻs/ Forms: Middle English hardynys, Middle English–1500s hardynes, Middle English–1600s hardines, Middle English–1600s hardinesse, Middle English–1600s hardynesse, Middle English– hardiness, 1600s hardyness; also Scottish pre-1700 hardines, pre-1700 hardynes, pre-1700 hardynesse. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: hardy adj., -ness suffix. Etymology: < hardy adj. + -ness suffix. With sense 1 compare earlier hardiesse n. In sense 2 partly after hardness n., and partly reflecting a scribal or compositorial error for that word. 1. The quality or fact of being bold or courageous; presumption; resoluteness. Now archaic and rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > courage > daring > [noun] derfshipa1225 boldheada1250 derayc1300 daringc1374 hardinessc1380 hardimenta1413 enterprisec1450 felony1485 boldness1489 adventurousness1530 derfnessc1540 hardihead1579 hardihood1594 dare1595 adventurement1598 audaciousness1601 daringness1622 adventuresomeness1731 c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1763 (MED) Hys heȝe herte & his hardynys schel brynge ous alle in wo. c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 4890 Alisaundres hardynesse may noman seye, Þe whiche..Al þat he seeþ þencheþ forto wynne. c1425 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Harl.) 64 Þe emperour with stod, And dredde of hys hardynesse [c1325 Calig. hardiesse]. a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xv. 231 A yonge knyght of grete hardynesse. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. f. ccii/2 Tidynges cam to the duke..how that y^e duches his wyfe was..delyuered of a sonne, wherof the duke and all his hoost was right ioyous, & were of the more hardynes, to atempt dedes of armes. 1604 S. Hieron Preachers Plea 183 The bold hardinesse of many now adayes, is greatly to be pitied. 1650 H. Parker True Portraiture Kings Eng. 38 His zeal and hardiness brought him to his death. 1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. vi. 107 There being none that had the hardiness Yet, to declare..for the King. 1755 Connoisseur No. 68. 407 The old lady had the hardiness to squint at the sum total. 1814 Q. Rev. 12 76 [Du Bartas] coining words when he did not find them ready minted for his use, introducing new compounds, good or bad, with equal hardiness. 1866 R. Chambers Ess. 1st Ser. 27 To execute a purpose so lofty..would have..required great hardiness of heart. 1905 Tom Watson's Mag. (N.Y.) July 118/1 The Asphalt Trust..had the hardiness to apply to the United States to use coercion against Castro. 1995 C. Rumens Best China Sky 11 Who will truthfully describe The face that always remained a stubborn child's, Outstaring us with hardiness, impudence, fear. †2. = hardness n. (in various senses). Obsolete.Frequently as a transmission error. N.E.D. (1898) notes: ‘Catachrestic for hardness. Often an error of copyists and editors.’ ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > [noun] hardnessOE hardinessa1398 obdurityc1600 marblenessa1631 durity1646 unimpressibility1854 flintiness1871 secondary hardening1915 the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > hardship > a) hardship(s) hardnesseOE hardship?c1225 fitc1325 hardinessa1398 a bitter spreada1500 endurancea1555 endurement1605 straina1628 a hard chapter1684 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. v. xxx. 227 [Nailes] ben imaad to helpe and socoure of þe endes of þe fyngres to defende ham and warde ham wiþ hardynes, and schulde ellis for tendirnesse be esily ihert and igreued. a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 11 (MED) Callus, hardines of fete. c1450 (c1400) Bk. Vices & Virtues (Huntington) (1942) 165 (MED) Þei putten hem to suffre grete hardynesse, þat hadden in þe world grete delite. 1539 R. Taverner Garden of Wysdom sig. A.iii The office of a capytayne is agaynst rebelles to vse hardynes, and agaynste his liege subiettes gentylnes. 1564 P. Moore Hope of Health ii. ix. f. xl The oile whiche is made of the flowers of Lilies, hath vertue to dissolue, mollifie and digeste all hardines and swelling, specially the hardines of the wombe. 1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo i. xlvii. 244 Our people can endure all climates and hardinesse as well as others, and by good orders and gaine may be allured to vndertake labour and pains. 1696 C. K. Seasonable & Modest Thoughts 15 Those generally, who through the Strength of their Constitution and the Hardiness and Frugality of their Education, are..as able as any to undergo long Voyages. 3. Capability of enduring hardship, discomfort, or harsh conditions; (in later use) esp. physical robustness. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > [noun] > good health > resistance to disease lustc950 lustinessc1325 vigourc1386 hardinessc1405 lustihood1600 stamina1726 lustihead1748 hardihood1780 robustfulness1879 refractoriness1887 refractiveness1931 the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [noun] > robustness hardishipa1250 stalworthnessa1340 stalworthinessa1387 pithc1395 hardinessc1405 robustness?1533 valiantness1553 validity1578 robustiousness1600 robustuousness1648 robusticness1676 robusticity1777 hardihood1780 ironness1803 induration1827 robustihood1834 stalwartness1859 the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by good growth > [noun] > good growth or power vegetation?c1450 validity1578 vigour1604 vegetity1628 virour1657 hardiness1834 robustness1870 c1405 (c1375) G. Chaucer Monk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 22 Lo Sampson..Was neuere swich another as was he To speke of strengthe and ther w^t hardynesse. a1500 (?a1425) tr. Secreta Secret. (Lamb.) 116 (MED) Broodnesse of brest, and greetnesse of sholdres and bak, bytokyns prowesse and hardynesse. 1564 A. Golding tr. Justinus Hist. Trogus Pompeius ix. f. 45^v The Scythians were estemed according to the courage of the minde and hardinesse of the bodye, and not according to their substaunce. 1642 J. Milton Apol. Smectymnuus 13 With usefull and generous labours preserving the bodies health, and hardinesse. 1665 R. Hooke Micrographia Table sig. Mm/1 Of a blue Fly... Its hardiness to indure freezing, and steeping in Spirit of wine. 1780 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. (1789) vi. §9 The external indications..of hardiness..are the firmness of the fibres, and the callosity of the skin. Strength is more peculiarly the gift of nature: hardiness, of education. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xl. 490 Luxury enervated the hardiness of their minds and bodies. 1834 Penny Cycl. II. 189/1 [The apple] from its hardiness and great abundance, is one of the most important productions of cold climates. 1881 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 755 Out-door exercises..would be the surest way to regain the hardiness and longevity of our forefathers. 1933 Jrnl. Royal Soc. Arts 81 341 The growing of hardy trees and shrubs..is limited by three considerations—hardiness, soil and atmosphere. 1987 Jrnl. Social Psychol. 127 339 Sex, age, grade in school, religion, and well-being were all significantly associated with differences in [psychological] hardiness. 2010 Sheep! Jan. 52/1 She raises Targhee-Rambouillet crosses that she breeds for fine wool, meat quality, hardiness and good herding ability. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1380
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