hardilyadv.

Brit.

/ˈhɑːdᵻli/, U.S.

/ˈhɑrdəli/

Forms: early Middle English hardilike (East Anglian), Middle English ardiliche, Middle English hardileche, Middle English hardili, Middle English hardiliche, Middle English hardilik (northern), Middle English hardiloker (comparative), Middle English hardilyche, Middle English hardilyly (transmission error), Middle English hardylaker (south-eastern, comparative), Middle English hardylich, Middle English hardyliche, Middle English hardyloker (comparative), Middle English herdili, Middle English–1500s hardylye, Middle English–1600s hardyly, Middle English– hardily, 1500s hardilie, 1500s–1600s hardilye; Scottish pre-1700 hardilie, pre-1700 hardyly, pre-1700 1700s– hardily.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: hardy adj., -ly suffix².

Etymology: < hardy adj. + -ly suffix². Compare Anglo-Norman ardiement , hardyement , herdyment , Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French hardiement , Anglo-Norman and Middle French hardyment , Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French hardiment boldly, bravely, courageously (c1160 in Old French), confidently, without hesitation (12th cent.). Compare earlier hardly adv.The use in sense 2, which is not paralleled in French until later than in English (1396), appears to show a specific semantic development from sense 1; compare hardly adv. 7.

a. With courage, confidence, or audacity; resolutely. Also in early use: readily, quickly, immediately.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > courage > bravery or boldness > [adverb]

stronglyeOE

strongeOE

boldlyOE

wellOE

coflyc1000

keenlyc1000

moodilyOE

fastOE

derflyc1175

trustlya1200

hardilyc1225

trustilya1375

ketec1380

throa1400

strenglya1425

strongfullyc1425

roidlya1500

virtuouslya1500

hardyflyc1500

brave1590

bold1597

audaciously1598

bravely1600

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) 252 Hald hardiliche [c1225 Royal herdeliche] o þet tu hauest bigunnen.

c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 2966 Now..fiȝt þai agin ardiliche.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 60 Hy smerieþ þane way of helle mid hony..uor þet þe zeneȝere hine ssolde guo þe hardylaker.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 12953 Herdili [Gött. hardli] he yode him nerr.

a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) 184 Hardyly, sone, telle on how it is!

c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 85 ‘Go,’ quod she, ‘hardiliche, with oute dredinge rude entendement’.

1542 N. Udall in tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes ii. f. 196 The Elephante made greate stieryng, and fought hardyly against his enemies, & destroyed theim on euery syde.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 72 Nochttheles he sparet nocht to speik hardilier.

1660 W. Hamilton tr. B. F. de Pagan Hist. & Geogr. Descr. Country & River of Amazones xxviii. 75 They ought to abstain to speak too hardily, untill by certain experience the truth of their first thoughts be better assured.

1693 T. Urquhart & P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 3rd Bk. Wks. xxv. 204 I may now hardily pronounce, and affirm without any scruple or hesitation at all, that thou wilt be a Cuckold.

1767 B. Thornton tr. Plautus Braggard Captain iii. ii, in B. Thornton et al. tr. Plautus Comedies I. 183 Less hardily they'd act their wicked deeds.

1799 Parl. Reg. 1797–1802 IX. ix. 543 I assert—confidently and hardily I make the assertion, and I challenge confutation—I do assert..that the very healthiest of their ships are nothing better than pestilential jails!

1833 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 125 This bold plan of Dombrowski was as well grounded as it was hardily conceived.

1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 313 They could foretell hardily, because they could not yet be convicted of untruth.

1903 W. D. Howells Lett. Home xx. 124 As you hardily deny and disclaim any interest in my generalizations concerning their kind, and desire only my personalizations, [etc.].

1977 Guardian 1 Dec. 9 He is clearly Irish in the sense [of being]..clear-headed, sane, and hardily callous to English credulities.

2011 Sunday Times (Nexis) 4 Nov. (Culture section) 6 ‘I don't remember any kind of problem,’ Funder says hardily.

b. With endurance of hardship, discomfort, or harsh conditions; robustly; without indulgence or comfort.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adverb]

sternlyc897

sharplyc900

stitha1000

hardlyOE

starklyOE

sterna1175

stithlya1300

hardilyc1300

ruggedlya1382

austerely?a1400

smartlya1400

unsternlya1400

acerbly?a1425

brussly1481

sore1484

shrewdly1490

dourlya1500

severely1548

roundly1567

severe1599

strictly1602

fiercely1611

Draconically1641

rugged1661

c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 1132 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 139 Al bi watere he wende, to þe Ermitage of Sempling-ham..And þare he bi-lefde al hardiliche [a1325 Corpus Cambr. hardeliche] þre dawes, i-wis.

1670 J. Ogilby Africa 767 These Islanders live hardily, and are dexterous in Swimming.

1685 G. Langbaine Hunter iv. 41 Horses that run abroad all Winter, which however hardily bred, and kept [etc.].

1748 S. Richardson Clarissa III. vi. 53 She loves to use herself hardily.

1793 T. Beddoes Observ. Nature & Cure Calculus 167 Among those hardily brought up.

1812 E. Wakefield Acct. Ireland II. xxx. 813 A numerous people, who possess great personal bravery, activity, and bodily strength; who have been hardily brought up.

1890 Garden 25 Oct. 394/3 Obviously it is better to have a few strong plants hardily raised than a quantity of puny, weak ones unfit to be placed in the open air.

1947 Contemp. Rev. 1 Jan. 176 The crow is a ‘hard doer’ by every standard with which one might interpret that colloquialism... Yet I have but sketchily indicated how hardily the crow lives.

1989 Afr. Rep. 1 Mar. 21/2 Women knee-deep in mud plow the rain-soaked earth, hardily planting another season of maize, rice, and garden vegetables to supply the city's markets.

2011 P. Karr Frommer's Maine Coast ix. 213 It's fascinating to note how each particular organism has found its niche, maintained it, and continues to live hardily and well—within its particular band.

†2. In parenthetical use: certainly, assuredly, by all means. Cf. hardly adv. 7. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > making certain, assurance > [adverb]

iwis?c1160

sickerlyc1175

wisc1175

wislyc1200

i-witterlic1275

sickerc1275

certc1300

hardilyc1300

hardlya1325

certain1330

tristilya1350

certainlya1375

redelya1375

redilya1375

surelyc1380

hand in handa1382

righta1393

assuredlya1400

surea1400

naturallyc1425

in certc1440

ascertainly1477

soverly1513

perqueer1568

really1604

assurelya1626

just1687

pos1710

besure1743

verdad1928

c1300 St. Theophilus (Laud) 125 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 291 ‘Leuedi, merci,’ Teofle seide, ‘vnwuyrþe ich am..swuch schrift to him do.’ ‘Ȝus, hardiliche [a1325 Corpus Cambr. hardeliche],’ ore leuedi seide, ‘for he is milde and softe.’

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 68 Alle othere manere yiftes hardily [c1415 Lansd. hardely]..alle been yiftes of fortune.

c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Katherine (Arun. 396) (1893) iv. l. 1348 There lyue noon better at this day, hardyly.

1534 N. Udall Floures for Latine Spekynge gathered oute of Terence f. 36^v Sine modo. Let me alone hardily.

1550 J. Harington tr. Cicero Bk. Freendeship f. 12^v They denie, that any is good, but he bee wyse. And be it so hardily.

1598 Floure & Leafe in T. Speght Wks. G. Chaucer f. 367/1 Hardily they were no thing to seke How they on hem should the harneis set.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	hardily
释义	hardilyadv. Brit. /ˈhɑːdᵻli/, U.S. /ˈhɑrdəli/ Forms: early Middle English hardilike (East Anglian), Middle English ardiliche, Middle English hardileche, Middle English hardili, Middle English hardiliche, Middle English hardilik (northern), Middle English hardiloker (comparative), Middle English hardilyche, Middle English hardilyly (transmission error), Middle English hardylaker (south-eastern, comparative), Middle English hardylich, Middle English hardyliche, Middle English hardyloker (comparative), Middle English herdili, Middle English–1500s hardylye, Middle English–1600s hardyly, Middle English– hardily, 1500s hardilie, 1500s–1600s hardilye; Scottish pre-1700 hardilie, pre-1700 hardyly, pre-1700 1700s– hardily. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: hardy adj., -ly suffix². Etymology: < hardy adj. + -ly suffix². Compare Anglo-Norman ardiement , hardyement , herdyment , Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French hardiement , Anglo-Norman and Middle French hardyment , Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French hardiment boldly, bravely, courageously (c1160 in Old French), confidently, without hesitation (12th cent.). Compare earlier hardly adv.The use in sense 2, which is not paralleled in French until later than in English (1396), appears to show a specific semantic development from sense 1; compare hardly adv. 7. 1. a. With courage, confidence, or audacity; resolutely. Also in early use: readily, quickly, immediately. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > courage > bravery or boldness > [adverb] stronglyeOE strongeOE boldlyOE wellOE coflyc1000 keenlyc1000 moodilyOE fastOE derflyc1175 trustlya1200 hardilyc1225 trustilya1375 ketec1380 throa1400 strenglya1425 strongfullyc1425 roidlya1500 virtuouslya1500 hardyflyc1500 brave1590 bold1597 audaciously1598 bravely1600 c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) 252 Hald hardiliche [c1225 Royal herdeliche] o þet tu hauest bigunnen. c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 2966 Now..fiȝt þai agin ardiliche. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 60 Hy smerieþ þane way of helle mid hony..uor þet þe zeneȝere hine ssolde guo þe hardylaker. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 12953 Herdili [Gött. hardli] he yode him nerr. a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) 184 Hardyly, sone, telle on how it is! c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 85 ‘Go,’ quod she, ‘hardiliche, with oute dredinge rude entendement’. 1542 N. Udall in tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes ii. f. 196 The Elephante made greate stieryng, and fought hardyly against his enemies, & destroyed theim on euery syde. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 72 Nochttheles he sparet nocht to speik hardilier. 1660 W. Hamilton tr. B. F. de Pagan Hist. & Geogr. Descr. Country & River of Amazones xxviii. 75 They ought to abstain to speak too hardily, untill by certain experience the truth of their first thoughts be better assured. 1693 T. Urquhart & P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 3rd Bk. Wks. xxv. 204 I may now hardily pronounce, and affirm without any scruple or hesitation at all, that thou wilt be a Cuckold. 1767 B. Thornton tr. Plautus Braggard Captain iii. ii, in B. Thornton et al. tr. Plautus Comedies I. 183 Less hardily they'd act their wicked deeds. 1799 Parl. Reg. 1797–1802 IX. ix. 543 I assert—confidently and hardily I make the assertion, and I challenge confutation—I do assert..that the very healthiest of their ships are nothing better than pestilential jails! 1833 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 125 This bold plan of Dombrowski was as well grounded as it was hardily conceived. 1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 313 They could foretell hardily, because they could not yet be convicted of untruth. 1903 W. D. Howells Lett. Home xx. 124 As you hardily deny and disclaim any interest in my generalizations concerning their kind, and desire only my personalizations, [etc.]. 1977 Guardian 1 Dec. 9 He is clearly Irish in the sense [of being]..clear-headed, sane, and hardily callous to English credulities. 2011 Sunday Times (Nexis) 4 Nov. (Culture section) 6 ‘I don't remember any kind of problem,’ Funder says hardily. b. With endurance of hardship, discomfort, or harsh conditions; robustly; without indulgence or comfort. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adverb] sternlyc897 sharplyc900 stitha1000 hardlyOE starklyOE sterna1175 stithlya1300 hardilyc1300 ruggedlya1382 austerely?a1400 smartlya1400 unsternlya1400 acerbly?a1425 brussly1481 sore1484 shrewdly1490 dourlya1500 severely1548 roundly1567 severe1599 strictly1602 fiercely1611 Draconically1641 rugged1661 c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 1132 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 139 Al bi watere he wende, to þe Ermitage of Sempling-ham..And þare he bi-lefde al hardiliche [a1325 Corpus Cambr. hardeliche] þre dawes, i-wis. 1670 J. Ogilby Africa 767 These Islanders live hardily, and are dexterous in Swimming. 1685 G. Langbaine Hunter iv. 41 Horses that run abroad all Winter, which however hardily bred, and kept [etc.]. 1748 S. Richardson Clarissa III. vi. 53 She loves to use herself hardily. 1793 T. Beddoes Observ. Nature & Cure Calculus 167 Among those hardily brought up. 1812 E. Wakefield Acct. Ireland II. xxx. 813 A numerous people, who possess great personal bravery, activity, and bodily strength; who have been hardily brought up. 1890 Garden 25 Oct. 394/3 Obviously it is better to have a few strong plants hardily raised than a quantity of puny, weak ones unfit to be placed in the open air. 1947 Contemp. Rev. 1 Jan. 176 The crow is a ‘hard doer’ by every standard with which one might interpret that colloquialism... Yet I have but sketchily indicated how hardily the crow lives. 1989 Afr. Rep. 1 Mar. 21/2 Women knee-deep in mud plow the rain-soaked earth, hardily planting another season of maize, rice, and garden vegetables to supply the city's markets. 2011 P. Karr Frommer's Maine Coast ix. 213 It's fascinating to note how each particular organism has found its niche, maintained it, and continues to live hardily and well—within its particular band. †2. In parenthetical use: certainly, assuredly, by all means. Cf. hardly adv. 7. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > making certain, assurance > [adverb] iwis?c1160 sickerlyc1175 wisc1175 wislyc1200 i-witterlic1275 sickerc1275 certc1300 hardilyc1300 hardlya1325 certain1330 tristilya1350 certainlya1375 redelya1375 redilya1375 surelyc1380 hand in handa1382 righta1393 assuredlya1400 surea1400 naturallyc1425 in certc1440 ascertainly1477 soverly1513 perqueer1568 really1604 assurelya1626 just1687 pos1710 besure1743 verdad1928 c1300 St. Theophilus (Laud) 125 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 291 ‘Leuedi, merci,’ Teofle seide, ‘vnwuyrþe ich am..swuch schrift to him do.’ ‘Ȝus, hardiliche [a1325 Corpus Cambr. hardeliche],’ ore leuedi seide, ‘for he is milde and softe.’ c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 68 Alle othere manere yiftes hardily [c1415 Lansd. hardely]..alle been yiftes of fortune. c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Katherine (Arun. 396) (1893) iv. l. 1348 There lyue noon better at this day, hardyly. 1534 N. Udall Floures for Latine Spekynge gathered oute of Terence f. 36^v Sine modo. Let me alone hardily. 1550 J. Harington tr. Cicero Bk. Freendeship f. 12^v They denie, that any is good, but he bee wyse. And be it so hardily. 1598 Floure & Leafe in T. Speght Wks. G. Chaucer f. 367/1 Hardily they were no thing to seke How they on hem should the harneis set. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adv.c1225
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