hardern.

Brit.

/ˈhɑːdə/, U.S.

/ˈhɑrdər/, South African English

/ˈhɑːdə/

Inflections: Plural unchanged, harders.

Forms: 1600s 1800s– harder, 1700s harter, 1800s harders, 1900s– haarder.

Origin: A borrowing from Dutch. Etymon: Dutch harder.

Etymology: < Dutch harder (already in Old Dutch; Afrikaans harder ), cognate with Old English heardhara , heardra , denoting a kind of fish, probably a mullet, of uncertain origin. Perhaps compare herring n.It has been suggested that both the first and the second element of the word ultimately derive from the same Germanic base as herring n. (with an intervening dental of uncertain origin). In form harter after German †Harter (1719 in the passage translated in quot. 1731), variant of Harder (1540; < Dutch, via Middle Low German harder ). The singular form harders apparently results from reanalysis of the Dutch plural form harders as a singular.

Now chiefly South African.

Any of various mullets (fish) of the family Mugillidae; esp. (in early use) the cosmopolitan grey or flathead mullet, Mugil cephalus, and (South African, in later use) the South African mullet, Liza richardsonii.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > [noun] > suborder Mugiloidei (mullets) > family Mugilidae > member of genus Liza (flat-tail mullet)

harder1658

flat-tail mullet1896

the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > [noun] > suborder Mugiloidei (mullets) > family Mugilidae > genus Mugil > member of (mullet)

mullet1393

mugila1398

mowel?a1500

harder1658

springer1700

kanae1820

calipeva1832

pudding-ball1847

macho1882

1658 tr. L. Lemnius Secret Miracles of Nature iv. ii. 232 Some Sea-fish oft times come into the very mouths of the Sea, allured by fresh water..as Salmons that swim out of the British and Scotish Seas, against the stream into the Rhein & Mase, as also the Trissæ, Alosæ, Lacciæ commonly called Elft, the Mullets, Harder, Accipenser or Sturgion [L. mugiles, Harder, acipenser vel stutio].

1683 J. Morrison tr. J. J. Struys Perillous Voy. xi. 55 Round about this Island [sc. Formosa] are taken abundance of Fish, especially Harders [Du. Harder], which are somewhat bigger than a Haddock.

1731 G. Medley tr. P. Kolb Present State Cape Good-Hope II. 193 There is..about the Cape a Sort of Herrings the Cape-Europeans call Harters [Ger. welche die Einwohner Harter zu nennen gewohnet sind].

1838 D. Moodie tr. J. van Riebeck's Jrnl. in Record 13 We..caught and salted 400 large steenbrass, and about 2,000 harders.

1892 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products (new ed.) Harder, a kind of mullet about twelve inches long, caught near the coasts of the Cape colony.

1947 K. H. Barnard Pictorial Guide S. Afr. Fishes 81 The family of Grey Mullets, called in South Africa Harders or Springers (Mugilildae) is economically very important.

1971 Daily Dispatch (East London, S. Afr.) 8 Mar. There were hundreds of haarders (mullet) in the bay itself.

2002 Getaway Dec. 112/1 If Paternoster retained its character you could, in future years, still be able to watch Johnny and Pypie pulling in harders with their beach nets.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	harder
释义	hardern. Brit. /ˈhɑːdə/, U.S. /ˈhɑrdər/, South African English /ˈhɑːdə/ Inflections: Plural unchanged, harders. Forms: 1600s 1800s– harder, 1700s harter, 1800s harders, 1900s– haarder. Origin: A borrowing from Dutch. Etymon: Dutch harder. Etymology: < Dutch harder (already in Old Dutch; Afrikaans harder ), cognate with Old English heardhara , heardra , denoting a kind of fish, probably a mullet, of uncertain origin. Perhaps compare herring n.It has been suggested that both the first and the second element of the word ultimately derive from the same Germanic base as herring n. (with an intervening dental of uncertain origin). In form harter after German †Harter (1719 in the passage translated in quot. 1731), variant of Harder (1540; < Dutch, via Middle Low German harder ). The singular form harders apparently results from reanalysis of the Dutch plural form harders as a singular. Now chiefly South African. Any of various mullets (fish) of the family Mugillidae; esp. (in early use) the cosmopolitan grey or flathead mullet, Mugil cephalus, and (South African, in later use) the South African mullet, Liza richardsonii. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > [noun] > suborder Mugiloidei (mullets) > family Mugilidae > member of genus Liza (flat-tail mullet) harder1658 flat-tail mullet1896 the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > [noun] > suborder Mugiloidei (mullets) > family Mugilidae > genus Mugil > member of (mullet) mullet1393 mugila1398 mowel?a1500 harder1658 springer1700 kanae1820 calipeva1832 pudding-ball1847 macho1882 1658 tr. L. Lemnius Secret Miracles of Nature iv. ii. 232 Some Sea-fish oft times come into the very mouths of the Sea, allured by fresh water..as Salmons that swim out of the British and Scotish Seas, against the stream into the Rhein & Mase, as also the Trissæ, Alosæ, Lacciæ commonly called Elft, the Mullets, Harder, Accipenser or Sturgion [L. mugiles, Harder, acipenser vel stutio]. 1683 J. Morrison tr. J. J. Struys Perillous Voy. xi. 55 Round about this Island [sc. Formosa] are taken abundance of Fish, especially Harders [Du. Harder], which are somewhat bigger than a Haddock. 1731 G. Medley tr. P. Kolb Present State Cape Good-Hope II. 193 There is..about the Cape a Sort of Herrings the Cape-Europeans call Harters [Ger. welche die Einwohner Harter zu nennen gewohnet sind]. 1838 D. Moodie tr. J. van Riebeck's Jrnl. in Record 13 We..caught and salted 400 large steenbrass, and about 2,000 harders. 1892 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products (new ed.) Harder, a kind of mullet about twelve inches long, caught near the coasts of the Cape colony. 1947 K. H. Barnard Pictorial Guide S. Afr. Fishes 81 The family of Grey Mullets, called in South Africa Harders or Springers (Mugilildae) is economically very important. 1971 Daily Dispatch (East London, S. Afr.) 8 Mar. There were hundreds of haarders (mullet) in the bay itself. 2002 Getaway Dec. 112/1 If Paternoster retained its character you could, in future years, still be able to watch Johnny and Pypie pulling in harders with their beach nets. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1658
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