请输入您要查询的英文单词：

　

单词 hazard
释义

hazardn.adj.

Brit. /ˈhazəd/, U.S. /ˈhæzərd/
Forms: Middle English aserd, Middle English–1500s hasarde, Middle English–1600s hassard, Middle English–1600s hasard, Middle English– hazard, 1500s hazered, 1500s–1600s haserd, 1500s–1600s hassarde, 1500s–1600s hazarde, 1500s–1600s hazzard, 1700s hosard; also Scottish pre-1700 haiserd, pre-1700 haissart, pre-1700 haisyaird, pre-1700 haisyard, pre-1700 haizaird, pre-1700 hasaerd, pre-1700 hasaire, pre-1700 hasart, pre-1700 hasert, pre-1700 haysarde.
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French hasard.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman asard, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French hasard, hasart, Middle French hazart (French hasard) gambling game played with dice (c1150), highest throw of dice in this game (1200), misfortune (early 13th cent.), risk, danger of an adverse outcome (14th cent.), chance, fortune (16th cent.), probably (with development of excrescent d) ultimately < colloquial Arabic al-zahr (pronounced az-zahr) < al the + zahr die (although this is not attested in the classical stage of the language), of unknown origin (see note). It is usually assumed that Arabic al-zahr was borrowed into French via Spanish azar gambling game played with dice (mid 13th cent.), misfortune (late 13th cent.), risk (1583), although the relative dates of first attestation argue against this.Parallels in other European languages. The Arabic word was also borrowed into other European languages, in many cases via French. Compare: (i) Old Occitan azar gambling game played with dice (13th cent.), Portuguese azar chance, luck, (specifically) misfortune (15th cent.), Italian azzardo chance, risk (1653; end of the 15th cent. as †zarro ), (with metanalysis of the feminine definite article) zara (13th cent.); (ii) Middle Dutch hasaert chance, throw for luck (Dutch hazaard also ‘risk’), Middle Low German hasert , hasart highest throw of the dice at a gambling game, and (with folk-etymological alteration after personal names in -hart ) Middle High German haschart , hashart , hasehart gambling game played with dice, chance, luck (German Hasard , also in sense ‘risk, danger’, was reborrowed < French in the 17th cent.); (iii) post-classical Latin azardum , azarum (13th cent.), hasardum (13th or 14th cent. in British sources; < French). Further etymology of the Arabic word for ‘die’. The further etymology of Arabic zahr ‘die’ is unknown. It has been suggested that it shows an extended use of zahr ‘flower’, with reference to a stylized picture of a flower supposedly found on one of the faces of a die, but evidence to support this is lacking. Compare Turkish zar die (Ottoman Turkish zār (17th cent.); in modern Turkish also ‘fate, luck’) and Persian zār die, although the nature of the relationship between the Arabic, Turkish, and Persian words is unclear. Specific senses. In sense A. 9 short for the plural of hazard light n. at Compounds 2. Early use as surname. Also attested early as a surname, e.g. Hugo Hasard (1167), Walteri Hassard (1197), although such instances probably reflect currency of the Anglo-Norman rather than the Middle English noun.
A. n.
1. A gambling game with two dice in which the chances are complicated by a number of arbitrary rules. Also in figurative contexts.blind hazard, sequin hazard, etc.: see the first element. See also chicken hazard n.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > dice-playing > [noun] > hazard
hazardc1300
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 2326 Leyk of mine, of hasard ok, Romanz reding on þe bok.
?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 152 (MED) Þei fallen to nyse pleies, at tables, chees & hasard.
a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) l. 11194 (MED) I wyl nat spare To..pleyn at the merellys, Now at the dees, in my yong age, Bothe at hassard & passage.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 229/2 Hasarde a dyce playe, hasart, azart.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 582/2 I play at the hazarde, or put a thynge in daunger, je hazarde.
?1565 Enterlude of Youth sig. C.iii Syr I can teache you to play at the dice At the quenes game and at the Iryshe The Treygobet and the hasarde also And many other games mo.
1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V iii. vii. 83 Who will go with me to hazard, For a hundred English prisoners?
1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 340 They can play at chesse, irish, passage, in and in, hazard.
a1726 J. Vanbrugh Journey to London (1728) ii. i. 25 La. Ara. Do you ever play at hazard, Clarinda? Clar. Never; I don't think it sits well upon Women.
1778 T. Jones Hoyle's Games Improved 209 The Game of Hazard..may be played by any Number of Persons.
1805 T. Holcroft Mem. Bryan Perdue II. 56 To..idle away..part of the four and twenty hours at hazard, pass-dice, picquet [etc.].
1882 W. Ballantine Some Exper. Barrister's Life iv. 52 The principal game played was hazard, of which there were two kinds: French hazard, in which the players staked against the bank, and English, or chicken hazard, in which they played against each other.
1952 ‘C. S. Forester’ Lieutenant Hornblower xviii. 254 Bush had heard of all sorts of other games being played in the Long Rooms: hazard, vingt-et-un, even roulette.
2006 D. G. Schwartz Roll Bones viii. 161 Located in obscure corners of the city, with a sham business operation as a front, these hells accommodated up to fifty players a night, each desperately playing hazard.
2.
a. As a count noun. A chance happening; an unpredictable outcome; (also) a chance, an opportunity.Earliest in to lay (something) to a hazard at Phrases 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > [noun] > chance or fortuitous circumstance
hazard1340
accidencea1393
a venture's strokec1450
chance1487
contingent1548
circumstance1599
lotterya1616
accidency1645
by-accident1648
frisk1665
accidentala1834
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 171 He hise heþ folliche y-spended..and al ylayd to an hazard.
?1534 tr. Dialoge Julius sig. e.iiv It is an heuy case yf thauctoryte of ye pope & bysshops depende vpon this hasarde.
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 45 I viewd with wundring a grisly monsterus hazard [L. monstrum].
1595 S. Daniel First Fowre Bks. Ciuile Warres ii. iv. sig. G2v These mighty actors..on the hazard of a bad exchange Haue venterd all the stocke of life beside.
1697 Conf. at Lambeth in W. S. Perry Hist. Coll. Amer. Colonial Church: Virginia (1870) I. 44 They very unfairly threw out the Bill without so much as giving it a hazard.
1843 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last of Barons I. i. ii. 40 On what hazards turn our fate!
1869 A. Trollope Phineas Finn II. lx. 189 No one dares to cast the die, and to go honestly by the hazard.
1912 F. W. Boreham Luggage of Life i. ix. 61 The children were seated at the table behind me, absorbed in the desperate hazards of the game that lay between them.
1920 S. Leacock Unsolved Riddle Social Justice iii. 41 A fifth by the sheer hazard of a lucky ‘deal’ acquires a fortune without work at all.
1969 ‘J. Bell’ Fennister Affair iv. 46 But perhaps Felicity Fennister had stumbled on it by accident. Or by the hazard of her wandering life had met them..before?
2014 K. Palonen Struggle with Time (ed. 2) x. 216 Contingency serves..as an explicit point of departure in the conceptualization of politics, not merely or mainly as a fortuna or hazard that conditions and restricts the activity, but [etc.].
b. As a mass noun. Chance, accident; unpredictability of outcome.See also Phrases.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > [noun] > haphazardness or randomness
catch as catch cana1393
die1548
hazard1548
random1565
haphazard1569
chance-medley1583
lay1584
lottery1593
haphazarding1787
randomness1803
haphazardness1857
happy-go-luckiness1866
chanciness1870
flukiness1888
haphazardry1910
randomicity1936
1548 F. Bryan tr. A. de Guevara Dispraise Life Courtier xi. sig. h.iiii Your saiyng shuld be good if they yt were of the best knowlege & the most verteous nomber wer auaunced for their prudence, as the other be by hazard and chaunce.
a1629 W. Hinde Faithfull Remonstr. (1641) xxxix. 121 All games depending upon hazzard or chance are to be eschewed.
1687 I. Mather Testimony against Prophane & Superstitious Customs ii. 12 Games of Hazard and Chance, such as Dicing and Cards.
1759 A. Gerard tr. Montesquieu in Ess. on Taste 286 Those games..are also a combination of unforeseen events produced by the joint influence of dexterity and hazard.
1778 M. Flinders Diary June in Gratefull to Providence (2007) I. 69 My Brother..coming round this way with the Wiskey to call on me upon hazard, I ventured for once this considerable Journey.
1840 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. Aug. 103 A new and powerful element of hazard has been added to all commerce.
1879 M. Arnold Falkland in Mixed Ess. 222 It concerned him to be more active in enterprises of hazard than other men.
1900 J. Conrad Lord Jim xxxiv. 344 A law regulates your luck in the throwing of dice. It is not Justice.., but accident, hazard, Fortune.
1932 C. L. Ewen Lotteries & Sweepstakes iv. 95 We may picture games of hazard such as roulette.
2001 A. F. Robertson Greed viii. 164 All is hazard, from the uncertainties of weather.., to unstable markets and governments.
3.
a. As a count noun. A risk of loss or harm posed by something; a possibility of danger or an adverse outcome; a condition or situation involving such a possibility. In later use also: a person or thing which represents or poses such a hazard; a physical object which is regarded as a source of potential difficulty or danger.See also sense A. 7, and spec. use of sense A. 4.occupational hazard, radiation hazard, etc.: see the first element. See also fire hazard n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > [noun] > instance or cause of
stone-rochec1200
perilc1300
doubta1400
Charybdisc1400
rocka1475
hazard1524
dangera1538
shelve1582
reef1841
kettle-de-benders1872
ankle-breaker1899
danger-spot1905
banana skin1907
1524 tr. J. de Bourbon Begynnynge & Foundacyon Holy Hospytall sig. E.iij Seynge all his estate entred in straunge place... Thynkynge on ye other syde, yt takynge ye towne by assaute he shulde lose many of his fole... doubtynge fynably the hasarde of warre.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. cxcvijv To abyde the hasarde of hys dishonour.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxix In so many hasardes, and ieoperdies of his life.
1595 V. Saviolo Practise i. sig. N3v If the right hand bee well knowledged and bee acquainted with the turnings and windings of the body,..he maie auoide these hazards.
1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 46 By preservation of himselfe from Hazards of Travell.
1652 Notable & Pleasant Hist. Knights of Blade 1 'Tis a profession which exposeth them to all sorts of hazards and perils, as to Prisons, Marshalsees, Sessions.
1677 A. Yarranton England's Improvem. 19 Such hazards at Sea as attend Merchants, with the badness and uncertainty of Personal Security.
1701 S. Pepys Corr. 4 Dec. I should not fear the hazard of sending him abroad.
1752 D. Hume Polit. Disc. i. 21 Profits proportionable to their expence and hazard.
1796 J. Lawrence Philos. & Pract. Treat. Horses I. viii. 352 These break-neck hazards..are incurred..purely to humour the delectable prejudices of an anvil-headed farrier.
1827 ‘O. Oakwood’ Village Tales 54 Nothing would suit my old friend..but he must drive across the ice on the Shippany creek—he was warned that it was a hazard, but on he dashed.
1863 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 420/1 Experiments which seem to involve any hazards to the duration of the liberties existing..may be regarded..with..disfavour.
1918 Amer. Med. Mar. 127/1 Physiology, sociology..and medicine have pointed out with scientific exactness the inherent hazards arising from the consumption of alcohol.
1926 ‘N. Shute’ Marazan (1991) vi. 155 Mountains become mere lumps of land, hazards, to be scrutinized for their physical features.
1946 Winnipeg Free Press 22 May 6/2 The dust area lying between the hardtop and the sidewalk..became a hazard in wet weather.
1956 J. Baldwin Giovanni's Room i. ii. 50 Guillaume seemed to be recounting one of his interminable anecdotes, anecdotes which invariably pivoted on the hazards of business or the hazards of love.
2013 Observer (Nexis) 22 Sept. (Mag.) 26 Mike is a safe-cracker... Mike is also very paranoid. This, he tells me, is ‘a hazard of the job’.
b. As a mass noun. Risk, danger, jeopardy.Earliest in in hazard at Phrases 2. moral hazard: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > [noun] > risk
adventurec1300
balance1330
jeopardyc1374
hazard1527
venture1549
risgoe1638
to run a risco1657
risk1661
fire hazard1846
health hazard1893
1527 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1846) 3rd Ser. II. 129 The voisin Realmes and Lordships shuld be in hassarde.
1576 A. Fleming tr. Isocrates in Panoplie Epist. 164 To inlarge your dominion: yea, and that without hassard and detriment.
1595 Gesta Grayorum in J. Nichols Progresses Queen Elizabeth (2014) III. 833 Losses by Shipwreck upon certain Rocks of Hazard.
1654 E. Leigh Syst. Divinity viii. viii. 665 Many in hotter climates at some times of the year cannot be plunged over the head in cold water without hazard of life or health.
1688 Declar. Lords Spiritual & Temporal at Guildhal (single sheet) His Highness the Prince of Orange,..with..so much hazard to his own Person, hath Undertaken..to rescue Us..from the imminent Dangers of Popery and Slavery.
1733 M. Shelton tr. M. Warren Epist. to Friend 45 A Cure by the Bark is uncertain and full of hazard.
1794 H. L. Piozzi Brit. Synonymy II. 92 The game..oftentimes was carried on with hazard to the player's lives when once well entered.
1809 J. Addie Hints respecting Constr. Bags confining Atmospheric Air 6 On this Air bed, the soldier might repose on any soil, without hazard of damp.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 723 A service of some hazard was to be rendered to the good cause.
1882 Manufacturer & Builder Nov. 254/1 To splice a live wire is a work attended with so much hazard.
1928 Shall I buy Combine? (U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 1565) 4 The harvesting of this crop [sc. soy beans] is accompanied with more hazard and difficulty than is the harvesting of small grains.
1961 R. M. Dashwood Provinc. Daughter 154 Ask Lee if he thinks he can get the children to school and himself to work safely, but he scoffs at any suggestion of hazard.
2000 J. Mann Murder, Magic, & Med. (rev. ed.) iv. 187 The long-term use of diuretics is not without hazard.
4. Real Tennis. Each of the various openings or galleries around a court, spec. those which are not winning openings. †Also in figurative contexts.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > racket games > real tennis > [noun] > court > parts of
hazard1583
nicka1672
penthousea1672
gallery1699
grille1700
dedans1706
tambour1706
gallery-post1878
pass court1878
pass line1878
winning-gallery1878
winning opening1878
wing-neta1884
1583 H. Howard Defensatiue sig. F.jv Who can tell, within whose hazarde Fortunes tennise balles will light?
1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V i. ii. 263 We will..play such a set, Shall strike his fathers crowne into the hazard.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Pelouse,..also the lower hazard in a Tennis-court.
a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Custome of Countrey v. iv, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Cc3v/1 Our adverse fortune, Banding us, from one hazard to another.
1642 J. Howell Instr. Forreine Travell iii. 29 When at the racket court he had a ball struck into his hazard.
1699 A. Boyer Royal Dict. (at cited word) Trou, Le petit trou (au jeu de Paume), the hazard at Tennis.
1775 J. Beaufort Hoyle's Games Improved 207 Barring the hazards, that is barring the dedans, tambour, grill, or the last gallery on the hazard-side.
1878 J. Marshall Ann. Tennis iv. 148 The positions of these various hazards..seem to have been left very much to chance, or to the individual fancy of the builders of Courts.
1891 Sat. Rev. 72 690 The hazards, or winning openings, of modern tennis courts are three in number—the Dedans, the Grille, and the Winning-Gallery. To strike the ball into any one of these, at any point of the game, is to score a point.
1935 Times 11 July 4/7 Two strokes to that hazard gave him the 10th game and squared the match at one set all.
1997 H. Gillmeister Tennis (1998) iv. 140 No tennis ball was in danger of getting lost when driven into a hazard.
5. Billiards and Pool.
†a. Each of the holes or pockets in the sides of a billiard table. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > billiards, pool, or snooker > [noun] > table > pocket
hazard1598
hole1688
pocket1744
1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Scaduta, a hole or hazard at billiard boord.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1679 (1955) IV. 190 A Billiard table with as many more hazards as ours commonly have.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Billiards Hazards, or Holes, on the Edge and Corners.
b. A stroke by which one of the balls is driven into a pocket. losing hazard: a stroke in which the object ball makes contact with another before entering a pocket (resulting in loss of a point in early forms of billiards). winning hazard: a stroke in which the object ball enters a pocket directly. See also forcing-hazard n. at forcing n. Compounds 2, spot hazard n. at spot n.1 and adv. Compounds 5.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > billiards, pool, or snooker > [noun] > actions or types of play > type of stroke
hazard1674
carambole1775
carom1779
cannon1802
screw1825
sidestroke1834
following stroke1837
cannonade1844
five-stroke1847
follow1850
scratch1850
fluke1857
jenny1857
bank shot1859
angle shot1860
draw shot1860
six-stroke1861
run-through1862
spot1868
quill1869
dead-stroke1873
loser1873
push1873
push stroke1873
stab1873
stab screw1873
draw1881
force1881
plant1884
anchor cannon1893
massé1901
angle1902
cradle-cannon1907
pot1907
jump shot1909
carry-along1913
snooker1924
1674 C. Cotton Compl. Gamester i. 30 There is great art in lying abscond, that is, to lie at bo-peep with your Adversary, either subtlely to gain a pass or hazard.
1778 T. Jones Hoyle's Games Improved 197 Common Odds of the Hazards.
1807 E. White Pract. Treat. Billiards i. 5 The keeper of a billiard room in Hamburgh..will at any time engage to make the straight hazard across two contiguous tables... But the most remarkable instance of this unusual dexterity..occurred in an Italian, who frequented the billiard rooms at Paris... I have frequently seen him place two balls in the middle of the table,..and venture an even bet that he would make either the winning or the losing hazard, in any one of the six pockets.
1836 T. Hook Gilbert Gurney III. 153 Why, you cannot make a hazard, Gilbert; what is the matter?
1850 H. G. Bohn et al. Hand-bk. Games 532 The full (or straight) winning hazard should first be practised.
1902 F. Hermann Fun on Pool Table l. 62 It [sc. solitaire, or table golf] teaches strength, angles,..and winning hazards.
1935 Jrnl. Philos. 32 310 I strike the cue-ball neatly with my stick in billiards, and have the satisfaction of actually perceiving it hit the red-ball and force it into the corner-pocket for a winning hazard.
1959 Chambers's Encycl. II. 314/1 The Americans added a fourth ball and in their game cannons and pots counted to the striker and in-offs (or losing hazards) against him.
2013 N. Somerset Times (Nexis) 24 Apr. (Sport section) Pete kept pace with some nice hazards and cannons.
†6. A thing risked or staked. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 i. iii. 126 I will ease my hart, Albeit I make a hazard of my head. View more context for this quotation
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. i. 151 I doe not doubt..Or to find both, Or bring your latter hazzard bake againe. View more context for this quotation
7. Golf. An obstacle to the free striking of the ball, as a bunker, furze, water, sand, loose earth, or rough ground.water hazard: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > golf > golf course > [noun] > hazards
hazard1744
blind hazard1816
bunker1824
sand-bunker1824
sand1842
break-club1857
water hazard1889
trap1890
casual water1899
pot bunker1899
sand-trap1922
1744 Articles of Golf in Scotsman (1938) 17 May 8/3 To take out your Ball & bringing it behind the hazard and Teeing it.
1822 Morning Post 12 Oct. When we take into consideration the distance between the holes, and the hazards to be avoided, those acquainted with the game will readily admit this to have been an extraordinary feat in golfing.
1857 Chambers's Information for People (new ed.) II. 693 Driving it over hazards, such as bunkers, whins, etc.
1889 W. T. Linskill Golf ii. 8 The ground should be of an undulating character, and..should abound in hazards of every description.
1932 Times 3 Oct. 7/1 Lacey..played a magnificent iron shot from the hazard on to the green.
2001 Golf Mag. Feb. 49/2 Come up a wee bit short, and you're treated to the awful sight of your ball trickling slowly back into the hazard.
8. Originally and chiefly Irish English. A place for cabs to stand while waiting for hire. Now historical.Chiefly with reference to cab stands in Dublin.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > transport by vehicles plying for hire > [noun] > driving or hiring of cabs > station for vehicles plying for hire
standa1732
rank1829
standing1831
cab stand1832
coach-stand1834
hazard1836
ranking1903
taxi rank1907
taxi station1912
1836 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 18 Aug. 3/2 The complainant..stated that in the course of the morning, while lobbing a little on the hazard, he did not deny it, these customers hailed him in Thomas-street..and bid him cut for the Fifteen Acres.
1840 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 28 July 3/3 He and the driver of Fitzwilliam's car were together at Macartney's bridge before they went to the hazard; only three cars are allowed to stop at the hazard at a time.
1861 Times 28 Oct. 8/3 On the night of the outrage he was in the lane beside the Exhibition, which is a car-hazard.
1884 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 5 Dec. 5/2 What about providing a hazard at each arrival platform?..the public would then know that it was beyond the power of a cab or cabman to refuse the first call.
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. iv. [Lotus Eaters] 73 Mr Bloom went round the corner and passed the drooping nags of the hazard.
1953 Irish Times 10 June 5/7 It was dark, and there didn't seem to be many people attending the first cab hazard I tried.
1972 P. O'Brian Post Captain iii. 60 There was a fellow lounging about by the hazard on the other side of Whitehall.
2001 J. O'Neill At Swim, Two Boys (2002) viii. 186 He heard the stall-women at the railway station. He smelt the shit of the horses at the hazards.
9. In plural. Motoring. Short for hazard lights: see hazard light n. at Compounds 2.
ΚΠ
1992 M. Levy Last Good-bye i. 3 Should she just put on her hazards, signal frantically with her hand, and come to a stop?
2005 N.Y. Times 16 Jan. f64/2 I was terrified... I would drive 15 miles an hour up and down the avenues with my hazards on.
2012 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 16 Dec. 25 Coming towards you are cars and trucks with lights on main beam, hazards flashing and horns blaring.
†B. adj.
= hazardous adj. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > [adjective] > full of risk
adventurousa1375
jeopardous1451
jeopardious?1504
hazardous1549
venturous1570
hazardly1575
chanceful1591
unsafe1597
venturable1597
hazard1601
desperatea1616
hazardable1618
hazardful1626
discriminous1658
venturesome1661
precarious1727
riskful1793
risky1813
1601 J. Weever Mirror of Martyrs sig. Diij But one of more experience..Such hazard rash proceedings did not like.

Phrases

†P1. to lay (something) to a hazard: to gamble (something) away. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 171 He hise heþ folliche y-spended..and al ylayd to an hazard.
P2. in (also †on) hazard: in or into danger, at risk, in jeopardy. Often in to put (something or someone) in hazard. [Compare Middle French mettre en hasard (late 15th cent.), estre en hasard (a1506).]
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > there is danger in a course of action [phrase] > risk of consequences of action > at risk
in (also on) hazard1527
at (high etc.) risk1707
1527 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1846) 3rd Ser. II. 129 The voisin Realmes and Lordships shuld be in hassarde.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV 222 To put the estate of ye realme on [ Grafton in] an yll hasard.
1576 A. Fleming tr. C. Plinius Novocomensis in Panoplie Epist. 260 My reputation, and my worship had beene in hazard.
1578 T. Tymme tr. J. Calvin Comm. Genesis 279 It was no gramercie to him, that his wife's honesty was not put in hazard.
1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 63 Love..in case of distance and long absence would be in hazard to languish.
1652 F. Osborne Perswasive to Mutuall Compliance 33 The perpetuall quiet of this Nation was in hazard.
1653 R. Younge Philarguromastix ii. xviii. 15 He had rather live poorly, being assured of the bliss of Heaven, as now he was; then by possessing all riches and splendour, to put the same in hazard.
1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 2. ⁋15 Lest they should put their reputation in hazard.
a1859 W. Watt Poems & Songs (1860) 37 Few brides were blither than was I, atweel, When our guidman cam' laughin' ben the floor, Sayin'—‘It is na a' tint that's in hazard.’
1897 M. Armour tr. Fall of Nibelungs xxxvii. 239 So he put his soul and body on the hazard.
1949 Jrnl. Mammol. 30 11 It is quite possible that the animal will stand in different hazard of capture by each of the traps.
1987 Quarterly (U.S.) Summer 231 There is something far beyond the commonplace of revenge in Iago's willingness to put all in hazard as he goes about the business of inventing himself.
1994 Jrnl. Coastal Res. 12 21/1 There are those who will rush to help their neighbours even when their own property is in hazard.
P3. at hazard (also †hazards): (a) in or into danger; at risk; so as to take a risk; at stake; (b) by chance, fortuitously; without design or plan; randomly.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > chance [phrase] > by chance
by perchance1495
at a venture1517
per accidens1528
at hazard (also hazards)a1533
at random1543
by occasion1562
at range1568
by the way1572
by (also at) (a) peradventurea1586
hit or miss1609
at the by1611
hob-nob1660
hit and miss1897
a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1535) i. xxxviii. f. 68v A man that marieth a faire wife, casteth his good fame at hasard.
1576 A. Fleming tr. Isocrates in Panoplie Epist. 181 Selling al at hazard.
1640 O. Sedgwick Christs Counsell 24 He did let and suffer his spirituall estate to run on at hazards.
a1700 J. Dryden tr. Ovid Art of Love (1709) i. 10 Some choose, and some at Hazzard seize their Mate.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Rhapsodomancy, an antient Kind of Divination performed by pitching on a Passage of a Poet at hazard, and reckoning on it as a Prediction of what was to befall.
1775 T. Pownall Mem. Navigation & Drainage 3 The whole expence, the interest, the safety of the country is put at hazard, and the effect left to chance.
1808 J. Moore Let. 13 Nov. in F. L. Clarke Life Wellington (1814) 248 The moment is a critical one..—but I have pushed into Spain at hazards;—this was the order of my government.
1828 A. Bules tr. A.-J.-M.-R. Savary Mem. Duke of Rovigo III. ii. xxi. 153 Your allies..have left you no other alternative but that of treating without loss of time; treating at their expense, and at hazards.
1837 F. Palgrave Merchant & Friar (1844) Ded. 2 The two following examples, taken at hazard.
1846 R. C. Trench Notes Miracles xxi. 327 Where their worldly interests were at hazard.
1940 C. Morgan Voyage 504 ‘Where do you want to go to?’ ‘Down-river,’ Thérèse replied at hazard. ‘La Roche perhaps.’
1994 C. McCarthy Crossing ii. 151 The priest wagered nothing. He'd nothing at hazard.
2005 Jrnl. Transport Econ. & Policy 39 318 Restraints on trade can help to safeguard the integrity of transactions when firm-specific investments are at hazard.
P4. at (also †in, †to, †with) the hazard of: at the risk of; so as to endanger.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > there is danger in a course of action [phrase] > risk of consequences of action > at the risk of
at all perilsc1300
at (also in, to, with) the hazard ofa1547
a1547 Earl of Surrey Poems (1964) 22 In haserd of his health.
a1592 R. Greene Mamillia (1593) ii. sig. Kv Why Ferragus am I more hardy which am at the hazard of death, than thou which art deuoide of daunger?
1620 L. Smethley & R. Holme Let. Claims College Arms Lancs. 10 in Chetham Soc. Misc. (1875) 5 They shall not find me slack in performing the same, all be itt, that it be with the hazard of my lyfe.
1641 J. Trapp Theologia Theol. 267 S. Hierome learnt Hebrew with the hazard of his life.
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 510. ⁋3 He alludes to enterprises which he cannot reveal but with the hazard of his life.
1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 93. ⁋10 No man can justly aspire to honour, but at the hazard of disgrace.
1804 ‘Gabrielli’ Something Odd! I. 126 He once saved me..to the imminent hazard of his own life.
1899 T. Roosevelt in Public Papers Theodore Roosevelt 306 If we shrink from the hard contests where men must win at hazard of their lives.., then the bolder and stronger peoples will pass us by.
1906 Life 22 Feb. 236/2 No man can put his hand to the Panama plough except at the hazard of his reputation.
2013 R. Cropanzano & C. Moliner in S. M. Elias Deviant & Criminal Behavior in Workplace vii. 170 In a fervent quest for fairness an avenger may seek retribution, though perhaps at the hazard of hurting an innocent party.
P5. by hazard: by chance, fortuitously, without design or plan, randomly.
ΚΠ
1548 F. Bryan tr. A. de Guevara Dispraise Life Courtier xi. sig. h.iiii Your saiyng shuld be good if they yt were of the best knowlege & the most verteous nomber wer auaunced for their prudence, as the other be by hazard and chaunce.
1606 A. Craig Amorose Songes sig. Gviv I put my hand by hazard in the hat..A fortune blind, or niuie nake to trie.
1775 Covent-Garden Mag. Apr. 145/2 Our friend Bonneau, always well inclined, proposed to them to decide it by hazard, as was the custom with ancient warriors in heroical times.
1876 C. Darwin Effects Cross & Self Fertilisation Veg. Kingdom ix. 339 Two plants taken by hazard were protected under separate nets.
1930 J. T. Russell tr. G. H. Luquet Art & Relig. Fossil Man v. 117 Figured art..must necessarily have been preceded by a preliminary phase in which figured works had been produced, not intentionally, but by hazard.
2002 Kenyon Rev. 24 81 They have been recruited, often by hazard, by the roll of a dice, into cartels.
†P6. out of hazard: safe, out of danger or doubt. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1559 W. Bavand tr. J. Ferrarius Common Weale viii. f. 187v Warre..leaueth nothyng in safetie, nothing out of hazard.
1668 R. Alleine World Conquered 134 I am never in such hazards but in God I am secure, I am never so out of hazard but I need his security.
1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. at Secure To make certain, to put out of hazard, to ascertain.
1801 C. Smith Lett. Solitary Wanderer II. 337 The life of Montgomeri appeared to be out of hazard.
1824 J. Stephen Slavery Brit. W. India Colonies Delineated I. 96 Their food at least should be put out of hazard, by compelling the planter..to raise on the estate, provisions enough for their support.
1861 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. V. xxiv. 162 This bold stroke placed Montague's fortune..out of hazard.
P7. on the hazard: at stake, at risk. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1587 R. Greene Penelopes Web sig. D2v Least ayming more at ye weale of our countrey then our own liues, we set our rest on the hazard.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) v. i. 68 The Storme is vp, and all is on the hazard . View more context for this quotation
1753 J. Hill Inspector II. 46 He neither did nor can persuade any body else to suppose it possible [an indignity] could be offered him, yet declares himself willing to set his life on the hazard to justify it.
1817 R. Southey Hist. Brazil II. xxi. 168 Seeing that all was on the hazard, they came out of the woods, and fell upon the flank of the assailants.
1880 L. Wallace Ben-Hur v. xii Messala's whole fortune was on the hazard.
1930 A. E. Taylor Faith of Moralist vi. 224 Every self-surrender not only receives its reward in the enrichment of the personality we had set on the hazard.
†P8. to stand (a) hazard, to stand the hazard (of): to run a risk, to take a chance; to take the risk or chance (of). Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III v. vii. 10 Slaue I haue set my life vpon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the die. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) v. iii. 5 We stand much hazard, if they bring not Timon.
1630 P. Massinger Picture ii. ii. 396 Wel since there is Noe way to shun it I will stand the hazard And instantly make ready my dispatch.
1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. viii. 14 What a sad Hazard a poor Maiden..stands against the Temptations of this World.
1741 J. Seacome Memoirs 17/2 The Abbot of Westminster..thought it better to use Preventing-Phisick, than stand the hazard of an After-Cure.
1779 S. Johnson Addison in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets V. 41 Now, ‘heavily in clouds came on the day, the great, the important day,’ when Addison was to stand the hazard of the theatre.
1844 Family of Seisers II. xii. 126/2 He plunged his right hand in the New Orleans drainage, ‘and stood the hazard of the dye’.
P9. With to fall.
†a. to fall into the hazard of: to become exposed to the risk of; to fall into the hands of (a person) so as to risk hurt or harm (cf. in (a person's) danger at danger n. 1a). Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1608 E. Grimeston in tr. J. F. Le Petit Gen. Hist. Netherlands xvi. 1411 They cannot aid you, vnlesse they themselues fall into the hazard of warres.
1615 T. Adams White Deuill (ed. 4) 75 At last they fall into the vsurers hazard.
1754 Young Lady Conducted vii. 96 It appears worth while to lose all the Visits of this Kind in the World rather than fall into the Hazard of making one such Acquaintance.
b. to fall into hazard: to be exposed to risk or danger, to be put in jeopardy.
ΚΠ
?1623 O. Felltham Resolues xcv. 307 Truth falls into hazard, when it finds either a weak Defender, or one that knowes not her worth.
1635 tr. F. Hendricq Hist. Angelicall Virgin Glorious S. Clare 177 She knew very well that often times an inestimable treasure is lost for a base price of vaine glory: offending the giuer, and falling into hazard neuer to enioymore.
1782 G. Stuart Hist. Scot. II. iv. ii. 33 (footnote) Her crown would fall into hazard if she neglected to put the duke of Norfolk into close custody.
1822 Amer. Farmer 31 May 75/2 There are some families so dangerously affected by all the eruptive diseases that they fall into imminent hazard in taking any of them.
1912 J. Sargeaunt tr. Terence Brothers iii. ii. in Terence II. 253 If we disclose the thing, he'll deny it..; consequently your good name..and your daughter's life will fall into hazard.
1946 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 59 391 Here the wise and the resourceful usually find a way out, but the instable and the flighty fall into hazard.
1998 B. Millman Ill-made Alliance iii. xiii. 285 The British were not happy with the Egyptian defences, and were more willing to default on commitments to their allies than let this item of imperial infrastructure fall into hazard.
P10. to put to (the) hazard: (a) to expose to risk or danger, to place in jeopardy; †(b) to take a chance on (obsolete).
ΚΠ
1612 in M. C. Questier Newslett. Archpresbyterate G. Birkhead (1998) 156 My letter to our viceprotector..in verie deed was all true, but yett made not such a strepitus as yow conceyve, neither hath as yett putt me to any great hazard.
1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy iii. iii. iv. ii. 703 I had rather marry a faire one & put it to the hazard.
1693 J. Dryden tr. Ovid Metamorphoses i, in Examen Poeticum 16 When our Universal State Was put to hazard.
1784 E. Burke Speech Fox's E. India Bill, 1 Dec. 1783 102 He well knows what snares are spread about his path... But he has put to hazard his ease, his security, his interest, his power, even his..popularity.
1834 T. B. Macaulay William Pitt in Edinb. Rev. Jan. 536 He ventured to put both his power and his popularity to hazard.
1903 J. Conrad Falk in Typhoon & Other Stories 224 So much being at stake, he was afraid of putting it to the hazard of the declaration.
1951 I. A. Wright tr. F. Mercado Let. 14 Jan. 1586 in Further Eng. Voy. Spanish Amer., 1583–94 21 In addition to the credit lost, Your Majesty puts to the hazard not only this island but all the Indies to which it is the key.
1971 Public Health (Soc. Med. Officers Health) 85 200 We might have..evidence that the drug can constitute some hazard in adverse reactions. The application might well be declined on the ground that patients with mild diseases should not be put to hazard at all.
2006 Daily Variety (Nexis) 28 Feb. 22 From time to time the leader must put to hazard his or her political future in order to do what is right in the long-term interests of the people.
P11. to run a hazard, to run the hazard of: to take a risk, to be put in danger; to be exposed to the risk of.
ΚΠ
1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) i. 91 Allured..to runne a bold hazard with him to the gates of Death.
1644 J. Goodwin Θεομαχια 25 How they, who shall compell men..to..run the hazard of losing a subsistence in that which is to come, will answer it..is above my apprehension.
1695 Case Reginald Tucker (single sheet) He purchased a defeazable Title, and must run the same Hazard as the Purchaser of a mortgaged Estate does.
1729 Eccho (Edinb.) 4 June 3/2 We are extremely apprehensive, our India Company's Ships..will run a very great Hazard, in doubling the Cape of Good Hope.
1789 H. L. Piozzi Observ. Journey France II. 368 They would have run such hazards getting home!
1826 R. Sharp Diary 15 Dec. (1997) 91 I never interfere with Salting, so I forgo all claim to the excellent qualities of the Bacon when cured, but then I run no hazard of it not being good.
1853 Harper's Mag. July 210/1 The lake at the time was in the possession of the British fleet,..and Perry ran great hazard in encountering it before he could reach Presque Isle.
1876 R. Browning Pacchiarotto & Other Poems 8 With fancy he ran no hazard: Fact might knock him o'er the mazard.
1936 Deb. House of Commons (Canada) 17 June 3827/2 If they had to make trips from the landing point in France to the base line of action, they ran a hazard; they ran the hazard of shell fire, and the hazard of bombs from aeroplanes.
2008 Y. Siddiqi Anxieties of Empire 32 The spy runs the hazard of discovery.
P12. at (also †on) all hazards, at every hazard: whatever the risk, under any circumstances.
ΚΠ
1638 R. Baillie Let. 27 Feb. (1841) I. 39 He would have the Booke through, on all hazards, and would never have a letter of it altered.
a1639 J. Spottiswood Hist. Church Scotl. (1655) vi. 434 He avouched to have his life at all hazards.
1726 G. Shelvocke Voy. round World x. 296 It was resolved upon, on all hazards, to go.
1838 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Ferdinand & Isabella I. i. v. 154 He determined to relieve it at every hazard.
1896 Argosy Jan. 338/2 At all hazards, however, he must keep his discovery from the knowledge of his captors.
1934 Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Mar. 136/2 It is the second charter of emancipation which ought now to be secured at every hazard.
2014 W. T. Vollmann Last Stories 301 Wishing at all hazards to avoid glimpsing his former sweetheart's beautiful, treacherous face.
P13. to make a hazard: to attempt something risky or dangerous; to take a risk.
ΚΠ
1844 P. O. Hutchinson Chron. Gretna Green II. xv. 196 Men..will rather set about calculating the chances of the step they may have in contemplation, than make a hazard to achieve it.
1850 B. Taylor Eldorado I. xi. 80 Making a hazard at the direction in which the trail ran.
1966 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. 27 196 We build up systems of concepts..because the mind makes a hazard on something being a such-and-such.
2016 Nation (Nigeria) (Nexis) 7 June Every administration of the federal government since 1999 has made a hazard at reforming the country's petroleum sector.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.
a. In sense A. 1, as hazard board, hazard play, hazard table, etc.
ΚΠ
1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Cii/1 Hazard play, alearum ludus.
1715 Pill to purge State-melancholy 50 A Gamester, at a Hazard-Bet, Would think 't a Bubble-Case, When Main is thrown, and Stake is set, To lose it to Deux-Ace.
1719 C. Johnson Masquerade iii. i. 39 Enter one Gamester from the Hazard-Table.
a1741 C. Fiennes Through Eng. on Side Saddle (1888) 301 There are two hazard boards.
1759 H. Walpole Let. 26 Apr. in Corr. with G. Montagu (1941) I. 232 He went onto the hazard-room.
a1777 S. Foote Nabob (1778) i. 26 The waiter at Almack's has just brought him home his macaroni dress for the hazard-table.
1829 H. B. Henderson Bengalee 109 Salary, wasted at keen Hazard-bets.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 65 His ill luck at the hazard table was such that his estates were daily becoming more and more encumbered.
1893 Cent. Mag. Dec. 263/2 Out-betting and out-brawling him at the races and the hazard clubs.
1977 D. Carroll Playboy's Illustr. Treasury Gambling iii. 114 Observe: the rules for hazard play are simple, simpler by far than craps.
1990 P. M. Hembry Eng. Spa vi. 84 Visitors took tea and chocolate in the coffee-houses and gambled at the lottery or hazard board in two rooms.
2013 D. Gaston Reputation for Notoriety vi. 102 The crowd around the hazard table grew, most betting with her.
b. In sense A. 3, as hazard analysis, hazard control, hazard sign, hazard warning, etc.
ΚΠ
1925 Daily Capital News (Jefferson City, Missouri) 22 Mar. 4/1 The motorist..must learn a new set of hazard-signs whenever he goes into new territory.
1928 Mining Congr. Jrnl. 14 229 Hazard analysis and follow up, Investigation of accidents.
1938 Amer. Aviation 1 July 14/2 Hazard beacons should be located..100 feet or more higher than surrounding buildings or terrain.
1957 Kenosha (Wisconsin) Evening News 24 Sept. 1/1 The installation of the stop signs is expected to bring a measure of hazard control to the intersection.
1976 Physics Bull. Nov. 482/1 A company..should be required to make a survey of the hazard potential of its plant.
1991 D. G. Mayo & R. D. Hollander Acceptable Evid. (1994) p. xi Scientific and technical experts play a continually growing role in societal processes of hazard management.
2012 Independent 10 Apr. 12/2 The move..[arises] from a hazard assessment by France's Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety.
C2.
hazard light n. (also more fully hazard warning light) any of various lights used to draw attention to potential dangers; spec. (in plural) the front and rear indicator lights of a motor vehicle flashing simultaneously and continuously as a warning to others that the vehicle or something nearby poses a potential danger.
ΚΠ
1928 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 1 Oct. b5 Eventual installations for a Class A airport..would include..hazard lights marking such obstructions as creeks, telephone poles, and the like.
1960 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 3 Jan. ii. 9/3 Dietz lanterns and highway torches..are now supported by a companion line of hazard warning lights specifically designed to flash a danger signal to today's high speed traffic.
1962 New Castle (Pa.) News 17 Oct. 26/1 The new hazard warning lights required for commercial vehicles.
1966 Oneonta (N.Y.) Star 24 Aug. 20/2 Alternate flashing blue lights and standard hazard lights provide adequate identification as an emergency vehicle.
1981 Guardian 29 June 7/3 Switch on your hazard lights to warn other drivers.
2013 T. Weaver Never coming Back (2016) xxiii. 120 There was nowhere to park, so I bumped the car on to the pavement outside, stuck the hazard lights on and headed in.
hazard pay n. originally and chiefly North American a payment made beyond basic wages for dangerous work; = danger money n. at danger n. and adj. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > [noun] > extra payments > for specific working conditions
noise money1883
dirty money1897
hazard pay1935
danger money1942
dirt money1949
1935 Jrnl. Aviation Med. Dec. 148/1 If they should fly, and thinking people are with us in believing they should fly to have proper air experience, then they must have hazard pay.
1979 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 4 Dec. We don't get hazard pay..but our ass is on the line every day.
2014 F. Cook Improvise ix. 151 The LA Unified School District offered hazard pay to brave souls who were willing to venture into the city's worst schools.
hazard rate n. (a) (in an insurance premium) the amount charged in return for coverage against specific risks to which a particular property is vulnerable (now rare); (b) a statistical measure expressing the rate of incidence of failure, ill health, death, etc., among the members of a population in a given set of circumstances at a particular time.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > insurance > [noun] > insurance policy > associated expense, amount, or charge
premio1622
premium1661
reversion1768
reversionary bonus1833
insurance1838
loading1867
hazard rate1872
single premium1877
margin1881
line1899
strain1910
deductible1927
no-claims bonus1933
co-pay1959
co-payment1966
1872 J. Griswold Fire Underwriters' Text-bk. II. 476 So also with an A 1. building; by specially hazardous occupancy it becomes subject to special hazard rates.
1956 Proc. IRE 44 957/2 Secondary life-quality measures, such as mean life, median life and the recently introduced ‘reliability,’ hazard rate, etc., can all be expressed in terms of the proposed measure.
1960 Insurance Industry: Hearings before Subcomm. on Antitrust & Monopoly (U.S. Senate, 86th Congr., 1st Sess.) III. 1468 If we can go to the people of our city..and charge them increased hazard rates for hazards that are on multiple and residential buildings, we can get them to remove their hazards and make ours a safer city.
2012 M. R. Powers Acts of God & Man i. 10 Each time an individual is sick, his or her hazard rate rises a bit, and the more serious the illness, the higher it goes.
hazard ratio n. a ratio of the different degrees of risk experienced by two individuals, groups, etc.; esp. (in later use) the ratio between the hazard rates (hazard rate n. (b)) of two population groups.Frequently used in comparing a particular population with a control group.
ΚΠ
1940 Trans. 29th National Safety Congr. (U.S. National Safety Council) 452/1 Each department is more or less interested in itself, and when you start comparing it with other departments, you get into the old argument of the hazard ratio between this department and that department.
1984 Internat. Statist. Rev. 52 265 A straightforward generalization of a constant relative risk is to consider the hazard ratio.
2015 M. Star & J. Biller in S. Diamond Headache & Migraine Biol. & Managem. vii. 61 The risk of stroke is more than tripled in migraineurs who smoke, and the combination of smoking and oral contraceptives increases the hazard ratio seven-fold.
hazard side n. the side of a real tennis court into which the ball is served.
ΚΠ
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. v. 265 They that serve upon the Pent-house, are to serve behind the Blew on the Hazard side, else it is a loss.
1775 ‘Connoisseur’ Ann. Gaming 48 Between the second and this last gallery are the figures, 1, 2, marking the chaces on the hazard-side.
1878 J. Marshall Ann. Tennis iv. 149 That writer says ‘The players on the hazard-side have two openings to defend, the last gallery and the grille’.
1993 Times 16 Jan. (Time Off section) 11/3 There's a nasty bit of wall sticking out on the hazard side..and any ball coming off that is hard to hit.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

hazardv.

Brit. /ˈhazəd/, U.S. /ˈhæzərd/
Forms: see hazard n.; also Scottish pre-1700 haisard, pre-1700 hasert, pre-1700 hasȝard, pre-1700 haszard, pre-1700 hazaird.
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion; partly modelled on a French lexical item. Etymon: hazard n.
Etymology: < hazard n., partly after Middle French hasarder, hazarder to expose (a person) to danger (c1460 reflexive, c1500 transitive), to take a chance or risk on the outcome of (something) (1545 in the passage translated in quot. 1550 at sense 3a), to venture to offer (a statement, conjecture, etc.) (1579).
1. transitive. To risk losing (something) in a game of chance; to stake, wager (something); to expose (something) to hazard or risk in an attempt to gain something.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > gamble at a game [verb (transitive)] > stake something in game
play?a1425
hazard1529
stoopc1555
to stake down1565
prizea1592
stake1591
gamble1813
buck1851
chip1857
to chip in1892
1529 S. Fish tr. H. Bomelius Summe Holye Script. xxv. sig. N.ijv God hath not given the that richesse for to spende it ontragiously..or to hasard it at dyse, and at other gamyng [Du. of verspelen].
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 582/2 It is a great folye for a man to hazarde his lyfe for the mucke of this world.
1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes G j For thinordinate gain wherof we do alwaies hazard our honoures, lifes, and countrey.
1614 Sir R. Dudley in S. R. Gardiner Fortescue Papers (1871) 11 Nor hazard the reputation of my owne workes under the discretion or skill of an other.
1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 206 At Passage, or In and In, they [sc. Chinese] will hazard all their worth, themselues, wiues, children and other substance.
1700 T. Brown Amusem. Serious & Comical ix. 98 When a Sick Man leaves all for Nature to do, he hazards much. When he leaves all for the Doctor to do, he hazards more.
1790 E. Topham Life Late John Elwes iv. 22 Old Elwes, having hazarded seven thousand pounds in the morning, went happily to bed with the reflection—he had saved three shillings!
1828 J. Neal Rachel Dyer Pref. p. xi They have gained just enough popular favor to make them afraid of hazarding one jot or tittle of it.
1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. iv. 263 He would not hazard the prize by clutching at it too soon.
1917 E. R. Burroughs Princess of Mars xxiii. 278 I decided to hazard everything on a straight-away course and leave the result to fate.
1974 F. Forsyth Dogs of War (1975) II. xv. 260 The general cargo business is too risky for a rich man to want to hazard money on it.
2004 Independent (Nexis) 24 May 29 I would hazard a wager that the race will be close right to the end.
2.
†a. transitive. With direct object and infinitive. To put (a thing or person, or oneself) at risk of being penalized, disadvantaged, or afflicted in a specified way. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1544 A. Cope Hist. Anniball & Scipio vi. f. 7 They for other mens pleasure shoulde tourne the warre to them selues, and hasarde theyr countrey to be distroyed.
1559 in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1725) I. App. vi. 8 Hazarde..ourselves to be..drowned in the waters of schisme.
1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1292/2 Forced to..hazard himselfe to fall into the hands of naughtie people.
1659 D. Pell Πελαγος 480 It hides it self, and will not hazzard its tender flower to bee shaken.
a1710 P.-E. Radisson Voy. (1885) 133 We cutt the ice wth hattchetts & we found places where [it] was rotten, so we hazarded ourselves often to sinke downe to our necks.
b. transitive. To run or take the risk of being penalized, disadvantaged, or afflicted by (an action, event, etc.). Also with infinitive as object.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > chance or risk [verb (transitive)]
hazard1567
jumpa1616
risk1660
stake1670
chance1859
1567 G. Fenton tr. M. Bandello Certaine Tragicall Disc. f. 27v It is not possible he shold vse villany on the behalfe of her, the onely regarde of whose loue hath made him make no conscience to hazarde the displeasure of his parents & chief frendes.
1577 Ld. Buckhurst in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. II. 272 To hazard..your dishonor and her Ma. dislike.
1628 G. Wither Britain's Remembrancer iii. 1451 What Censures thou shouldst hazzard, in thy stay.
1675 H. Neville tr. N. Machiavelli State France in Wks. 259 He will hazard to be famished.
1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. x. 189 Hazards the breaking of the String.
1697 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation (ed. 4) v. x. 85 That your Adversaries being forced to follow you, may hazzard stumbling.
1720 H. Walker Jrnl. or Acct. Exped. Canada 66 To hazard the loss of the Fleet..was judged by the Court Martial, to have been..a Breach of Discipline and Order.
1796 Hist. Ned Evans II. xx. 20 Your son would..perish in the dust before he would hazard to offend her.
1824 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. Lit. Men & Statesmen II. xiv. 310 They hazard to cut their feet and break their shins by stemming the current.
1827 C. Bridges Expos. Psalm cxix (1830) 78 We shall be ready to hazard all consequences.
1941 W. A. Percy Lanterns on Levee xv. 175 We hazarded disgrace by helping one another reassemble in order the contents of our packs.
2013 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 17 Nov. mm. 34 People are willing to hazard death at sea.
3.
a. transitive. To take a chance or risk on the outcome of (a battle, course of action, etc.); to venture on (a journey or other undertaking). Also with infinitive as object.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > endanger [verb (transitive)] > put at risk > run the risk or brave the dangers of
undergoc1315
venture1548
hazard1550
to venture on (also upon1557
run1592
dare1604
endanger?1611
risk1673
to run the venture of1723
court1930
to go nap on1959
1550 T. Nicolls tr. Thucydides Hist. Peloponnesian War viii. xi. f. ccxv They were not suffycyentlye stronge for to hazarde the battaille [Fr. hazarder la bataille].
1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. i. f. 18 Who that otherwise hazardeth [Fr. se hasarde] to enter into it, exposeth him selfe to a great danger.
1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 103 Not daring to hazard the fight, or by stratagem break out to hazard their deliverance.
1667 J. Dryden Annus Mirabilis 1666 xxviii. 8 That what both love, both hazard to destroy.
1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 175. ⁋9 It is not believed..that the Enemy will hazard a Battle for the Relief of Douay.
1753 N. Torriano tr. J. B. L. Chomel Hist. Diss. Gangrenous Sore Throat 84 Scarification was hazarded without being looked on as an approved Method.
1848 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 III. vii. 337 The Koles..rarely hazarded an action.
1882 M. McDougall Lett. ‘Norah’ lvii. 299 I have heard of retreating armies stopping and hazarding battle, rather than forsake a childing woman in her extremity.
1944 Amer. Hist. Rev. 49 635 In hazarding the experiment, the commanding general risked his career.
2011 L. Van Ham Common Humanity ix. 174 The endemic poverty of the global South..has produced throngs of people willing to hazard treacherous journeys to more prosperous regions.
b. To venture to offer (a statement, conjecture, etc.); to put (something) forward for consideration.
(a) transitive. With noun or noun phrase, especially one denoting a type of utterance, as object.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > speak [verb (intransitive)] > venture (an opinion, etc.)
hazard?1601
venture1610
the mind > mental capacity > belief > conjecture, guessing > conjecture, guess [verb (transitive)] > venture
venture1638
hazard1758
?1601 H. Townshend in T. E. Hartley Proc. Parl. Elizabeth I (1995) III. 336 Yt wilbe somewhat necessarye ffor me to delyver the manner of our proceedinge and the circumstances, reyther then to hazard the interpretacion of sutch a resolucion.
1758 Monthly Rev. 19 188 If one may be allowed to hazard a conjecture.
a1790 B. Franklin Autobiogr. (1981) iii. 129 I have hazarded the few preceding Pages.
1816 S. T. Coleridge Statesman's Man. 20 [This] justifies me..in hazarding the bold assertion.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xxvii. 379 He did not hazard an explanation of the phenomenon.
1909 H. G. Wells Ann Veronica ii. 49 Ann Veronica hazarded an opinion that as a matter of history some very beautiful people had..been bad.
1933 Lancet 3 June 1173/1 Hawes..hazarded the suggestion that the stippled cell was merely a variant of the polychrome.
1998 I. Rankin Hanging Garden (1999) xxxiii. 368 Harris was shaking his head. ‘I can't tell you, Inspector. I haven't been trusted with that knowledge myself.’ ‘But you could hazard a guess.’
(b) transitive. With quoted or reported words as object.
ΚΠ
1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xlii. 418 ‘You have been used to eaves-dropping. Do you know what that means?’ ‘Listening, Sir?’ Rob hazarded, after some embarrassed reflection.
1881 C. E. L. Riddell Senior Partner III. xxxiii. 110 ‘I met Mr. Robert the other day,’ hazarded the clerk.
1903 R. Langbridge Flame & Flood vii. 108 ‘Love is so rare in this world,’ she hazarded.
1950 Ethics 60 158/2 It was enough for us, I hazarded, if we could keep the bad from becoming immeasurably worse than the Fascists and Nazis had already made it.
2000 K. Charles Cruel Habitations (2001) viii. 140 ‘He's worried that smoking is bad for you?’ Jacquie hazarded.
4.
†a. intransitive. To expose oneself to risk; to run or incur risks. Also: to risk being a loser in a game of chance. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > face danger [verb (intransitive)] > risk oneself > run or take risks
dicec1440
to put one's finger in the fire1546
hazardc1550
venture1560
to jeopard a joint1563
to venture a joint1570
to run (also take) a (also the) risk (also risks)1621
danger1672
risk1767
gamble1802
to ride a tiger1902
to stick (also put) one's neck out1926
to lead with one's chin1949
to tickle the dragon('s tail)1964
c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) xx. 139 Ȝe maye hasȝard and fecht quhen that ȝe think ȝour comodius tyme.
1613 Fraserburgh Kirk Session I. 29 Apr. Nother cuild he be content with hir aith knawing how far wemen will hazard for hyiding of thair awin sin.
1653 H. Holcroft tr. Procopius Gothick Warre iv. 151 in tr. Procopius Hist. Warres Justinian Thinke not that the Hunnes, Herulians, and Lombards will hazard to the death.
a1702 J. Pomfret Quæ Rara, Chara (1707) 6 Gods in spite, their Empire to compleat, Damn'd poor Mankind to hazard for what's great.
1736 T. Lediard Life Marlborough II. 31 Unfortunate Gamesters..hazard on, thinking to recover their Loss.
1877 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 10) 635 Such thankful tears shed, each on other's breast, As one life hazarding 'gainst some grim assault Of the elements.
b. transitive (reflexive). To expose (oneself) to risk.
ΚΠ
1553 J. Brende tr. Q. Curtius Rufus Hist. ix. f. 186 Whether it be your pleasure to commannde them to go forwardes, to fyght, to hasarde them selues.
1567 R. Sempill Deeclaratioun Lordis Iust Quarrell (single sheet) Nobillis quha durst couragiouslie Hazaird thame self to saif vs.
1639 S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events 135 He shunnes blowes, and will not hazard himselfe, yet requires as much as wee who hazard our lives.
1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 157 Not willing to hazard himself on a Voyage undertaken only for Pleasure.
1745 B. Franklin Let. 15 Aug. in Papers (1961) III. 36 I so freely hazard myself..in Medling with Matters directly pertaining to your Profession.
1801 M. Edgeworth Belinda I. iv. 143 I had the courage and foolish good nature to hazard myself for her.
1879 H. Adams Life A. Gallatin ii. 161 That the Federalists should have hazarded themselves on such preposterous ground.
1946 W. S. Maugham Then & Now xviii. 194 It was incredible that he should hazard himself almost defenceless among his mortal enemies.
2003 J. F. Munro Maritime Enterprise & Empire xv. 382 He hazarded himself for the first time in the arena of British parliamentary politics.
5. transitive. To put (a person or thing) in danger or jeopardy, to endanger.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > endanger [verb (transitive)] > put at risk
to put in adventurec1300
jeopardc1374
wage?a1400
adventurec1400
jeopardy1447
enhazard1562
hazard1569
venture1575
impawn1613
hazardize?a1616
to put in or to a (or the) venture1638
risk1660
compromise1696
commit1738
compromit1787
to lay (or put) it on the line1968
1569 T. Norton To Queenes Deceiued Subj. sig. B.jv They enforme of a great purpose of strangers to correcte and chasten vs to the hazard of the Realme, which they wil auoyd by hazarding it themselues.
a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 68 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) There will he lye in waite, and..will dangerously hazard the troubled Souldiour.
1601 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Trauellers Breuiat 110 The king of Biarma in our times greatly hazarded the states of Pegu and Siam.
1664 S. Butler Hudibras: Second Pt. ii. i. 62 Lillyes limn'd on Cheeks, and Roses, With painted perfumes, hazard noses.
1716 S. Sewall Diary 22 Oct. (1973) II. 836 Mr. Lyde comes up from Nantasket, having..been much Wearied and hazarded with the Storm.
1786 T. Jefferson Writings (1859) I. 558 His death, with that of the king of Prussia, would hazard the tranquillity of Europe.
1852 N. Amer. & U.S. Gaz. 30 July Paine was arraigned for oppression to his officers and having hazarded his ship.
1901 in H. H. S. Pearse Hist. Lumsden's Horse (1903) xix. 404 You have hazarded your lives, some of your comrades have laid theirs down, for that high cause.
1982 Daily Tel. 21 Aug. 1/4 A search over such a potential large area could hazard other men.
2014 R. Campbell Trident Deception lvi. 257 This wasn't just a case of a preoccupied driver hazarding the public.
†6. transitive. To get (something) by chance or luck; to chance upon. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > chance [verb (intransitive)]
fallc1175
hapa1393
luckc1438
happenc1450
chance1536
to chop upon1555
hazard1575
alight1591
chop1652
lucken1674
1575 R. B. Apius & Virginia sig. Cijv Be you not afrayde, And so you may happen to Hazard the mayde: It is but in Hazard, and may come by hap, Win her, or lose her, trie you the trap.
1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. iii. 155 Might not such Microscopes hazard the discovery of the Aerial Genii, and present even Spiritualities themselves to our view?
7. transitive. Billiards. To strike (a ball) into one of the pockets around the edges of the table; to pot, to pocket. Now rare (historical in later use).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > billiards, pool, or snooker > [verb (transitive)] > play (the ball) in specific way
hazard1674
string1680
miss1746
pocket1756
hole1803
spot1844
nurse1850
draw1860
pot1860
hold1869
dribble1873
fluke1881
scratch1909
1674 C. Cotton Compl. Gamester 32 He that hazards his Adversary's Ball, or makes it hit down the King winneth the end.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1679 (1955) IV. 190 The game being onely to prosecute the ball til hazarded, without passing the port..'tis more difficult to hazard a ball..than in our Tables.
1798 T. A. Romain Eng. Negotiator i. 13 A ball which had been hazarded after having slightly touched another.
1889 Rocky Mountain News (Denver) 9 June 24/7 The play consisted in hazarding your adversary's ball, and keeping out of the pocket yourself.
2013 ‘B. Scott’ Lady risks All iv. 50 Barrington was nearly untouchable in the third game, potting balls without also hazarding his cue ball.

Derivatives

ˈhazarded adj.
ΚΠ
1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene vi. iii. sig. Bb3 How to saue hole her hazarded estate. View more context for this quotation
1798 M. Edgeworth & R. L. Edgeworth Pract. Educ. II. xxiii. 657 Amongst a multitude of hazarded observations a happy hit is now and then made.
1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. I. 40 These disagreeing dates are all hazarded conjectures.
1963 Brown Boveri Rev. Aug. 552/2 On traction vehicles having no idler wheels the positive or negative rotary acceleration of the hazarded driving axles must then be determined.
2002 Derby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 19 Feb. 6 Out of the 15, seven of my replies were borne from knowledge, four were hazarded guesses and the rest I had absolutely no clue about.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
<
n.adj.c1300v.1529
随便看

　

英语词典包含1132095条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。

　

Copyright © 2004-2022 Newdu.com All Rights Reserved
更新时间：2025/1/24 15:26:59