gumn.1
/ɡʌm/, U.S. /ɡəm/ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > [noun] > palate
gumc825
roofOE
palatea1382
palacea1450
c825 Vesp. Psalter lxviii[i]. 4 Ic won cleopiende hase gewordne werun goman mine.
OE Riddle 40 58 Ic eom on goman gena swetra þonne þu beobread blende mid hunige.
c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 264 Wið þæs muþes & þæra gomena fulnysse..genim [etc.].
c1200 Vices & Virtues (1888) 119 We notieð on gomes [printed ȝomes] alles kennes attre of dieule.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xxi. 15 My tunge cleueth to my goomes.]
2. † b. = gum-tooth n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete.
a. collective plural. The firm fleshy integument of the jaws and bases of the teeth; also said of the toothless jaw and its integument. Also singular, the portion of the integument attached to a single tooth.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > [noun] > gum
guma1382
gingiva?a1425
gum1555
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) v. xvi. 122 Yf the gomes ben corrupt thenne [etc.].
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 202/1 Gome yn mannys mowthe (S. goomys), gingiva.
a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Trial of Fox l. 1022 in Poems (1981) 42 With that the meir gird him vpon the gumis [rhymes with presumis].
1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. Biijv The same water..is good for..payne in the gommes.
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. xi. f. 161 From the vppermoste parte of the lyppe euen vnto the nethermoste parte of the gumme.
1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 4v (margin) The callositie of the Gowmes serueth some men instead of teeth.
1616 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Scornful Ladie iii. sig. F2v Marry come vp my gentleman, are your gummes growne so tender they cannot bite?
a1656 Bp. J. Hall Shaking of Olive-tree (1660) ii. 189 The canker from a scarce sensible begining consumes the gummes.
1710 Ld. Shaftesbury Soliloquy 130 Operations of the active Tongue upon the passive Gum or Palate.
1755 J. Wesley Primitive Physick (ed. 5) 49 Keep a little Stick Liquorish between the Cheek and the Gums.
1814 Lady Colquhoun in Mem. (1849) ii. 44 The gum was still painful when exposed to the air.
1850 C. Lyell 2nd Visit U.S. (ed. 2) II. 118 Alligators' teeth..set in silver for infants..to rub against their gums when cutting their teeth.
1876 C. S. Tomes Man. Dental Anat. 98 The gum is continuous with the mucous membrane of the inside of the lips.
1883 19th Cent. May 759 A rough outline of the Man of the Future with his bald scalp and empty gums.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > types or spec. teeth > [noun] > molar
wang-tootha1000
molara1350
cheek tooth1395
grinder1398
wangc1405
gumc1420
axle-tooth1483
wall-tooth?a1500
gum-tooth1535
chock-tooth1591
jaw-tooth1601
chaw-tooth1678
mill tooth1731
molendinar1823
true molar1825
false molar1827
premolar1842
bicuspid1876
c1420 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 883 Er yeeris sixe out goth the gomes stronge [L. molares superiores cadunt].
3. slang. Impertinent talk, chatter, ‘jaw’.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > loquacity or talkativeness > [noun] > chatter
chirma800
clappingc1386
glavera1400
clapa1420
clackc1440
blabc1460
clattera1500
babble?a1525
babblery1532
pratery1533
clitter-clatter1535
by-talk?1551
prattle1555
prittle-prattle1556
twittle-twattle1565
cacquet1567
prate?1574
prattlement1579
babblement1595
gibble-gabble1600
gabble1602
twattlea1639
tolutiloquence1656
pratement1657
gaggle1668
leden1674
cackle1676
twit-twat1677
clash1685
chit-chat1710
chatter-chitter1711
chitter-chatter1712
palavering1732
hubble-bubble1735
palaver1748
rattle1748
gum1751
mag1778
gabber1780
gammon1781
gash1787
chattery1789
gabber1792
whitter-whatter1805
yabble1808
clacket1812
talky-talky1812
potter1818
yatter1827
blue streak1830
gabblement1831
psilologya1834
chin-music1834
patter1841
jaw1842
chatter1851
brabble1861
tongue-work1866
yacker1882
talkee1885
chelp1891
chattermag1895
whitter1897
burble1898
yap1907
clatfart1913
jive1928
logorrhœa1935
waffle1937
yackety-yacking1953
yack1958
yackety-yack1958
motormouth1976
1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle I. xvi. 115 Pshaw! brother, there's no occasion to bowss out so much unnecessary gum.
1785 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue (at cited word) Come let us have no more of your gum.
1824 R. B. Peake Americans Abroad i. i. 4/2 Come, none of your gum—now you are but an underlin'.
4. = gummer n.1 b ( Cent. Dict.)
Compounds
C1. General attributive.
a.
gum-bleeding n.
ΚΠ
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 461 Hæmorrhages, such as nose-bleeding, gum-bleeding, and bloodshot eye.
gum-lancet n.
ΚΠ
1784 M. Underwood Treat. Dis. Children 99 When it is found necessary to lance the gums..it should always be done effectually, with a proper gum lancet.
b.
gum-chewed adj.
ΚΠ
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xiii. [Nausicaa] 354 Chap in the Burton today spitting back gumchewed gristle.
C2. Also gumboil n.† gum-stake n. Obsolete a tooth.Apparently an isolated use.
gum-didder n. the quivering or shivering of the gums (cf. didder v.).Apparently an isolated use.
ΚΠ
1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 2nd Bk. Wks. vii. 40 The teeth-chatter or gum-didder of lubberly lusks.
gum-digger n. Australian and New Zealand slang a dentist.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > dentist
tooth-drawer1393
operator1598
dentist1759
dentologist1760
tooth-doctor1767
odontist1819
tooth-puller1839
dental surgeon1840
gum-digger1941
1941 S. J. Baker Pop. Dict. Austral. Slang 33 Gumdigger, a dentist.
gum-digging n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun]
dental surgery1826
dentology1835
dentistry1838
gum-digging1932
1932 A. S. Bruce Early Days of Canterbury xii. 135 Purdie the Dentist..was..among the leading practitioners in the somewhat primitive days of the art of ‘gum digging’.
gum-ridge n. the ridge of gum behind the upper teeth.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > [noun] > palate > alveolus
teeth-ridge1928
gum-ridge1938
1938 I. Goldberg Wonder of Words ix. 179 A consonant is called palato-alveolar because it is made by the palate and the gums... This term is applied, among other things, to the teeth sockets, or the gum-ridge.
1965 W. S. Allen Vox Latina i. 13 An alveolar articulation (in which the tongue makes contact with the gum-ridge behind the upper teeth rather than with the teeth themselves).
gum-ring n. a child's teething-ring.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > teething ring or stick
gum-rubbera1721
gum-stick1769
gum-ring1856
teething ring1872
1856 F. S. Cozzens Sparrowgrass Papers x. 138 It..sat up rigidly in its mother's lap, twirling its thumbs and cutting its teeth without a gum-ring.
gum-rubber n. something for a child to rub its gums on.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > teething ring or stick
gum-rubbera1721
gum-stick1769
gum-ring1856
teething ring1872
a1721 M. Prior Misc. Wks. (1740) II. 35 Stockings, shoes, to grace the bantling;..add to these the fine gum-rubber.
gum-shield n. Boxing (see quot. 1954).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > boxing > [noun] > gum shield
gum-shield1954
1954 F. C. Avis Boxing Ref. Dict. 50 Gum shield, a soft pad worn in the mouth by boxers to protect their teeth and gums during a contest.
1959 Times 27 Aug. 3/7 In the eighth [round] Erskine's gumshield went skidding across the canvas.
1963 Times 7 Feb. 3/6 He took a hammering and had his gum-shield knocked loose.
ΚΠ
1671 J. Crowne Juliana iii. 34 Shaver o' shin-bones, Drawer of Gum-stakes.
gum-stick n. = gum-rubber n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > teething ring or stick
gum-rubbera1721
gum-stick1769
gum-ring1856
teething ring1872
1769 W. Buchan Domest. Med. i. 23 A crust of bread is the best gum-stick.
gum-tickler n. U.S. (see quots.).
ΚΠ
1810 J. Lambert Trav. Lower Canada & U.S. (1813) II. 299 A gum-tickler is a gill of spirits, generally rum, taken fasting.
1814 Q. Rev. 10 521 Of dram-drinking [in the States] there are different stages... The first drop..is called a gum-tickler.
1865 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend II. iv. iii. 183 Will you mix it [rum], Mr. Wegg?.. I think not, sir... I prefer to take it in the form of a Gum-Tickler.
gum-tooth n. a molar tooth.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > types or spec. teeth > [noun] > molar
wang-tootha1000
molara1350
cheek tooth1395
grinder1398
wangc1405
gumc1420
axle-tooth1483
wall-tooth?a1500
gum-tooth1535
chock-tooth1591
jaw-tooth1601
chaw-tooth1678
mill tooth1731
molendinar1823
true molar1825
false molar1827
premolar1842
bicuspid1876
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Judges xv. 19 Then God opened a gome-tothe [L. dentem molarem] in ye chekebone [of the ass].
?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe (1585) A v Children are payned with..ytchinge of the gummes, & espicially in the growyng of the gumme teethe.
a1872 B. Harte Notes by Flood & Field i. in Wks. 127 It was like pulling gum-teeth to get the money from you even then.
1878 L. P. Meredith Teeth (ed. 2) 225 To wait until the gums have shrunk..sufficiently to allow gum-teeth to be inserted without being too prominent.
gumwork n. Dentistry (see quot. 1969).
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > denture > plate > parts of
gumwork1881
post-dam1932
1881 P. H. Austen Harris's Princ. & Pract. Dentistry (ed. 10) iv. xiii. 633 It [sc. platinum] is also the only metal used in a remarkably beautiful style of work known as the Continuous Gum Work.
1940 J. Osborne Dental Mech. viii. 88 The absence of the anterior gumwork has a serious effect upon the retention of the denture in the mouth.
1969 Gloss. Terms Dentistry (B.S.I.) 84 Gumwork, that part of the denture which replaces lost natural gum and alveolar process.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
gumn.2
/ɡʌm/, U.S. /ɡəm/ 1.
a. A viscid secretion issuing from certain trees and shrubs, which hardens in drying but is usually soluble in cold or hot water, in this respect differing from resin. Occasionally in wider use, including resins (cf. sense 2).
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > plant substances > [noun] > gum or resin
resina1382
resin guma1382
gumc1385
mucilage1682
mucus1788
dammaran1864
the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > viscosity > [noun] > viscous substance > from trees or plants
gumc1385
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > other vegetable materials > plant resin > [noun] > gum (resin)
gumc1385
mastica1398
cherry-tree, plum-tree glue1683
gum resin1712
c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Prol. 109 As for to speke of gomme or erbe or tre.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 101 Herbes groweþ þeron, þat droppeþ gom.
c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) iv. 22 Out of hem [Trees] comethe Gomme, as it were of Plombtrees or of Cherietrees.
c1400 Three Kings Cologne 44 Hit droppeþ downe oute of certeyn trees in maner of gumme.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vi. iii. 98 The gvm or glew..Is wont to seme ȝallow on the grane new.
1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 32 All trees that beare gome, set now as they come.
1591 E. Spenser Virgil's Gnat in Complaints sig. K4v The Spartan Mirtle, whence sweet gumb does flowe.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 507 Lac is a strange drug, made by certaine winged Pismires of the gumme of trees.
1631 E. Jorden Disc. Nat. Bathes (1669) vi. 40 We use the word Gum in a more general sense, comprehending under it all Rosins, Turpentines, Pitches, &c.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 129 With Dew, Narcissus Leaves, and clammy Gum . View more context for this quotation
1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 266 There is a great resemblance between the physical properties of animal mucus and vegetable gum.
1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 7 To heal and coat with amber gum the sloe~tree's gash.
1887 C. A. Moloney Sketch Forestry W. Afr. 122 From the Gold Coast the export of gum (fossilized resin)..is trifling.
1894 Outing 23 391/2 The seams are usually payed with melted spruce gum, which effectually prevents leakage.
b. With a and plural as denoting a kind of gum.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > viscosity > [noun] > viscous substance > on trees or plants
guma1400
honeyfall1510
honeydew1526
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > other vegetable materials > plant resin > [noun] > gum (resin) > a particular kind of
guma1400
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 11501 Rekels..es a gum þat cummes of firr.
1513 Act 5 Hen. VIII c. 4 Preamble Divers Strangers..dry calander Worsteds with Gums, Oils, and Presses.
c1600 Wriothesley's Chron. Eng. (1875) I. 90 Yt was noe bloude, but hony clarified and coloured with saffron, and lyinge lyke a goume.
1631 W. Gouge Gods Three Arrowes i. xxv. 36 Stacte, a gumme that distils out of Myrrhe, or Cinamon.
1802 Med. Jrnl. 391 Opium is composed of a gum, a resin [etc.].
1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 225 Gums are soluble in water, but not in alcohol.
c. This substance dried and used in the arts, e.g. to stiffen linen, as a mucilage, etc. Hence figurative: stiffness.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > other vegetable materials > plant resin > [noun] > gum (resin) > used for specific purpose
gum1456
1456 in E. Hobhouse Church-wardens' Accts. (1890) 187 Italian in gume pro eisdem libris..jd.
1505 Carpenters' Acc. in T. Sharp Cov. Myst. (1825) 189 Rosyn & gome to þe same viijd.
1621 H. Elsynge Notes Deb. House of Lords (1870) 34 Shewes the washing by them, who washed away the gum.
1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. v. 158 Gum, when pulverized, should be kept perfectly dry.
1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda I. i. vi. 99 The necessary gum and consistence of a substantial personality.
d. U.S. Short for chewing-gum n. at chewing n. Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > confections or sweetmeats > sweets > [noun] > a sweet > chewing- or bubble-gum
gum1842
chewing-gum1850
gum ball1855
Tutti Frutti1885
chicle1889
bubblegum1911
spearmint1920
chewy1921
chutty1941
chuggy1994
spoggy1999
1842 Spirit of Times (Philadelphia) 11 Apr. [She] asked me if I didn't want A piece of gum to chaw.
1915 J. Webster Dear Enemy (1916) 273 A painted yellow-haired thing who chewed gum like a cow.
1936 R. E. Sherwood Idiot's Delight i. 36 You've got to hoard your gum here in Europe.
e. British gum (see British adj. and n. Compounds 2).
f. The viscid or waxy substance which surrounds the filaments of silk in its natural state.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Arachnida > [noun] > order Aranea > member of (spider) > substance surrounding silk
gum1774
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [noun] > family Bombycidae > genus Bombyx > silk moth > gum surrounding silk
gum1774
1774 in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 2 (1786) 352 The substance which forms the silk, is in their stomach, which is very long; wound up as it were on two spindles and surrounded with a gum, commonly yellow, sometimes white, not often greenish.
1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 399 The silk being now spun, is put into a boiler filled with hot water, into which is put a small quantity of soap, in order to divest the silk of its gum.
1835 A. Ure Philos. Manuf. vi. 248 Marabout... Being white as it comes from the worm, it takes the purest and most delicate shades of colour at once, without the discharge of its gum.
1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 61/2 The natural gum of the cocoons which holds the filaments together.
1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 64/2 It has long been the practice to dye some dark silks ‘in the gum’.
1959 Chambers's Encycl. XII. 555/1 After the first boiling the silk is hydro-extracted which removes the dirt and the bulk of the gum.
g. A mixture, of which gelatine is a main ingredient, from which a hard sweetmeat is made in a mould; a sweetmeat made of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > confections or sweetmeats > sweets > [noun] > a sweet > gums or jelly beans
gum1827
gumdrop1860
jelly bean1905
jube1937
fruit gum1938
jelly baby1945
wine guma1953
1827 G. A. Jarrin Italian Confectioner (ed. 3) xxvi. 220 Pastilles, Mille-Fleurs are made with fine gum paste, of different colours.
1868 L. M. Alcott Little Women I. vii. 101 Mr. Davis..had succeeded in banishing gum.
1894 E. Skuse Compl. Confectioner 103 There is a quantity of goods sold as French, American, German, &c., gums, all more or less a mixture of the genuine article, with gelatine, farina, &c.
1921 Dict. Occup. Terms (1927) §434 Starch hand (male),..gum boiler; weighs on scales, or, measures by means of measuring glass, ingredients for gums, mainly gelatine and butter;..pours the mixture, known as ‘gum’ or ‘boil’, when boiled, into trays or moulds.
1950 C. T. Williams Chocolate & Confectionery xiv. 172 Excessive stirring in any form of gum, pastille or jelly is to be discouraged, since granulation readily occurs.
1962 Which? Sept. 283/1 Rowntree's Fruit Gums (tube).
h. elliptical for kauri gum (see kauri n. Compounds 2).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > mineral and fossil resins > [noun] > fossil resin of kauri tree
gum1839
kauri gum1867
1839 J. D. Lang N.Z. in 1839 59 This gum has recently been sold in some quantity..to the Americans who manufacture it into varnish.
1887 Colonial & Indian Exhib., London 1886: Rep. Colonial Sections 287 The ordinary gum of commerce is the semi-fossilized turpentine of the [Kauri pine] tree.
1906 Macmillan's Mag. Apr. 478 Not having caught on to the feel of the gum.
i. The substance whose presence causes a ropy condition in wine.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > wine-making > [noun] > treatment or adulteration > substances
parel1594
yeso1619
sweetsa1679
Harry1699
forcing?1734
geropiga1852
liqueur1872
gum1888
1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 603/2 It sometimes happens that wine becomes viscous and forms threads when poured from the bottle. This mischief, which is caused by the development of a foreign ferment, can be cured by the judicious addition of a solution of tannin, which precipitates the ‘gum’.
j. A non-volatile solid or semi-solid substance apt to be deposited by some petroleum products when stored for long periods or heated, and formed by the oxidation of certain of their constituents; it varies in nature from a soft, sticky mass to a hard, resinous layer.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > viscosity > [noun] > viscous substance > from petroleum products
gum1922
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > extracted or refined oil > [noun] > distilled or refined mineral oils > deposit formed by oxidation
gum1922
1922 Rep. Investigations U.S. Bur. Mines No. 2394. 4 A study of the gums that develop spontaneously when cracked gasoline is stored.
1926 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Nov. 1198/2 Gum formation in gasoline claimed public notice when cracked gasoline began to be widely marketed.
1935 A. W. Nash & D. A. Howes Princ. Motor Fuel Prep. & Applic. II. xiii. 105 The formation of gum in motor fuels..can lead to the seizure of inlet valves in their guides.
1944 M. Van Winkle Aviation Gasoline Manuf. vii. 206 The addition of certain gum inhibitors to all grades of aviation gasoline is permitted.
1967 W. A. Gruse Motor Fuels iii. 68 One type of instability, troublesome twenty-five years ago, and still occurring occasionally when storage conditions are bad or when a very unstable stock is employed, is the development of gum content in gasoline.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines of specific form > gums and viscid products > [noun]
guma1382
mucilagea1400
mummya1400
mummia?a1425
emulsion1612
mucage1657
the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > incense
rechelseOE
storc1000
incensec1290
censea1382
guma1382
olibanuma1398
thus1398
frankincensea1400
frank14..
thurec1425
mascle thure?1440
olibanc1440
smoke1530
perfume1542
masculine frankincense1555
tacamahac1577
cayolac1588
masculine gum1604
candle1628
pastille1630
Spanish coal1631
incense-frank1633
thymiama1697
censery1823
punk1844
joss-stick1845
god-stick1874
the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > [noun] > gum
guma1382
gingiva?a1425
gum1555
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Jer. viii. 22 Whether gumme is not in Galaad, or a leche is not there?
1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. iii. 236 Spicers to hym speke..For he..knoweþ meny gommes.
1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy ii. xvii From the heade down unto her foote With sondry gommes..She is ennoynte.
1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia sig. Kiiv They burne swete gummes and speces for perfumes.
1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 191 Divers aromaticall spices, and Gummes.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 327 Altars I would reare..and thereon Offer sweet smelling Gumms . View more context for this quotation
a1711 T. Ken Wks. (1721) I. 47 The Gumms which Sacred Rites consume, We bring.
1780 E. Burke Speech Secur. Indep. Parl. in Wks. III. 278 To embalm a carcass not worth an ounce of the gums that are used to preserve it.
3. With qualification.
a. In the names of various mucilaginous or resinous products, prefixed to a substantive or followed by an adjective, e.g. gum acacia, ammoniac, copal, elemi, guaiacum, lac, ladanum, olibanum, sandarac, tragacanth, for which see the second member; gum accroides n. = acaroid n.1 gum-arabic n. (see gum arabic n.). gum benjamin n. (see benjamin n.1 1). gum-dammar n. (see dammar n.). gum-dragon n. = tragacanth n. (see dragon n.2). gum-juniper n. = sandarac n. gum-kino n. (see kino n. 1). gum-senegal n. (also †gum-senega) a variety of gum-arabic, named from the locality where it is obtained. Also chagual gum (see quot. 1880); sonora gum, resin obtained from the creosote-bush.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > other vegetable materials > plant resin > [noun] > gum (resin) > specific
myrrheOE
balsamc1000
galbanec1000
draganta1300
sandragon1334
gum arabica1350
storaxa1382
galbanum1382
asafœtidaa1398
cinnabara1398
guttaa1398
frankincensea1400
labdanuma1400
opopanaxa1400
gum-arabicc1400
sarcocolc1400
ammoniacc1420
gristle?1537
ladanum1551
dragon's blood1555
benzoin1558
styrax1558
tragacanth1558
gum tragacanth1562
amber1565
anime1577
laser1578
benjamin1580
sarcocolla1584
bdellium1585
sagapenum1597
liquidambar1598
red gum1614
gamboge1615
laudanum1616
gum ammoniac1627
male incense1647
sandarac1655
flesh-glue1659
adragant1696
dammar1698
sagapen1712
gum-dragon1718
courbaril1753
gum-senegal1760
Jew's frankincense1760
guggul1813
angico1821
gum-kino1830
butea gum1832
piney varnish1832
Kuteera gum1838
acaroid1839
bumbo1839
thus1842
gum-juniper1844
piney dammar1846
acacine1855
mochras1856
talha1857
copalm balsam1858
gum benjamin1859
wattle-gum1863
Senegal gum1867
Suakin1874
Barbary gum1875
oliva1882
ledon1885
jatoba1890
mimosa gum1890
xylan1894
gum accroides1909
karaya1916
c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 49 Take frank encense, mastik, mirre, dragagantum, gumme arabik.
1718 Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts 70 Make it up to a stiff Paste with Gum-Dragon well steept.
1760 J. Ellis in Philos. Trans. 1759 (Royal Soc.) 51 208 Some of them were smeared several times over with gum senega.
1770 J. Cook Jrnl. 1 May (1893) 245 We found 2 Sorts of Gum, one sort of which is like Gum Dragon.
1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 91 Gum Kino is the produce of Pterocarpus erinacea.
1844 R. D. Hoblyn Dict. Terms Med. & Collateral Sci. (ed. 2) Gum juniper, a concrete resin which exudes in white tears from the Juniperus Communis. It has been called sandarach,..Reduced to powder it is called pounce, which prevents ink from sinking into paper.
1851 Official Descriptive & Illustr. Catal. Great Exhib. IV. 997 Gum kino, from the blue gum-tree, the stringy bark, and other Eucalypti.
1858 E. Lankester & W. B. Carpenter Veg. Physiol. (new ed.) §346 Gum Senegal is similar to gum Arabic, being obtained from a kind of Acacia differing very little from that which yields the latter.
1859 W. J. Hooker in J. F. W. Herschel Man. Sci. Enq. (Lords Commissioners Admiralty) (ed. 3) 425 Benzoin or Gum Benjamin.
1868 H. Watts Dict. Chem. Sonora gum, a kind of lac produced by the puncture of a coccus in Mimosa cerifera, a tree growing in Mexico.
1869 A. R. Wallace Malay Archipel. II. 8 Tortoise-shell, rattan gum-dammer, and other valuable products.
1880 Encycl. Brit. XI. 275/2 Chagual gum, a new variety brought from St. Iago de Chili, resembles gum senegal.
1908 W. Schlich Man. Forestry (ed. 3) V. 730 Gum-kino, a bright red, astringent gum-resin..from India and Ceylon.
1909 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Gum accroides.
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xv. [Circe] 483 Pellets of new bread with fennygreek and gumbenjamin.
1930 Discovery Aug. 260/2 A coating of red ochre and then..another of gum damar boiled in oil.
1937 R. S. Morrell et al. Synthetic Resins xiii. 307 Gum Accroides. This resin possesses various names, acaroid resin, grass tree gum, black boy gum, &c. There are two varieties, red and yellow. The red variety..dissolves in methylated spirit and gives varnishes which possess high finish very resistant to oil.
b. gum elastic n. [after French gomme elastique] india-rubber, caoutchouc (also elastic gum at elastic adj. 4a); rarely applied to gutta percha. gum-elastical adj. resembling india-rubber.Apparently an isolated use.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > rubber > [noun]
caoutchouc1775
rubber1776
Indian rubber1783
gum elastic1803
India rubber1812
natural rubber1862
latex1900
1803 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) I. 90 A stretch of belief which requires a more gum-elastical faith than Heaven has allotted me.
1807 Pepys in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 97 250 A small gum elastic bottle B.
1847 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1843–7 4 221 Specimens of the manufacture of Gum-elastic goods.
1851 E. Forbes Veg. World ii. p. vi †/2 The Isonandra gutta, the source of the gum-elastic, known as gutta-percha.
c. gum ivy n. (also †gum of ivy) the inspissated juice of the stem of the ivy.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > cultivated or ornamental vine > [noun] > ivy > branch, leaf, berry, or juice
ivy-cropc1000
ivy-berryc1400
gum ivy?1550
ivy-bush1576
ivy-twine1597
ivy-bind1731
ivy-resin1753
ivy-gum1855
?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe (1585) G ij Fyl the hollowe tooth with the gum of Iuy it will take away the toothe ache.
1576 G. Baker tr. C. Gesner Newe Jewell of Health iii. f. 130v He tooke of Galbanum one pounde, of gumme yuie three ounces.
1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler vii. 157 Dissolve Gum of Ivie in Oyle of Spike, and therewith annoint your dead bait for a Pike. View more context for this quotation
1712 J. Browne tr. P. Pomet et al. Compl. Hist. Druggs I. 75 This is that which some Druggists..sell for Gum Ivy.
1787 T. Best Conc. Treat. Angling (ed. 2) 71.
1859 J. C. Atkinson Walks & Talks Two Schoolboys (1892) 3 I was trying to get gum-ivy, which an old fishing book I had said was a famous thing to anoint the baits with.
4. The sticky secretion that collects in the inner corner of the eye. (Either a sense transferred from sense 1, or connected with gound n.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > excretions > excretions from eye > [noun]
spadec725
tear971
goundc1000
wateriness?1550
eye-stream1591
eye-water1591
eye drop1600
guma1616
eye-brine1616
gowl1665
gore1741
teardrop1789
tearlet1858
sleep1922
sleeper1942
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iv. ii. 48 The gumme downe roping from their pale-dead eyes. View more context for this quotation
a1717 E. Baynard Health (1719) 16 When Sleep do's first desert you, Rise; Next, wash the gum from off your eyes.
1886 in New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon
5.
a. Short for gum tree n. Also preceded by various defining epithets, as mountain gum; black gum, blue gum, white gum, spotted gum, etc. (see at first word).
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > cultivated or valued > [noun] > gum-tree
gum1802
1802 D. Collins Acct. Eng. Colony New S. Wales II. xix. 235 The blue gum, she-oak, and cherry tree of Port Jackson were commonly here.
1820 J. Oxley Jrnls. Two Exped. New S. Wales 102 A few diminutive gums being the only timber to be seen.
1833 C. Sturt Two Exped. Southern Austral. I. iii. 118 The cypresses became mixed with casuarina, box, and mountain-gum.
1833 C. Sturt Two Exped. Southern Austral. I. II. viii. 236 Eucalypti were the general timber on the ranges; one species..resembling strongly the black-butted gum, was remarkable for a scent peculiar to its bark.
1846 J. L. Stokes Discov. Austral. II. iv. 132 York gum... Abundant in York—on good soil.
1846 J. L. Stokes Discov. Austral. II. xii. 387 The trees, which grew only in the valleys, were small kinds of banksia, wattles, and drooping gums.
1847 F. W. L. Leichhardt Jrnl. Overland Exped. Austral. 6 The prevailing timber trees are Bastard box,..and the Flooded Gum.
1847 F. W. L. Leichhardt Jrnl. Overland Exped. Austral. i. 11 Ironbark ridges here and there with spotted gum..diversified the sameness.
1847 F. W. L. Leichhardt Jrnl. Overland Exped. Austral. 283 On the small flats, the apple-gum grew.
1848 T. L. Mitchell Trop. Austral. 107 A small group of trees of the yellow gum, a species of eucalyptus growing only on the poor sandy soil near Botany Bay.
1852 L. A. Meredith My Home in Tasmania I. xi. 169 A kind of Eucalyptus, with long drooping leaves, called the ‘Weeping Gum’, is the most elegant of the family.
1864 J. S. Moore Spring Life Lyrics 114 Amid grand old gums, dark cedars and pines.
1869 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Agric. 1868 281 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (40th Congr., 3rd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc.) XV Some of the plants from which bees gather honey..black-gum (Nyssa multiflora).
1887 Colonial & Indian Exhib., London 1886: Rep. Colonial Sections 420 Other noble trees, as the Blue, White, Red, Swamp, Water-rooted and Manna-drooping Gums.
1889 J. H. Maiden Useful Native Plants Austral. 27 Eucalyptus Gunnii,..In Tasmania this is known as ‘Cider Gum’, and in South-Eastern Australia occasionally as the ‘Sugar Gum’.
1893 Australasian 5 Aug. 252/4 The bark of the salmon gum approaches in colour to a rich golden brown.
1893 Sydney Morning Herald 19 Aug. 7/1 Here are no straight and lofty trees, but sprawling cinnamon gums.
1894 H. Nisbet Bush Girl's Romance 34 A gaseous haziness, making the leafage of the gums look bluer than even they were.
1930 R. V. Billis & A. S. Kenyon Pastures New viii. 123 The trees were very pretty, being a kind of weeping gum.
1947 I. L. Idriess Isles of Despair vii. 44 Horn Island, with its stunted gums and cabbage-tree palms.
b. U.S. A log, usually cut from a gum tree, hollowed out and adapted to serve as a beehive, a water-trough, or a well-curb. Cf. bee-gum n.
ΚΠ
1817 J. Bradbury Trav. Amer. 286 (note) Any portion so cut off is called a gum, a name probably arising from the almost exclusive application of the gum tree to these purposes.
1844 Gosse in Zoologist 2 607 A ‘gum’ or square box to hive the swarm for domestication.
1865 G. W. Gesner A. Gesner's Pract. Treat. Coal (ed. 2) ii. 33 When the soil is not deep, a circular excavation is made down to the rock bed, and a hollow log, or ‘gum’, as it is called, is placed in it on one end.
1879 J. Burroughs Locusts & Wild Honey 29 No hive seems to please them as well as a section of a hollow tree—‘gums’—as they are called in the South and West where the sweet gum grows.
6. U.S. colloquial. Short for elastic gum, i.e. india-rubber; occasionally an india-rubber garment. Also in plural. Goloshes. See gumboots n., gumshoe n.
ΚΠ
1859 J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (ed. 2) Gum...2 India-rubber. Hence the plural Gums is often applied to India-rubber shoes.
1870 R. G. White Words & their Uses Pref. (1881) ‘Where is Emily?’.. ‘O, Emily is outside cleaning her gums on the mat’.
7. A disease in fruit trees consisting in a morbid secretion of gum.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > disease or injury > [noun] > associated with particular type of plant > trees > consisting of pathological production of gum
gumming1703
gum1721
gummosis1882
resin flux1887
1721 in N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Gum, among Gardeners, is a Disease incident to Fruit Trees, of the Stone kind.
1802 W. Forsyth Treat. Fruit-trees v. 50 Wherever the knife is applied, it is sure to bring on the gum.
1852 Beck's Florist 147 It [a kind of cherry] is very subject to gum and canker.
Compounds
C1. General attributive.
a. Simple attributive.
(a) (In sense 1.)
gum-forest n.
ΚΠ
1804 Ann. Rev. 2 29/2 The Moors..encamp themselves round the gum-forest of Zaara.
gum-furnace n.
ΚΠ
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1266 Then lay the fire in the gum-furnace.
gum passage n.
ΚΠ
1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 77 The origin of resin and gum passages depends on the formation of intercellular passages with a peculiar development of the cells which bound them.
gum-pot n.
ΚΠ
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1266 The gum-pot is now to be set upon the brick-stand.
gum-top n.
ΚΠ
1874 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. Suppl. Gum-top, Eucalyptus virgata.
gum-topped adj.
ΚΠ
1887 Colonial & Indian Exhib., London 1886: Rep. Colonial Sections 428 The Box trees of the Eucalyptus class are the Poplar, Gum-topped, and Stanthorpe.
gum-trade n.
ΚΠ
1839 in Spirit Metrop. Conservative Press (1840) II. 328 The gum trade, on the western coast of Africa.
gum-vessel n.
ΚΠ
1804 Ann. Rev. 2 29/1 A large wooden tub, containing about 2000 lbs. weight,..is fixed on the deck of the gum-vessels.
(b) (In sense 5.)
gum-bough n.
ΚΠ
1890 Argus (Melbourne) 2 Aug. 4/3 Make a bit of a shelter..with..gum-boughs.
gum-leaf n.
ΚΠ
1874 A. Trollope Harry Heathcote i. 2 When the gum leaves crackle..before Christmas, there won't be a blade of grass by the end of February.
1894 H. Nisbet Bush Girl's Romance 204 Making a soft bed of gum leaves.
1966 ‘J. Hackston’ Father clears Out 182 They might have chewed the moss off old fences and, at a pinch, say, taken on the gum-leaves.
gum-log n.
ΚΠ
1836 D. Crockett Exploits & Adventures in Texas 82 A chap just about as rough hewn as if he had been cut out of a gum log with a broad axe.
1868 W. L. Carleton Austral. Nights 1 To see the gum-log flaming bright Its welcome beacon.
gum-swamp n.
ΚΠ
1816 Sporting Mag. 48 244 Mrs. Ratley was riding across the Gum-swamp in North Carolina.
gum-timber n.
ΚΠ
1827 P. Cunningham Two Years New S. Wales II. xxiii. 115 Our gum timber being as durable and as well adapted to ship-building as the teak.
gum-tip n.
ΚΠ
1955 Sci. News Let. 12 Mar. 168/2 In 1952 it was discovered the koalas had eaten nearly all their food supplies and were in danger of starving to death. The public rushed to the rescue with carloads of gum-tips.
gum-trunk n.
ΚΠ
1894 H. Nisbet Bush Girl's Romance 151 Gum-trunks instead of the homelike trees.
(c) (In sense 6.)
gum-catheter n.
ΚΠ
1884 M. Mackenzie Man. Dis. Throat & Nose II. 226 A gum catheter would then be passed..into the stomach.
b. Objective. (In sense 1.)
gum-bearing adj.
ΚΠ
1775 Bruce in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 65 415 There is another gum-bearing tree.
gum-yielding adj.
ΚΠ
1887 C. A. Moloney Sketch Forestry W. Afr. 128 Other gum-yielding Acacias.
c. Instrumental.
(a) (In sense 4.)
gum-glued adj.
ΚΠ
1682 N. O. tr. N. Boileau-Despréaux Lutrin iv. 14 His Pages starting at the sudden Noyse, Began to bustle, rubbing their gum-glew'd Eyes.
(b) (In sense 5.)
gum-shadowed adj.
ΚΠ
1862 H. Kendall Poems & Songs 134 The gum-shadowed glen.
gum-shrouded adj.
ΚΠ
1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 201 Camped by the edge of the long black gum-shrouded lagoon.
C2.
a. † gum-taffeta n. Obsolete = gummed taffeta.
gum-animal n. the Senegal galago (see quot. 1840).
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > order Primates > [noun] > member of suborder Prosimii (lemurs, etc.) > family Lorisidae > genus Galago (bush-baby)
galago1817
gum-animal1840
bush-baby1901
1840 E. Blyth et al. tr. G. Cuvier Animal Kingdom (1849) 65 The Senegal Galago (Galago Senegalensis, Geof.)..is known as the Gum animal of Senegal, from its feeding much on that production.
gum-bichromate adj. Photography designating a process of printing on paper coated with a mixture of pigment, gum-arabic, and potassium bichromate; also designating a print so produced.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographic processes > [adjective] > type of printing
gum-bichromate1897
1897 E. J. Wall Dict. Photogr. (ed. 7) 117 The gum-bichromate or photo-aquatint process.
1900 Daily News 1 Oct. 7/4 A striking profile done in red by the gum-bichromate process.
1919 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. Almanac 252 In the gum-bichromate process, also termed aquatint or photo-aquatint.
1962 M. L. Haselgrove Photographers' Dict. 124 Gum bichromate prints. These are made by a nearly obsolete process, but are luckily still to be seen in our major exhibitions.
gum-boiler n. one who boils certain sweetmeat mixtures.
ΚΠ
1921Gum boiler [see sense 1g].
ˈgumbooted adj. wearing gumboots.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > [adjective] > wearing footwear > wearing boots > types of
caligate1562
buskined1588
well booted1608
jackbooted1763
high-lowed1839
ankle-jacked1842
beetle-crushing1871
larriganed1904
gumbooted1930
1930 E. Blunden De Bello Germanico 10 The unshaven, clay-cased, and gum-booted one.
1960 News Chron. 27 Apr. 1/7 Gum-booted searchers waded in the shallows.
gumboots n. originally U.S. boots made of ‘gum’ or india-rubber.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > shoe or boot > boot > [noun] > made from specific material > boots
buckskin1481
oker1538
gumboots1850
mukluk1898
valenki1943
1850 E. Christman One Man's Gold (1930) 119 I put on my long gum boots and waded through the water.
1875 S. Wood & H. Lapham Waiting for Mail 112 The long indiarubber ‘gum’ boots.. that he worked in at the claim.
1897 Daily News 10 July 8/4 Without the assistance of ‘gum’ boots or dust-defying gaiters.
1917 ‘Contact’ Airman's Outings 220 A bus lands and taxies to a shed. From it descends the Squadron Commander, who, with gum-boots and a warm coat over his pyjamas, has been ‘trying the air’.
1921 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 28 Oct. 20/3 (advt.) Men's pure gum boots, with red soles, hip length $6.95.
1962 Lancet 15 Dec. 1272/1 Twice a day I put on my gumboots to go out to feed [chickens].
1970 Times 10 Feb. 1/7 More than 200 policemen in gumboots..drained ponds and dragged the stream.
gum-bucket n. Naval slang a smoker's pipe.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > smoking > articles or materials used in smoking > [noun] > pipe
pipe1588
tobacco-pipe1596
gage1676
gun1708
tube1736
steamer1811
gum-bucket1893
1893 I. K. Funk et al. Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. I Gum bucket, a tobacco pipe.
1917 ‘Taffrail’ Sub viii. §2. 204 ‘The Bloke’ was an inveterate smoker. I never remember seeing him off duty without a ‘gum-bucket’, as he called it, in his mouth.
1919 ‘Etienne’ Strange Tales from Fleet 143 Mr. Smith, revived by the cocoa and soothed by the pipe, known as the ‘gum-bucket’ to his pals.
gum-chewer n. one who chews chewing-gum.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > eating specific substances or food > [noun] > eating of other substances > eaters of other substances
fig-eater1552
cheese eater1603
oat-eatera1668
bean-eater1710
cake eater1791
gag-eater1820
haggis-eater1834
gum-chewer1850
pie-biter1863
nut-eater1878
toxiphagus-
1850 S. Judd Richard Edney xi. 158 There are the Gum-chewers,—all backlotters, and vulgar.
1938 I. Kuhn Assigned to Adventure v. 51 His conviction that the gum-chewers relish stories about the upper classes.
gum-chewing n. and adj.
ΚΠ
1889 Sunday Opinion (Pueblo, Colorado) 14 July 4/5 The careful observer can not fail to note the growing prevalency of gum chewing.
1907 Daily Chron. 29 July 5/2 The gum-chewing habit.
1960 D. Storey This Sporting Life i. ii. 31 The other gum-chewing player.
1961 Encounter Apr. 24/1 Local hot-rodders and their gum-chewing molls.
1967 Coast to Coast 1965–6 101 He became the victim of their gum-chewing..inattention.
gum-dextrine n. (see quot. 1919).
ΚΠ
1919 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. Ann. 366 Gum-dextrine mountant.
gum-digger n. one who digs for kauri gum (see kauri n.).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > one who mines other specific substances
jetter1614
gum-diggerc1858
chlorider1874
gemmer1889
gouger1898
hardrocker1903
opal gouger1904
c1858 F. D. Fenton in Richmond-Atkinson Papers (1960) I. 437 Of the kauri gum diggers 9/10ths are furnished by this tribe.
1871 Evening Post (Wellington, N.Z.) 4 Jan. 2/3 A gum-digger named Denis McManus, has been burned to death at Riverhead, Auckland.
1884 C. F. Gordon Cumming in Cent. Mag. 27 924 A large class of men, both Maori and European, known as gum-diggers.
1921 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. 20 May 260 To break in these lands one must first face the legacy left by the gum-digger.
1965 G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. ii. 14/1 Coal had been discovered by gum-diggers near Kawakawa in Northland in 1861.
gum-digging n. the occupation of a gum-digger.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > for other specific substance
gemming1859
gum-digging1871
gouging1902
1871 McLean Papers XXXVII. 72 (MS.) Paora Toki..is gone gum-digging up the Thames.
1879 J. Grey His Island Home iv. 34 A great many of the natives abandoned their kaingas and went gum-digging, when that article brought a high price.
1892 Star 13 July 1/8 He picked up a precarious livelihood by gum-digging.
gumdrop n. U.S. a preparation of sweetened gum, used as a confection and in pharmacy.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > confections or sweetmeats > sweets > [noun] > a sweet > gums or jelly beans
gum1827
gumdrop1860
jelly bean1905
jube1937
fruit gum1938
jelly baby1945
wine guma1953
1860 North-West (Port Townsend, Washington) 5 July 3/3 Candies, gum drops, mottoes.
1864 G. A. Sala in Daily Tel. 30 Mar. The soldiers spending their abundant greenbacks..in fig and gum-drops.
gum-field n. an area where Kauri gum may be found.
ΚΠ
1880 W. Senior Trav. & Trout in Antipodes ii. ii. 182 The gum-fields..indicate that the fine forests have disappeared at an alarming rate.
1886 N.Z. Herald 28 May 5/5 Praying that the gumfields..should be opened during the winter season.
gum-flowers n. Scottish artificial flowers; also attributive.
ΚΠ
1756 M. Calderwood Lett. & Jrnls. (1884) 316 A crown of gum-flowers, which was afterwards put on her.
1821 J. Galt Ann. Parish xii. 120 There was she, painted like a Jezebel, with gum-flowers on her head.
1829 T. Carlyle German Playwrights in Foreign Rev. Jan. 103 Broken Italian gumflowers.
1864 R. Browning Let. 13 Oct. in H. Tennyson Alfred Ld. Tennyson: Mem. (1897) II. i. 16 As if they want seed in a gum~flower manufactory.
gum-gallic adj. Photography designating a dry-plate collodion process.
ΚΠ
1878 W. de W. Abney Treat. Photogr. 106 The gum-gallic process, as introduced by Mr. R. Manners Gordon.
gum-game n. U.S. slang a trick or dodge.
ΚΠ
1840 in Amer. Speech (1941) 16 299 I've come the gum game over you.
1871 E. Eggleston Hoosier School-master xiv. 118 Now, looky here... You don't come no gum games over me.
1885 Lisbon (Dakota Territory) Star 18 Sept. They tried the gum-game on me down in Pennsylvania..but I came out ahead.
gum-hole n. New Zealand the hole a gum-digger sinks.
ΚΠ
1900 N.Z. Illustr. Mag. 3 205/1 Each man sinks his own gumhole where he strikes the first gum.
gum-land n. New Zealand land where kauri gum is found.
ΚΠ
1882 W. D. Hay Brighter Britain! II. i. 16 On our farm and in the surrounding bush, though these are distinctly not gum~lands.
1900 N.Z. Illustr. Mag. 3 203/1 Here, then, on this gumland is where the old Kauri forests grew.
1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. June 535/1 Gumland soils vary in type from peat, on some of the flats, through light to medium clay loams, to heavy clay soils.
gum mastic n. = mastic n. 1a, 2.
ΚΠ
1884 G. W. Cox Cycl. Common Things 117 A Diamond cement..is composed of gum mastic and isinglass dissolved in spirits of wine.
1938 Amer. Home Jan. 59/2 Most oil and tempera paintings were varnished on completion... The most popular of these varnishes are made from gum mastic which blooms readily.
1967 A. Lichine Encycl. Wines & Spirits 346/2 Mastika (or Masticha), a favourite Greek aperitif, made on the island of Chios, from a brandy base with gum mastic added.
gum-nut n. Australian the hardened flower-cup of Eucalyptus gummifera.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > non-British trees or shrubs > Australasian trees > [noun] > eucalyptus trees > flower-cup
gum-nut1936
1936 F. D. Davison Children of Dark People x. 143 They'd tell the gum-nuts and they would drop to the ground and tell the grass.
1965 Austral. Encycl. III. 406/1 When stamens fall and the young seeds [of Eucalyptus gummifera] are fertilized, the flower-cup hardens into a woody capsule (‘gum-nut’) which opens..to shed the seed.
1965 M. Shadbolt Among Cinders xx. 189 Gum-nuts. There might be a few scattered round.
gum-paper n. paper gummed on one side.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > material for making paper > paper > [noun] > adhesive paper
paster1870
gum-paper1898
1898 Westm. Gaz. 4 Mar. 5/3 An extremely thin slip of gum paper inserted along the inside edge.
gum-platinum n. Photography (see quots.).
ΚΠ
1918 Photo-miniature Mar. (Gloss.) Gum-platinum process—of first making a light print on platinum paper, then coating the print with sensitive gum mixture and reprinting from the same negative.
1919 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. Almanac 252 Gum-platinum is a compound process, in which a pale print on platinum paper is coated with the sensitive gum mixture, and a second (pigment) image produced by re-printing under the same negative.
gum-seal n. an impression of a seal taken on softened gum.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > indication > marking > imprinting > sealing > [noun] > seal > other seals
bull1340
printerc1425
counter-seal1611
label-seal1679
gum-seal1826
1826 M. R. Mitford Our Village (1863) II. 281 The most trifling womanly occupations—making gum~seals, imitating cameos.
gum-shake n. (see shake n.1 9).
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > wood > [noun] > cleft or shake
lag1579
shake1651
heart shake1802
ring shake1868
gum-shake1887
1887 Colonial & Indian Exhib., London 1886: Rep. Colonial Sections 427 These are all large trees..—some are a little liable to gum-shakes.
gum silk n. silk from which the natural gum has not been removed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > silk > [noun] > other
ailantine1860
eri silk1868
gum silk1885
1885 Encycl. Brit. (1887) XXII. 64/1 Sugar is known to have been used for adulterating and loading gum silk for a very long time.
gum-spear n. New Zealand a spear used in probing soil for kauri gum.
ΚΠ
1873 J. E. Tinne Wonderland of Antipodes 54 I saw them at work with their gum-spears.
1888 P. W. Barlow Kaipara xix. 147 A gum-digger's outfit..consists of a spade, a gum-spear and a piece of sacking... The gum-spear is a four-sided rod of steel, about four feet long, and pointed at one end.
1906 Macmillan's Mag. Apr. 478 A green hand of a gummy, that hadn't quite got the trick of it yet, went poking around that very cabbage-tree with his gum-spear.
gum-sucker n. Australian (a) a native-born, non-Aboriginal Australian (esp. a Victorian) or Tasmanian; (b) a fool or simpleton.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > stupid, foolish, or inadequate person > foolish person, fool > fool, simpleton > [noun]
boinarda1300
daffc1325
goky1377
nicea1393
unwiseman1400
totc1425
alphinc1440
dawc1500
hoddypeak1500
dawpatea1529
hoddypolla1529
noddy1534
kimec1535
coxcomb1542
sheep1542
sheep's head1542
goose1547
dawcock1556
nodgecock1566
peak-goosea1568
hottie tottie?c1570
Tom Towly1582
wittol1588
goose-cap1589
nodgecomb1592
ninny1593
chicken1600
fopdoodle16..
hoddy-noddy1600
hoddy-doddy1601
peagoose1606
fopster1607
nazold1607
nupson1607
wigeon1607
fondrel1613
simpleton1639
pigwidgeon1640
simpletonian1652
Tony1654
nizy1673
Simple Simon?1673
Tom Farthing1674
totty-head1680
cockcomb1684
cod1699
nikin1699
sap-pate1699
simpkin1699
mackninnya1706
gilly-gaupus?1719
noodle1720
sapskull1735
gobbin?1746
Judy1781
zanya1784
spoony1795
sap-head1798
spoon1799
gomerel1814
sap1815
neddy1818
milestone1819
sunket1823
sunketa1825
gawp1825
gawpy1825
gawpus1826
Tomnoddy1826
Sammy1828
tammie norie1828
Tommy1828
gom1834
noodlehead1835
nowmun1854
gum-sucker1855
flat-head1862
peggy1869
noodledum1883
jay1884
toot1888
peanut head1891
simp1903
sappyhead1922
Arkie1927
putz1928
steamer1932
jerk-off1939
drongo1942
galah1945
Charley1946
nong-nong1959
mouth-breather1979
twonk1981
1855 W. Howitt Land, Labour & Gold I. 24 Too 'cute to be bitten twice by the over 'cute ‘gum-suckers’, as the native Victorians are called.
1887 All Year Round 30 July 67/2 A ‘gum-sucker’ is a native of Tasmania, and owes his elegant nickname to the abundance of gum-trees in the Tasmanian forests.
1936 W. Lawson When Cobb & Co. was King xii. 223 Some men..called them ‘gumsuckers’, and a few other things.
1941 S. J. Baker Pop. Dict. Austral. Slang 33 Gumsucker.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from choice of fibres > [noun] > taffeta > types of
Tours taffeta1558
tuftaffeta1567
gum-taffeta1738
paper taffeta1957
1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 171 Faith you have made her fret like Gum Taffety.
1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. iv. 14 You are so fortunate a fellow, as to have had your jerkin made of a gum-taffeta, and the body-lining to it, of a sarcenet or thin persian.
gum-water n. a solution of gum-arabic in water.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > other vegetable materials > plant resin > [noun] > solution of (gum) resin
gum-water1637
French polish1819
1637 J. Roberts Compl. Cannoniere 27 With a chalke line dipt in Gum-water.
1760 J. Colebrooke in Philos. Trans. 1759 (Royal Soc.) 51 43 A ground was laid..with levigated chalk mixed with gum water.
1859 R. H. Semple tr. P. Bretonneau et al. Mem. Diphtheria 155 Injections of gum-water were passed into the trachea.
gum-wood n. the wood of the gum tree; the tree itself; also attributive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular tree or plant yielding useful gum or resin > [noun] > names applied to various trees
gum tree1676
gum-wood1683
bloodwood1697
varnish-tree1758
kino1876
1683 W. Penn Wks. (1782) IV. 302 The trees of most note, are..poplar, gumwood, hickery.
1897 ‘P. Warung’ Tales Old Regime 133 Blocks of pine or gum-wood.
1898 Westm. Gaz. 28 June 10/1 I tried..grafting on gumwood stocks.
gum-worker n. Photography one who makes prints by any of the processes, such as the gum-bichromate process, in which gum-arabic is used.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographic processes > [noun] > processors
bromide printer1885
enlarger1886
developer1899
gum-worker1908
printer1966
1908 Westm. Gaz. 3 Oct. 14/2 Some photographers now classify themselves as gum-workers, oil-workers, and so forth.
b. In names of plants yielding gum. Also gum tree n.
gum-cistus n. one of the shrubs of the genus Cistus which yield ladanum.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > cultivated or ornamental trees and shrubs > [noun] > cistus
cistus1551
sage rose1597
gum-cistus1688
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 110/1 The Gum Cistus hath..a clammy sweet moisture called Gum Laudanum.
1826 M. R. Mitford Our Village II. 99 A flower almost as transitory as the gum cistus.
1858 G. MacDonald Phantastes xix. 225 The gum-cistus..drops every night all the blossoms that the day brings forth.
gum-plant n. a plant of the genus Grindelia, which is covered with a viscid secretion.
gum-succory n. (a) Chondrilla juncea; also, the gum produced from it; (b) Lactuca perennis.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants perceived as weeds or harmful plants > weed > [noun] > skeleton weed
gum-succory1548
skeleton weed1935
1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. C.ij Chondrilla..maye be named in englishe Ryshe Succory or gum Succory because it hath a clammy humour in it.
1551 W. Turner New Herball sig. K j The leaues & the stalke of gume succory haue the poour for to degest.
1757 W. Watson in Philos. Trans. 1756 (Royal Soc.) 49 845 The least wild Lettuce, or Dwarf Gum-Succory.
gum-thistle n. Onopordium acanthium.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Compositae (composite plants) > [noun] > thistles
thistlec725
carduea1398
wolf's-thistlea1400
cardoona1425
wolf-thistle1526
cotton-thistle1548
gum-thistle1548
oat thistle1548
black chameleon1551
ixia1551
Saint Mary thistle1552
milk thistle1562
cow-thistle1565
bedeguar1578
carline1578
silver thistle1578
white chameleon1578
globe thistle1582
ball thistle1597
down thistle1597
friar's crown1597
lady's thistle1597
gummy thistle1598
man's blood1601
musk thistle1633
melancholy thistle1653
Scotch thistle1660
boar-thistle1714
spear- thistle1753
gentle thistle1760
woolly thistle1760
wool-thistle1769
bur-thistlea1796
Canada thistle1796
pine thistle1807
plume thistle1814
melancholy plume thistle1825
woolly-headed thistle1843
dog thistle1845
dwarf thistle1846
welted thistle1846
pixie glove1858
Mexican thistle1866
Syrian thistle1866
bull thistle1878
fish belly1878
fish-bone-thistle1882
green thistle1882
herringbone thistle1884
Californian thistle1891
winged thistle1915
fish-thistles-
1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. A.v Acanthium... I thynke it maye be called in englishe..gum thistle..because it is gummy.
1656 J. Smith Compl. Pract. Physick 311 He strewed..the powder of Gum Thistle very safely, upon Ulcers with rottenness of the Bones.
Derivatives
gum-like adj.
ΚΠ
1841 W. T. Brande Man. Chem. 1078 When the solutions are evaporated, uncrystallizable gum-like compounds remain.
Draft additions June 2006
gum ball n. originally and chiefly U.S. (a) a ball of chewing gum usually with a coloured sugar coating and typically dispensed from a machine. (b) a small rubber ball, used as a toy, etc. (now rare);The sense in quots. 1841 and 1852 is not clear.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > toy or plaything > ball or balloon > [noun]
ball?c1225
wind-ball1578
toss-ball1681
air ball1756
balloon1800
poi1817
gum ball1855
air balloon1883
beach-ball1940
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > confections or sweetmeats > sweets > [noun] > a sweet > chewing- or bubble-gum
gum1842
chewing-gum1850
gum ball1855
Tutti Frutti1885
chicle1889
bubblegum1911
spearmint1920
chewy1921
chutty1941
chuggy1994
spoggy1999
1841 Boston Morning Post 7 Oct. (advt.) Tomorrow, at 10 o'clock, at office. Will be sold the stock of a confectioner..consisting of peppermints—candies of various kinds..1 set gum balls—1 set toy moulds [etc.].
1852 Defiance (Ohio) Democrat 4 Dec. Gun caps—gum balls. Toys for the children.]
1855 Boston Post 27 Jan. What a trade in sweets... The amount of blue, yellow, green and red drops,..gum balls, peppermints and candy that an ordinarily well constructed French young woman will dispose of..is astonishing.
1904 ‘O. Henry’ Heart of West (1917) vii. 94 ‘Cricket’ McGuire, ex-feather-weight prizefighter, tout, jockey, follower of the ‘ponies’, all-round sport, and manipulator of the gum balls and walnut shells, looked up pugnaciously.
1915 Gaz. & Bull. (Williamsport, Pa.) 15 Dec. 3/4 (advt.) Footballs, striking balls, and gum balls.
1986 L. Erdrich Beet Queen (1989) i. ii. 29 I never chewed gum balls through, because I heard Auntie Adelaide tell mother once, in anger, that only tramps chewed gum.
1998 Science 8 May 823/2 Atom counters approach the problem roughly like a geometry student estimating how many gum balls are in a gum-ball machine.
Draft additions December 2018
gumboot dance n. a South African dance resembling military marching, performed by dancers wearing wellington boots which they slap with their hands to create a rhythmical accompaniment.The dance was originally performed by mineworkers: cf. mine dance n. at mine n. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > dances of other countries > [noun] > South Africa
vastrap1913
gumboot dance1956
pata-pata1961
1956 A. Jackson Visit to Zululand 24 A great favourite, the gum-boot dance, is performed without music, the rhythm being slapped out with the dancers' hands on their gum-boots.
1982 Eastern Province Herald (Port Elizabeth) 14 Dec. 24 One of the most popular modern mine dances is the rousing gumboot dance.
2002 Sawubona (S. Afr. Airways) July 90/1 They came on with two acts in different outfits. First the gumboot dance and later the Zulu kick-stamp routine.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
† gumn.3
Scottish. Obsolete.
Mist, vapour.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > gas > [noun] > fumes or vapour > water in the form of > vapour or mist
misteOE
gum1513
mistiness1626
1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid vii. Prol. 131 Wyth cloudy gum and rak ourquhelmyt the air.
1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid xiii. Prol. 31 The gummys rysis, doun fallis the donk rym.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2019).
† gumn.4
Obsolete. rare—1.
= gumma n. ? Also in combination gum-galled adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > growth or excrescence > [noun] > tumour > syphilitic tumour
gum1558
gumma1722
syphiloma1864
1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli Secretes Alexis of Piemount f. 13v A verie goodly secrete for the gommes [It. gomme] or burgeons that remaine of the great Pockes.
1692 ‘J. Curate’ Sc. Presbyterian Eloquence iv. 113 That filthy bitch, that Gumgal'd Whore, the Whore of Babylon.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2018).
gumn.5
/ɡʌm/, U.S. /ɡəm/ dialect and vulgar.
by (or my) gum = by (or my) God. Also gummie, gummy.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [interjection] > religious oaths (referring to God) > egad
by Goda1225
deusc1300
s'elpa1330
by Gogc1400
Gog of heavena1500
by cock?1548
mort dieua1593
(God) refuse me1596
God damn me1619
adad1664
agad1672
igad1672
egad1673
adod1676
ecod1677
gadso1677
ydadc1680
goles1734
s'gad1743
by (or my) gumc1815
gorblimey1896
c1815 J. K. Paulding Bucktails (1847) ii. 34 By gum, that's jist what I want you to tell me, I swow.
1827 T. Hood Wks. (1862) I. 311 But Hunks still ask'd to see the tooth, And swore by gum! he had not drawn it.
1832 W. Stephenson Coll. Local Poems, Songs, &c. 100 Aw said let's ken what a' this means, By gum to hear't aw's weary.
1845 S. Judd Margaret i. xvi. 139 ‘Gummy!’ retorted the woman. ‘He has been a talkin' about me.’
1857 ‘C. Bede’ Mr. Verdant Green Married x. 78 My gum, Giglamps! you'll be the death of me some fine day.
1887 H. Smart Cleverly Won i. 10 Newmarket Heath may make you shiver, but, by gum! it gives you an appetite.
1894 R. D. Blackmore Perlycross II. iii. 62 Got you there, Sergeant; by gum, I did!
1932 W. L. Graff Lang. & Langs. 283 The name of God is avoided and gives way to such substitutes as Jove,..gory, gummie.
1970 Private Eye 22 May 16 By gum, it must be visiting day up at hall.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
gumn.6
/ɡʌm/, U.S. /ɡəm/, Scottish English /ɡʌm/ Mining (originally Scottish).
Coal dust, fine coal; now esp. that produced by a coal-cutting machine.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] > small, refuse, impure, or coal-dust
slackc1440
smith coal1466
smithy coal1482
coal dusta1529
panwood1531
smith's coal1578
kirving1599
culm1603
coom1611
small coal1643
smit1670
smut1686
slag1695
duff1724
duff coal1724
small1780
gum1790
stinking coal1803
cobbles1811
nubbling1825
stinkers1841
rubble1844
pea1855
nuts1857
nut coal1861
slap1865
burgee1867
smudge1883
waste1883
treble1901
coal smut1910
gumming1938
nutty slack1953
1790–1925 in Sc. National Dict.
1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining 125 Gum, free-burning small slack or duff.
1938 Colliery Engin. Mar. 81/2 The amount of gum left in the bottom of the cut never exceeded ¾ in. in thickness.
1964 V. Shiffer tr. L. D. Shevyakov Mining of Mineral Deposits xi. 236 To prevent the formation of gum and dust, the combine is furnished with a spraying device.
Compounds
gum-flinger n.
ΚΠ
1956 E. Mason Deputy's Man. II. xxxiv. 501 The same machine can be equipped with a ‘gum flinger’.
gum-loader n.
ΚΠ
1940 Trans. Inst. Mining Engin. May 53 Mechanical devices which trap the broken material brought out by the cutter-chain..have been given such names as jud cleaners,..gummers, and gum loaders.
gum-thrower n.
ΚΠ
1960 R. Shepherd & A. G. Withers Mech. Cutting & Loading of Coal v. 75 ‘Gum-throwers’..take up the cuttings from the chain and eject them into the goaf.
Derivatives
ˈgummer n.3 a man or a machine that clears away the fine coal and small bits of debris, etc., from under a coal-cutting machine.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > coal-miner > who clears debris
reddsman1672
waler1825
coal picker1905
gummer1921
1921 Dict. Occup. Terms (1927) §042 Gummer,..rakes small coal or stone by means of long-handled flat shovel..out of groove cut by coal cutting machine, and loads into tubs or throws back into goaf.
1940 Trans. Inst. Mining Engin. May 54 Except in special cases, undercutting coal-cutters will be fitted with gummers as standard practice in the future.
1959 New Scientist 23 July 102/3 Beneath the cutting head is a ‘gummer’—a paddle-bladed scraper which removes all the small coal from under the machine.
1959 G. D. Mitchell Sociol. iii. viii. 136 Four gummers, who clean out the undercut.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1972; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
gumv.1
/ɡʌm/, U.S. /ɡəm/ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > preparation of drinks > [verb (transitive)] > flavour
gum1419
ginger1673
flower1682
the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > preparation or treatment of corpse > prepare corpse [verb (transitive)] > embalm
balmc1300
embalmc1385
gum1419
anointa1425
seasonc1440
spice?a1475
farce1563
condite1649
balsam1855
1419 Proclam. in H. T. Riley Memorials London (1868) 672 William Horold, Couper..gummyd and rasyd two buttes with diuers gummes.
1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur v. viii Noble men whome the kynge dyd do bawme and gomme with many good gommes aromatyk.
2. To stiffen with gum; to coat or smear with or as with gum.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with coating or covering materials > work with coating or covering materials [verb (transitive)] > coat or cover with other materials
rosin1357
tallowa1400
oildreg?1440
overlute1527
mastica1538
flock1567
gum1612
betallow1638
begum1730
roset1773
soft-soap1833
French-chalk1870
brasque1880
vaseline1891
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > treating or processing textile fabric > treat or process textile fabric [verb (transitive)] > other processes
starch1390
scour1467
burl1483
waterc1500
calender1513
shoot1532
press1555
gum1612
reimbale1623
strike1701
bias1838
pad1839
spirit1854
bray1879
stream1883
crisp1892
block1905
Schreiner1905
mercerize1911
1612 B. Jonson Alchemist i. i Ile gumme your silkes With good strong water, an' you come. View more context for this quotation
1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 239 They register..his acts..in Cædar Tablets, gum'd with Cynabre.
1684 Bp. G. Burnet tr. T. More Utopia 75 They use also in their Windows, a thin linnen Cloth, that is..oiled or gummed.
1896 Indianapolis Typogr. Jrnl. 16 Nov. 392 A new method of gumming paper.
3. To fasten, or fix in position with gum or some sticky substance. Also with down, together, up.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with other materials > work with other materials [verb (transitive)] > fix or fasten with adhesive
glue13..
lute1489
paste1561
gum1592
starch1602
solution1891
seccotine1903
Scotch-tape1947
tape1956
sellotape1960
epoxy1974
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > attachment > attach or affix [verb (transitive)] > adhere to > cause to adhere > with adhesive substance
gum1592
batter1624
1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. iii. sig. H3v Thy eyes are gum'd with teares, thy cheekes are wan.
a1637 B. Jonson Timber 1420 in Wks. (1640) III Bleaching their hands at Mid-night, gumming, and bridling their beards.
1656 Disc. Auxiliary Beauty 176 Scandalised at Ladies powdering, curling, and gumming their haire.
1658 W. Gurnall Christian in Armour: 2nd Pt. 573 The doubting Christians eye of faith, is..gumm'd up with unbeleeving feares.
1776–96 W. Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) III. 775 When dried and gummed on paper, they [leafits] form an acute angle with the stalk.
1874 G. Lawson Dis. Eye (ed. 2) 145 If the lids become gummed together.
1876 F. E. Trollope Charming Fellow I. iv. 46 Little rings of hair gummed down all over her forehead.
1880 Standard 15 Dec. Shilling deposits can be made by means of penny stamps gummed on forms.
4. intransitive. Of a fruit tree: To exude gum as a morbid secretion. Cf. gum n.2 7.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > disease or injury > be diseased, injured, or discoloured [verb (intransitive)]
burn?1523
blast1580
slaya1642
smut1657
fire1693
mowburn1707
go1735
strike1742
curl1793
gum1794
sunburn1833
French1836
rust1839
shank1848
houseburn1850
1794 Trans. Soc. Arts 12 207 Several of the cherries [trees] were much gummed.
1802 Trans. Soc. Arts 20 173 To prevent the cherry tree from gumming.
1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 41/1 When planted in stiff and wet soils it [the cherry] grows slowly, gums very much, and falls into a state of incurable bad health.
5. Perhaps U.S.
Thesaurus »
Categories »
a. To become gummous.
b. ‘To become clogged or stiffened by some gummy substance, as inspissated oil; as, a machine will gum up from disuse’ ( Cent. Dict.). Also with up.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > absence of movement > [verb (intransitive)] > cease to move or become motionless > be arrested or intercepted in progress > by sticky substance
oil1925
gum1929
1874 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 509 The oil solidifies or gums, and clogs the holes.
1929 Motor World 24 May 328/2 The valves of car engines have always exhibited a tendency to ‘gum-up’ under certain conditions.
1931 Carnegie Scholarship Mem. XX. 96 The most unsatisfactory material in this respect was copper, which drew rather badly with all the lubricants tried, and seemed to ‘gum up’ in the die very readily.
c. transitive. figurative. To interfere with the smooth running of (something); to spoil, wreck. Chiefly with up. Frequently in to gum the game, to gum (up) the works. Originally U.S.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hinder [verb (transitive)]
letc888
shrenchc897
forstanda1000
amarOE
disturbc1290
impeachc1380
stopc1380
withstandc1385
hinder1413
accloy1422
hindc1426
to hold abackc1440
appeachc1460
impeditec1535
inhibit1535
obstacle1538
damp1548
trip1548
embarrass1578
dam1582
to clip the wings ofa1593
unhelp1598
uppen1600
straiten1607
rub1608
impediment1610
impedea1616
to put out1616
to put off1631
scote1642
obstruct1645
incommodiate1650
offend1651
sufflaminate1656
hindrance1664
disassist1671
clog1679
muzzle1706
squeeze1804
to take the wind out of the sails of1822
throttle1825
block1844
overslaugh1853
snag1863
gum1901
slow-walk1965
the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > [verb (intransitive)] > hinder by interference
interrupt1412
intervene1649
to break in1657
intercedea1661
to queer the pitch1846
to throw a monkey wrench into the machinery1907
to gum (up) the works1932
to throw a spanner in the works1934
1901 Yale Fun 27 (heading) The plot that was gummed.
1911 L. J. Vance Cynthia 174 You've just about gummed things up good and plenty, that's what you've done.
1915 Dial. Notes 4 222 Gum the game, delay the game. ‘Jack's tactics were to gum the game.’
1919 P. G. Wodehouse Their Mutual Child i. v. 68 It would sure get my goat..to have the old man gum the game for them.
1932 P. G. Wodehouse Hot Water xi. 181 When it comes to you horning into this joint and aiming to gum the works for me..well, that's something else again.
1932 R. Kipling Limits & Renewals 281 The main point, as I read it, is that it makes one—not so much think—Research is gummed up with thinking—as imagine a bit.
1936 J. Dos Passos Big Money 263 I hope it wasn't me gummed the game.
1938 G. Heyer Blunt Instrument ix. 174 Helen's getting mixed up in it gummed up the works.
1948 ‘M. Westmacott’ Rose & Yew Tree xxii. 183 She hasn't gummed up the works after all. What a relief that will be to her.
1964 Listener 8 Oct. 548/2 Their Land Commission—far from providing more and cheaper houses, would..gum up house-building.
6. transitive. To cheat, delude, humbug. U.S. slang. [Said to originate from the opossum's eluding the huntsman in the foliage of a gum tree.]
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > defrauding or swindling > perpetrate (a swindle) [verb (transitive)] > defraud or swindle
defraud1362
deceivec1380
plucka1500
lurch1530
defeata1538
souse1545
lick1548
wipe1549
fraud1563
use1564
cozen1573
nick1576
verse1591
rooka1595
trim1600
skelder1602
firk1604
dry-shave1620
fiddle1630
nose1637
foista1640
doa1642
sharka1650
chouse1654
burn1655
bilk1672
under-enter1692
sharp1699
stick1699
finger1709
roguea1714
fling1749
swindle1773
jink1777
queer1778
to do over1781
jump1789
mace1790
chisel1808
slang1812
bucket1819
to clean out1819
give it1819
to put in the hole1819
ramp1819
sting1819
victimize1839
financier1840
gum1840
snakea1861
to take down1865
verneuk1871
bunco1875
rush1875
gyp1879
salt1882
daddle1883
work1884
to have (one) on toast1886
slip1890
to do (a person) in the eye1891
sugar1892
flay1893
to give (someone) the rinky-dink1895
con1896
pad1897
screw1900
short-change1903
to do in1906
window dress1913
ream1914
twist1914
clean1915
rim1918
tweedle1925
hype1926
clip1927
take1927
gazump1928
yentz1930
promote1931
to take (someone) to the cleaners1932
to carve up1933
chizz1948
stiff1950
scam1963
to rip off1969
to stitch up1970
skunk1971
to steal (someone) blind1974
diddle-
1840 Frankfort (Kentucky) Commonwealth 20 Oct. You are always right as a book and nobody can gum you. In short, you are O.K.
1848 J. R. Lowell Biglow Papers 1st Ser. 135 You can't gum me, I tell ye now, an' so you need n't try.
1859 G. A. Sala Twice round Clock (1861) 232 I began to think..he was quizzing me—‘gumming’ is the proper Transatlantic colloquialism.
1875 Chambers's Jrnl. 25 Sept. 611/1 Now don't you try to gum me.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
gumv.2
/ɡʌm/, U.S. /ɡəm/ U.S.
transitive. To deepen and enlarge the spaces between the teeth of (a worn saw). See gummer n.1
ΚΠ
1777 W. Dunbar in E. O. Rowland Life W. Dunbar (1930) 41 Begun to gum one of our old saws, having unfortunately broke one of the new ones by the fall of a Log.
1851 C. Cist Sketches & Statistics Cincinnati 237 Circular..saws gummed and hammered..restored as good as new.
1859 J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (ed. 2) To Gum a Saw, to punch out and give the set to the teeth of a saw, by means of a machine called a gummer. The phrase alludes to the growth of the teeth from the gums.
1887 Sci. Amer. 26 Feb. 130 The operation of gumming saws with an emery wheel.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
> as lemmas
GUM
GUM n. genitourinary medicine, the branch of medicine concerned with diseases (including sexually transmitted diseases) disorders of the genitourinary system; frequently attributive.
ΚΠ
1980 Jrnl. Clin. Pathol. 33 745/2 The workload conveniently divides into three categories. These are: (i) bacteriology cultures; (ii.) virology and serology; and (iii) Department of Genitourinary Medicine (GUM).
2000 Brit. Jrnl. Gen. Pract. 50 214/2 This survey has identified important gaps in professionals' knowledge... These relate to sampling techniques, indications for testing in asymptomatic patients..and appropriate involvement of GUM services.
2012 Gay Times May 106/1 I was given a box of medication and told to check in to the GUM clinic first thing on Monday.
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n.1c825
n.2a1382
n.31513n.41558
n.5c1815n.61790v.11419v.21777as lemmas
- electrotherapeutics
- electrotherapeutist
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- electrothermally
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- electrotin
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- electrotonically
- electrotonicity
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- electrotonuses
- electrotractor