gruffadj.n.

Brit.

/ɡrʌf/, U.S.

/ɡrəf/

Forms: Scottish1500s groiff, grof, groffe, 1700s groof, 1800s grouff, 1500s– groff, 1600s– gruff, (1800s grough).

Etymology: apparently < Dutch or Low German *grof = Old High German girob , grob , Middle High German gerop , grop , modern German grob , of uncertain origin. Some scholars have regarded it as < ga- prefix (Old English ge- : see y- prefix) + West Germanic *hruƀ- weak grade of the root of Old English hréof rough, scabby. Possibly the Dutch or Low German word was introduced in commercial use.

A. adj.

a. Coarse, coarse-grained; containing coarse or rough particles. Obsolete exc. Scottish and technical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > other specific kinds of texture > [adjective] > coarse

greateOE

hardOE

boistous1398

hask?a1425

roidc1485

gross?1504

gruff1533

coarse1582

stoggie1825

broad1908

1533 J. Gau tr. C. Pedersen Richt Vay sig. I.vii^v Our body is alsua oncleyne and foul and groiff.

1563 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 114 Sklate, thak, and grof stanis, rottin tymmir and siklyke.

1565 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 360 Tuentie stanis of groff pulder.

1572 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxiii. 339 Seing ȝe and ȝour wairs gros and grof [rhyme of].

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 94 A groffe seck spred vndir thame.

1743 J. Williamson in Scenes & Leg. N. Scot. (1889) 382 And now the broken clouds fall down In groff rain from on high.

1800 Marquess Wellesley Let. 30 Sept. in Select. Despatches (1877) 712 The..purchase of sugar and other gruff goods.

1801 Naval Chron. 6 427 She..is engaged..to proceed to..Bengal, for a cargo of gruff goods.

1880 Jamieson's Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. (new ed.) Groff,..3. Thick, large, coarse; as, groff meal, large~grained meal.

1881 W. W. Greener Gun & its Devel. 308 In a large vat..is placed two tons of grough saltpetre.

1881 W. W. Greener Gun & its Devel. 309 The grough sulphur.

b. Of immaterial things: Rude, gross, unpolished. Also said of a guess = ‘rough’. Scottish.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped > rough or rude

gruff1681

rough and ready1730

rough1800

kachcha1834

hugger-mugger1840

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective] > low in style

broad1490

low1518

bawdy1519

comical?1565

foot1582

tavernly1612

mean1659

gruff1681

vulgar1716

terra a terra1728

pedestrian1805

unraised1817

terre-à-terre1888

1681 S. Colvil Mock Poem (1751) 19 To speak in terms more groff, It [his head] was just like a sugar-loaf.

16.. in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1706) i. 67 Now have ye heard the Tragedy..though it be both Groff and Rude, And of all Eloquence denude.

1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. at Groff ‘A grouff guess’, i.e., a rough or inaccurate calculation, or conjecture.

1875 G. MacDonald Malcolm II. iii. 39 That's no rizzon 'at I sudna hae a groff guiss at her.

†2. Of a surface: Rough, rugged. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective] > rough

unsmeetheOE

sharpc893

rowOE

reofOE

roughOE

unplaina1393

harsha1400

scrofc1400

stourc1400

ruggyc1405

asperous1547

harshy1582

shagged1589

horrid1590

unsmooth1598

gross1606

asperate1623

brute1627

scabbed1630

sleazy1644

rasping1656

scaber1657

asper1681

shaggy1693

gruff1697

grating1766

hackly1794

ruvid1837

scrubby1856

unkind1866

raspy1882

ruckly1923

sandpapery1957

1697 Philos. Trans. 1695–7 (Royal Soc.) 19 598 We were in danger of losing our Cable and Anchor; the Ground, where we rode..being somewhat gruff.

a. Rough, surly, or sour in aspect or manner; said also of appearances.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > [adjective] > surly

carlisha1240

churlishc1405

rustyc1485

ladlike1508

crabbed1535

chumpisha1586

curmudgeonly1590

bear-like1593

bearish1646

surly1670

gruff1691

chuffya1700

gurly1721

ramgunshoch1721

churled18..

gruffy1802

ursine1827

chuff1832

ursal1837

churly1863

1691 [implied in: 1691 in F. Atterbury Epistolary Corr. (1783) I. 17 No gruffness, I beseech you; use them civily, and stick to your point. (at gruffness n.)].

1706 tr. J. B. Morvan de Bellegarde Refl. upon Ridicule 95 One Man's Air gruffer than another.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Gruff, or Grum, grim-fac'd, sower-look'd, dogged, surly.

1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture II. 51/1 Their gruff beards, and stern countenances.

1728 A. Ramsay Last Speech Miser in Poems II. xi My looks were groff and sour.

1777 C. A. Burney Jrnl. in F. Burney Diary He turned to me with one of the gruffest of his lion looks.

1849 G. P. R. James Woodman I. viii. 151 He seemed as gruff as a large church bell.

1862 G. A. Sala Accepted Addr. 93 Her papa was a gruff religionist.

1863 J. H. Speke Jrnl. Discov. Source Nile p. xxiv The gruff hippopotamus is as widespread as any.

1887 W. P. Frith Autobiogr. I. vii. 70 Under a somewhat gruff manner there beat a warm and tender heart.

b. Of the voice and speech, implying the utterance of hoarse or guttural sounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > quality of voice > [adjective] > hoarse or husky

hoarsec1000

stoppedc1485

hoarsy1570

croaking1608

throaty1647

furred1666

rouped1677

gruffa1712

cracked1739

roupy1756

hoarsened1798

gruffish1812

gin and fog1842

grasshoppery1849

croaky1851

feathery1881

tonsilly1894

wine-tasting1936

gravelly1944

gravelled1958

a1712 W. King Skillet 35 After some gruff muttering with himself.

1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby ii. 6 Sounds of gruff voices practising vocal music.

1877 W. Black Green Pastures xxv ‘Ay’ said the elder man, with gruff emphasis.

1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz in La Saisiaz: Two Poets of Croisic Ep. 18 ‘Love’ comes aptly in when gruff grows his singing.

1887 R. N. Carey Uncle Max vii. 58 He gave a gruff little laugh.

c. quasi-adv.

ΚΠ

1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. III. 285 They spoke gruff and short, affecting brevity of words.

B. n.

a. Pharmacology. (See quot. 1853.)

ΚΠ

1853 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 9) Gruff, in pharmacy, the coarse residue, which will not pass through the sieve in pulverization.

Categories »

b. Mining. (plural) ‘The worst pieces rejected in the manufacture of black-lead pots’ ( Weale's Dict. Terms 1873).

2. A quarrel, ‘tiff’. ? U.S. regional.

ΚΠ

1857 J. G. Holland Bay-path v. 64 He was weak with the softening influences of the morning and never ‘felt so little up to a gruff’ as he did at the time he met Cubel.

1857 J. G. Holland Bay-path xii. 137 You and I never had a gruff, but I don't stand any o' that sort o' nonsense.

Compounds

gruff-speaking (cf. A. 3b), gruff-voiced adjs.

ΚΠ

1814 J. Galt tr. C. Goldoni Love, Honor, & Interest i. i, in New Brit. Theatre III. 268 Old frosty-faced, gruffs-peaking Vanderclufe.

1885 J. K. Jerome On Stage 57 That gruff-voiced officer passed the order on to his men.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

gruffv.

Brit.

/ɡrʌf/, U.S.

/ɡrəf/

Etymology: < gruff adj.

Now dialect.

†a. transitive. To treat gruffly or surlily. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > treat discourteously [verb (transitive)] > treat in surly manner

gruff1706

the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > irritability > be irritable [verb (transitive)] > treat gruffly or surlily

gruff1706

1706 tr. J. B. Morvan de Bellegarde Refl. upon Ridicule 197 Those that have no Complaisance for you, but gruff you upon your good Successes.

b. To drive away by gruff behaviour (rare).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > irritability > be irritable [verb (transitive)] > drive away by gruff behaviour

gruff1847

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > treat discourteously [verb (transitive)] > treat in surly manner > drive away with surly behaviour

gruff1847

1847 C. G. F. Gore Castles in Air xii On the very day we so inexcusably gruffed you away from the Elms.

2. intransitive. To grunt, snore. dialect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (intransitive)] > snort, snore, snarl, or groan

groan1513

snort1582

snarl1675

snore1823

gruff1855

1855 in F. K. Robinson Gloss. Yorks. Words

1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. Gruff, to snore, in a short, noisy manner; to grunt.

Draft additions 1993

3. transitive. To utter gruffly or in a rough or surly manner. Frequently with direct speech as object. Also with out (cf. growl v.³ 2b). colloquial (chiefly U.S.).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > say in a particular manner [verb (transitive)] > utter loudly or angrily

yeiea1225

call?c1250

soundc1374

ringa1400

upcasta1400

barkc1440

resound?c1525

blustera1535

brawl1563

thunder1592

out-thunder?1611

peal1611

tonitruate1623

intonatea1631

mouth1700

rip1828

boom1837

explode1839

clamour1856

blare1859

foghorn1886

megaphone1901

gruff1925

loudmouth1931

woof1934

the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > irritability > be irritable [verb (transitive)] > utter snappishly > utter gruffly

gruff1925

1925 W. de la Mare Broomsticks 292 ‘So long as you hasten, my child,’ he gruffed out.

1932 J. T. Farrell Young Lonigan iv. 142 As he passed Young Horn Buckford and some punk he didn't know, Young Horn said hello to him. He gruffed a reply.

1979 T. Wolfe Right Stuff xi. 296 She gruffed it out with..fury.

1980 J. Barnes Metroland iii. v. 168 ‘Welcome, Lloyd’, he gruffed at me, and the surname, despite a friendly burr in the voice, brought back old fears of defaulter parades.

1988 N.Y. Times 23 June a23/5 The Democratic candidate gruffed out ‘tough choices’ nine times.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	gruff
释义	gruffadj.n. Brit. /ɡrʌf/, U.S. /ɡrəf/ Forms: Scottish1500s groiff, grof, groffe, 1700s groof, 1800s grouff, 1500s– groff, 1600s– gruff, (1800s grough). Etymology: apparently < Dutch or Low German grof = Old High German girob* , grob , Middle High German gerop , grop , modern German grob , of uncertain origin. Some scholars have regarded it as < ga- prefix (Old English ge- : see y- prefix) + West Germanic hruƀ- weak grade of the root of Old English hréof* rough, scabby. Possibly the Dutch or Low German word was introduced in commercial use. A. adj. 1. a. Coarse, coarse-grained; containing coarse or rough particles. Obsolete exc. Scottish and technical. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > other specific kinds of texture > [adjective] > coarse greateOE hardOE boistous1398 hask?a1425 roidc1485 gross?1504 gruff1533 coarse1582 stoggie1825 broad1908 1533 J. Gau tr. C. Pedersen Richt Vay sig. I.vii^v Our body is alsua oncleyne and foul and groiff. 1563 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 114 Sklate, thak, and grof stanis, rottin tymmir and siklyke. 1565 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 360 Tuentie stanis of groff pulder. 1572 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxiii. 339 Seing ȝe and ȝour wairs gros and grof [rhyme of]. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 94 A groffe seck spred vndir thame. 1743 J. Williamson in Scenes & Leg. N. Scot. (1889) 382 And now the broken clouds fall down In groff rain from on high. 1800 Marquess Wellesley Let. 30 Sept. in Select. Despatches (1877) 712 The..purchase of sugar and other gruff goods. 1801 Naval Chron. 6 427 She..is engaged..to proceed to..Bengal, for a cargo of gruff goods. 1880 Jamieson's Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. (new ed.) Groff,..3. Thick, large, coarse; as, groff meal, large~grained meal. 1881 W. W. Greener Gun & its Devel. 308 In a large vat..is placed two tons of grough saltpetre. 1881 W. W. Greener Gun & its Devel. 309 The grough sulphur. b. Of immaterial things: Rude, gross, unpolished. Also said of a guess = ‘rough’. Scottish. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped > rough or rude gruff1681 rough and ready1730 rough1800 kachcha1834 hugger-mugger1840 society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective] > low in style broad1490 low1518 bawdy1519 comical?1565 foot1582 tavernly1612 mean1659 gruff1681 vulgar1716 terra a terra1728 pedestrian1805 unraised1817 terre-à-terre1888 1681 S. Colvil Mock Poem (1751) 19 To speak in terms more groff, It [his head] was just like a sugar-loaf. 16.. in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1706) i. 67 Now have ye heard the Tragedy..though it be both Groff and Rude, And of all Eloquence denude. 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. at Groff ‘A grouff guess’, i.e., a rough or inaccurate calculation, or conjecture. 1875 G. MacDonald Malcolm II. iii. 39 That's no rizzon 'at I sudna hae a groff guiss at her. †2. Of a surface: Rough, rugged. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective] > rough unsmeetheOE sharpc893 rowOE reofOE roughOE unplaina1393 harsha1400 scrofc1400 stourc1400 ruggyc1405 asperous1547 harshy1582 shagged1589 horrid1590 unsmooth1598 gross1606 asperate1623 brute1627 scabbed1630 sleazy1644 rasping1656 scaber1657 asper1681 shaggy1693 gruff1697 grating1766 hackly1794 ruvid1837 scrubby1856 unkind1866 raspy1882 ruckly1923 sandpapery1957 1697 Philos. Trans. 1695–7 (Royal Soc.) 19 598 We were in danger of losing our Cable and Anchor; the Ground, where we rode..being somewhat gruff. 3. a. Rough, surly, or sour in aspect or manner; said also of appearances. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > [adjective] > surly carlisha1240 churlishc1405 rustyc1485 ladlike1508 crabbed1535 chumpisha1586 curmudgeonly1590 bear-like1593 bearish1646 surly1670 gruff1691 chuffya1700 gurly1721 ramgunshoch1721 churled18.. gruffy1802 ursine1827 chuff1832 ursal1837 churly1863 1691 [implied in: 1691 in F. Atterbury Epistolary Corr. (1783) I. 17 No gruffness, I beseech you; use them civily, and stick to your point. (at gruffness n.)]. 1706 tr. J. B. Morvan de Bellegarde Refl. upon Ridicule 95 One Man's Air gruffer than another. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Gruff, or Grum, grim-fac'd, sower-look'd, dogged, surly. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture II. 51/1 Their gruff beards, and stern countenances. 1728 A. Ramsay Last Speech Miser in Poems II. xi My looks were groff and sour. 1777 C. A. Burney Jrnl. in F. Burney Diary He turned to me with one of the gruffest of his lion looks. 1849 G. P. R. James Woodman I. viii. 151 He seemed as gruff as a large church bell. 1862 G. A. Sala Accepted Addr. 93 Her papa was a gruff religionist. 1863 J. H. Speke Jrnl. Discov. Source Nile p. xxiv The gruff hippopotamus is as widespread as any. 1887 W. P. Frith Autobiogr. I. vii. 70 Under a somewhat gruff manner there beat a warm and tender heart. b. Of the voice and speech, implying the utterance of hoarse or guttural sounds. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > quality of voice > [adjective] > hoarse or husky hoarsec1000 stoppedc1485 hoarsy1570 croaking1608 throaty1647 furred1666 rouped1677 gruffa1712 cracked1739 roupy1756 hoarsened1798 gruffish1812 gin and fog1842 grasshoppery1849 croaky1851 feathery1881 tonsilly1894 wine-tasting1936 gravelly1944 gravelled1958 a1712 W. King Skillet 35 After some gruff muttering with himself. 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby ii. 6 Sounds of gruff voices practising vocal music. 1877 W. Black Green Pastures xxv ‘Ay’ said the elder man, with gruff emphasis. 1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz in La Saisiaz: Two Poets of Croisic Ep. 18 ‘Love’ comes aptly in when gruff grows his singing. 1887 R. N. Carey Uncle Max vii. 58 He gave a gruff little laugh. c. quasi-adv. ΚΠ 1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. III. 285 They spoke gruff and short, affecting brevity of words. B. n. 1. a. Pharmacology. (See quot. 1853.) ΚΠ 1853 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 9) Gruff, in pharmacy, the coarse residue, which will not pass through the sieve in pulverization. Categories » b. Mining. (plural) ‘The worst pieces rejected in the manufacture of black-lead pots’ ( Weale's Dict. Terms 1873). 2. A quarrel, ‘tiff’. ? U.S. regional. ΚΠ 1857 J. G. Holland Bay-path v. 64 He was weak with the softening influences of the morning and never ‘felt so little up to a gruff’ as he did at the time he met Cubel. 1857 J. G. Holland Bay-path xii. 137 You and I never had a gruff, but I don't stand any o' that sort o' nonsense. Compounds gruff-speaking (cf. A. 3b), gruff-voiced adjs. ΚΠ 1814 J. Galt tr. C. Goldoni Love, Honor, & Interest i. i, in New Brit. Theatre III. 268 Old frosty-faced, gruffs-peaking Vanderclufe. 1885 J. K. Jerome On Stage 57 That gruff-voiced officer passed the order on to his men. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). gruffv. Brit. /ɡrʌf/, U.S. /ɡrəf/ Etymology: < gruff adj. Now dialect. 1. †a. transitive. To treat gruffly or surlily. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > treat discourteously [verb (transitive)] > treat in surly manner gruff1706 the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > irritability > be irritable [verb (transitive)] > treat gruffly or surlily gruff1706 1706 tr. J. B. Morvan de Bellegarde Refl. upon Ridicule 197 Those that have no Complaisance for you, but gruff you upon your good Successes. b. To drive away by gruff behaviour (rare). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > irritability > be irritable [verb (transitive)] > drive away by gruff behaviour gruff1847 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > treat discourteously [verb (transitive)] > treat in surly manner > drive away with surly behaviour gruff1847 1847 C. G. F. Gore Castles in Air xii On the very day we so inexcusably gruffed you away from the Elms. 2. intransitive. To grunt, snore. dialect. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (intransitive)] > snort, snore, snarl, or groan groan1513 snort1582 snarl1675 snore1823 gruff1855 1855 in F. K. Robinson Gloss. Yorks. Words 1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. Gruff, to snore, in a short, noisy manner; to grunt. Draft additions 1993 3. transitive. To utter gruffly or in a rough or surly manner. Frequently with direct speech as object. Also with out (cf. growl v.³ 2b). colloquial (chiefly U.S.). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > say in a particular manner [verb (transitive)] > utter loudly or angrily yeiea1225 call?c1250 soundc1374 ringa1400 upcasta1400 barkc1440 resound?c1525 blustera1535 brawl1563 thunder1592 out-thunder?1611 peal1611 tonitruate1623 intonatea1631 mouth1700 rip1828 boom1837 explode1839 clamour1856 blare1859 foghorn1886 megaphone1901 gruff1925 loudmouth1931 woof1934 the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > irritability > be irritable [verb (transitive)] > utter snappishly > utter gruffly gruff1925 1925 W. de la Mare Broomsticks 292 ‘So long as you hasten, my child,’ he gruffed out. 1932 J. T. Farrell Young Lonigan iv. 142 As he passed Young Horn Buckford and some punk he didn't know, Young Horn said hello to him. He gruffed a reply. 1979 T. Wolfe Right Stuff xi. 296 She gruffed it out with..fury. 1980 J. Barnes Metroland iii. v. 168 ‘Welcome, Lloyd’, he gruffed at me, and the surname, despite a friendly burr in the voice, brought back old fears of defaulter parades. 1988 N.Y. Times 23 June a23/5 The Democratic candidate gruffed out ‘tough choices’ nine times. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1533v.1706
随便看	fleeting-dish fleeting-milk fleetingdish fleetinglies fleetingly fleetinglyes fleetinglys fleetingmilk fleetingness fleetingnesses fleetlier fleetliest fleetline fleetly fleetly-mounted fleetlymounted fleetman fleetness fleetnesses fleets fleetwinged fleety fleg flegged flegging