greybackgraybackn.

Brit.

/ˈɡreɪbak/, U.S.

/ˈɡreɪˌbæk/

Forms: see grey adj. and n. and back n.¹

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: grey adj., back n.¹

Etymology: < grey adj. + back n.¹ Compare grey-backed adj.In sense 3 after greenback n. 3.

1. An animal having a greyish back.

a. U.S. Any of several wading birds; esp. the (red) knot, Calidris canutus, in winter plumage. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Scolopacidae (snipes, etc.) > [noun] > genus Calidris > calidris canutus (knot)

knot1452

gnat1616

marl1699

sea-snipe1767

greyback1813

red-breasted sandpiper1813

grey plover1885

1813 A. Wilson Amer. Ornithol. VII. 47 The common name of this species [sc. Calidris canutus] on our sea coast is the Grey-back.

1882 E. K. Godfrey Island Nantucket 157 In the fall of 1881 large numbers of the upland gray-back, otherwise known as the brown-bird, made their appearance here on the marshes.

1912 C. A. Reed Amer. Game Birds 32 In this dress they [sc. knot] are almost universally known as ‘Gray-backs’.

1984 Sanctuary (Mass. Audubon Soc.) Dec. 16/1 In the fall the birds were marketed as gray-backs.

b. English regional and U.S. The (greater) scaup, Aythya marila. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > order Anseriformes (geese, etc.) > subfamily Merginae (duck) > [noun] > member of genus Aythya (miscellaneous) > aythya marila (scaup)

smeath1622

smee1668

scaup-duck1676

bluebill1792

scaup1798

greyback1824

raft duck1824

mussel duck1864

1824 C. S. Girdlestone Let. 4 Nov. in Trans. Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Soc. (1879) 2 397 P.S. Scaup ducks are called Greybacks.

1888 G. Trumbull Names & Portraits Birds 55 Another title at Chicago is gray-back, and certain gunners about Detroit prefer black-neck to..‘blue-bill’.

1918 S. C. Arthur Birds Louisiana 24 American Scaup Duck... Big Blue-bill; Gray-back.

1986 N. Davis & K. Hart Coastal Carolina Cooking 100 (margin) Mitchell has stew-fried graybacks, sea robins, yellow sharks, mallards, and black ducks.

c. U.S. regional. A louse. Also figurative. Now archaic and historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > subclass Pterygota > [noun] > division Exopterygota or Hemimetabola > group Anoplura > order Siphunculata > member of genus Pediculus (louse)

lousec725

mysea1450

creeper1577

Welsh cricket1592

crawler1787

liceling1791

greyback1840

seam-squirrel1899

toto1918

1840 Crockett Almanac 1841 24 You'll find gray-backs enuff up in the kalibuse.

1864 Daily Tel. 17 Mar. 5/2 The darkies sat grinning and hunting in their rags for greybacks.

1918 Highway Mag. Jan. 11/1 Just take me..Away from the shack where the small grayback Skiddoos through my uncut hair.

1932 Jefferson (Iowa) Bee 8 Nov. 1/1 A bunch of the lousiest, blood-sucking, ‘graybacks’ that have ever afflicted a political party.

1999 S. C. Bartoletti No Man's Land 31 Lice—or graybacks, the men called them.

d. U.S. More fully greyback whale. The grey whale, Eschrichtius robustus.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > order Cetacea (whales) > suborder Mystacoceti > [noun] > genus Eschrichtius (grey whale)

grey whale1834

grey1849

hardhead1860

rip-sack1860

greyback1869

1869 Overland Monthly July 47/1 The Grayback swam off with their harpoon and several hundred feet of line.

1919 Aerial Age Weekly 19 Jan. 538/2 These are the first gray-back whales reported here in a school in nearly twenty years.

1984 Washington Post. 26 Aug. (Travel section) e1 My wife and I had scrambled round, to sit on the headland and watch gray-back whales rising and falling.

2011 S. G. Allen et al. Field Guide Marine Mammals Pacific Coast 172 Common names include Grayback Whale, Gray, Scrag, Mussel Digger, Hardhead, Ripsack, and Devil Fish.

e. English regional. More fully greyback crow. The hooded crow, Corvus corone cornix. Cf. grey crow n. at grey adj. and n. Compounds 1c(b). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > larger song birds > family Corvidae (crow) > [noun] > genus Corvus > corvus cornix (hooded crow)

hooded crow?a1513

Royston crow1611

pied crow1648

scarecrow1676

grey crow1715

hoodie1789

Harry Denchman18..

hoodie-crow1816

bunting crow1831

Norway crow1848

saddleback1864

greyback1884

Kentish crow1893

sparrow-duck1895

1884 Zoologist 8 374 The Grey-back Crows.

1893 A. Newton Dict. Birds Greyback, in England a common name of the Grey form of Crow, Corvus cornix.

1909 C. Dixon Bird-life London 205 Hooded Crow. Corvus Cornix. Local names in surrounding counties: ‘Grey Crow’, ‘Grey-back’, ‘Hoody’, ‘Dun Crow’ (Essex).

2006 M. Kirby Skelligs Sunset 197 Other enemies are stoats, grey-back crows and cats.

2. A member of a military or police force whose uniform includes, or consists of, a grey coat; spec. (U.S. colloquial) a soldier of the Confederate army in the American Civil War (1861–5). Cf. greycoat n. 1, grey n. 4d. Now archaic and historical.Recorded earliest in attributive use.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by nationality > [noun] > American > specific

Jersey blue1758

shirtman1775

Yorker1776

buckskin1783

Indian fighter1824

blue belly1827

greyback1854

Zouave1860

Zou-Zou1860

greycoat1861

grey1862

Johnny1862

Johnny Reb1862

blue1870

blue coat1885

dogface1932

1854 Bell's New Weekly Messenger 3 Dec. 2/3 I kill about thirty grey-back gentlemen every morning.

1862 Marshall (Mich.) Statesman 29 Jan. 2/4 Should a battle occur there, it is probable that the ‘gray-backs’ will have to reinforce them.

1870 T. W. Higginson Army Life vi. 152 Yonder loitering gray-back leading his horse to water.

1883 Daily Tel. 9 Feb. 5/4 The Confederate armies, during the great Civil War in America..were known..as ‘greybacks’.

1916 F. D. Bidwell Hist. 49th N.Y. Volunteers iii. 20 The men were then ordered to ‘Commence firing!’ and sent lots of graybacks to grass in short order.

2011 R. M. Coffman Going back Way they Came vi. 62 The graybacks could not halt the westward thrust of the Federals under Meade.

3. U.S. A monetary note issued by the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Cf. blueback n. 2, greenback n. 3. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > paper money > foreign banknotes > [noun] > U.S.

long green1837

wild cat1861

greenback1862

postage currency1862

postage-stamp currency1862

postal currency1862

blueback1863

fractional note1863

greyback1863

yellowback1863

goldback1865

Sherman1892

1863 Cedar Falls (Iowa) Gaz. 17 Apr. Soldiers appear to be more attached to graybacks than greenbacks as the former will be retained longest.

1897 Gen. H. Porter in Cent. Mag. Aug. 593 The depreciation in the purchasing power of graybacks, as we call the rebel treasury notes, is so rapid.

1918 Internat. Steam Engineer 34 402/2 After they loaded old fisemup's carriage with dust they went to town and had it exchanged for graybacks.

2011 K. Allerfeldt Crime & Rise Mod. Amer. v. 85 As the Grayback declined in value, the forgers turned to Washington's currency.

†4. Calico-printing. = backcloth n. 1. Cf. back-grey n. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > treating or processing textile fabric > [noun] > printing > calico printing > back-cloth

backcloth1874

greyback1875

back-grey1896

1875 Encycl. Brit. III. 814/2 The ‘gray-backs’ which have been used in calico-printing have always to be thus steeped.

1876 Encycl. Brit. IV. 685/2 Between the central bowl and the cloth to be printed there passes an endless band of cloth or blanket..and a ‘grey back’ or web of unbleached calico, used to keep the blanket clean.

Compounds

General attributive and appositive (in sense 2). Now archaic and historical.

ΚΠ

1854Greyback gentlemen [see sense 2].

1863 T. F. Galwey in B. I. Wiley Life Billy Yank (1952) 177 Go to hell, you Grayback S.O.B's.

1863 J. P. Thompson Sergeant's Memorial xvi. 118 I lent the captain my rubber coat in order to hide the heavy gilt braid on his grey-back coat.

1866 W. L. Goss Soldier's Story (1867) ii. 33 The irresistible Yankee spirit of trade and dicker perverted even the virtuous grayback guardians of the prison.

1912 H. Tyrrell Shenandoah xix. 309 The grayback divils have sprung up out of the ground.

1916 R. Graves Over Brazier 23 Seams, rather, of a Greyback Shirt, And we're the little lice Wriggling about in them a week or two.

1976 R. Wilkinson-Latham Sudan Campaigns 1881–98 7/1 Sweltering in his ‘grey-back’ shirt and scarlet frock,..British troops began an association with Egypt and the Sudan that was to endure until the Anglo-French expedition of 1956 was aborted by pressure from the United States.

2008 D. E. Shaffer Men of Granite xi. 271 The lines of the grayback troops soon appeared, and then wave after wave charged upon the fort.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	greyback
释义	greybackgraybackn. Brit. /ˈɡreɪbak/, U.S. /ˈɡreɪˌbæk/ Forms: see grey adj. and n. and back n.¹ Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: grey adj., back n.¹ Etymology: < grey adj. + back n.¹ Compare grey-backed adj.In sense 3 after greenback n. 3. 1. An animal having a greyish back. a. U.S. Any of several wading birds; esp. the (red) knot, Calidris canutus, in winter plumage. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Scolopacidae (snipes, etc.) > [noun] > genus Calidris > calidris canutus (knot) knot1452 gnat1616 marl1699 sea-snipe1767 greyback1813 red-breasted sandpiper1813 grey plover1885 1813 A. Wilson Amer. Ornithol. VII. 47 The common name of this species [sc. Calidris canutus] on our sea coast is the Grey-back. 1882 E. K. Godfrey Island Nantucket 157 In the fall of 1881 large numbers of the upland gray-back, otherwise known as the brown-bird, made their appearance here on the marshes. 1912 C. A. Reed Amer. Game Birds 32 In this dress they [sc. knot] are almost universally known as ‘Gray-backs’. 1984 Sanctuary (Mass. Audubon Soc.) Dec. 16/1 In the fall the birds were marketed as gray-backs. b. English regional and U.S. The (greater) scaup, Aythya marila. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > order Anseriformes (geese, etc.) > subfamily Merginae (duck) > [noun] > member of genus Aythya (miscellaneous) > aythya marila (scaup) smeath1622 smee1668 scaup-duck1676 bluebill1792 scaup1798 greyback1824 raft duck1824 mussel duck1864 1824 C. S. Girdlestone Let. 4 Nov. in Trans. Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Soc. (1879) 2 397 P.S. Scaup ducks are called Greybacks. 1888 G. Trumbull Names & Portraits Birds 55 Another title at Chicago is gray-back, and certain gunners about Detroit prefer black-neck to..‘blue-bill’. 1918 S. C. Arthur Birds Louisiana 24 American Scaup Duck... Big Blue-bill; Gray-back. 1986 N. Davis & K. Hart Coastal Carolina Cooking 100 (margin) Mitchell has stew-fried graybacks, sea robins, yellow sharks, mallards, and black ducks. c. U.S. regional. A louse. Also figurative. Now archaic and historical. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > subclass Pterygota > [noun] > division Exopterygota or Hemimetabola > group Anoplura > order Siphunculata > member of genus Pediculus (louse) lousec725 mysea1450 creeper1577 Welsh cricket1592 crawler1787 liceling1791 greyback1840 seam-squirrel1899 toto1918 1840 Crockett Almanac 1841 24 You'll find gray-backs enuff up in the kalibuse. 1864 Daily Tel. 17 Mar. 5/2 The darkies sat grinning and hunting in their rags for greybacks. 1918 Highway Mag. Jan. 11/1 Just take me..Away from the shack where the small grayback Skiddoos through my uncut hair. 1932 Jefferson (Iowa) Bee 8 Nov. 1/1 A bunch of the lousiest, blood-sucking, ‘graybacks’ that have ever afflicted a political party. 1999 S. C. Bartoletti No Man's Land 31 Lice—or graybacks, the men called them. d. U.S. More fully greyback whale. The grey whale, Eschrichtius robustus. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > order Cetacea (whales) > suborder Mystacoceti > [noun] > genus Eschrichtius (grey whale) grey whale1834 grey1849 hardhead1860 rip-sack1860 greyback1869 1869 Overland Monthly July 47/1 The Grayback swam off with their harpoon and several hundred feet of line. 1919 Aerial Age Weekly 19 Jan. 538/2 These are the first gray-back whales reported here in a school in nearly twenty years. 1984 Washington Post. 26 Aug. (Travel section) e1 My wife and I had scrambled round, to sit on the headland and watch gray-back whales rising and falling. 2011 S. G. Allen et al. Field Guide Marine Mammals Pacific Coast 172 Common names include Grayback Whale, Gray, Scrag, Mussel Digger, Hardhead, Ripsack, and Devil Fish. e. English regional. More fully greyback crow. The hooded crow, Corvus corone cornix. Cf. grey crow n. at grey adj. and n. Compounds 1c(b). Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > larger song birds > family Corvidae (crow) > [noun] > genus Corvus > corvus cornix (hooded crow) hooded crow?a1513 Royston crow1611 pied crow1648 scarecrow1676 grey crow1715 hoodie1789 Harry Denchman18.. hoodie-crow1816 bunting crow1831 Norway crow1848 saddleback1864 greyback1884 Kentish crow1893 sparrow-duck1895 1884 Zoologist 8 374 The Grey-back Crows. 1893 A. Newton Dict. Birds Greyback, in England a common name of the Grey form of Crow, Corvus cornix. 1909 C. Dixon Bird-life London 205 Hooded Crow. Corvus Cornix. Local names in surrounding counties: ‘Grey Crow’, ‘Grey-back’, ‘Hoody’, ‘Dun Crow’ (Essex). 2006 M. Kirby Skelligs Sunset 197 Other enemies are stoats, grey-back crows and cats. 2. A member of a military or police force whose uniform includes, or consists of, a grey coat; spec. (U.S. colloquial) a soldier of the Confederate army in the American Civil War (1861–5). Cf. greycoat n. 1, grey n. 4d. Now archaic and historical.Recorded earliest in attributive use. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by nationality > [noun] > American > specific Jersey blue1758 shirtman1775 Yorker1776 buckskin1783 Indian fighter1824 blue belly1827 greyback1854 Zouave1860 Zou-Zou1860 greycoat1861 grey1862 Johnny1862 Johnny Reb1862 blue1870 blue coat1885 dogface1932 1854 Bell's New Weekly Messenger 3 Dec. 2/3 I kill about thirty grey-back gentlemen every morning. 1862 Marshall (Mich.) Statesman 29 Jan. 2/4 Should a battle occur there, it is probable that the ‘gray-backs’ will have to reinforce them. 1870 T. W. Higginson Army Life vi. 152 Yonder loitering gray-back leading his horse to water. 1883 Daily Tel. 9 Feb. 5/4 The Confederate armies, during the great Civil War in America..were known..as ‘greybacks’. 1916 F. D. Bidwell Hist. 49th N.Y. Volunteers iii. 20 The men were then ordered to ‘Commence firing!’ and sent lots of graybacks to grass in short order. 2011 R. M. Coffman Going back Way they Came vi. 62 The graybacks could not halt the westward thrust of the Federals under Meade. 3. U.S. A monetary note issued by the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Cf. blueback n. 2, greenback n. 3. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > paper money > foreign banknotes > [noun] > U.S. long green1837 wild cat1861 greenback1862 postage currency1862 postage-stamp currency1862 postal currency1862 blueback1863 fractional note1863 greyback1863 yellowback1863 goldback1865 Sherman1892 1863 Cedar Falls (Iowa) Gaz. 17 Apr. Soldiers appear to be more attached to graybacks than greenbacks as the former will be retained longest. 1897 Gen. H. Porter in Cent. Mag. Aug. 593 The depreciation in the purchasing power of graybacks, as we call the rebel treasury notes, is so rapid. 1918 Internat. Steam Engineer 34 402/2 After they loaded old fisemup's carriage with dust they went to town and had it exchanged for graybacks. 2011 K. Allerfeldt Crime & Rise Mod. Amer. v. 85 As the Grayback declined in value, the forgers turned to Washington's currency. †4. Calico-printing. = backcloth n. 1. Cf. back-grey n. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > treating or processing textile fabric > [noun] > printing > calico printing > back-cloth backcloth1874 greyback1875 back-grey1896 1875 Encycl. Brit. III. 814/2 The ‘gray-backs’ which have been used in calico-printing have always to be thus steeped. 1876 Encycl. Brit. IV. 685/2 Between the central bowl and the cloth to be printed there passes an endless band of cloth or blanket..and a ‘grey back’ or web of unbleached calico, used to keep the blanket clean. Compounds General attributive and appositive (in sense 2). Now archaic and historical. ΚΠ 1854Greyback gentlemen [see sense 2]. 1863 T. F. Galwey in B. I. Wiley Life Billy Yank (1952) 177 Go to hell, you Grayback S.O.B's. 1863 J. P. Thompson Sergeant's Memorial xvi. 118 I lent the captain my rubber coat in order to hide the heavy gilt braid on his grey-back coat. 1866 W. L. Goss Soldier's Story (1867) ii. 33 The irresistible Yankee spirit of trade and dicker perverted even the virtuous grayback guardians of the prison. 1912 H. Tyrrell Shenandoah xix. 309 The grayback divils have sprung up out of the ground. 1916 R. Graves Over Brazier 23 Seams, rather, of a Greyback Shirt, And we're the little lice Wriggling about in them a week or two. 1976 R. Wilkinson-Latham Sudan Campaigns 1881–98 7/1 Sweltering in his ‘grey-back’ shirt and scarlet frock,..British troops began an association with Egypt and the Sudan that was to endure until the Anglo-French expedition of 1956 was aborted by pressure from the United States. 2008 D. E. Shaffer Men of Granite xi. 271 The lines of the grayback troops soon appeared, and then wave after wave charged upon the fort. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1813
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