Grand Duken.

Brit.

/ˌɡran(d) ˈdjuːk/,

/ˌɡran(d) ˈdʒuːk/, U.S.

/ˌɡræn(d) ˈd(j)uk/

Forms: also with lower-case initials.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: grand adj., duke n.

Etymology: < grand adj. + duke n., after Middle French, French grand duc (mid 16th cent. or earlier), itself after titles in other languages, especially Italian granduca (early 16th cent. or earlier), German Großherzog (16th cent.), and Russian velikij knjaz′ (main title of the sovereign ruler of Muscovy up to 1547, additional title of the ruler of Russia up to the early 18th cent., title of heirs and direct descendants of the ruler from the mid 17th cent.; compare also discussion at knez n. and prince n.). In sense 2 after French grand duc (1704 in this sense); compare earlier duke n. 5.

a. (The title of) a male ruler of any of various European territories, esp. in pre-unification Italy or Germany, whose monarch is or was considered to have royal or noble status one degree below that of a king or queen. Cf. duke n. 2a.The title seems to have been first assumed by the ruler of Tuscany in the 16th cent.Before Peter the Great, the sovereign of Russia was styled the ‘Grand Duke of Muscovy’ in European diplomacy (cf. discussion in etymology section).The only Grand Duke whose title is still officially recognized is the sovereign of the state of Luxembourg.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > duke or duchess > [noun] > duke > chief duke

Grand Duke1591

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > other independent rulers > [noun] > grand-duke

Great Duke1555

duke1614

Grand Duke1698

1591 Proclam. Elizabeth I 3 Feb. (single sheet) Subiects of the grand duke of Tuscane.

1611 J. Cartwright Preacher's Trav. 55 Abas the Persian king hath diuers times of late sent sundry Ambassadors to the grand Duke of Moscouia.

1698 Mem. E. Ludlow II. 507 A Fleet..was sent..to require satisfaction from the Grand Duke of Tuscany.

1740 T. Gray Let. 2 Apr. in Corr. (1971) I. 145 A house built by one of the Grand Dukes [sc. of Tuscany] for a hunting-seat.

1781 J. Moore View Society & Manners Italy I. i. 18 We were a gang of impostures, who had no connection with the Grand Duke.

1835 Penny Cycl. III. 260/1 The executive and judicial powers in Baden are vested in the grand duke.

1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 738/2 Princes regarded as the political chiefs of states are inferior to emperors and kings, and not necessarily superior to reigning grand-dukes or dukes.

1910 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 4 355 On the one hand we have an autocratic power, that of the Russian monarch, legally not limited; on the other, a constitutional or limited monarch, the grand duke.

1974 Daily Tel. 29 July 8/6 The Senators of Florence swearing allegiance to the Grand Duke Ferdinand II.

1999 Daily Tel. 30 Dec. 18/2 In Luxembourg, they heard Grand Duke Jean announce that, at 78, he was about to abdicate in favour of his son.

b. (The title of) any of the sons or grandsons of a Russian tsar (after the coronation of Ivan IV as tsar in 1547). Cf. duke n. 2c.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > title > title or form of address for persons of rank > [noun] > titles applied to royalty > for a prince > for foreign prince > for sons of Russian emperor

Grand Duke1833

1747 Scots Mag. Jan. 4/2 The great warlike preparations in Russia might be intended for making good the claim of the present Grand Duke, declared successor to the Russian crown.

1833 Penny Cycl. I. 309/2 On his death, his next brother, the Grand Duke Constantine, was proclaimed king at Warsaw.

1875 T. Martin Life Prince Consort I. 214 The Emperor [of Russia] had been in England before..when Grand-Duke.

1917 G. Lee Diary 16 Mar. in Home Fires Burning (2006) 210 The Tsar's brother the Grand Duke Michael, a reformer, has been made Regent for his young nephew, the Tsarewitch.

2002 O. Figes Natasha's Dance viii. iv. 556 The Grand Duke Alexander Mihkailovich, brother-in-law to the last Tsar.

2. The Eurasian eagle owl, Bubo bubo (also grand duke owl). Cf. duke n. 5. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Strigiformes or owl > [noun] > family Strigidae > bubo bubo

horn-owl1601

horn-coot1650

duke1656

eagle owl1678

stock owla1688

Grand Duke1796

1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature II. x. 309 The species of owl called the grand-duke floats through the midst of a tranquil sky.

1855 J. Ogilvie Suppl. Imperial Dict. Grand-duke, the great horned owl (Bubo maximus), a species but rarely met with in the British Islands.

1882 ‘Ouida’ In Maremma I. 125 A great grand-duke owl..flew heavily by her.

1908 Zoologist 12 301 The only Owl that is at all frequently offered for sale is the Grand Duke, or European Eagle-Owl, Bubo maximus.

1999 Journey through France (Automobile Assoc.) 98/3 There are also more than 125 species of birds, the most impressive being the golden eagle.., the grand duke owl [etc.].

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	grand duke
释义	Grand Duken. Brit. /ˌɡran(d) ˈdjuːk/, /ˌɡran(d) ˈdʒuːk/, U.S. /ˌɡræn(d) ˈd(j)uk/ Forms: also with lower-case initials. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: grand adj., duke n. Etymology: < grand adj. + duke n., after Middle French, French grand duc (mid 16th cent. or earlier), itself after titles in other languages, especially Italian granduca (early 16th cent. or earlier), German Großherzog (16th cent.), and Russian velikij knjaz′ (main title of the sovereign ruler of Muscovy up to 1547, additional title of the ruler of Russia up to the early 18th cent., title of heirs and direct descendants of the ruler from the mid 17th cent.; compare also discussion at knez n. and prince n.). In sense 2 after French grand duc (1704 in this sense); compare earlier duke n. 5. 1. a. (The title of) a male ruler of any of various European territories, esp. in pre-unification Italy or Germany, whose monarch is or was considered to have royal or noble status one degree below that of a king or queen. Cf. duke n. 2a.The title seems to have been first assumed by the ruler of Tuscany in the 16th cent.Before Peter the Great, the sovereign of Russia was styled the ‘Grand Duke of Muscovy’ in European diplomacy (cf. discussion in etymology section).The only Grand Duke whose title is still officially recognized is the sovereign of the state of Luxembourg. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > duke or duchess > [noun] > duke > chief duke Grand Duke1591 society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > other independent rulers > [noun] > grand-duke Great Duke1555 duke1614 Grand Duke1698 1591 Proclam. Elizabeth I 3 Feb. (single sheet) Subiects of the grand duke of Tuscane. 1611 J. Cartwright Preacher's Trav. 55 Abas the Persian king hath diuers times of late sent sundry Ambassadors to the grand Duke of Moscouia. 1698 Mem. E. Ludlow II. 507 A Fleet..was sent..to require satisfaction from the Grand Duke of Tuscany. 1740 T. Gray Let. 2 Apr. in Corr. (1971) I. 145 A house built by one of the Grand Dukes [sc. of Tuscany] for a hunting-seat. 1781 J. Moore View Society & Manners Italy I. i. 18 We were a gang of impostures, who had no connection with the Grand Duke. 1835 Penny Cycl. III. 260/1 The executive and judicial powers in Baden are vested in the grand duke. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 738/2 Princes regarded as the political chiefs of states are inferior to emperors and kings, and not necessarily superior to reigning grand-dukes or dukes. 1910 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 4 355 On the one hand we have an autocratic power, that of the Russian monarch, legally not limited; on the other, a constitutional or limited monarch, the grand duke. 1974 Daily Tel. 29 July 8/6 The Senators of Florence swearing allegiance to the Grand Duke Ferdinand II. 1999 Daily Tel. 30 Dec. 18/2 In Luxembourg, they heard Grand Duke Jean announce that, at 78, he was about to abdicate in favour of his son. b. (The title of) any of the sons or grandsons of a Russian tsar (after the coronation of Ivan IV as tsar in 1547). Cf. duke n. 2c. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > nobility > title > title or form of address for persons of rank > [noun] > titles applied to royalty > for a prince > for foreign prince > for sons of Russian emperor Grand Duke1833 1747 Scots Mag. Jan. 4/2 The great warlike preparations in Russia might be intended for making good the claim of the present Grand Duke, declared successor to the Russian crown. 1833 Penny Cycl. I. 309/2 On his death, his next brother, the Grand Duke Constantine, was proclaimed king at Warsaw. 1875 T. Martin Life Prince Consort I. 214 The Emperor [of Russia] had been in England before..when Grand-Duke. 1917 G. Lee Diary 16 Mar. in Home Fires Burning (2006) 210 The Tsar's brother the Grand Duke Michael, a reformer, has been made Regent for his young nephew, the Tsarewitch. 2002 O. Figes Natasha's Dance viii. iv. 556 The Grand Duke Alexander Mihkailovich, brother-in-law to the last Tsar. 2. The Eurasian eagle owl, Bubo bubo (also grand duke owl). Cf. duke n. 5. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Strigiformes or owl > [noun] > family Strigidae > bubo bubo horn-owl1601 horn-coot1650 duke1656 eagle owl1678 stock owla1688 Grand Duke1796 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature II. x. 309 The species of owl called the grand-duke floats through the midst of a tranquil sky. 1855 J. Ogilvie Suppl. Imperial Dict. Grand-duke, the great horned owl (Bubo maximus), a species but rarely met with in the British Islands. 1882 ‘Ouida’ In Maremma I. 125 A great grand-duke owl..flew heavily by her. 1908 Zoologist 12 301 The only Owl that is at all frequently offered for sale is the Grand Duke, or European Eagle-Owl, Bubo maximus. 1999 Journey through France (Automobile Assoc.) 98/3 There are also more than 125 species of birds, the most impressive being the golden eagle.., the grand duke owl [etc.]. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1591
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