graten.¹

Brit.

/ɡreɪt/, U.S.

/ɡreɪt/

Forms: Also 1500s gratte.

Etymology: apparently < medieval Latin grata (? used in monastic Latin for a lattice), < Italian grata grate, gridiron, hurdle, alteration of grate < Latin crātem, crātis hurdle. (Godefroy has one example of Old French grate with the sense ‘hurdle’, which may be from monastic Latin.)

1. A framework of bars or laths, parallel to or crossing each other, fixed in a door, window, or other opening, to permit communication while preventing ingress. Now somewhat rare; cf. grating n.²

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > [noun] > grille or grating

latticea1382

gratec1440

trellisc1500

locutorya1535

cataract1656

grille1686

reja1777

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > small opening for communication

wicket1296

locutorya1535

grate1590

grille1686

guichet1839

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 207/2 Grate, or trelys wy(n)dowe..cancellus.

1523 [see sense 8].

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 227/1 Grate of a windowe, trelis de fer.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Kings i. 2 Ochosias fell thorow y^e grate in his chamber at Samaria.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. viii. sig. H3 But in the same [doore] a little grate was pight, Through which he sent his voyce.

1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge ii. iii. sig. D4^v (stage direct.) Antonio kisseth Mellida's hand: then Mellida goes from the grate.

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 190 At present there is no more but a Window with a Grate.

1697 W. Congreve Mourning Bride i. i. 2 While his Gaoler slept, I thro' the Grate Have softly whisper'd, and enquir'd his Health.

1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 1 Oct. (1965) I. 277 The young Count of Salmes came to the Grate..and the Abbesse gave him her Hand to kisse.

a1777 S. Foote Trip to Calais (1778) ii. 47 The father and mother of that amiable child are now at the grate.

1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel i. Introd. 5 The embattled portal-arch he passed, Whose ponderous grate, and massy bar, Had oft rolled back the tide of war.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. i. v. 45 The grate which led to our quarter opened anew.

2. A similar framework (or, sometimes, a perforated plate) for other purposes, esp. for closing an orifice without intercepting the passage of fluids; rarely, †a gridiron.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > fact or condition of being transverse > intersection > [noun] > grating or lattice

latticea1382

trellisa1400

grate1412

trail1485

tresance1510

cradle1561

craticle1657

grillade1727

grating1739

treillage1836

grid1839

gridiron1854

1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy ii. xi Voydyng fylthes lowe into the grounde Thorough grates made of yron perced round.

1718 R. Steele Fish-pool 168 Great advantage is effected by large grates at the head and stern..of the vessel.

1750 [see grate-iron n. at Compounds 2].

1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. at Grill To broil on a grate or gridiron.

1825 T. Cosnett Footman's Direct. 62 If the spout of the tea-pot gets furred up, have a small piece of wire or wood to push up and down it, but be careful not to break the grate of it in so doing.

†3. The railing round a monument, building, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [noun] > that which encloses > an enclosing barrier > enclosing fence or paling

hurdisa1352

gratea1400

palis?a1400

palisade1588

palisado1589

ring hedge1607

impalement1611

ring fence1614

palisadoing1661

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a fence > railing > types of

gratea1400

handrail1793

side rail1852

a1400 Stacyons of Rome 603 in Pol. Rel. & L. Poems 136 A-bowte that stoone a grate there is of Irne.

1519 in J. L. Glasscock Rec. St. Michael's, Bishop's Stortford (1882) 36 Item pd to Rase Thomas for dygyng of the holis for the grate iiijd.

1519 in J. L. Glasscock Rec. St. Michael's, Bishop's Stortford (1882) 36 Item to Jardefeld for tymber for the chirche grate..Item to Hothe the Carponter for makyng of the tymber werke at the south gate and grate of the chirche yerd.

a1645 Habington in Proc. Worc. Hist. Soc. ii. 223 The grate of iron inclosinge the tombe.

1872 O. Shipley Gloss. Eccl. Terms Grate, an ornamental iron screen around a monument.

4. A frame of metal bars for holding the fuel in a fireplace or furnace. Hence, the fireplace itself.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > that which or one who heats > [noun] > a device for heating or warming > devices for heating buildings, rooms, etc. > hearth or fireplace > grate

grate1605

fire grate1620

purgatory1707

stove-grate1730

stovea1756

ash-grate1833

basket-grate1889

well-fire1895

well grate1898

hob-grate1915

combination grate1940

1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke iii. 191 A grate shall be layed, wherein the coales of fire must lie.

1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum 614 The wood was laid in order vpon that grate, and so burned, which grate was all of brasse.

1611 Bible (King James) Exod. xxvii. 4.

1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 308. ⁋2 An old-fashioned Grate consumes Coals, but gives no Heat.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1779 II. 301 Why, Sir, do people play this trick which I observe now, when I look at your grate, putting the shovel against it to make the fire burn?

1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange Man. Course Chem. I. 97 You must make it pass through the grate of the furnace.

1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) vi. 57 Throw those shoes under the grate.

1875 J. Smith Temperance Reform. iii. 96 The cold and cheerless grate.

†5. transferred.

a. (See quot.) Cf. grating n.² 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > equipment for painting or drawing > [noun] > instrument composed of crossing lines

grate1598

1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge v. xxiv. 217 The third part is wrought with a Grate [margin. Which is an instrument made with crossing of lines], or insteede thereof with a glasse set betweene the eie of the Painter, and the thing seene.

b. Applied to the chequers on the doorpost of a tavern. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > drinking place > [noun] > tavern or public house > tavern sign

lion?a1366

ale stake1396

ivy14..

sunc1400

tokenc1440

eagle1449

chequerc1460

wisp?1507

Saracen's head1510

ale-pole1523

bush1532

wine garland1533

ivy-garland1553

tavern-bush1553

lattice1575

ivy-bush1576

alebush1599

red lattice1604

elephanta1616

sagittarya1616

grate1622

wine-bush1638

popinjay1687

1622 T. Dekker & P. Massinger Virgin Martir iii. sig. G3^v I see then a Tauerne and a Bawdy-house haue faces much alike, the one has red grates next dore, the tother has peeping holes within doores.

6. Mining. A screen used when stamping ores.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for treating ores > [noun] > for separating or sorting ore by size or weight

grate1778

percussion table1839

classificator1856

classifier1856

grating1869

1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis Gloss. 322 Grate, an iron plate punched full of small holes; which belongs to the stamping mill, and sizes the stampt Ore.

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 749 The grate..is a grid composed of square bars of iron..placed horizontally, and parallelly to each other, an inch apart.

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) II. 736 Grate,..a metal plate pierced with small holes; it is fixed in front of the stamps in which ore is pounded, and through the holes the finely divided matter makes its escape.

1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 143 Grate..See Screen (as applied to stamps).

†7. A barred place of confinement for animals, also, a prison or cage for human beings. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal enclosure or house general > [noun] > animal house > cage or hutch

cage?c1225

grate1552

hutch1607

weighing-cage1819

perchery1985

1552 in J. L. Glasscock Rec. St. Michael's, Bishop's Stortford (1882) 93 Of the Mayor and burges for the gaol called the grate p^r a^m xijd.

1602 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor ii. ii. 10 Else you might a looked thorow a grate like a geminy of babones.

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 220 Shut vp in an iron cage made like a grate, in such sort, as that he might on euerie side be seen.

1610 J. Healey tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xii. xxvi. 467 These gods..are but the forgers of our prisons..our iaylors, locking vs in those dolorous grates, and wretched fetters.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage iv. v. 365 Lions and Leopards in grates were carried before him.

1652 E. Benlowes Theophila xiii. lxxxiii. 247 The folded Flocks are pent In hurdled Grates.

1759 S. Johnson Prince of Abissinia I. v. 30 He was now impatient as an eagle in a grate.

1777 J. Howard State of Prisons (1780) 287 Every debtor that lies in the common grate.

†8. One of the spaces between the bars of a grating. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > opening between bars of a grating

grate1523

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xxxix. 53 He Caused to be made without the towne, a barrers ouerthwart the strete lyke a grate, nat past half a fote wyde euery grate.

a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Richard II ccl, in Poems (1878) III. 199 As were his Cage too straite; Like wilder Birds, soe pent, prolls, till he find A hole, by Chance, or any wider Grate.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

grate-bar n.

ΚΠ

1832 Edinb. Rev. 56 124 The grate-bars which support the fuel.

grate-work n.

ΚΠ

1736 R. Ainsworth Thes. Linguæ Latinæ Transenna,..any grate-work, a lattice before a window.

grate-fashion adv.

ΚΠ

1659 G. Torriano Florio's Vocabolario Italiano & Inglese Bastoncello,..a certain paste bak't in moulds, and grate-fashion contrived.

grate-wise adv.

ΚΠ

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage ix. v. 844 A grediron..with billets laid thereon, and other stickes on them grate-wise.

C2.

grate-area n. = grate-surface n.

ΚΠ

1888 Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. (at cited word) Grate Area.

1896 Daily News 20 Apr. 5/2 In a Yarrow boiler..the total grate area is forty and a quarter square feet.

grate-fire n. a fire in an open grate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [noun] > a kind of fire > in a grate

grate-fire1907

basket-fire1932

1907 Daily Chron. 30 Nov. 4/4 When other reformers insist on our abolishing grate fires altogether.

1909 E. Banks Myst. Frances Farrington 87 Your utterly useless, but expensive, grate-fire.

† grate-iron n. Obsolete (a) = gridiron n.; (b) see quot. 1750.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking vessel or pot > [noun] > gridiron

roasting-ironc1350

roast-iron1354

brandiron1381

gridiron1382

broiler1393

griddlea1425

branderc1450

grate-iron1577

chaplet1664

grill1685

grid1875

parrilla1964

parrillada1975

robata1975

charbroiler1982

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > clearing of refuse matter > [noun] > clearing drain or sewer > device for

grate-iron1750

plunger1885

force cup1907

1577 H. I. tr. H. Bullinger 50 Godlie Serm. II. iii. iii. sig. Ee.ij/2 In his time was S. Laurence..broyled vpon a grateyron.

1750 T. R. Blanckley Naval Expositor Grate-irons are to loosen the Mud and Sullage of the Docks, which lodge in the Grates of the Drains.

grate-room n. in some furnaces, a chamber with a grate beneath it.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > parts of furnace > [noun] > grate > chamber

grate-room1883

1883 Chance in Powell Princ. Glass-making 111 These grate-rooms are sunk several feet below the level of the bed of the furnace.

grate-shavings n. shavings of wood or curled strips of paper for filling fireplaces in summer.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > floor-covering > [noun] > shavings or curled strips for filling fireplaces

grate-shavings1899

1899 Longman's Mag. Aug. 331 Statia gazed at the fireplace, decorated with what are known as grate-shavings and silver paper.

grate-surface n. the area in square feet covered by the fire-bars of a furnace or boiler.

ΚΠ

1854 E. Ronalds & T. Richardson Knapp's Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 255 The usual dimensions..are 1 square foot of grate surface for a consumption of 20 lbs. of coal per hour.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

† graten.²

Etymology: < grate v.¹

Obsolete.

= grater n.¹

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > other specific types of equipment > [noun] > scraper

scrapple1354

grate14..

scraper1552

grater1580

slick1883

duck-bill1911

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > grater

myour1316

grater1390

grate14..

bread grate1452

ginger grate1530

nutmeg-grater1623

bread grater1624

cheese grater1848

14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 596/8 Micatorium, a grate.

14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 609/44 Scalprum, a grate, or a shaue.

1472 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 246 Item j grate pro zinzebr'.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 227/1 Grate for bredde, gragevr a payn.

1609 W. M. Man in Moone sig. C4^v When you lie like a nutmegge in a grate.

1674 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Words 121 An iron-plate perforated with small holes like a grate.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

† graten.³

Etymology: < Flemish graet = Dutch graat, German grat.

Obsolete. rare.

The backbone of a fish.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > parts of fish > [noun] > bones (various types of)

grate1481

pharyngeal1791

suboperculum1818

supratemporal1834

shackle-joint1837

mastoid1840

wrist1840

mastoid bone1841

subopercular1841

mesotympanic1846

suprascapula1846

hypobranchials1848

hypotympanic1848

urohyal1848

radius1854

epicentral1866

pterotic1866

mesocoracoid1868

supraclavicle1868

precoracoid1869

symplectic1870

hypural1871

mesopterygoid1871

post-temporal1871

postclavicle1872

brachial1873

urostyle1875

hypercoracoid1876

admaxillary1885

intercalarium1887

palatopterygoquadrate1888

subtectal1888

Weberian apparatus1889

Weberian ossicles1889

radial1890

supracleithrum1903

1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 9 Ye ete the good plays allone, and gaf hym nomore than the grate or bones.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

† graten.⁴

Etymology: < grate v.¹

Obsolete. rare.

Collision (of weapons). Cf. grate v.¹ 6.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > armed encounter > [noun]

fightc893

coursec1325

stourc1325

acounterc1330

meetingc1330

setc1330

showera1375

brusha1400

semblya1400

hosting1422

poynyec1425

conflictc1440

militancea1460

grate1460

rencounter1471

chaplea1500

flitea1513

concourse?1520

concursion1533

rescounter1543

spurnc1560

rencontrea1572

discourse1573

action1579

combat1582

opposition1598

do1915

1460 Lybeaus Disc. (Kaluza) 1675 He smitte his schaft in grate.

1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure xxxiv. xx Ye shall not nede to feare The stroke of swerde or yet the grate of spere.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

† grateadj.

Forms: Also 1500s gret.

Etymology: < Latin grātus with the same meanings; according to Brugmann = Sanskrit gūrtá welcome < Old Aryan gr̥̄to-, from the same root as Greek γέρας reward. Compare French grate (Cotgrave).

Obsolete.

1. Pleasing, agreeable, acceptable.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pleasure > quality of being pleasant or pleasurable > [adjective]

winsomea900

sweetc900

likingeOE

i-quemec950

lieflyOE

winlyOE

hereOE

thankfulc1000

merryOE

queemc1175

beina1200

willea1200

leesomec1200

savouryc1225

estea1250

i-wilc1275

winc1275

welcomea1300

doucea1350

well-pleasingc1350

acceptablea1382

pleasablea1382

pleasanta1382

pleaseda1382

acceptedc1384

amiablec1384

well-likinga1387

queemfulc1390

flattering1393

pleasinga1398

well-queeminga1400

comelyc1400

farrandc1400

greable1401

goodlyc1405

amicable?a1425

placablec1429

amene1433

winful1438

listyc1440

dulcet1445

agreeablec1450

favourousc1485

sweetly?a1500

pleasureful?c1502

dulcea1513

grate1523

prettya1529

plausible1541

jolly1549

dulcoratec1550

toothsome1551

pleasurable1557

tickling1558

suavec1560

amenous1567

odoriferous?1575

perfumed1580

glada1586

tickle1593

pleasurous1595

favoursome1601

dulcean1606

gratifying1611

Hyblaean1614

gratulatea1616

arrident1616

solacefula1618

pleasantable1619

placid1628

contentsome1632

sapid1640

canny1643

gustful1647

peramene1657

pergrateful1657

tastefula1659

complacent1660

placentiousa1661

gratifactorya1665

bland1667

suavious1669

palatable1683

placent1683

complaisant1710

nice1747

tasty1796

sweetsome1799

titbit1820

connate1836

cunning1843

mooi1850

gemütlich1852

sympathique1859

congenial1878

sympathetic1900

sipid1908

onkus1910

sympathisch1911

1523 Queen Margaret in State Papers Henry VIII (1836) IV. 56 For it vold be ryght gret to me, gyf I myght do it.

1542 T. Becon Pleasaunt Newe Nosegaye sig. C.j ^v Nothynge can be gyuen to vs more grate, acceptable & pleasaunt, than this your gyfte nowe promised.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 130 Quhen the name of king was maist grate and thankful to thame al.

1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 311 Coho or Coffee..however ingrate or insapory it seems at first, it becomes grate and delicious enough by custom.

2. Thankful, grateful.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adjective]

thankful971

kinda1475

grateful1552

grate1565

responsorya1643

resentive1648

appreciate1823

1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Gratus..That remembreth or recompenseth a good turne: grate: thankeful.

1567 R. Mulcaster tr. J. Fortescue Learned Commendation Lawes Eng. f. 108^v He that is once made free, be he grate or ingrate, is aiudged to enioy his freedome still.

1573 J. Davidson Breif Commendatioun Vprichtnes xl. Ded. 277 As..I wald let my gude will and grate mynd..appeir towardis ȝow.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 190 He labouris how to find the way to mak sum significatione of his grate mynd, for the benefites..quhilkes afortymes frome the King of Scottis he had receiuet.

Derivatives

† ˈgrately adv. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adverb]

to thankOE

thankfullyc1000

in (on) thankc1400

grately1533

gratefully1548

thankly1605

1533 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VII. 410 His Majestie toke all the same very grately and acceptablie.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

gratev.¹

Brit.

/ɡreɪt/, U.S.

/ɡreɪt/

Etymology: < Old French grater (modern French gratter) = Provençal gratar, Spanish gratar, Italian grattare; Common Romance < Germanic *krattôjan (Old High German chrazzôn, modern German kratzen to scratch, Swedish kratta, Danish kratte to rake).

†1.

a. transitive. To scrape, file, abrade; to rub harshly, scarify, excoriate. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > rubbing or friction > rub [verb (transitive)] > scrape

shavec725

shrapec1000

claw1377

screeve?1440

scartc1480

gratec1530

rape1533

ruffle1615

corrade1646

comb1654

rasp1707

scrape1731

skin1795

scuff1897

14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 610/2 Scarifacio, to grate.

c1530 A. Barclay Egloges iii. sig. N ^v All the nyght longe shall he his sydys grate.

1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares 76 a Some of them haue grated and sawed theyr smooth tender skinnes, with hayre shirts.

1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 33 b/2 We muste then grate the bone with a peculiare Raspatorye.

1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Gratuggiare, to shaue as curriers leather, to grate.

1649 Bp. J. Hall Resol. & Decisions ii. iv. 140 Why may he not unrivet, or grate an iron wherewith he is fettered?

1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 343 The edges of the Cross grating his late whip-furrowed back.

1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 333 'Tis sharp and grates the throat of those that are not used to it.

b. with complement: To wear away, down, to nothing, etc. by abrasion. Chiefly figurative. archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > cause bad condition in [verb (transitive)] > cause to waste away > wear away or down > (as) by rubbing

grate1555

fray1710

fridge1761

rub1791

file1837

scuff1909

1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. vi. G j b They gather a kynde of great shelle fysshe, whose shelles they grate open with stones.

1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida iii. sig. E4 Thou wouldst euen grate away thy soule to dust.

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iii. ii. 184 When..mighty states character-les are grated, To dusty nothing.

1859 Ld. Tennyson Vivien in Idylls of King 126 Who..Read but one book, and ever reading grew So grated down and filed away with thought.

a. In culinary and pharmaceutical use: To reduce to small particles by rasping or rubbing against a rough or indented surface; to pulverize by means of a grater. Often with prep.: To grate and allow the powder to fall in, into, over something. to grate off: to grind down.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > grinding or pounding > grind or pound [verb (transitive)]

grindc1000

i-ponec1000

britOE

poundOE

stampc1200

to-pounec1290

bruisea1382

minisha1382

bray1382

to-grind1393

beatc1420

gratec1430

mull1440

pestle1483

hatter1508

pounce1519

contuse1552

pounder1570

undergrind1605

dispulverate1609

peal1611

comminute1626

atom1648

comminuate1666

porphyrize1747

stub1765

kibble1790

smush1825

crack1833

pun1888

micronize1968

c1430 Two Cookery-bks. i. 6 Þanne grate fayre brede and cast þer-to.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 207/2 Grate gynger..frictico.

a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 40 Take rawe chese anone And grate hit in disshes mony on.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 574/1 I grate breed or spyce.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. xlvii. 384 Like vertue hath the roote if it be scrapte or grated very small.

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §458 Artichoakes will bee lesse prickly, and more tender, if the Seeds haue their Tops dulled or grated off vpon a Stone.

1639 J. Woodall Treat. Plague in Surgeons Mate (rev. ed.) 355 Take Bayberries..dry them..then powder then, or for a need grate them.

1733 Philos. Trans. 1731–2 (Royal Soc.) 37 432 His Tongue [was] dry enough to grate a Nutmeg.

1769 E. Raffald Experienced Eng. House-keeper xiv. 287 Grate the Crumbs of a Penny Loaf very fine.

1853 A. Soyer Pantropheon 92 The Indians grate this root [ginger] in their broth or ragoût.

1871 G. H. Napheys Prevention & Cure Dis. ii. i. 405 A little nutmeg grated over the surface.

†b. figurative. To examine rigorously. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > interrogation > question, interrogate [verb (transitive)] > question intensively

apposec1315

opposec1380

demand1526

grate?1538

pump1611

sweat1764

probe1804

draw1854

grill1894

third-degree1928

to put through the wringer1942

?1538 H. Latimer Let. 18 Oct. in Serm. & Remains (1845) (modernized text) II. 405 After such sort, much grating of him, and yet finding no other thing in him, we thought best to dispatch him.

a. figurative. To affect painfully, as if by abrasion; to fret, harass, irritate. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > be annoyed or vexed by [verb (transitive)] > annoy or vex

gremec893

dretchc900

awhenec1000

teenOE

fretc1290

annoyc1300

atrayc1320

encumberc1330

diseasec1340

grindc1350

distemperc1386

offenda1387

arra1400

avexa1400

derea1400

miscomforta1400

angerc1400

engrievec1400

vex1418

molesta1425

entrouble?1435

destroublea1450

poina1450

rubc1450

to wring (a person) on the mailsc1450

disprofit1483

agrea1492

trouble1515

grig1553

mis-set?1553

nip?1553

grate1555

gripe1559

spitec1563

fike?1572

gall1573

corsie1574

corrosive1581

touch1581

disaccommodate1586

macerate1588

perplex1590

thorn1592

exulcerate1593

plague1595

incommode1598

affret1600

brier1601

to gall or tread on (one's) kibes1603

discommodate1606

incommodate1611

to grate on or upon1631

disincommodate1635

shog1636

ulcerate1647

incommodiate1650

to put (a person) out of his (her, etc.) way1653

discommodiate1654

discommode1657

ruffle1659

regrate1661

disoblige1668

torment1718

pesta1729

chagrin1734

pingle1740

bothera1745

potter1747

wherrit1762

to tweak the nose of1784

to play up1803

tout1808

rasp1810

outrage1818

worrit1818

werrit1825

buggerlug1850

taigle1865

get1867

to give a person the pip1881

to get across ——1888

nark1888

eat1893

to twist the tail1895

dudgeon1906

to tweak the tail of1909

sore1929

to put up1930

wouldn't it rip you!1941

sheg1943

to dick around1944

cheese1946

to pee off1946

to honk off1970

to fuck off1973

to tweak (a person's or thing's) tail1977

to tweak (a person's or thing's) nose1983

to wind up1984

to dick about1996

to-teen-

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. ii. f. 96^v It grated the bowels of suche as harde hym.

1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in Complaints 1334 Grinding his teeth, and grating his great heart.

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. i. 3 Grating so harshly all his dayes of quiet With turbulent and dangerous lunacie?

1613 F. Robartes Revenue of Gospel 136 What they doe now is to grate and oppresse the poore minister.

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iii. 19 Others..could not endure to be so..frequently grated with the shame of the sin they had committed.

1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng (1725) 110 Untruths..wherewith at present he grateth your Ears.

1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VII. xxx. 126 The matter begins to grate me most confoundedly.

1755 W. Blackstone Lawyer's Farew. to Muse in R. Dodsley Coll. Poems IV. 230 With sounds uncouth and accents dry, That grate the soul of harmony.

1825 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xxiii, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 751 This outrageous merriment grates my spirits.

1892 H. H. Furness in W. Shakespeare Tempest (New Variorum ed.) 21 Such a mere bare iteration grates me as somewhat un-Shakespearian.

†b. intransitive for reflexive. To be affected unpleasantly, fret. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > displeasure > discontent or dissatisfaction > be discontented [verb (intransitive)]

ruea1400

grate1555

alamort?1705

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. ii. f. 7 He shall feele his bowelles grate with a certen horroure.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A5^v That when he heard, in great perplexitie His gall did grate for griefe and high disdaine.

4. intransitive. to grate on or upon:

†a. To oppress or harass with exactions or importunities; to make burdensome demands upon. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > harass [verb (transitive)]

tawc893

ermec897

swencheOE

besetOE

bestandc1000

teenOE

baitc1175

grieve?c1225

war?c1225

noyc1300

pursuec1300

travailc1300

to work (also do) annoyc1300

tribula1325

worka1325

to hold wakenc1330

chase1340

twistc1374

wrap1380

cumbera1400

harrya1400

vexc1410

encumber1413

inquiet1413

molest?a1425

course1466

persecutec1475

trouble1489

sturt1513

hare1523

hag1525

hale1530

exercise1531

to grate on or upon1532

to hold or keep waking1533

infest1533

scourge1540

molestate1543

pinch1548

trounce1551

to shake upa1556

tire1558

moila1560

pester1566

importune1578

hunt1583

moider1587

bebait1589

commacerate1596

bepester1600

ferret1600

harsell1603

hurry1611

gall1614

betoil1622

weary1633

tribulatea1637

harass1656

dun1659

overharry1665

worry1671

haul1678

to plague the life out of1746

badger1782

hatchel1800

worry1811

bedevil1823

devil1823

victimize1830

frab1848

mither1848

to pester the life out of1848

haik1855

beplague1870

chevy1872

obsede1876

to get on ——1880

to load up with1880

tail-twist1898

hassle1901

heckle1920

snooter1923

hassle1945

to breathe down (the back of) (someone's) neck1946

to bust (a person's) chops1953

noodge1960

monster1967

the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict > oppress or afflict

heavyc897

narroweOE

overlayOE

overseamOE

twingea1300

to weigh downa1340

grieve1340

besit1377

oppressc1384

foila1400

thringa1400

empressc1400

enpressc1400

aska1425

press?a1425

peisea1450

straita1464

constraina1500

overhale1531

to grate on or upon1532

wrack1562

surcharge1592

to lie heavy uponc1595

to weigh back, on one side, to the earth1595

to sit on ——1607

to sit upon ——1607

gall1614

bear1645

weight1647

obsess1648

aggrieve1670

swinge1681

lean1736

gravitate1754

weigh1794

1532 in State Papers Henry VIII (1834) II. 159 His Graces Counsaile here..verelie hath so sore gratid uppon my litle substaunce that I had, that [etc.].

1544 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) IX. 578 His Highnes thought Him a Prince of so grete and noble a courage, that He wold not grate any further upon Him, until [etc.].

1602 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor ii. ii. 7 I haue grated vpon my good friends for 3. repriues, for you.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. viii. 502/1 His Prelates greedily grating on him to empouerish his meanes.

a1625 J. Fletcher Monsieur Thomas (1639) i. ii. sig. C2 I know your nature's sweet enough, and tender, Not grated on, nor curb'd.

1633 Bp. J. Hall Plaine Explic. Hard Texts ii. 75 Doe not grate on the subject, in exacting more tribute..than the law hath appointed for you.

a1656 J. Hales Golden Remains (1673) i. 205 God..permitted not the Jews to grate too much upon the bordering Nations.

?1706 E. Hickeringill Priest-craft: 2nd Pt. iii. 33 The Law..prohibiting Marriages..contributes accidently..to fill the Register's Purses,..and grates hard upon the People, especially the Poor.

b. To have an irritating effect on or upon.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > be annoyed or vexed by [verb (transitive)] > annoy or vex

gremec893

dretchc900

awhenec1000

teenOE

fretc1290

annoyc1300

atrayc1320

encumberc1330

diseasec1340

grindc1350

distemperc1386

offenda1387

arra1400

avexa1400

derea1400

miscomforta1400

angerc1400

engrievec1400

vex1418

molesta1425

entrouble?1435

destroublea1450

poina1450

rubc1450

to wring (a person) on the mailsc1450

disprofit1483

agrea1492

trouble1515

grig1553

mis-set?1553

nip?1553

grate1555

gripe1559

spitec1563

fike?1572

gall1573

corsie1574

corrosive1581

touch1581

disaccommodate1586

macerate1588

perplex1590

thorn1592

exulcerate1593

plague1595

incommode1598

affret1600

brier1601

to gall or tread on (one's) kibes1603

discommodate1606

incommodate1611

to grate on or upon1631

disincommodate1635

shog1636

ulcerate1647

incommodiate1650

to put (a person) out of his (her, etc.) way1653

discommodiate1654

discommode1657

ruffle1659

regrate1661

disoblige1668

torment1718

pesta1729

chagrin1734

pingle1740

bothera1745

potter1747

wherrit1762

to tweak the nose of1784

to play up1803

tout1808

rasp1810

outrage1818

worrit1818

werrit1825

buggerlug1850

taigle1865

get1867

to give a person the pip1881

to get across ——1888

nark1888

eat1893

to twist the tail1895

dudgeon1906

to tweak the tail of1909

sore1929

to put up1930

wouldn't it rip you!1941

sheg1943

to dick around1944

cheese1946

to pee off1946

to honk off1970

to fuck off1973

to tweak (a person's or thing's) tail1977

to tweak (a person's or thing's) nose1983

to wind up1984

to dick about1996

to-teen-

1631 R. Bolton Instr. Right Comf. Affl. Consciences 20 Of all other passions of the Soule, sadnesse, and griefe grates most upon the vitall spirits.

1677 tr. A.-N. Amelot de La Houssaie Hist. Govt. Venice 48 These sort of reflections..grate upon their Equality.

1744 J. Swift 3 Serm. i. 10 Although this Doctrine of subjecting ourselves to one another may seem to grate upon the Pride and Vanity of Mankind,..yet[etc.].

1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. viii. 547 All mention, therefore, of calling parliament grated on his ear.

1847 B. Disraeli Tancred I. ii. xvi. 324 She..never grated for an instant on his high ideal.

1878 ‘G. Eliot’ College Breakfast Party in Macmillan's Mag. July 168 Your itch to choose What grates upon the sense.

†c. To offend against, be derogatory to. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1676 J. Glanvill Ess. Ep. Ded. sig. a Being cautious to abstain from all expressions, that grate on the Honour of God, as you are free from any that can give just offence unto Men.

†5. transitive. (Cf. 4a) To obtain by oppression or importunity. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > acquisition > obtain or acquire [verb (transitive)] > obtain or acquire in a certain way > by oppression or importunity

grate1540

1540 King Henry VIII in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VIII. 410 Ye shal not..entre any further with him in the twoo poyntes, wherby he grate more of youe, wherby to chalenge the same.

1541 King Henry VIII in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VIII. 644 They seame..to grate a further pryvileage by a graunte of our progenitour King Edwarde the Thirde, thenne before was alledged.

1542 W. Paget in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) IX. 51 For great store of money they have not,..and [he] hath alredy grated asmuch as He can get.

†6.

a. transitive. To make (a weapon) strike or ‘bite’. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > use or wield (a weapon) [verb (transitive)] > make weapon strike or bite

grate1412

1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy iii. xxii On Meneste he gan his spere grate.

a1700 Ballad Geo. Barnwell 152 Ere I would want, were I a man..On father, friends and all my kin I would my talons grate.

b. intransitive. Of a weapon: To strike or bite. Const. on. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > stroke with weapon > strike (of weapon) [verb (intransitive)]

glidec1275

acoupc1380

lightc1400

grate1525

to strike home1891

1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. clxviii. 190 b Their speres grated nat, if they had, by moost lykelhod they had taken hurte.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 574/1 I grate, as a weapen dothe upon harnesse or any sharpe thynge and harde upon a nother, je amors.

a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 255 Whence comes it, that Bullets or Arrowes often grate on us, and yet hurt us not?

7. transitive.

a. To rub harshly together, ‘grind’ (the teeth).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > anger > manifestation of anger > show anger [verb (transitive)] > gnash or grind the teeth

gnasta1300

grunta1400

grate1555

gnash1590

beat1597

grit1797

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (transitive)] > grate > grind or gnash (teeth)

grind1340

grunta1400

crashc1440

graislea1522

grate1555

jar1568

beat1597

champ1775

grit1797

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. iv. f. 20^v Fretinge and gratinge his teethe as it had bin a lyon of Libia.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. S6 Thereat the feend his gnashing teeth did grate.

b. Of a thing: To rub against (another thing) harshly, producing a jarring sound.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (transitive)] > grate

grate1594

gride1820

grit1851

1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. C4 The threshold grates the doore to haue him heard.

1604 T. Middleton Blacke Bk. in Wks. (1885) VIII. 8 They grate with their hard naily soles The stones in Fleet-street.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 697 Then champeth he with his mouth, grateth and gnasheth his teeth one against another.

1633 T. James Strange Voy. 15 The..corners of the Ice did grate vs with that violence, as I..thought it would haue grated the plankes from the Ships sides.

1820 J. Keats Lamia i, in Lamia & Other Poems 16 His galley now Grated the quaystones.

1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales I. 57 When it [the dingy] grates the sand.

a. intransitive. To rub against with a harsh, grinding noise; to move creakingly; to sound harshly.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (intransitive)] > grate

grindOE

grutch1493

frais1513

grate1597

grit1762

rasp1868

grinch1892

crunkle1900

1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. xxxvi. 74 We are not so nice as to cast away a sharp knife because the edge of it may sometimes grate.

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. i. 128 I had rather heare a..drie wheele grate on the exle tree.

1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 23 in Justa Edouardo King Their lean and flashie songs Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw.

1759 A. Smith Theory Moral Sentiments vi. iii. i. 493 The vile rust, which makes them [wheels] jarr and grate upon one another.

1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho III. i. 5 The great doors of the hall, which grate so heavily.

1797 A. Radcliffe Italian II. i. 17 A key already grated in the lock.

1814 Ld. Byron Corsair i. iv. 6 Till grates her keel upon the shallow sand.

1853 C. Kingsley Hypatia II. vii. 171 At last his cell-door grated on its hinges.

1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 42 Turning softly like a thief, Lest the harsh shingle should grate underfoot.

b. transitive. In poetical nonce-uses: To produce (discordant sound) by jarring movement; to proclaim by a grating cry.

ΚΠ

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 881 Th' infernal dores..on thir hinges great Harsh Thunder.

1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess iv. 71 Marsh-divers,..Shall croak thee sister, or the meadow-crake Grate her harsh kindred in the grass.

c. transitive. To utter (words) in a harsh tone.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > say in a particular manner [verb (transitive)] > throatily or harshly

jangle1377

brayc1400

out-braya1561

yawp1567

throttle1582

swoop1605

throat?1611

caw1616

gargle1635

snarl1693

growl1759

croak1791

rasp1877

to grind out1889

grate1921

1921 J. Galsworthy To Let ii. v. 165 Gradman grated: ‘Rather extreme at your age, sir; you lose control.’

1969 J. Ross Dead at First Hand i. 8 ‘I'm a gambler, Rogers,’ he grated.

†9. intransitive. To ‘harp’ or dwell querulously upon a subject. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1542 W. Paget in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VIII. 686 It pleased Him to devise with me of the mariage now in treaty for Your Majesties doughter, albeit He did grate sumwhat at the furst upon this terme, bastarde.

1550 J. Heywood Hundred Epigrammes l. sig. Bviii Cha so grated on the new, cha forgot thold.

1567 Triall of Treasure sig. Biv^v Gredy gutte maketh them continually to grate On y^e mock of this world which he thiketh permanent.

1573 G. Harvey Let.-bk. (1884) 48 Here wuld be matter gud plenti, both for them to grate uppon and to brute abroad in the town.

1625 W. Pemble Justification (1629) 197 Who are very ready, when it fits their humour, to grate sore vpon the bare words and letter of a text.

1698 F. B. Free but Modest Censure 17 Mr. Boyle..grates on the Doctor's breeding.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

gratev.²

Brit.

/ɡreɪt/, U.S.

/ɡreɪt/

Etymology: < grate n.¹

†1. transitive. To confine within ‘grates’ or bars.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > confine [verb (transitive)] > confine in specific type of place

pit1454

grate1529

van1897

1529 T. More Dyaloge Dyuers Maters i. xiiii. f. xviii^v/2 Aftere she was gratid within iren grates aboue in y^e rood loft where it was byleued y^t she liued without any mete or drynke only by angels fode.

2. To fit or furnish with a grate or grating.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > fact or condition of being transverse > intersection > intersect [verb (transitive)] > form into a lattice > furnish with lattice or grating

trellisa1400

lattice1428

gratea1549

a1549 A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (1870) 220 The sepulcre is grated rounde aboute wyth yrone.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iv. f. 172^v Be sure that you haue them well grated, that the Fishe can by no meanes passe through.

1630 P. Massinger Picture sig. K4 The windows grated with Iron.

c1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1644 (1955) II. 245 A Well..grated over with yron.

1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield II. vi. 92 One large apartment, strongly grated.

1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 106 You are to grate the Bottom with two Courses of six Inch Plank, crossing one another.

1821 Ld. Byron Sardanapalus ii. i. 68 The gates That grate the palace, which is now our prison.

†3. To put on a grate or grid. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Gratellare, to grate, to broyle vpon a grid-iron.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹a1400

n.²14..

n.³1481

n.⁴1460

adj.1523

v.¹14..

v.²1529

单词	grate
释义	graten.¹ Brit. /ɡreɪt/, U.S. /ɡreɪt/ Forms: Also 1500s gratte. Etymology: apparently < medieval Latin grata (? used in monastic Latin for a lattice), < Italian grata grate, gridiron, hurdle, alteration of grate < Latin crātem, crātis hurdle. (Godefroy has one example of Old French grate with the sense ‘hurdle’, which may be from monastic Latin.) 1. A framework of bars or laths, parallel to or crossing each other, fixed in a door, window, or other opening, to permit communication while preventing ingress. Now somewhat rare; cf. grating n.² ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > [noun] > grille or grating latticea1382 gratec1440 trellisc1500 locutorya1535 cataract1656 grille1686 reja1777 the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > small opening for communication wicket1296 locutorya1535 grate1590 grille1686 guichet1839 c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 207/2 Grate, or trelys wy(n)dowe..cancellus. 1523 [see sense 8]. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 227/1 Grate of a windowe, trelis de fer. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Kings i. 2 Ochosias fell thorow y^e grate in his chamber at Samaria. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. viii. sig. H3 But in the same [doore] a little grate was pight, Through which he sent his voyce. 1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge ii. iii. sig. D4^v (stage direct.) Antonio kisseth Mellida's hand: then Mellida goes from the grate. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 190 At present there is no more but a Window with a Grate. 1697 W. Congreve Mourning Bride i. i. 2 While his Gaoler slept, I thro' the Grate Have softly whisper'd, and enquir'd his Health. 1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 1 Oct. (1965) I. 277 The young Count of Salmes came to the Grate..and the Abbesse gave him her Hand to kisse. a1777 S. Foote Trip to Calais (1778) ii. 47 The father and mother of that amiable child are now at the grate. 1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel i. Introd. 5 The embattled portal-arch he passed, Whose ponderous grate, and massy bar, Had oft rolled back the tide of war. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. i. v. 45 The grate which led to our quarter opened anew. 2. A similar framework (or, sometimes, a perforated plate) for other purposes, esp. for closing an orifice without intercepting the passage of fluids; rarely, †a gridiron. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > fact or condition of being transverse > intersection > [noun] > grating or lattice latticea1382 trellisa1400 grate1412 trail1485 tresance1510 cradle1561 craticle1657 grillade1727 grating1739 treillage1836 grid1839 gridiron1854 1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy ii. xi Voydyng fylthes lowe into the grounde Thorough grates made of yron perced round. 1718 R. Steele Fish-pool 168 Great advantage is effected by large grates at the head and stern..of the vessel. 1750 [see grate-iron n. at Compounds 2]. 1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. at Grill To broil on a grate or gridiron. 1825 T. Cosnett Footman's Direct. 62 If the spout of the tea-pot gets furred up, have a small piece of wire or wood to push up and down it, but be careful not to break the grate of it in so doing. †3. The railing round a monument, building, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [noun] > that which encloses > an enclosing barrier > enclosing fence or paling hurdisa1352 gratea1400 palis?a1400 palisade1588 palisado1589 ring hedge1607 impalement1611 ring fence1614 palisadoing1661 the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a fence > railing > types of gratea1400 handrail1793 side rail1852 a1400 Stacyons of Rome 603 in Pol. Rel. & L. Poems 136 A-bowte that stoone a grate there is of Irne. 1519 in J. L. Glasscock Rec. St. Michael's, Bishop's Stortford (1882) 36 Item pd to Rase Thomas for dygyng of the holis for the grate iiijd. 1519 in J. L. Glasscock Rec. St. Michael's, Bishop's Stortford (1882) 36 Item to Jardefeld for tymber for the chirche grate..Item to Hothe the Carponter for makyng of the tymber werke at the south gate and grate of the chirche yerd. a1645 Habington in Proc. Worc. Hist. Soc. ii. 223 The grate of iron inclosinge the tombe. 1872 O. Shipley Gloss. Eccl. Terms Grate, an ornamental iron screen around a monument. 4. A frame of metal bars for holding the fuel in a fireplace or furnace. Hence, the fireplace itself. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > that which or one who heats > [noun] > a device for heating or warming > devices for heating buildings, rooms, etc. > hearth or fireplace > grate grate1605 fire grate1620 purgatory1707 stove-grate1730 stovea1756 ash-grate1833 basket-grate1889 well-fire1895 well grate1898 hob-grate1915 combination grate1940 1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke iii. 191 A grate shall be layed, wherein the coales of fire must lie. 1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum 614 The wood was laid in order vpon that grate, and so burned, which grate was all of brasse. 1611 Bible (King James) Exod. xxvii. 4. 1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 308. ⁋2 An old-fashioned Grate consumes Coals, but gives no Heat. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1779 II. 301 Why, Sir, do people play this trick which I observe now, when I look at your grate, putting the shovel against it to make the fire burn? 1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange Man. Course Chem. I. 97 You must make it pass through the grate of the furnace. 1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) vi. 57 Throw those shoes under the grate. 1875 J. Smith Temperance Reform. iii. 96 The cold and cheerless grate. †5. transferred. a. (See quot.) Cf. grating n.² 3. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > equipment for painting or drawing > [noun] > instrument composed of crossing lines grate1598 1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge v. xxiv. 217 The third part is wrought with a Grate [margin. Which is an instrument made with crossing of lines], or insteede thereof with a glasse set betweene the eie of the Painter, and the thing seene. b. Applied to the chequers on the doorpost of a tavern. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > drinking place > [noun] > tavern or public house > tavern sign lion?a1366 ale stake1396 ivy14.. sunc1400 tokenc1440 eagle1449 chequerc1460 wisp?1507 Saracen's head1510 ale-pole1523 bush1532 wine garland1533 ivy-garland1553 tavern-bush1553 lattice1575 ivy-bush1576 alebush1599 red lattice1604 elephanta1616 sagittarya1616 grate1622 wine-bush1638 popinjay1687 1622 T. Dekker & P. Massinger Virgin Martir iii. sig. G3^v I see then a Tauerne and a Bawdy-house haue faces much alike, the one has red grates next dore, the tother has peeping holes within doores. 6. Mining. A screen used when stamping ores. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for treating ores > [noun] > for separating or sorting ore by size or weight grate1778 percussion table1839 classificator1856 classifier1856 grating1869 1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis Gloss. 322 Grate, an iron plate punched full of small holes; which belongs to the stamping mill, and sizes the stampt Ore. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 749 The grate..is a grid composed of square bars of iron..placed horizontally, and parallelly to each other, an inch apart. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) II. 736 Grate,..a metal plate pierced with small holes; it is fixed in front of the stamps in which ore is pounded, and through the holes the finely divided matter makes its escape. 1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 143 Grate..See Screen (as applied to stamps). †7. A barred place of confinement for animals, also, a prison or cage for human beings. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal enclosure or house general > [noun] > animal house > cage or hutch cage?c1225 grate1552 hutch1607 weighing-cage1819 perchery1985 1552 in J. L. Glasscock Rec. St. Michael's, Bishop's Stortford (1882) 93 Of the Mayor and burges for the gaol called the grate p^r a^m xijd. 1602 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor ii. ii. 10 Else you might a looked thorow a grate like a geminy of babones. 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 220 Shut vp in an iron cage made like a grate, in such sort, as that he might on euerie side be seen. 1610 J. Healey tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xii. xxvi. 467 These gods..are but the forgers of our prisons..our iaylors, locking vs in those dolorous grates, and wretched fetters. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage iv. v. 365 Lions and Leopards in grates were carried before him. 1652 E. Benlowes Theophila xiii. lxxxiii. 247 The folded Flocks are pent In hurdled Grates. 1759 S. Johnson Prince of Abissinia I. v. 30 He was now impatient as an eagle in a grate. 1777 J. Howard State of Prisons (1780) 287 Every debtor that lies in the common grate. †8. One of the spaces between the bars of a grating. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > opening between bars of a grating grate1523 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xxxix. 53 He Caused to be made without the towne, a barrers ouerthwart the strete lyke a grate, nat past half a fote wyde euery grate. a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Richard II ccl, in Poems (1878) III. 199 As were his Cage too straite; Like wilder Birds, soe pent, prolls, till he find A hole, by Chance, or any wider Grate. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. grate-bar n. ΚΠ 1832 Edinb. Rev. 56 124 The grate-bars which support the fuel. grate-work n. ΚΠ 1736 R. Ainsworth Thes. Linguæ Latinæ Transenna,..any grate-work, a lattice before a window. b. grate-fashion adv. ΚΠ 1659 G. Torriano Florio's Vocabolario Italiano & Inglese Bastoncello,..a certain paste bak't in moulds, and grate-fashion contrived. grate-wise adv. ΚΠ 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage ix. v. 844 A grediron..with billets laid thereon, and other stickes on them grate-wise. C2. grate-area n. = grate-surface n. ΚΠ 1888 Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. (at cited word) Grate Area. 1896 Daily News 20 Apr. 5/2 In a Yarrow boiler..the total grate area is forty and a quarter square feet. grate-fire n. a fire in an open grate. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [noun] > a kind of fire > in a grate grate-fire1907 basket-fire1932 1907 Daily Chron. 30 Nov. 4/4 When other reformers insist on our abolishing grate fires altogether. 1909 E. Banks Myst. Frances Farrington 87 Your utterly useless, but expensive, grate-fire. † grate-iron n. Obsolete (a) = gridiron n.; (b) see quot. 1750. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking vessel or pot > [noun] > gridiron roasting-ironc1350 roast-iron1354 brandiron1381 gridiron1382 broiler1393 griddlea1425 branderc1450 grate-iron1577 chaplet1664 grill1685 grid1875 parrilla1964 parrillada1975 robata1975 charbroiler1982 the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > clearing of refuse matter > [noun] > clearing drain or sewer > device for grate-iron1750 plunger1885 force cup1907 1577 H. I. tr. H. Bullinger 50 Godlie Serm. II. iii. iii. sig. Ee.ij/2 In his time was S. Laurence..broyled vpon a grateyron. 1750 T. R. Blanckley Naval Expositor Grate-irons are to loosen the Mud and Sullage of the Docks, which lodge in the Grates of the Drains. grate-room n. in some furnaces, a chamber with a grate beneath it. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > parts of furnace > [noun] > grate > chamber grate-room1883 1883 Chance in Powell Princ. Glass-making 111 These grate-rooms are sunk several feet below the level of the bed of the furnace. grate-shavings n. shavings of wood or curled strips of paper for filling fireplaces in summer. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > floor-covering > [noun] > shavings or curled strips for filling fireplaces grate-shavings1899 1899 Longman's Mag. Aug. 331 Statia gazed at the fireplace, decorated with what are known as grate-shavings and silver paper. grate-surface n. the area in square feet covered by the fire-bars of a furnace or boiler. ΚΠ 1854 E. Ronalds & T. Richardson Knapp's Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 255 The usual dimensions..are 1 square foot of grate surface for a consumption of 20 lbs. of coal per hour. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † graten.² Etymology: < grate v.¹ Obsolete. = grater n.¹ ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > other specific types of equipment > [noun] > scraper scrapple1354 grate14.. scraper1552 grater1580 slick1883 duck-bill1911 the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > grater myour1316 grater1390 grate14.. bread grate1452 ginger grate1530 nutmeg-grater1623 bread grater1624 cheese grater1848 14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 596/8 Micatorium, a grate. 14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 609/44 Scalprum, a grate, or a shaue. 1472 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 246 Item j grate pro zinzebr'. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 227/1 Grate for bredde, gragevr a payn. 1609 W. M. Man in Moone sig. C4^v When you lie like a nutmegge in a grate. 1674 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Words 121 An iron-plate perforated with small holes like a grate. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2021). † graten.³ Etymology: < Flemish graet = Dutch graat, German grat. Obsolete. rare. The backbone of a fish. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > parts of fish > [noun] > bones (various types of) grate1481 pharyngeal1791 suboperculum1818 supratemporal1834 shackle-joint1837 mastoid1840 wrist1840 mastoid bone1841 subopercular1841 mesotympanic1846 suprascapula1846 hypobranchials1848 hypotympanic1848 urohyal1848 radius1854 epicentral1866 pterotic1866 mesocoracoid1868 supraclavicle1868 precoracoid1869 symplectic1870 hypural1871 mesopterygoid1871 post-temporal1871 postclavicle1872 brachial1873 urostyle1875 hypercoracoid1876 admaxillary1885 intercalarium1887 palatopterygoquadrate1888 subtectal1888 Weberian apparatus1889 Weberian ossicles1889 radial1890 supracleithrum1903 1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 9 Ye ete the good plays allone, and gaf hym nomore than the grate or bones. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † graten.⁴ Etymology: < grate v.¹ Obsolete. rare. Collision (of weapons). Cf. grate v.¹ 6. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > armed encounter > [noun] fightc893 coursec1325 stourc1325 acounterc1330 meetingc1330 setc1330 showera1375 brusha1400 semblya1400 hosting1422 poynyec1425 conflictc1440 militancea1460 grate1460 rencounter1471 chaplea1500 flitea1513 concourse?1520 concursion1533 rescounter1543 spurnc1560 rencontrea1572 discourse1573 action1579 combat1582 opposition1598 do1915 1460 Lybeaus Disc. (Kaluza) 1675 He smitte his schaft in grate. 1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure xxxiv. xx Ye shall not nede to feare The stroke of swerde or yet the grate of spere. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2021). † grateadj. Forms: Also 1500s gret. Etymology: < Latin grātus with the same meanings; according to Brugmann = Sanskrit gūrtá welcome < Old Aryan gr̥̄to-, from the same root as Greek γέρας reward. Compare French grate (Cotgrave). Obsolete. 1. Pleasing, agreeable, acceptable. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pleasure > quality of being pleasant or pleasurable > [adjective] winsomea900 sweetc900 likingeOE i-quemec950 lieflyOE winlyOE hereOE thankfulc1000 merryOE queemc1175 beina1200 willea1200 leesomec1200 savouryc1225 estea1250 i-wilc1275 winc1275 welcomea1300 doucea1350 well-pleasingc1350 acceptablea1382 pleasablea1382 pleasanta1382 pleaseda1382 acceptedc1384 amiablec1384 well-likinga1387 queemfulc1390 flattering1393 pleasinga1398 well-queeminga1400 comelyc1400 farrandc1400 greable1401 goodlyc1405 amicable?a1425 placablec1429 amene1433 winful1438 listyc1440 dulcet1445 agreeablec1450 favourousc1485 sweetly?a1500 pleasureful?c1502 dulcea1513 grate1523 prettya1529 plausible1541 jolly1549 dulcoratec1550 toothsome1551 pleasurable1557 tickling1558 suavec1560 amenous1567 odoriferous?1575 perfumed1580 glada1586 tickle1593 pleasurous1595 favoursome1601 dulcean1606 gratifying1611 Hyblaean1614 gratulatea1616 arrident1616 solacefula1618 pleasantable1619 placid1628 contentsome1632 sapid1640 canny1643 gustful1647 peramene1657 pergrateful1657 tastefula1659 complacent1660 placentiousa1661 gratifactorya1665 bland1667 suavious1669 palatable1683 placent1683 complaisant1710 nice1747 tasty1796 sweetsome1799 titbit1820 connate1836 cunning1843 mooi1850 gemütlich1852 sympathique1859 congenial1878 sympathetic1900 sipid1908 onkus1910 sympathisch1911 1523 Queen Margaret in State Papers Henry VIII (1836) IV. 56 For it vold be ryght gret to me, gyf I myght do it. 1542 T. Becon Pleasaunt Newe Nosegaye sig. C.j ^v Nothynge can be gyuen to vs more grate, acceptable & pleasaunt, than this your gyfte nowe promised. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 130 Quhen the name of king was maist grate and thankful to thame al. 1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 311 Coho or Coffee..however ingrate or insapory it seems at first, it becomes grate and delicious enough by custom. 2. Thankful, grateful. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adjective] thankful971 kinda1475 grateful1552 grate1565 responsorya1643 resentive1648 appreciate1823 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Gratus..That remembreth or recompenseth a good turne: grate: thankeful. 1567 R. Mulcaster tr. J. Fortescue Learned Commendation Lawes Eng. f. 108^v He that is once made free, be he grate or ingrate, is aiudged to enioy his freedome still. 1573 J. Davidson Breif Commendatioun Vprichtnes xl. Ded. 277 As..I wald let my gude will and grate mynd..appeir towardis ȝow. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 190 He labouris how to find the way to mak sum significatione of his grate mynd, for the benefites..quhilkes afortymes frome the King of Scottis he had receiuet. Derivatives † ˈgrately adv. Obsolete ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adverb] to thankOE thankfullyc1000 in (on) thankc1400 grately1533 gratefully1548 thankly1605 1533 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VII. 410 His Majestie toke all the same very grately and acceptablie. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2021). gratev.¹ Brit. /ɡreɪt/, U.S. /ɡreɪt/ Etymology: < Old French grater (modern French gratter) = Provençal gratar, Spanish gratar, Italian grattare; Common Romance < Germanic krattôjan (Old High German chrazzôn, modern German kratzen* to scratch, Swedish kratta, Danish kratte to rake). †1. a. transitive. To scrape, file, abrade; to rub harshly, scarify, excoriate. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > rubbing or friction > rub [verb (transitive)] > scrape shavec725 shrapec1000 claw1377 screeve?1440 scartc1480 gratec1530 rape1533 ruffle1615 corrade1646 comb1654 rasp1707 scrape1731 skin1795 scuff1897 14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 610/2 Scarifacio, to grate. c1530 A. Barclay Egloges iii. sig. N ^v All the nyght longe shall he his sydys grate. 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares 76 a Some of them haue grated and sawed theyr smooth tender skinnes, with hayre shirts. 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 33 b/2 We muste then grate the bone with a peculiare Raspatorye. 1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Gratuggiare, to shaue as curriers leather, to grate. 1649 Bp. J. Hall Resol. & Decisions ii. iv. 140 Why may he not unrivet, or grate an iron wherewith he is fettered? 1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 343 The edges of the Cross grating his late whip-furrowed back. 1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 333 'Tis sharp and grates the throat of those that are not used to it. b. with complement: To wear away, down, to nothing, etc. by abrasion. Chiefly figurative. archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > cause bad condition in [verb (transitive)] > cause to waste away > wear away or down > (as) by rubbing grate1555 fray1710 fridge1761 rub1791 file1837 scuff1909 1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. vi. G j b They gather a kynde of great shelle fysshe, whose shelles they grate open with stones. 1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida iii. sig. E4 Thou wouldst euen grate away thy soule to dust. 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iii. ii. 184 When..mighty states character-les are grated, To dusty nothing. View more context for this quotation 1859 Ld. Tennyson Vivien in Idylls of King 126 Who..Read but one book, and ever reading grew So grated down and filed away with thought. 2. a. In culinary and pharmaceutical use: To reduce to small particles by rasping or rubbing against a rough or indented surface; to pulverize by means of a grater. Often with prep.: To grate and allow the powder to fall in, into, over something. to grate off: to grind down. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > grinding or pounding > grind or pound [verb (transitive)] grindc1000 i-ponec1000 britOE poundOE stampc1200 to-pounec1290 bruisea1382 minisha1382 bray1382 to-grind1393 beatc1420 gratec1430 mull1440 pestle1483 hatter1508 pounce1519 contuse1552 pounder1570 undergrind1605 dispulverate1609 peal1611 comminute1626 atom1648 comminuate1666 porphyrize1747 stub1765 kibble1790 smush1825 crack1833 pun1888 micronize1968 c1430 Two Cookery-bks. i. 6 Þanne grate fayre brede and cast þer-to. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 207/2 Grate gynger..frictico. a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 40 Take rawe chese anone And grate hit in disshes mony on. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 574/1 I grate breed or spyce. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. xlvii. 384 Like vertue hath the roote if it be scrapte or grated very small. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §458 Artichoakes will bee lesse prickly, and more tender, if the Seeds haue their Tops dulled or grated off vpon a Stone. 1639 J. Woodall Treat. Plague in Surgeons Mate (rev. ed.) 355 Take Bayberries..dry them..then powder then, or for a need grate them. 1733 Philos. Trans. 1731–2 (Royal Soc.) 37 432 His Tongue [was] dry enough to grate a Nutmeg. 1769 E. Raffald Experienced Eng. House-keeper xiv. 287 Grate the Crumbs of a Penny Loaf very fine. 1853 A. Soyer Pantropheon 92 The Indians grate this root [ginger] in their broth or ragoût. 1871 G. H. Napheys Prevention & Cure Dis. ii. i. 405 A little nutmeg grated over the surface. †b. figurative. To examine rigorously. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > interrogation > question, interrogate [verb (transitive)] > question intensively apposec1315 opposec1380 demand1526 grate?1538 pump1611 sweat1764 probe1804 draw1854 grill1894 third-degree1928 to put through the wringer1942 ?1538 H. Latimer Let. 18 Oct. in Serm. & Remains (1845) (modernized text) II. 405 After such sort, much grating of him, and yet finding no other thing in him, we thought best to dispatch him. 3. a. figurative. To affect painfully, as if by abrasion; to fret, harass, irritate. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > be annoyed or vexed by [verb (transitive)] > annoy or vex gremec893 dretchc900 awhenec1000 teenOE fretc1290 annoyc1300 atrayc1320 encumberc1330 diseasec1340 grindc1350 distemperc1386 offenda1387 arra1400 avexa1400 derea1400 miscomforta1400 angerc1400 engrievec1400 vex1418 molesta1425 entrouble?1435 destroublea1450 poina1450 rubc1450 to wring (a person) on the mailsc1450 disprofit1483 agrea1492 trouble1515 grig1553 mis-set?1553 nip?1553 grate1555 gripe1559 spitec1563 fike?1572 gall1573 corsie1574 corrosive1581 touch1581 disaccommodate1586 macerate1588 perplex1590 thorn1592 exulcerate1593 plague1595 incommode1598 affret1600 brier1601 to gall or tread on (one's) kibes1603 discommodate1606 incommodate1611 to grate on or upon1631 disincommodate1635 shog1636 ulcerate1647 incommodiate1650 to put (a person) out of his (her, etc.) way1653 discommodiate1654 discommode1657 ruffle1659 regrate1661 disoblige1668 torment1718 pesta1729 chagrin1734 pingle1740 bothera1745 potter1747 wherrit1762 to tweak the nose of1784 to play up1803 tout1808 rasp1810 outrage1818 worrit1818 werrit1825 buggerlug1850 taigle1865 get1867 to give a person the pip1881 to get across ——1888 nark1888 eat1893 to twist the tail1895 dudgeon1906 to tweak the tail of1909 sore1929 to put up1930 wouldn't it rip you!1941 sheg1943 to dick around1944 cheese1946 to pee off1946 to honk off1970 to fuck off1973 to tweak (a person's or thing's) tail1977 to tweak (a person's or thing's) nose1983 to wind up1984 to dick about1996 to-teen- 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. ii. f. 96^v It grated the bowels of suche as harde hym. 1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in Complaints 1334 Grinding his teeth, and grating his great heart. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. i. 3 Grating so harshly all his dayes of quiet With turbulent and dangerous lunacie? View more context for this quotation 1613 F. Robartes Revenue of Gospel 136 What they doe now is to grate and oppresse the poore minister. 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iii. 19 Others..could not endure to be so..frequently grated with the shame of the sin they had committed. 1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng (1725) 110 Untruths..wherewith at present he grateth your Ears. 1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VII. xxx. 126 The matter begins to grate me most confoundedly. 1755 W. Blackstone Lawyer's Farew. to Muse in R. Dodsley Coll. Poems IV. 230 With sounds uncouth and accents dry, That grate the soul of harmony. 1825 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xxiii, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 751 This outrageous merriment grates my spirits. 1892 H. H. Furness in W. Shakespeare Tempest (New Variorum ed.) 21 Such a mere bare iteration grates me as somewhat un-Shakespearian. †b. intransitive for reflexive. To be affected unpleasantly, fret. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > displeasure > discontent or dissatisfaction > be discontented [verb (intransitive)] ruea1400 grate1555 alamort?1705 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. ii. f. 7 He shall feele his bowelles grate with a certen horroure. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A5^v That when he heard, in great perplexitie His gall did grate for griefe and high disdaine. 4. intransitive. to grate on or upon: †a. To oppress or harass with exactions or importunities; to make burdensome demands upon. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > harass [verb (transitive)] tawc893 ermec897 swencheOE besetOE bestandc1000 teenOE baitc1175 grieve?c1225 war?c1225 noyc1300 pursuec1300 travailc1300 to work (also do) annoyc1300 tribula1325 worka1325 to hold wakenc1330 chase1340 twistc1374 wrap1380 cumbera1400 harrya1400 vexc1410 encumber1413 inquiet1413 molest?a1425 course1466 persecutec1475 trouble1489 sturt1513 hare1523 hag1525 hale1530 exercise1531 to grate on or upon1532 to hold or keep waking1533 infest1533 scourge1540 molestate1543 pinch1548 trounce1551 to shake upa1556 tire1558 moila1560 pester1566 importune1578 hunt1583 moider1587 bebait1589 commacerate1596 bepester1600 ferret1600 harsell1603 hurry1611 gall1614 betoil1622 weary1633 tribulatea1637 harass1656 dun1659 overharry1665 worry1671 haul1678 to plague the life out of1746 badger1782 hatchel1800 worry1811 bedevil1823 devil1823 victimize1830 frab1848 mither1848 to pester the life out of1848 haik1855 beplague1870 chevy1872 obsede1876 to get on ——1880 to load up with1880 tail-twist1898 hassle1901 heckle1920 snooter1923 hassle1945 to breathe down (the back of) (someone's) neck1946 to bust (a person's) chops1953 noodge1960 monster1967 the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict > oppress or afflict heavyc897 narroweOE overlayOE overseamOE twingea1300 to weigh downa1340 grieve1340 besit1377 oppressc1384 foila1400 thringa1400 empressc1400 enpressc1400 aska1425 press?a1425 peisea1450 straita1464 constraina1500 overhale1531 to grate on or upon1532 wrack1562 surcharge1592 to lie heavy uponc1595 to weigh back, on one side, to the earth1595 to sit on ——1607 to sit upon ——1607 gall1614 bear1645 weight1647 obsess1648 aggrieve1670 swinge1681 lean1736 gravitate1754 weigh1794 1532 in State Papers Henry VIII (1834) II. 159 His Graces Counsaile here..verelie hath so sore gratid uppon my litle substaunce that I had, that [etc.]. 1544 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) IX. 578 His Highnes thought Him a Prince of so grete and noble a courage, that He wold not grate any further upon Him, until [etc.]. 1602 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor ii. ii. 7 I haue grated vpon my good friends for 3. repriues, for you. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. viii. 502/1 His Prelates greedily grating on him to empouerish his meanes. a1625 J. Fletcher Monsieur Thomas (1639) i. ii. sig. C2 I know your nature's sweet enough, and tender, Not grated on, nor curb'd. 1633 Bp. J. Hall Plaine Explic. Hard Texts ii. 75 Doe not grate on the subject, in exacting more tribute..than the law hath appointed for you. a1656 J. Hales Golden Remains (1673) i. 205 God..permitted not the Jews to grate too much upon the bordering Nations. ?1706 E. Hickeringill Priest-craft: 2nd Pt. iii. 33 The Law..prohibiting Marriages..contributes accidently..to fill the Register's Purses,..and grates hard upon the People, especially the Poor. b. To have an irritating effect on or upon. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > be annoyed or vexed by [verb (transitive)] > annoy or vex gremec893 dretchc900 awhenec1000 teenOE fretc1290 annoyc1300 atrayc1320 encumberc1330 diseasec1340 grindc1350 distemperc1386 offenda1387 arra1400 avexa1400 derea1400 miscomforta1400 angerc1400 engrievec1400 vex1418 molesta1425 entrouble?1435 destroublea1450 poina1450 rubc1450 to wring (a person) on the mailsc1450 disprofit1483 agrea1492 trouble1515 grig1553 mis-set?1553 nip?1553 grate1555 gripe1559 spitec1563 fike?1572 gall1573 corsie1574 corrosive1581 touch1581 disaccommodate1586 macerate1588 perplex1590 thorn1592 exulcerate1593 plague1595 incommode1598 affret1600 brier1601 to gall or tread on (one's) kibes1603 discommodate1606 incommodate1611 to grate on or upon1631 disincommodate1635 shog1636 ulcerate1647 incommodiate1650 to put (a person) out of his (her, etc.) way1653 discommodiate1654 discommode1657 ruffle1659 regrate1661 disoblige1668 torment1718 pesta1729 chagrin1734 pingle1740 bothera1745 potter1747 wherrit1762 to tweak the nose of1784 to play up1803 tout1808 rasp1810 outrage1818 worrit1818 werrit1825 buggerlug1850 taigle1865 get1867 to give a person the pip1881 to get across ——1888 nark1888 eat1893 to twist the tail1895 dudgeon1906 to tweak the tail of1909 sore1929 to put up1930 wouldn't it rip you!1941 sheg1943 to dick around1944 cheese1946 to pee off1946 to honk off1970 to fuck off1973 to tweak (a person's or thing's) tail1977 to tweak (a person's or thing's) nose1983 to wind up1984 to dick about1996 to-teen- 1631 R. Bolton Instr. Right Comf. Affl. Consciences 20 Of all other passions of the Soule, sadnesse, and griefe grates most upon the vitall spirits. 1677 tr. A.-N. Amelot de La Houssaie Hist. Govt. Venice 48 These sort of reflections..grate upon their Equality. 1744 J. Swift 3 Serm. i. 10 Although this Doctrine of subjecting ourselves to one another may seem to grate upon the Pride and Vanity of Mankind,..yet[etc.]. 1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. viii. 547 All mention, therefore, of calling parliament grated on his ear. 1847 B. Disraeli Tancred I. ii. xvi. 324 She..never grated for an instant on his high ideal. 1878 ‘G. Eliot’ College Breakfast Party in Macmillan's Mag. July 168 Your itch to choose What grates upon the sense. †c. To offend against, be derogatory to. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1676 J. Glanvill Ess. Ep. Ded. sig. a Being cautious to abstain from all expressions, that grate on the Honour of God, as you are free from any that can give just offence unto Men. †5. transitive. (Cf. 4a) To obtain by oppression or importunity. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > acquisition > obtain or acquire [verb (transitive)] > obtain or acquire in a certain way > by oppression or importunity grate1540 1540 King Henry VIII in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VIII. 410 Ye shal not..entre any further with him in the twoo poyntes, wherby he grate more of youe, wherby to chalenge the same. 1541 King Henry VIII in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VIII. 644 They seame..to grate a further pryvileage by a graunte of our progenitour King Edwarde the Thirde, thenne before was alledged. 1542 W. Paget in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) IX. 51 For great store of money they have not,..and [he] hath alredy grated asmuch as He can get. †6. a. transitive. To make (a weapon) strike or ‘bite’. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > use or wield (a weapon) [verb (transitive)] > make weapon strike or bite grate1412 1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy iii. xxii On Meneste he gan his spere grate. a1700 Ballad Geo. Barnwell 152 Ere I would want, were I a man..On father, friends and all my kin I would my talons grate. b. intransitive. Of a weapon: To strike or bite. Const. on. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > stroke with weapon > strike (of weapon) [verb (intransitive)] glidec1275 acoupc1380 lightc1400 grate1525 to strike home1891 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. clxviii. 190 b Their speres grated nat, if they had, by moost lykelhod they had taken hurte. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 574/1 I grate, as a weapen dothe upon harnesse or any sharpe thynge and harde upon a nother, je amors. a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 255 Whence comes it, that Bullets or Arrowes often grate on us, and yet hurt us not? 7. transitive. a. To rub harshly together, ‘grind’ (the teeth). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > anger > manifestation of anger > show anger [verb (transitive)] > gnash or grind the teeth gnasta1300 grunta1400 grate1555 gnash1590 beat1597 grit1797 the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (transitive)] > grate > grind or gnash (teeth) grind1340 grunta1400 crashc1440 graislea1522 grate1555 jar1568 beat1597 champ1775 grit1797 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. iv. f. 20^v Fretinge and gratinge his teethe as it had bin a lyon of Libia. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. S6 Thereat the feend his gnashing teeth did grate. b. Of a thing: To rub against (another thing) harshly, producing a jarring sound. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (transitive)] > grate grate1594 gride1820 grit1851 1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. C4 The threshold grates the doore to haue him heard. View more context for this quotation 1604 T. Middleton Blacke Bk. in Wks. (1885) VIII. 8 They grate with their hard naily soles The stones in Fleet-street. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 697 Then champeth he with his mouth, grateth and gnasheth his teeth one against another. 1633 T. James Strange Voy. 15 The..corners of the Ice did grate vs with that violence, as I..thought it would haue grated the plankes from the Ships sides. 1820 J. Keats Lamia i, in Lamia & Other Poems 16 His galley now Grated the quaystones. 1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales I. 57 When it [the dingy] grates the sand. 8. a. intransitive. To rub against with a harsh, grinding noise; to move creakingly; to sound harshly. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (intransitive)] > grate grindOE grutch1493 frais1513 grate1597 grit1762 rasp1868 grinch1892 crunkle1900 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. xxxvi. 74 We are not so nice as to cast away a sharp knife because the edge of it may sometimes grate. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. i. 128 I had rather heare a..drie wheele grate on the exle tree. View more context for this quotation 1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 23 in Justa Edouardo King Their lean and flashie songs Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw. 1759 A. Smith Theory Moral Sentiments vi. iii. i. 493 The vile rust, which makes them [wheels] jarr and grate upon one another. 1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho III. i. 5 The great doors of the hall, which grate so heavily. 1797 A. Radcliffe Italian II. i. 17 A key already grated in the lock. 1814 Ld. Byron Corsair i. iv. 6 Till grates her keel upon the shallow sand. 1853 C. Kingsley Hypatia II. vii. 171 At last his cell-door grated on its hinges. 1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 42 Turning softly like a thief, Lest the harsh shingle should grate underfoot. b. transitive. In poetical nonce-uses: To produce (discordant sound) by jarring movement; to proclaim by a grating cry. ΚΠ 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 881 Th' infernal dores..on thir hinges great Harsh Thunder. View more context for this quotation 1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess iv. 71 Marsh-divers,..Shall croak thee sister, or the meadow-crake Grate her harsh kindred in the grass. c. transitive. To utter (words) in a harsh tone. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > say in a particular manner [verb (transitive)] > throatily or harshly jangle1377 brayc1400 out-braya1561 yawp1567 throttle1582 swoop1605 throat?1611 caw1616 gargle1635 snarl1693 growl1759 croak1791 rasp1877 to grind out1889 grate1921 1921 J. Galsworthy To Let ii. v. 165 Gradman grated: ‘Rather extreme at your age, sir; you lose control.’ 1969 J. Ross Dead at First Hand i. 8 ‘I'm a gambler, Rogers,’ he grated. †9. intransitive. To ‘harp’ or dwell querulously upon a subject. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1542 W. Paget in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VIII. 686 It pleased Him to devise with me of the mariage now in treaty for Your Majesties doughter, albeit He did grate sumwhat at the furst upon this terme, bastarde. 1550 J. Heywood Hundred Epigrammes l. sig. Bviii Cha so grated on the new, cha forgot thold. 1567 Triall of Treasure sig. Biv^v Gredy gutte maketh them continually to grate On y^e mock of this world which he thiketh permanent. 1573 G. Harvey Let.-bk. (1884) 48 Here wuld be matter gud plenti, both for them to grate uppon and to brute abroad in the town. 1625 W. Pemble Justification (1629) 197 Who are very ready, when it fits their humour, to grate sore vpon the bare words and letter of a text. 1698 F. B. Free but Modest Censure 17 Mr. Boyle..grates on the Doctor's breeding. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). gratev.² Brit. /ɡreɪt/, U.S. /ɡreɪt/ Etymology: < grate n.¹ †1. transitive. To confine within ‘grates’ or bars. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > confine [verb (transitive)] > confine in specific type of place pit1454 grate1529 van1897 1529 T. More Dyaloge Dyuers Maters i. xiiii. f. xviii^v/2 Aftere she was gratid within iren grates aboue in y^e rood loft where it was byleued y^t she liued without any mete or drynke only by angels fode. 2. To fit or furnish with a grate or grating. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > fact or condition of being transverse > intersection > intersect [verb (transitive)] > form into a lattice > furnish with lattice or grating trellisa1400 lattice1428 gratea1549 a1549 A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (1870) 220 The sepulcre is grated rounde aboute wyth yrone. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iv. f. 172^v Be sure that you haue them well grated, that the Fishe can by no meanes passe through. 1630 P. Massinger Picture sig. K4 The windows grated with Iron. c1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1644 (1955) II. 245 A Well..grated over with yron. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield II. vi. 92 One large apartment, strongly grated. 1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 106 You are to grate the Bottom with two Courses of six Inch Plank, crossing one another. 1821 Ld. Byron Sardanapalus ii. i. 68 The gates That grate the palace, which is now our prison. †3. To put on a grate or grid. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Gratellare, to grate, to broyle vpon a grid-iron. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹a1400n.²14..n.³1481n.⁴1460adj.1523v.¹14..v.²1529
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graten.1

Compounds

† graten.2

† graten.3

† graten.4

† grateadj.

Derivatives

gratev.1

gratev.2

graten.¹

† graten.²

† graten.³

† graten.⁴

gratev.¹

gratev.²