goafn.¹

Brit.

/ɡəʊf/, U.S.

/ɡoʊf/

Forms: late Middle English–1700s golfe, 1500s goef, 1500s goefe, 1500s gol- (in compounds), 1500s goulfe, 1500s gulfe, 1500s–1600s goue, 1500s 1700s goff, 1500s 1800s gofe, 1500s 1900s– gove, 1600s geoffe, 1600s goaffe, 1600s goue, 1600s–1700s geoff, 1600s–1700s go- (in compounds), 1600s–1800s goffe, 1600s– goaf, 1700s gulph, late Middle English–1500s 1700s golf, 1800s goafe, 1800s goaves (plural), 1800s gof, 1800s goof, 1800s goofe, 1800s gouf, 1900s– goaft.

Origin: Perhaps a borrowing from early Scandinavian.

Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic gólf floor, bay in a building, Old Swedish golf floor (Swedish golv floor, bay in a building), Old Danish gulv floor, bay in a building (Danish gulv floor, (regional) room, bay of a barn, barn)), further etymology uncertain (see note). Earlier currency is implied by goave v.Historical and semantic note. Early medieval Scandinavian buildings were constructed with a series of upright posts placed at regular intervals along each side, typically mirrored by a parallel row further inside the building, marking out spaces that could be easily partitioned off into bays (see bay n.³ 2); the size of the building was frequently given by stating the number of these bays. (This could later be transferred to sections of timber-framed structures.) It is unclear whether the early Scandinavian etymon of goaf originally denoted these bays and became subsequently applied to floor space more generally, or whether a word originally meaning ‘floor’ was later used specifically for these bays. In the modern Scandinavian languages, ‘floor’ is the main sense of the word. Compare the disambiguating modern Icelandic compound stafgólf bay in a building ( < stafr post (see staff n.¹) + gólf ). Within English the sense of the word has shifted from the bay of a barn in which corn, etc. was stored to the stored material itself. Further etymology. It has been suggested that the early Scandinavian words reflect a prefixed formation (see y- prefix) < the Germanic base of whelve v.; this might indicate that the sense ‘bay’ was primary, but this is difficult to substantiate, especially since that prefix was not productive in the Scandinavian languages. Among other suggestions is that the word may be related to Russian žëlob groove, gutter, Polish żłób crib, manger, Serbian and Croatian žleb groove, gutter. Notes on forms. In the nonstandard plural form goaves probably by analogy with other words with final -f which form plurals with -v- (e.g. leaf n.¹ and loaf n.¹); compare also goave v. In form goaft apparently with excrescent -t.

1. A rick or stack of corn, straw, etc., in a barn. Also: the quantity of corn, straw, etc., stacked up and stored in one bay or division of a barn. Cf. hay-goaf n. at hay n.¹ Compounds 2, mow n.¹ 1a. English regional (chiefly East Anglian) in later use. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > storage or preservation of crops > [noun] > barn > contents of barn > amount in bay of barn

goaf1440

mowstead1531

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 428 Reek, or golf [1499 Pynson golfe or stak], arconius.

a1500 in A. Way Promptorium Parvulorum 202 Ingelimum, golfe.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 226/1 Goulfe of corne, so moche as may lye bytwene two postes, otherwyse a baye.

1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry xlii. f. 54/1 Let shock take sweate, least goefe take heate.

1643 J. Brinsley Church Reformation ii. 23 They are the chaffe, which cleaving close to the Corne, lyeth with it upon the same Goaffe, upon the same heape.

1669 J. Worlidge Dictionarium Rusticum in Systema Agriculturæ 271 A Geoff or Goffe, a Mow or Reek of Corn.

1787 W. Marshall Provincialisms in Rural Econ. Norfolk II. 381 Gulph, a mow, or bay-full, in a barn.

1795 J. Woodforde Diary 15 Nov. (1929) IV. 247 Falling off the Goff upon the Barn's Floor, poor Fellow he appeared to me as if he could not recover.

1800 J. Larwood Norfolk Dial. (E.D.S. No. 76) 122 The stra that the throsher had hull'd down from the gofe in the barn.

1893 in H. T. Cozens-Hardy Broad Norfolk (Eastern Daily Press) 39 Git on to the goaf, bor, and hull down some ‘shoves’.

1969 G. E. Evans Farm & Village viii. 83 Gof or gove means the corn in the ear or the mow or stack; that is, before it is threshed.

2. English regional (East Anglian). to ride the goaf: to ride a horse on top of a goaf in order to compress it and make it more compact. Now chiefly historical.

ΚΠ

1823 E. Moor Suffolk Words 148 ‘Riding the goof’, is the work of a boy on horse-back, to compress the corn as thrown on the goof.

1844 Brit. Farmer's Mag. Apr. 64 It is no uncommon thing to hear a master thus address a boy—‘Come huther baw. You must ride the gofe this morning.’

1905 Trans. Surveyors' Inst. 37 425 He remembered, as a boy, years ago, ‘riding the goaf’ in such a barn.

1969 G. E. Evans Farm & Village viii. 83 Many of the older Suffolk farm-workers, now long retired, remember riding the goaf as lads.

2012 M. Morgan Mrs McKeiver's Secrets 20 Ruth banged her knee chasing through the gate; then sprained it next day, riding the goaf.

Compounds

† goaf-burned adj. [compare Swedish golvbränd (1690), Danish gulvbrændt (a1719)] English regional (chiefly East Anglian) Obsolete (apparently) (of corn, straw, etc.) that has become excessively hot while stacked in a barn.

ΚΠ

c1628–30 in D. Yaxley Researcher's Gloss. Hist. Documents E. Anglia (2003) 91 [Barley unusable for malting was] goaf burnt rotten & not merchandizable.

1799 R. Burroughes Jrnl. 28 Dec. in Farming Jrnl. (1995) 126 The sample contains many black peas being goff burnt.

1863 J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. (new ed.) in J. Britten Old Country & Farming Words (1880) 145 Goaf-burned, corn heated in the barn.

† goaf-flap n. English regional (East Anglian) Obsolete a wooden instrument used to shape a goaf and make it more compact.

ΚΠ

a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) Goaf-flap, a wooden beater to knock the ends of the sheaves, and make the goaf or stack more compact and flat. In Suffolk the goaf-flap is seldom or never used.

1857 T. Wright Dict. Obsolete & Provinc. Eng. (at cited word) Goaf-flap, a wooden beater used in making the goaf compact.

goaf horse n. English regional (East Anglian) (now historical and rare) a horse used for riding the goaf (see sense 2).

ΚΠ

a1852 W. T. Spurdens Forby's Vocab. E. Anglia (1858) III. 19 Goaf-horse, the horse ridden upon the corn deposited in a barn, in order to compress it.

1953 Country Life 23 Apr. 1243/3 In course of time the horse and rider got perched up rather high, and it was no easy task to ride the ‘goaf horse’ as it was known in Suffolk.

† goaf-ladder n. English regional (East Anglian) Obsolete (apparently) a ladder used when stacking corn, straw, etc., in a barn.

ΚΠ

1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry xii. f. 14^v Gofeladder, short pitchfork & long Flayle, strawfork & rake.

1844 Brit. Farmer's Mag. Apr. 64 A gofe-ladder is merely a short ladder for those employed in goafing to get up and down by.

goafstead n. English regional (East Anglian) (now chiefly historical and rare) each of the bays or divisions of a barn in which corn, straw, etc., is stacked up and stored; these bays collectively; (in early use also) the contents of such a bay; cf. middlestead n. at middle adj. and n. Compounds 1a.

ΚΠ

1523 Indenture 28 Dec. in P. Brown Sibton Abbey Cartularies & Charters (1988) IV. 72 [Two rooms..called] ij golfested' [at the north end of the hay barn].

1587 in D. Yaxley Researcher's Gloss. Hist. Documents E. Anglia (2003) 90 A golsteade of haye xls.

1637 in D. Yaxley Researcher's Gloss. Hist. Documents E. Anglia (2003) 91 Wheat & mixtling one gouestead to thrash 60 combes 50 li.

1719 in D. Yaxley Researcher's Gloss. Hist. Documents E. Anglia (2003) 91 A Barn of 4 Golfe steads and one middle stead to be built upon the heath.

1795 R. Burroughes Jrnl. in Farming Jrnl. 7 Sept. (1995) 67 Ten loads..plac'd into the south goafstead & middlestead.

a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) Goaf-stead, every division of a barn in which a goaf is placed. A large barn has four or more.

1861 Jrnl. Agric. Jan. 682 The body of a cart, with its bargain of corn or hay, can be lifted off its axle to the level of, or above, the stack or goafstead.

1962 G. E. Evans Ask Fellows who cut Hay (ed. 2) xi. 93 The corn was stored in the spaces on each side of the middlestead of a barn: these were called the goafstead.

1969 G. E. Evans Farm & Village viii. 83 As the loose barley was unloaded on to the goafstead, a boy rode a quite old farmhorse round and round on the corn, trampling it down.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

goafn.²

Brit.

/ɡəʊf/, U.S.

/ɡoʊf/

Inflections: Plural goafs, goaves.

Forms: 1800s goaff, 1800s goave, 1800s gough, 1800s gowf, 1800s– goaf, 1800s– gove, 1900s– gohf.

Origin: Of unknown origin.

Etymology: Origin unknown. Compare gob n.⁴ and also gobbing n.¹ 2 (and the discussion at those entries).A derivation ultimately < the same early Scandinavian etymon as goaf n.¹ has been suggested, but the regional distribution of this word and goaf n.¹ differ markedly, and transfer from the language of agriculture would also be unusual.

Originally English regional (northern). Coal Mining.

An empty space from which coal has been extracted in a longwall mine, sometimes filled with waste material. Cf. goafing n. 1.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > area left after extraction of coal

gob1802

goaf1820

goafing1875

1820 Edinb. Encycl. (1830) XIV. 352/1 When goaves are wrought under very deep cover, the rupture of the strata does not in general continue up to the surface.

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 978 Before proceeding to take away another set of pillars, it is necessary to allow the last-made goaff to fall.

1871 G. Hartwig Subterranean World xxiii. 279 The fire-damp is very liable to accumulate in old workings, or goaves.

1910 Times Engin. Suppl. 29 June 17/5 The hydraulic system of goaf packing is now used at about 110 German pits.

1935 H. Heslop Last Cage Down i. i. 10 He peered into the goaf. He banged the roof and the coal face.

1982 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 9 Oct. 1641/1 There can be no written instruction ordering the sirdar to recover the coal from the ‘goaf’ (a prohibited area that is supposed to be fenced off).

2002 L. Thomas Coal Geol. x. 242/2 Vertical stresses are redistributed within the solid coal pillars and within the goaf depending on extraction geometry.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	goaf
释义	goafn.¹ Brit. /ɡəʊf/, U.S. /ɡoʊf/ Forms: late Middle English–1700s golfe, 1500s goef, 1500s goefe, 1500s gol- (in compounds), 1500s goulfe, 1500s gulfe, 1500s–1600s goue, 1500s 1700s goff, 1500s 1800s gofe, 1500s 1900s– gove, 1600s geoffe, 1600s goaffe, 1600s goue, 1600s–1700s geoff, 1600s–1700s go- (in compounds), 1600s–1800s goffe, 1600s– goaf, 1700s gulph, late Middle English–1500s 1700s golf, 1800s goafe, 1800s goaves (plural), 1800s gof, 1800s goof, 1800s goofe, 1800s gouf, 1900s– goaft. Origin: Perhaps a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic gólf floor, bay in a building, Old Swedish golf floor (Swedish golv floor, bay in a building), Old Danish gulv floor, bay in a building (Danish gulv floor, (regional) room, bay of a barn, barn)), further etymology uncertain (see note). Earlier currency is implied by goave v.Historical and semantic note. Early medieval Scandinavian buildings were constructed with a series of upright posts placed at regular intervals along each side, typically mirrored by a parallel row further inside the building, marking out spaces that could be easily partitioned off into bays (see bay n.³ 2); the size of the building was frequently given by stating the number of these bays. (This could later be transferred to sections of timber-framed structures.) It is unclear whether the early Scandinavian etymon of goaf originally denoted these bays and became subsequently applied to floor space more generally, or whether a word originally meaning ‘floor’ was later used specifically for these bays. In the modern Scandinavian languages, ‘floor’ is the main sense of the word. Compare the disambiguating modern Icelandic compound stafgólf bay in a building ( < stafr post (see staff n.¹) + gólf ). Within English the sense of the word has shifted from the bay of a barn in which corn, etc. was stored to the stored material itself. Further etymology. It has been suggested that the early Scandinavian words reflect a prefixed formation (see y- prefix) < the Germanic base of whelve v.; this might indicate that the sense ‘bay’ was primary, but this is difficult to substantiate, especially since that prefix was not productive in the Scandinavian languages. Among other suggestions is that the word may be related to Russian žëlob groove, gutter, Polish żłób crib, manger, Serbian and Croatian žleb groove, gutter. Notes on forms. In the nonstandard plural form goaves probably by analogy with other words with final -f which form plurals with -v- (e.g. leaf n.¹ and loaf n.¹); compare also goave v. In form goaft apparently with excrescent -t. 1. A rick or stack of corn, straw, etc., in a barn. Also: the quantity of corn, straw, etc., stacked up and stored in one bay or division of a barn. Cf. hay-goaf n. at hay n.¹ Compounds 2, mow n.¹ 1a. English regional (chiefly East Anglian) in later use. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > storage or preservation of crops > [noun] > barn > contents of barn > amount in bay of barn goaf1440 mowstead1531 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 428 Reek, or golf [1499 Pynson golfe or stak], arconius. a1500 in A. Way Promptorium Parvulorum 202 Ingelimum, golfe. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 226/1 Goulfe of corne, so moche as may lye bytwene two postes, otherwyse a baye. 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry xlii. f. 54/1 Let shock take sweate, least goefe take heate. 1643 J. Brinsley Church Reformation ii. 23 They are the chaffe, which cleaving close to the Corne, lyeth with it upon the same Goaffe, upon the same heape. 1669 J. Worlidge Dictionarium Rusticum in Systema Agriculturæ 271 A Geoff or Goffe, a Mow or Reek of Corn. 1787 W. Marshall Provincialisms in Rural Econ. Norfolk II. 381 Gulph, a mow, or bay-full, in a barn. 1795 J. Woodforde Diary 15 Nov. (1929) IV. 247 Falling off the Goff upon the Barn's Floor, poor Fellow he appeared to me as if he could not recover. 1800 J. Larwood Norfolk Dial. (E.D.S. No. 76) 122 The stra that the throsher had hull'd down from the gofe in the barn. 1893 in H. T. Cozens-Hardy Broad Norfolk (Eastern Daily Press) 39 Git on to the goaf, bor, and hull down some ‘shoves’. 1969 G. E. Evans Farm & Village viii. 83 Gof or gove means the corn in the ear or the mow or stack; that is, before it is threshed. 2. English regional (East Anglian). to ride the goaf: to ride a horse on top of a goaf in order to compress it and make it more compact. Now chiefly historical. ΚΠ 1823 E. Moor Suffolk Words 148 ‘Riding the goof’, is the work of a boy on horse-back, to compress the corn as thrown on the goof. 1844 Brit. Farmer's Mag. Apr. 64 It is no uncommon thing to hear a master thus address a boy—‘Come huther baw. You must ride the gofe this morning.’ 1905 Trans. Surveyors' Inst. 37 425 He remembered, as a boy, years ago, ‘riding the goaf’ in such a barn. 1969 G. E. Evans Farm & Village viii. 83 Many of the older Suffolk farm-workers, now long retired, remember riding the goaf as lads. 2012 M. Morgan Mrs McKeiver's Secrets 20 Ruth banged her knee chasing through the gate; then sprained it next day, riding the goaf. Compounds † goaf-burned adj. [compare Swedish golvbränd (1690), Danish gulvbrændt (a1719)] English regional (chiefly East Anglian) Obsolete (apparently) (of corn, straw, etc.) that has become excessively hot while stacked in a barn. ΚΠ c1628–30 in D. Yaxley Researcher's Gloss. Hist. Documents E. Anglia (2003) 91 [Barley unusable for malting was] goaf burnt rotten & not merchandizable. 1799 R. Burroughes Jrnl. 28 Dec. in Farming Jrnl. (1995) 126 The sample contains many black peas being goff burnt. 1863 J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. (new ed.) in J. Britten Old Country & Farming Words (1880) 145 Goaf-burned, corn heated in the barn. † goaf-flap n. English regional (East Anglian) Obsolete a wooden instrument used to shape a goaf and make it more compact. ΚΠ a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) Goaf-flap, a wooden beater to knock the ends of the sheaves, and make the goaf or stack more compact and flat. In Suffolk the goaf-flap is seldom or never used. 1857 T. Wright Dict. Obsolete & Provinc. Eng. (at cited word) Goaf-flap, a wooden beater used in making the goaf compact. goaf horse n. English regional (East Anglian) (now historical and rare) a horse used for riding the goaf (see sense 2). ΚΠ a1852 W. T. Spurdens Forby's Vocab. E. Anglia (1858) III. 19 Goaf-horse, the horse ridden upon the corn deposited in a barn, in order to compress it. 1953 Country Life 23 Apr. 1243/3 In course of time the horse and rider got perched up rather high, and it was no easy task to ride the ‘goaf horse’ as it was known in Suffolk. † goaf-ladder n. English regional (East Anglian) Obsolete (apparently) a ladder used when stacking corn, straw, etc., in a barn. ΚΠ 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry xii. f. 14^v Gofeladder, short pitchfork & long Flayle, strawfork & rake. 1844 Brit. Farmer's Mag. Apr. 64 A gofe-ladder is merely a short ladder for those employed in goafing to get up and down by. goafstead n. English regional (East Anglian) (now chiefly historical and rare) each of the bays or divisions of a barn in which corn, straw, etc., is stacked up and stored; these bays collectively; (in early use also) the contents of such a bay; cf. middlestead n. at middle adj. and n. Compounds 1a. ΚΠ 1523 Indenture 28 Dec. in P. Brown Sibton Abbey Cartularies & Charters (1988) IV. 72 [Two rooms..called] ij golfested' [at the north end of the hay barn]. 1587 in D. Yaxley Researcher's Gloss. Hist. Documents E. Anglia (2003) 90 A golsteade of haye xls. 1637 in D. Yaxley Researcher's Gloss. Hist. Documents E. Anglia (2003) 91 Wheat & mixtling one gouestead to thrash 60 combes 50 li. 1719 in D. Yaxley Researcher's Gloss. Hist. Documents E. Anglia (2003) 91 A Barn of 4 Golfe steads and one middle stead to be built upon the heath. 1795 R. Burroughes Jrnl. in Farming Jrnl. 7 Sept. (1995) 67 Ten loads..plac'd into the south goafstead & middlestead. a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) Goaf-stead, every division of a barn in which a goaf is placed. A large barn has four or more. 1861 Jrnl. Agric. Jan. 682 The body of a cart, with its bargain of corn or hay, can be lifted off its axle to the level of, or above, the stack or goafstead. 1962 G. E. Evans Ask Fellows who cut Hay (ed. 2) xi. 93 The corn was stored in the spaces on each side of the middlestead of a barn: these were called the goafstead. 1969 G. E. Evans Farm & Village viii. 83 As the loose barley was unloaded on to the goafstead, a boy rode a quite old farmhorse round and round on the corn, trampling it down. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). goafn.² Brit. /ɡəʊf/, U.S. /ɡoʊf/ Inflections: Plural goafs, goaves. Forms: 1800s goaff, 1800s goave, 1800s gough, 1800s gowf, 1800s– goaf, 1800s– gove, 1900s– gohf. Origin: Of unknown origin. Etymology: Origin unknown. Compare gob n.⁴ and also gobbing n.¹ 2 (and the discussion at those entries).A derivation ultimately < the same early Scandinavian etymon as goaf n.¹ has been suggested, but the regional distribution of this word and goaf n.¹ differ markedly, and transfer from the language of agriculture would also be unusual. Originally English regional (northern). Coal Mining. An empty space from which coal has been extracted in a longwall mine, sometimes filled with waste material. Cf. goafing n. 1. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > area left after extraction of coal gob1802 goaf1820 goafing1875 1820 Edinb. Encycl. (1830) XIV. 352/1 When goaves are wrought under very deep cover, the rupture of the strata does not in general continue up to the surface. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 978 Before proceeding to take away another set of pillars, it is necessary to allow the last-made goaff to fall. 1871 G. Hartwig Subterranean World xxiii. 279 The fire-damp is very liable to accumulate in old workings, or goaves. 1910 Times Engin. Suppl. 29 June 17/5 The hydraulic system of goaf packing is now used at about 110 German pits. 1935 H. Heslop Last Cage Down i. i. 10 He peered into the goaf. He banged the roof and the coal face. 1982 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 9 Oct. 1641/1 There can be no written instruction ordering the sirdar to recover the coal from the ‘goaf’ (a prohibited area that is supposed to be fenced off). 2002 L. Thomas Coal Geol. x. 242/2 Vertical stresses are redistributed within the solid coal pillars and within the goaf depending on extraction geometry. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1440n.²1820
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goafn.1

Compounds

goafn.2

goafn.¹

goafn.²