gildv.

Brit.

/ɡɪld/, U.S.

/ɡɪld/

Inflections: Past tense and past participle gilt, gilded;

Forms: 1. Present stem Old English gyldan (in prefixed forms), Middle English gilde, Middle English gylde, 1500s guylde, 1500s gyld, 1500s–1600s guyld, 1500s–1700s guild, 1500s– gild, 1600s gyld. 2. Past tense Middle English gildide, Middle English gilte, Middle English gyldyd, Middle English gyldyde, Middle English 1600s– gilt, 1600s guilt, 1600s 1900s– gilded. 3. Past participle.

α. Old English gegyld, Old English gild (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Old English gilld (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Old English gyld (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Middle English guld (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Middle English ygeld, Middle English yguld, Middle English ygyld, Middle English 1600s gilde, 1700s guild, 1700s–1800s gild.

β. early Middle English gildedd ( Ormulum, in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Middle English gildid, Middle English ygyllyd, Middle English– gilded, 1500s guylded, 1500s–1700s guilded.

γ. Middle English gylte (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Middle English ygelt, Middle English ygilt, Middle English–1500s gilte, Middle English–1500s gylt, Middle English– gilt, 1500s guilte, 1600s–1700s guilt.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Icelandic gylla , Old Swedish, Swedish gylla , Old Danish gylle (Danish gylde ) < the Germanic base of gold n.¹ Compare overgild v. and the West Germanic forms cited at that entry.In Old English a weak verb of Class I, showing i-mutation (of inherited short u ) caused by the derivational suffix. Prefixation. The earliest attestations (in Old English and Middle English) show uses of the prefixed past participle (compare y- prefix, and also ygilt adj.¹), which could alternatively be interpreted as reflecting an otherwise unattested Old English prefixed verb *gegyldan . The unprefixed verb, and the unprefixed adjectives derived from its past participle (compare gilded adj., gilt adj.), are rare in Middle English before the end of the 14th cent. (compare, however, early Middle English examples at gilder n.); in some later uses they may partly reflect shortening of the prefixed verb overgild v. Compare also the prefixed verb Old English begyld gilded, adorned with gold (see be- prefix and compare begild v.). Forms of the past participle. The α. forms show syncopation of the past participle ending (characteristic of weak verbs of Class I in Old English) and simplification of the resulting stem-final consonant group; compare α. forms at gilded adj. The devoicing of the stem-final dental in the γ. forms (as also forms of the past tense) is an early Middle English development shown also by the past tense and past participle of e.g. build v., send v.¹, etc.; compare gilt adj., ygilt adj.¹ Compare also gilt v. and see discussion at that entry.

a. transitive. To cover (something) with a thin layer of gold or (in later use sometimes) an imitation of this; (in early use esp.) to cover with gold leaf; to decorate (an object, room, etc.) with gilding.In quot. OE with reference to illumination of letters with gold leaf, but in a figurative context alluding to elegant language (cf. sense 2).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > gilding and silvering > gild and silver [verb (transitive)] > gild

overgildOE

gildOE

gilt?a1400

to paint overa1400

overgilt?a1425

engildc1475

limn1548

deaurate1562

regild1583

begild1600

OE tr. Felix St. Guthlac (Vesp.) (1909) Prol. 101 Swa ic menige wat on Angelcynne mid þam fægerum stafum gegylde, fæger [perhaps read fægere] and glæwlice gesette, þæt hig þas boc sylf settan mihton.

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1330 Þe celynge with-inne was siluer plat & with red gold ful wel yguld.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Exod. xxvi. 29 Þilk tablis þou schalt gylden [a1425 L.V. ouergilde; L. deaurabis].

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) ii. l. 3761 Of gold þer is a borde.., Of siluer oþer vesselle, gilte fulle richeli.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 50 As sporiers in Londoun gilden her sporis whiche thei maken.

1580 J. Frampton tr. N. Monardes Dial. Yron in Ioyfull Newes (new ed.) f. 148 They gyld them [sc. iron and steel], they siluer them, & there is giuen to them other coulors.

a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. l. 31194 The image als quhilk wes of Sanct Androw, Wes gilt with gold for to compleit his vow.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 477 I see that now adaies siluer only..is guilded by the means of this artificiall Quicksiluer.

a1677 J. Taylor Contempl. State Man (1684) ii. v. 216 He spent many days in finding out.., how much Gold would serve to guild a Crown of Silver.

a1711 T. Ken Sion i, in Wks. (1721) IV. 316 A Pile magnificent..Which by devout Imperial Helen build, Was richly by her Son adorn'd and gild.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1775 I. 502 [Johnson:] One of the rooms was gilt to a degree that I never saw before.

1806 R. Cumberland Mem. (1807) I. 184 Its magnificent owner..had gilt and furnished the apartments with a profusion of luxury.

1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 800 Articles of iron or steel may..be instantly gilt by dipping them into this auriferous ether.

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 967/1 Porcelain or glass is gilded by a magma of gold, quicksilver, [etc.].

1974 M. Ayrton Midas Consequence (1978) v. 115 He is holding, on a length of yellow twine, Capisco's arm, whose great curling horns also seem golden and that, I see, is because someone has fancifully gilded them.

2013 India Internat. Centre Q. 40 89 The arches and the internal dome are ornamented by high-relief papier-mâché cartouches, gilded and painted after a restoration exercise.

b. transitive. To cover (something) with a thin layer of (a specified) metal other than gold. Also intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > coat or cover with metal

couch14..

platec1425

bush1566

gild1611

sheathe1615

water1637

tincture1670

laminate1697

wash1792

replate1796

rebush1864

electro1891

metallize1911

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Argenter, to siluer ouer; to gild, or couer with siluer.

1687 tr. J. Spon Hist. Geneva ii. 75 In their left a Buckler or Shield gilded with silver after the manner of the ancient she-Warriers.

1733 S. Whatley tr. S. Tyssot de Patot Trav. & Adventures James Massey ix. 160 La Foret was a very good Engraver, and had acquainted himself so well with the Custom of the Country to gild with Copper.

1890 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. 22 Aug. 559/3 I should much like to know how to gild with silver leaf.

1991 Jrnl. Royal Asiatic Soc. 15 375 The embossments are to be gilt with silver.

2010 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 114 263/1 A room in a bath complex whose ceiling may have been gilded with copper or bronze.

2. transitive. figurative. To adorn or embellish (something); to make (something) seem attractive, reputable, etc.; to give a specious brilliance or lustre to (actions, things, etc.), esp. by the use of grand or elegant language.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > ornateness > embellish [verb (transitive)] > set forth in ornate language

windc1315

gild1340

embroidera1610

rhetorize1611

to have swallowed a (or the) dictionary1829

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 233 Þanne byeþ þe þri cornes of þe lilye wel y-gelt mid þe golde of charite.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 27603 I-nogh mai we finde of þa [men] þat wiþ-in is rotin as molde & wiþ-oute gilt as golde [Vesp. ouergilt wit gold].

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) Prol. l. 198 (MED) Clerkis..by olde tyme..cherisched werne of lordes..For they enacted and gilte with her sawes Her hyȝe renoun, her manhood and prowes.

1580 J. Hester tr. L. Fioravanti Short Disc. Chirurg. sig. P.iij^v The quantitie is from one dram to two drams in the morning fasting, but ye may not guild them in anye wise, but drincke after-them a cup of water or wine.

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 v. iv. 155 If a lie may do thee grace, Ile guild it with the happiest termes I haue.

1635 F. Quarles Emblemes i. iv. 18 Proclaiming Bad for Good; and gilding death with pleasure!

1661 E. Hickeringill Jamaica Viewed (ed. 2) 77 All plausible Pretexts that witty usurpation doth use to colour and gild blacker Designes.

1705 E. Hickeringill Priest-craft 55 The first Cause..was open'd by the Plaintiffs Council, who..laid on Tongue enough to guild a rotten Sign-Post.

1713 London Gaz. No. 5127/5 Poisonous Prefaces (..gilded with the specious Pretence of Zeal).

1775 R. B. Sheridan Rivals Epil. Love gilds the scene.

1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 23 A rebel's crime gilt with a rebel's tongue.

1856 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire V. xlii. 22 Such a death at least doubly gilds his virtues.

1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xii. 148 Cicero had prepared a speech in which he had gilded his own performances with all his eloquence.

1937 H. Jennings et al. May 12th Mass-observ. Day-surveys (1987) i. 85 It is this Britain that we best serve by remembering it when its class enemies seek to gild its chains.

1983 P. Ackroyd Last Test. Oscar Wilde 3 I gilded each day with precious words and perfumed the hours with wine.

2012 Sunday Mirror (Nexis) 20 May 62 A man who doesn't need oily words of PR guff to gild Liverpool's image.

3. figurative.

a. transitive. To cover or tinge (something) with a golden colour or light, esp. sunlight.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > shine [verb (transitive)] > with golden or glorious light

gildc1425

glorify?1504

engild1598

the world > matter > colour > named colours > yellow or yellowness > making yellow > make yellow [verb (transitive)] > make golden yellow

gildc1425

golden1835

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 3930 (MED) Whan siluer welles scheden oute her stremys In þe ryuers, gilt with þe sonne bemys.

a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 2300 (MED) Phebus..The hegh hylles gilte with his stremes, The syluer dewe vpon the herbes rounde.

1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus ii. i. 6 The golden sunne..hauing gilt the Ocean with his beames, Gallops the Zodiacke.

1616 G. Chapman tr. Musaeus Divine Poem 391 No torches gilt the honor'd nuptial bed.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 64 Stars..shooting through the darkness, guild the Night With sweeping Glories, and long trails of Light.

1714 J. Gay Shepherd's Week i. 10 The sun-beams bright..gild the thatch of Goodman Hodges' barn.

1777 W. Jones Seven Fountains 55 How dim the rays that gild the brittle earth.

1821 Ld. Byron Isles of Greece in Don Juan: Canto III 46 Eternal summer gilds them yet, But all, except their sun, is set.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. iii. 47 The crests of the northeast headland were gilded by true sunshine.

1957 E. Pound tr. A. Rimbaud 5 Poems 11 And a great chope of foamy beer Gilt by the sun in that atmosphere.

1994 Action Asia Aug. 111/1 In the late afternoon, we watched the storm clouds brew over the lakes, then miraculously dissipate as sunset gilded the plain.

2010 Irish Times (Nexis) 23 Oct. 7 The boreen to the sea was fringed by finches and linnets, dancing ahead of me and away over sandy pastures and cotton-wool sheep gilded by the sun.

†b. transitive. To adorn with a golden colour or appearance. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 39 The walks are shaded with Orange Trees... They were..guilded with Fruit.

1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 140 Cowslips are gilding the plain.

†4. transitive. Alchemy. To imbue (a liquid) with the properties of gold; to impregnate (a liquid) with gold. Also intransitive: to become impregnated with gold. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > alchemy > alchemical processes > [verb]

gilda1475

a1475 Bk. Quinte Essence (1889) 7 Ȝe schule haue ȝoure licour by an hundrid part bettir gilt þan ȝe had tofore wiþ þe floreyn.

1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities 373 I dropp'd into the Yellow Liquor afforded me by the Elevated Gold, a convenient quantity of clean running Mercury, which was immediately colour'd with a Golden colour'd Filme, and shaking it to and fro, till the Menstruum would guild no more, when [etc.].

1685 R. Boyle Short Mem. Hist. Mineral Waters Contents A Mineral Water..considered as being gilt in its Channel or Receptacles.

5. to gild over.

a. transitive. To cover (something) with gilding, so as to conceal defects. Chiefly figurative and in figurative contexts.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > counterfeiting > counterfeit [verb (transitive)]

false1303

counterfeit1560

to gild over1574

the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [verb (transitive)] > make drunk > make partially drunk

dozy1568

to gild over1574

mizzle1583

flustera1616

stain1631

elevatea1704

flustrate1712

jollify1824

tipsify1837

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > semblance, outward show > present speciously [verb (transitive)] > improve appearance

paintc1390

set1540

daub1543

plaster1546

varnish1571

to gild over1574

adorn1589

parget1592

glaze1605

apparel1615

pranka1616

lustre1627

candidate1628

varnish1641

lacquer1688

whitewash1703

tinsel1748

duff1750

fineer1765

veneer1847

superficialize1851

gloss1879

window dress1913

beglamour1926

sportswash2012

1574 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Job xcix. 467/1 Looke me vpon an Antike of timber, it is well guilded ouer, and it glistreth maruellously: but within it shall bee eaten with mothes or other wormes.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 i. ii. 150 Your daies seruice at Shrewsbury, hath a little guilded ouer your nights exploit on Gadshill.

1648 Hunting of Fox 45 Counterfeit coyn, sleightly gilded over.

1677 R. Gilpin Dæmonol. Sacra ii. iii. 208 Satans second care for the advancement of Errour..is to gild it over with specious pretences.

1683 W. Kennett tr. Erasmus Witt against Wisdom 1 All their countenances were guilded o're with a liuely, sparkling pleasantness.

1702 J. Dunton Hist. Living Men vii. 89 He esteems 'em venemous, tho' they come gilded over with the colour of Gratuity.

1773 J. Warner Descr. & Use New-invented Portable Instrument 4 If an unknown Quantity of Silver be..guilt over with an unknown Quantity of Gold.., the Weight of each Metal may separately be found.

1815 A. MacTaggart Hortensia i. iii, in J. Galt New Brit. Theatre IV. 153 Beauty gilds Her vices o'er, which more securely harm.

1933 Times 1 Dec. 7/2 That widespread social habit [sc. betting] would be enormously increased if it were gilded over by the specious plea that it was in the interest of charity.

2016 Washington Post (Nexis) 9 Dec. c 1 Casino design served multiple purposes: to amuse idle blue bloods, to gild over the ugly manipulation of greed at the heart of gambling, and to give the nouveaux riches a sense of belonging.

†b. transitive. figurative. To make (a person) drunk; cf. sense 8. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [verb (transitive)] > make drunk

fordrenchc1000

indrunkena1300

mazec1390

distemper1491

whittle1530

swill1548

inebriate1555

disguise1560

intoxicatea1566

tipple1566

overtake1577

betipple1581

seethe1599

fuddlec1600

fox1611

wound1613

cupa1616

fuzzle1621

to gild overa1625

sousea1625

tip1637

tosticate1650

drunkify1664

muddle1668

tipsy1673

sop1682

fuzz1685

confound1705

mellowa1761

prime1788

lush1821

soak1826

touch1833

rosin1877

befuddle1887

slew1888

lush1927

wipe1972

a1625 J. Fletcher Chances iv. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ccc/1 Duke. Is she not drunk too? Whore. A little guilded o'er.

6. figurative.

a. transitive. To provide (a person or thing) with gold, money, or wealth; to make (a person, quality, etc.) appear reputable or attractive, esp. through the possession of wealth. Now rare.Sometimes merging with sense 2.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > reputation > good repute > reputability or honourableness > render reputable or respectable [verb (transitive)]

gentilize1581

gild1584

ingentilize1611

respectabilize1843

1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft ii. x. 35 There is no waie..to escape the inquisitors hands..but to gild their hands with monie.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. vi. 49 I will make fast the doores & guild my selfe with some mo ducats.

1603 T. Dekker et al. Patient Grissill sig. B3^v Ile gild that pouertie, and make it shine, With beames of dignitie.

1838 Knickerbocker Aug. 131 The curse of dishonesty, even when gilded with wealth, is hard enough to bear.

1875 C. Merivale Gen. Hist. Rome xxvi. 185 The missions of proconsuls and proprætors..were gilded, not indeed, with fixed salaries, but by gifts from states and potentates.

1890 W. Besant Demoniac iii. 29 The Thanets are new people, as everybody knows. Yet not so very new; and their novelty is gilded.

2016 Irish Times (Nexis) 16 May 13 The role of the press and of the State, as I see it, is to..help eradicate financial services that rob the poor to gild the rich.

†b. transitive. Of gold or money: to make rich, wealthy, or opulent. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > reputation > good repute > reputability or honourableness > render reputable or respectable [verb (transitive)] > of money

gild?1620

?1620 S. Rowlands Paire of Spy-knaues 1 Their gold and siluer gildeth them so well, They are the best in Parish where they dwell.

1739 S. Boyse Deity viii. 36 Wealth or honours gild the scene.

1788 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 416 Did many talents gild thy span?

1825 W. Scott Let. 29 Nov. (1935) IX. 320 But I do not suppose brother Jonathan would like much so large a fortune passing out (of) his continent to gild a Marchionesss [sic] coronet in Britain.

1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 98 Cursed be the gold that gilds the straiten'd forehead of the fool!

7. transitive. figurative. To cover or smear with blood. Common in the 17th cent.; now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > soiled condition > soil [verb (transitive)] > stain or smear with blood

bebloodyc1210

bebleedc1230

begore?1518

blood1522

imbrue1529

bloody1530

gore1566

engore1593

sanguine1610

gild1614

beblood1623

bleed1634

ensanguine1667

bloodstain1798

vermilion1817

imbue1850

1614 G. Markham Pleasvres of Princes iii. 40, in Second Bk. Eng. Husbandman iii. That Cocke..euery time he..draweth blood of his aduersary, guilding (as they tearme it) his spurres in blood.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) ii. ii. 54 If he doe bleed, Ile guild the Faces of the Groomes withall, For it must seeme their Guilt.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 316 Their Armours that march'd hence so siluer bright, Hither returne all gilt with Frenchmens blood.

1632 T. Heywood 2nd Pt. Iron Age sig. E4^v We haue guilt our Greekish armes With blood of their owne nation.

1816 Ld. Byron Siege of Corinth xxv. 40 Swords with blood were gilt.

1998 Mass. Rev. 39 471 He is calm, his face inscrutible [sic], his hand gilded with blood.

†8. transitive. figurative. Of liquor: to cause (the face) to become flushed or suffused with glowing colour; cf. sense 5b. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > redness > [verb (transitive)] > blush

emblooma1529

staina1547

blush1592

gilda1616

flush1697

overflush1811

colour1824

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 283 Trinculo is reeling ripe: where should they Finde this grand Liquor that hath gilded 'em.

Phrases

P1. to gild the pill: see pill n.³ 3b.

P2. to gild the lily: see lily n. 5.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	gild
释义	† gildn.¹ Forms: Scottish pre-1700 gilde, pre-1700 gyld, pre-1700 1800s gild; English regional (Northumberland) 1800s gild. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic gildi banquet, feast: see guild n.). chiefly Scottish. Obsolete. Noise, clamour, often mirthful in nature. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > loudness > [noun] > loud sound or noise chirma800 dina1000 utas1202 noise?c1225 nurthc1225 dinninga1400 glama1400 glavera1400 reer?a1400 reirdc1400 dunch1440 steveningc1440 rebound1457 bruit?1473 alarm1489 yell1509 gild?a1513 shout?a1513 reveriea1522 routa1522 thundering1560 rumouringc1563 dinrie?1566 rear1567 fray1568 thunder-crack1595 thunder1600 fanfarea1605 fragor1605 clamour1606 thunder-clap1610 obstrepency1623 tonitruation1658 randana1661 clarion1667 leden1674 bluster1724 salvoa1734 ding1750 row1753 tonance1778 dunder1780 chang1788 blare1807 flare1815 detonation1830 trump1848 trumpeting1850 foghorn1875 yammer1932 a1513 W. Dunbar Flyting in Poems (1998) I. 207 Than rynis thow doun the gait with gild of boyis, And all the toun tykis hingand in thy heilis. c1540 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. iii. xvi. 10 Appius, herand þe huge noyis and gilde rissin haistelie amang þe pepill..rais fra his sait. 1599 A. Hume Day Estivall 225 Throw all the land great is the gild Of rustik folks that crie. 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. (at cited word) Gild of lauchin, loud laughter, Fife. 1893 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Gild,... ‘A body full o' gild’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2020). † gildn.² Forms: 1600s 1800s guild, 1600s–1800s gild. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin gildum, geldum. Etymology: < post-classical Latin gildum, variant of geldum geld n.² Compare earlier guild v. and geld n.²It is unclear whether the following Middle English examples should be interpreted as earlier attestations of this word or as forms of yield n. (compare discussion at geld n.²):a1275 in Archaeologia (1883) 47 127 Gild, hoc est quietus de consuetudinibus servilibus que..quondam dare consueverint sicuti Hornchild et hiis similibus.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2388 Ælcche ȝere him senden þreo þusund punden, her-to him wolden finden ȝisel of his gilde.1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 122 If any brother or sistre falle at meschief, he sal hauen gilde, houereday a farthyng, and on sunday a halpeny. N.E.D. (1899) gives the pronunciation as (gild) /ɡɪld/. historical. Obsolete. A payment, tribute, or tax; spec. = geld n.² ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > [noun] tacka1300 taxa1327 tail1340 stent138. emption1467 duty1474 stint1485 teamc1485 liverage1544 stipend1545 toust1574 sess1579 cut1634 censure1641 gild1656 leviation1681 levation1690 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Gild alias Geld, signifies a Tribute, or sometime an amercement. [Also in later dictionaries.] 1778 Hist. Cheshire I. 118 It [sc. the city] paid gild or tribute for 50 hides. 1839 T. Keightley Hist. Eng. (new ed.) I. 123 They laid guilds (taxes) evermore on the towns. 1890 C. Gross Gild Merchant II. 314 Johanna Hughettes was allowed to give her gild to her husband. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2021). gildadj. Brit. /ɡɪld/, U.S. /ɡɪld/, Scottish English /ɡ(j)ɪld/ Forms: pre-1700 gill, pre-1700 1700s– gild, 1800s guild, 1800s gyld, 1900s gjild. Origin: A borrowing from Norn. Etymology: < the unattested Norn reflex of the early Scandinavian word represented by Old Icelandic gildr of full value or size, great, complete, Faroese gildur considerable, real, generous, Norwegian gild considerable, splendid, excellent, fine, Old Swedish gilder full, complete, excellent (Swedish gill ), Old Danish, Danish gild of full value, real, excellent, fine < the same Germanic base as yield v. Scottish. Now rare. †1. Orkney and Shetland. Of an ox, fish, etc.: full-grown; of full market value. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1503 in A. Peterkin Rentals Earldom & Bishoprick of Orkney (1820) 29 Ane gild kow..ȝeirlie to be payit. 1597 J. Skene De Verborum Significatione at Serplaith Ane gild Oxe is apprised [in Orkney] to 15 meales, & ane Wedder is four meales. 1624 Orkney & Shetland Test. I. f. 122^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue (at cited word) Thrie gild oxin. 1775 Acct. New Method Fishing Coasts Shetland 3 A Gild Ling, is one that is unexceptionable as to size, either way. 2. Great; complete, utter. rare. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in Shetland in 1954 but marks it as obsolescent. ΚΠ 1710 T. Ruddiman in G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneis (new ed.) Gloss. (at cited word) Thus Scot. we say a gild laughter, i.e. loud, a gild rogue; i.e. a great wag or rogue. 1928 A. Horsbøl tr. J. Jakobsen Etymol. Dict. Norn Lang. in Shetland I A gild leear, an arrant liar, a gild tief, an arrant thief. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). gildv. Brit. /ɡɪld/, U.S. /ɡɪld/ Inflections: Past tense and past participle gilt, gilded; Forms: 1. Present stem Old English gyldan (in prefixed forms), Middle English gilde, Middle English gylde, 1500s guylde, 1500s gyld, 1500s–1600s guyld, 1500s–1700s guild, 1500s– gild, 1600s gyld. 2. Past tense Middle English gildide, Middle English gilte, Middle English gyldyd, Middle English gyldyde, Middle English 1600s– gilt, 1600s guilt, 1600s 1900s– gilded. 3. Past participle. α. Old English gegyld, Old English gild (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Old English gilld (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Old English gyld (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Middle English guld (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Middle English ygeld, Middle English yguld, Middle English ygyld, Middle English 1600s gilde, 1700s guild, 1700s–1800s gild. β. early Middle English gildedd ( Ormulum, in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Middle English gildid, Middle English ygyllyd, Middle English– gilded, 1500s guylded, 1500s–1700s guilded. γ. Middle English gylte (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Middle English ygelt, Middle English ygilt, Middle English–1500s gilte, Middle English–1500s gylt, Middle English– gilt, 1500s guilte, 1600s–1700s guilt. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Icelandic gylla , Old Swedish, Swedish gylla , Old Danish gylle (Danish gylde ) < the Germanic base of gold n.¹ Compare overgild v. and the West Germanic forms cited at that entry.In Old English a weak verb of Class I, showing i-mutation (of inherited short u ) caused by the derivational suffix. Prefixation. The earliest attestations (in Old English and Middle English) show uses of the prefixed past participle (compare y- prefix, and also ygilt adj.¹), which could alternatively be interpreted as reflecting an otherwise unattested Old English prefixed verb gegyldan . The unprefixed verb, and the unprefixed adjectives derived from its past participle (compare gilded adj., gilt adj.), are rare in Middle English before the end of the 14th cent. (compare, however, early Middle English examples at gilder n.); in some later uses they may partly reflect shortening of the prefixed verb overgild v. Compare also the prefixed verb Old English begyld* gilded, adorned with gold (see be- prefix and compare begild v.). Forms of the past participle. The α. forms show syncopation of the past participle ending (characteristic of weak verbs of Class I in Old English) and simplification of the resulting stem-final consonant group; compare α. forms at gilded adj. The devoicing of the stem-final dental in the γ. forms (as also forms of the past tense) is an early Middle English development shown also by the past tense and past participle of e.g. build v., send v.¹, etc.; compare gilt adj., ygilt adj.¹ Compare also gilt v. and see discussion at that entry. 1. a. transitive. To cover (something) with a thin layer of gold or (in later use sometimes) an imitation of this; (in early use esp.) to cover with gold leaf; to decorate (an object, room, etc.) with gilding.In quot. OE with reference to illumination of letters with gold leaf, but in a figurative context alluding to elegant language (cf. sense 2). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > gilding and silvering > gild and silver [verb (transitive)] > gild overgildOE gildOE gilt?a1400 to paint overa1400 overgilt?a1425 engildc1475 limn1548 deaurate1562 regild1583 begild1600 OE tr. Felix St. Guthlac (Vesp.) (1909) Prol. 101 Swa ic menige wat on Angelcynne mid þam fægerum stafum gegylde, fæger [perhaps read fægere] and glæwlice gesette, þæt hig þas boc sylf settan mihton. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1330 Þe celynge with-inne was siluer plat & with red gold ful wel yguld. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Exod. xxvi. 29 Þilk tablis þou schalt gylden [a1425 L.V. ouergilde; L. deaurabis]. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) ii. l. 3761 Of gold þer is a borde.., Of siluer oþer vesselle, gilte fulle richeli. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 50 As sporiers in Londoun gilden her sporis whiche thei maken. 1580 J. Frampton tr. N. Monardes Dial. Yron in Ioyfull Newes (new ed.) f. 148 They gyld them [sc. iron and steel], they siluer them, & there is giuen to them other coulors. a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. l. 31194 The image als quhilk wes of Sanct Androw, Wes gilt with gold for to compleit his vow. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 477 I see that now adaies siluer only..is guilded by the means of this artificiall Quicksiluer. a1677 J. Taylor Contempl. State Man (1684) ii. v. 216 He spent many days in finding out.., how much Gold would serve to guild a Crown of Silver. a1711 T. Ken Sion i, in Wks. (1721) IV. 316 A Pile magnificent..Which by devout Imperial Helen build, Was richly by her Son adorn'd and gild. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1775 I. 502 [Johnson:] One of the rooms was gilt to a degree that I never saw before. 1806 R. Cumberland Mem. (1807) I. 184 Its magnificent owner..had gilt and furnished the apartments with a profusion of luxury. 1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 800 Articles of iron or steel may..be instantly gilt by dipping them into this auriferous ether. 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 967/1 Porcelain or glass is gilded by a magma of gold, quicksilver, [etc.]. 1974 M. Ayrton Midas Consequence (1978) v. 115 He is holding, on a length of yellow twine, Capisco's arm, whose great curling horns also seem golden and that, I see, is because someone has fancifully gilded them. 2013 India Internat. Centre Q. 40 89 The arches and the internal dome are ornamented by high-relief papier-mâché cartouches, gilded and painted after a restoration exercise. b. transitive. To cover (something) with a thin layer of (a specified) metal other than gold. Also intransitive. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > coat or cover with metal couch14.. platec1425 bush1566 gild1611 sheathe1615 water1637 tincture1670 laminate1697 wash1792 replate1796 rebush1864 electro1891 metallize1911 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Argenter, to siluer ouer; to gild, or couer with siluer. 1687 tr. J. Spon Hist. Geneva ii. 75 In their left a Buckler or Shield gilded with silver after the manner of the ancient she-Warriers. 1733 S. Whatley tr. S. Tyssot de Patot Trav. & Adventures James Massey ix. 160 La Foret was a very good Engraver, and had acquainted himself so well with the Custom of the Country to gild with Copper. 1890 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. 22 Aug. 559/3 I should much like to know how to gild with silver leaf. 1991 Jrnl. Royal Asiatic Soc. 15 375 The embossments are to be gilt with silver. 2010 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 114 263/1 A room in a bath complex whose ceiling may have been gilded with copper or bronze. 2. transitive. figurative. To adorn or embellish (something); to make (something) seem attractive, reputable, etc.; to give a specious brilliance or lustre to (actions, things, etc.), esp. by the use of grand or elegant language. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > ornateness > embellish [verb (transitive)] > set forth in ornate language windc1315 gild1340 embroidera1610 rhetorize1611 to have swallowed a (or the) dictionary1829 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 233 Þanne byeþ þe þri cornes of þe lilye wel y-gelt mid þe golde of charite. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 27603 I-nogh mai we finde of þa [men] þat wiþ-in is rotin as molde & wiþ-oute gilt as golde [Vesp. ouergilt wit gold]. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) Prol. l. 198 (MED) Clerkis..by olde tyme..cherisched werne of lordes..For they enacted and gilte with her sawes Her hyȝe renoun, her manhood and prowes. 1580 J. Hester tr. L. Fioravanti Short Disc. Chirurg. sig. P.iij^v The quantitie is from one dram to two drams in the morning fasting, but ye may not guild them in anye wise, but drincke after-them a cup of water or wine. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 v. iv. 155 If a lie may do thee grace, Ile guild it with the happiest termes I haue. View more context for this quotation 1635 F. Quarles Emblemes i. iv. 18 Proclaiming Bad for Good; and gilding death with pleasure! 1661 E. Hickeringill Jamaica Viewed (ed. 2) 77 All plausible Pretexts that witty usurpation doth use to colour and gild blacker Designes. 1705 E. Hickeringill Priest-craft 55 The first Cause..was open'd by the Plaintiffs Council, who..laid on Tongue enough to guild a rotten Sign-Post. 1713 London Gaz. No. 5127/5 Poisonous Prefaces (..gilded with the specious Pretence of Zeal). 1775 R. B. Sheridan Rivals Epil. Love gilds the scene. 1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 23 A rebel's crime gilt with a rebel's tongue. 1856 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire V. xlii. 22 Such a death at least doubly gilds his virtues. 1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xii. 148 Cicero had prepared a speech in which he had gilded his own performances with all his eloquence. 1937 H. Jennings et al. May 12th Mass-observ. Day-surveys (1987) i. 85 It is this Britain that we best serve by remembering it when its class enemies seek to gild its chains. 1983 P. Ackroyd Last Test. Oscar Wilde 3 I gilded each day with precious words and perfumed the hours with wine. 2012 Sunday Mirror (Nexis) 20 May 62 A man who doesn't need oily words of PR guff to gild Liverpool's image. 3. figurative. a. transitive. To cover or tinge (something) with a golden colour or light, esp. sunlight. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > shine [verb (transitive)] > with golden or glorious light gildc1425 glorify?1504 engild1598 the world > matter > colour > named colours > yellow or yellowness > making yellow > make yellow [verb (transitive)] > make golden yellow gildc1425 golden1835 c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 3930 (MED) Whan siluer welles scheden oute her stremys In þe ryuers, gilt with þe sonne bemys. a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 2300 (MED) Phebus..The hegh hylles gilte with his stremes, The syluer dewe vpon the herbes rounde. 1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus ii. i. 6 The golden sunne..hauing gilt the Ocean with his beames, Gallops the Zodiacke. View more context for this quotation 1616 G. Chapman tr. Musaeus Divine Poem 391 No torches gilt the honor'd nuptial bed. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 64 Stars..shooting through the darkness, guild the Night With sweeping Glories, and long trails of Light. View more context for this quotation 1714 J. Gay Shepherd's Week i. 10 The sun-beams bright..gild the thatch of Goodman Hodges' barn. 1777 W. Jones Seven Fountains 55 How dim the rays that gild the brittle earth. 1821 Ld. Byron Isles of Greece in Don Juan: Canto III 46 Eternal summer gilds them yet, But all, except their sun, is set. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. iii. 47 The crests of the northeast headland were gilded by true sunshine. 1957 E. Pound tr. A. Rimbaud 5 Poems 11 And a great chope of foamy beer Gilt by the sun in that atmosphere. 1994 Action Asia Aug. 111/1 In the late afternoon, we watched the storm clouds brew over the lakes, then miraculously dissipate as sunset gilded the plain. 2010 Irish Times (Nexis) 23 Oct. 7 The boreen to the sea was fringed by finches and linnets, dancing ahead of me and away over sandy pastures and cotton-wool sheep gilded by the sun. †b. transitive. To adorn with a golden colour or appearance. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 39 The walks are shaded with Orange Trees... They were..guilded with Fruit. 1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 140 Cowslips are gilding the plain. †4. transitive. Alchemy. To imbue (a liquid) with the properties of gold; to impregnate (a liquid) with gold. Also intransitive: to become impregnated with gold. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > alchemy > alchemical processes > [verb] gilda1475 a1475 Bk. Quinte Essence (1889) 7 Ȝe schule haue ȝoure licour by an hundrid part bettir gilt þan ȝe had tofore wiþ þe floreyn. 1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities 373 I dropp'd into the Yellow Liquor afforded me by the Elevated Gold, a convenient quantity of clean running Mercury, which was immediately colour'd with a Golden colour'd Filme, and shaking it to and fro, till the Menstruum would guild no more, when [etc.]. 1685 R. Boyle Short Mem. Hist. Mineral Waters Contents A Mineral Water..considered as being gilt in its Channel or Receptacles. 5. to gild over. a. transitive. To cover (something) with gilding, so as to conceal defects. Chiefly figurative and in figurative contexts. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > counterfeiting > counterfeit [verb (transitive)] false1303 counterfeit1560 to gild over1574 the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [verb (transitive)] > make drunk > make partially drunk dozy1568 to gild over1574 mizzle1583 flustera1616 stain1631 elevatea1704 flustrate1712 jollify1824 tipsify1837 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > semblance, outward show > present speciously [verb (transitive)] > improve appearance paintc1390 set1540 daub1543 plaster1546 varnish1571 to gild over1574 adorn1589 parget1592 glaze1605 apparel1615 pranka1616 lustre1627 candidate1628 varnish1641 lacquer1688 whitewash1703 tinsel1748 duff1750 fineer1765 veneer1847 superficialize1851 gloss1879 window dress1913 beglamour1926 sportswash2012 1574 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Job xcix. 467/1 Looke me vpon an Antike of timber, it is well guilded ouer, and it glistreth maruellously: but within it shall bee eaten with mothes or other wormes. 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 i. ii. 150 Your daies seruice at Shrewsbury, hath a little guilded ouer your nights exploit on Gadshill. View more context for this quotation 1648 Hunting of Fox 45 Counterfeit coyn, sleightly gilded over. 1677 R. Gilpin Dæmonol. Sacra ii. iii. 208 Satans second care for the advancement of Errour..is to gild it over with specious pretences. 1683 W. Kennett tr. Erasmus Witt against Wisdom 1 All their countenances were guilded o're with a liuely, sparkling pleasantness. 1702 J. Dunton Hist. Living Men vii. 89 He esteems 'em venemous, tho' they come gilded over with the colour of Gratuity. 1773 J. Warner Descr. & Use New-invented Portable Instrument 4 If an unknown Quantity of Silver be..guilt over with an unknown Quantity of Gold.., the Weight of each Metal may separately be found. 1815 A. MacTaggart Hortensia i. iii, in J. Galt New Brit. Theatre IV. 153 Beauty gilds Her vices o'er, which more securely harm. 1933 Times 1 Dec. 7/2 That widespread social habit [sc. betting] would be enormously increased if it were gilded over by the specious plea that it was in the interest of charity. 2016 Washington Post (Nexis) 9 Dec. c 1 Casino design served multiple purposes: to amuse idle blue bloods, to gild over the ugly manipulation of greed at the heart of gambling, and to give the nouveaux riches a sense of belonging. †b. transitive. figurative. To make (a person) drunk; cf. sense 8. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [verb (transitive)] > make drunk fordrenchc1000 indrunkena1300 mazec1390 distemper1491 whittle1530 swill1548 inebriate1555 disguise1560 intoxicatea1566 tipple1566 overtake1577 betipple1581 seethe1599 fuddlec1600 fox1611 wound1613 cupa1616 fuzzle1621 to gild overa1625 sousea1625 tip1637 tosticate1650 drunkify1664 muddle1668 tipsy1673 sop1682 fuzz1685 confound1705 mellowa1761 prime1788 lush1821 soak1826 touch1833 rosin1877 befuddle1887 slew1888 lush1927 wipe1972 a1625 J. Fletcher Chances iv. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ccc/1 Duke. Is she not drunk too? Whore. A little guilded o'er. 6. figurative. a. transitive. To provide (a person or thing) with gold, money, or wealth; to make (a person, quality, etc.) appear reputable or attractive, esp. through the possession of wealth. Now rare.Sometimes merging with sense 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > reputation > good repute > reputability or honourableness > render reputable or respectable [verb (transitive)] gentilize1581 gild1584 ingentilize1611 respectabilize1843 1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft ii. x. 35 There is no waie..to escape the inquisitors hands..but to gild their hands with monie. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. vi. 49 I will make fast the doores & guild my selfe with some mo ducats. 1603 T. Dekker et al. Patient Grissill sig. B3^v Ile gild that pouertie, and make it shine, With beames of dignitie. 1838 Knickerbocker Aug. 131 The curse of dishonesty, even when gilded with wealth, is hard enough to bear. 1875 C. Merivale Gen. Hist. Rome xxvi. 185 The missions of proconsuls and proprætors..were gilded, not indeed, with fixed salaries, but by gifts from states and potentates. 1890 W. Besant Demoniac iii. 29 The Thanets are new people, as everybody knows. Yet not so very new; and their novelty is gilded. 2016 Irish Times (Nexis) 16 May 13 The role of the press and of the State, as I see it, is to..help eradicate financial services that rob the poor to gild the rich. †b. transitive. Of gold or money: to make rich, wealthy, or opulent. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > reputation > good repute > reputability or honourableness > render reputable or respectable [verb (transitive)] > of money gild?1620 ?1620 S. Rowlands Paire of Spy-knaues 1 Their gold and siluer gildeth them so well, They are the best in Parish where they dwell. 1739 S. Boyse Deity viii. 36 Wealth or honours gild the scene. 1788 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 416 Did many talents gild thy span? 1825 W. Scott Let. 29 Nov. (1935) IX. 320 But I do not suppose brother Jonathan would like much so large a fortune passing out (of) his continent to gild a Marchionesss [sic] coronet in Britain. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 98 Cursed be the gold that gilds the straiten'd forehead of the fool! 7. transitive. figurative. To cover or smear with blood. Common in the 17th cent.; now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > soiled condition > soil [verb (transitive)] > stain or smear with blood bebloodyc1210 bebleedc1230 begore?1518 blood1522 imbrue1529 bloody1530 gore1566 engore1593 sanguine1610 gild1614 beblood1623 bleed1634 ensanguine1667 bloodstain1798 vermilion1817 imbue1850 1614 G. Markham Pleasvres of Princes iii. 40, in Second Bk. Eng. Husbandman iii. That Cocke..euery time he..draweth blood of his aduersary, guilding (as they tearme it) his spurres in blood. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) ii. ii. 54 If he doe bleed, Ile guild the Faces of the Groomes withall, For it must seeme their Guilt. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 316 Their Armours that march'd hence so siluer bright, Hither returne all gilt with Frenchmens blood. View more context for this quotation 1632 T. Heywood 2nd Pt. Iron Age sig. E4^v We haue guilt our Greekish armes With blood of their owne nation. 1816 Ld. Byron Siege of Corinth xxv. 40 Swords with blood were gilt. 1998 Mass. Rev. 39 471 He is calm, his face inscrutible [sic], his hand gilded with blood. †8. transitive. figurative. Of liquor: to cause (the face) to become flushed or suffused with glowing colour; cf. sense 5b. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > redness > [verb (transitive)] > blush emblooma1529 staina1547 blush1592 gilda1616 flush1697 overflush1811 colour1824 a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 283 Trinculo is reeling ripe: where should they Finde this grand Liquor that hath gilded 'em. View more context for this quotation Phrases P1. to gild the pill: see pill n.³ 3b. P2. to gild the lily: see lily n. 5. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹?a1513n.²1656adj.1503v.OE
随便看	oversups oversure oversurety oversurge oversusceptibility oversusceptible overswallow overswam overswarm overswarming overswarth oversway overswayed overswaying oversways oversweat oversweep oversweeping oversweet oversweeten oversweetened oversweetening oversweetens oversweetness oversweetnesses

† gildn.1

† gildn.2

gildadj.

gildv.

Phrases

† gildn.¹

† gildn.²