geometryn.

Brit.

/dʒɪˈɒmᵻtri/,

/ˈdʒɒmᵻtri/, U.S.

/dʒiˈɑmətri/

Forms: Middle English geemetryȝe, Middle English gematry, Middle English gemetri, Middle English gemetrie, Middle English gemetrye, Middle English gemettrie, Middle English gemettry, Middle English gemytre, Middle English geomatrie, Middle English geomatrye, Middle English geometri, Middle English geomettri, Middle English gewmatry, Middle English iemetrye, Middle English jematry, Middle English–1500s gemetry, Middle English–1500s geometrye, Middle English–1600s geometrie, Middle English– geometry, late Middle English gemeotre (transmission error), late Middle English gremetry (perhaps transmission error), 1500s geomatry, 1500s ieometry, 1600s gymitrie; Scottish pre-1700 gemetry, pre-1700 geomatre, pre-1700 geomatry, pre-1700 geometrye, pre-1700 geomitrie, pre-1700 1700s– geometry; English regional 1700s– jommetry, 1800s jawmotry, 1800s– jawmatree; also Irish English 1800s jomethry, 1800s jommethry; N.E.D. (1898) also records forms late Middle English ghematry, late Middle English jematrye.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French geometrie; Latin geōmetria.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman jeometrie, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French geometrie (c1150; French géométrie ), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin geōmetria science of measuring < ancient Greek γεωμετρία science of measuring, in Hellenistic Greek also land survey < γεω- geo- comb. form + -μετρία -metry comb. form. Compare Old Occitan geometria, Catalan geometria (14th cent.), Spanish geometría (a1250), Portuguese geometria (13th cent.), Italian geometria (a1258 denoting the branch of mathematics, 14th cent. denoting the art of measuring land); also Middle Dutch, Dutch geometrie (late 13th cent.), Middle High German gēometrīe art of measuring land (German Geometrie, 15th cent., denoting the branch of mathematics).With the forms in -matr- , perhaps compare gramarye n. and later mathematic n., and perhaps also gematria n. (which ultimately derives < the same ancient Greek etymon). The use of the word to denote an occult art (e.g. in quot. ?a1475 at sense 3), which does not appear to have a parallel in the Romance languages or Latin, probably originated in the widespread association (among the illiterate mass of the medieval population) of several of the liberal arts with arcane knowledge or magic; for a similar semantic development, compare gramarye n. 2. It is unclear whether the form gremetry in quot. c1450² at sense 3 shows a transmission error, or is influenced by association with gramarye n. 2.

a. The branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, and solids (originally one of the four subjects of the quadrivium). In later use also (from the 19th cent.): a generalization of this to spaces of more than three dimensions. Also: a particular mathematical system describing these properties and relations.See the note at quadrivium n. 2.algebraic, analytical, coordinate, Euclidean, hyperbolic, metric, non-Euclidean, projective, Riemann geometry, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > [noun]

geometryc1330

geometric?1547

c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 52 Þe seuen ars..Musike and astronomie, Geometrie and ars [metr]ike Rettorike and ek fisike.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. cxxvii. 1367 Gemetri is a science of mesurynge and metynge, and conteyneþ in hitsilf lynes and lengþe and schap and figures and space, in lengþe and brede and fernes and distancia, gretnesse and hugenesse, and in figures and dim[en]siouns [MS diuisiouns; L. dimensiones] and noumbres, as hit fareþ in cercles, triangles and quadrangles.

a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 5128 (MED) Cercly shap is most perfite figure, Bi-tokenyng in gemetrie onhede.

1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. Prol. f. ii^v Euery phisicion ought..to haue Geomatry to ponder & way the dregges or porcions the whiche ought to be ministred.

1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 1 In this first booke is intreated of the most simple, easie, and first matters and groundes of Geometry, as, namely, of Lynes, Angles, Triangles, Parallels, Squares, and Parallelogrammes.

1670 Excellent Introd. Archit. To Rdr. sig. A3 All those that make Profession of entring upon Designs, ought to know somthing of Geometry.

1683 Proposal about printing Treat. Algebra by Dr. John Wallis p. iv The rectifying of Curve Lines, squaring of Curve-lined Figures, and other abstruse Difficulties in Geometry.

1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. ii. §21. 289 'Tis certain from Geometry, that thirteen Spheres can touch and surround one in the middle equal to them.

1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers 388 We find likewise some of the axioms of geometry mentioned by Aristotle as axioms, and as indemonstrable principles of mathematical reasoning.

1896 G. B. Halsted in In Memoriam N. I. Lobatchevskii (1897) 24 Considered as subjective systems, the Lobachevskian, Euclidean, and Riemannian geometries are equally true.

1908 L. M. Montgomery Anne of Green Gables xxx. 345 I've pored over that geometry until I know every proposition in the first book off by heart.

1979 D. R. Hofstadter Gödel, Escher, Bach (1980) iv. 100 The same cannot be said for different geometries; for example, the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180 degrees only in Euclidean geometry.

2004 Indianapolis Monthly Apr. 214/1 A young professor came to her school from MIT to teach a special course in geometry.

b. The spatial arrangement of objects or constituent parts; the geometrical properties of something.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > [noun] > mode of arrangement > of parts or particles

geometry1658

schematism1660

compartment1704

1658 Sir T. Browne Garden of Cyrus iii, in Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall 141 Five-leaved flowers are commonly disposed circularly about the Stylus; according to the higher Geometry of nature.

1855 ‘H. Whitney’ Legends Mt. Leinster vii. 190 ‘Now open your long ears till I insense you of the geometry of the thing. The goose that was at the bottom of the flight’—.

1867 N. P. Burgh Mod. Marine Engin. ix. 367/2 (heading) Geometry of the feathering paddle wheel.

1895 Archit. Rec. 4 291/2 He makes some interesting studies of the geometry of the Parthenon.

1921 Proc. Physical Soc. 34 p. lxxiii Conditions such as temperature, physical state of the cotton surface and geometry of the instrument remained unaltered.

1941 J. Agee & W. Evans Let us now praise Famous Men 93 These are..harnessed in teams in geometries of leather, rope and..metal.

1970 Sci. Jrnl. Apr. 56 (caption) Leyland 2S/350R powerplant is here illustrated in the form of exterior and cutaway views, slightly simplified but having the correct geometry.

1990 Which? Oct. 596/2 Unusual seat belt geometry helps ease of use.

2006 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) June 156/1 The tower itself spires to a pinnacle from a base whose geometry is based on a six-petaled lily.

†2. The art or science of measuring land; surveying. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > surveying > [noun] > land measurement

geometrya1387

embadometry1570

land-measuring1570

land-meting1608

land measurement1849

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 43 Messangeres, wise men and wel i-tauȝt in þe practike of gemetrie [L. arte gnomonica periti], konnynge and profitable to mete and to gesse hiȝenesse and lowenesse, lengþe and brede and depnesse also, were rediliche i-sent into euery londe aboute.

c1475 Court of Sapience (Trin. Cambr.) (1927) l. 937 (MED) The marbyll stoone the solempne worthynes Of geometry shewyd..So good a werk that no wyght cowde deuyse.

1588 A. Fraunce Lawiers Logike i. i. f. 4 Arithmetike teacheth to counte money, not to finde money, and Geometrie to measure ground, not to purchase grounde.

1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. vi. §7. 323 For Geometrie, which is by interpretation, measuring of grounds, was vsefull vnto them.

†3. An occult art related to geomancy, or forming a branch of geomancy. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > divination by symbols, letters, figures, etc. > [noun] > by shapes or figures

geomancyc1390

geometryc1390

geomancea1393

c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. xi. l. 153 Astronomye is..vuel to knowe, Gemetrie [c1400 Trin. Cambr. R.3.14 Geometrie, a1450 Rawl. gemettrie, c1450 Harl. 3954 Geemetrȝe, 1532 Digby Geomatrye] and Gemensye is gynful of speche, Þat worcheþ with þeose þreo þriueþ he late, For sorcerye Is þe souereyn [Trin. Cambr. continues bok þat to þat science longiþ].

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 339 For Iapis of his gemetry þe ious out he wrengis... He clatird on coniurisons & calid to him deuyls.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 410 Þe Iuse for his gremetry [emended in ed. to gemetry] þat Iogloure takis.

?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 178 Also of Augrym and of asmatryk, O lynyacion þat longyth to jematrye.

Phrases

† to hang by geometry: (of clothes) to hang in a stiff, angular fashion; also in extended use and figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > [verb (intransitive)] > hang or sit in specific way

poughc1325

frouncec1400

poke?a1425

to hang by geometry1584

sag1592

bag1824

bustle1824

cascade1861

flare1899

pouch1901

1584 W. Warner Pan his Syrinx sig. L^v The Maister..hauing more neede of warme carchifes to binde on his head..not standing as he thought, on his shoulders, but hanging by Geometrie.

a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Spanish Curat iii. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. F2/1 And the old Cutworke Cope, that hangs by gymitrie.

1661 R. Davenport City Night-cap iv. 37 I am a Pander, a Rogue, that hangs together, like a beggers rags, by geometry.

1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 85 Miss. Lord! my Petticoat! how it hangs by Jommetry. Neverout. Perhaps the Fault may be in your Shape.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	geometry
释义	geometryn. Brit. /dʒɪˈɒmᵻtri/, /ˈdʒɒmᵻtri/, U.S. /dʒiˈɑmətri/ Forms: Middle English geemetryȝe, Middle English gematry, Middle English gemetri, Middle English gemetrie, Middle English gemetrye, Middle English gemettrie, Middle English gemettry, Middle English gemytre, Middle English geomatrie, Middle English geomatrye, Middle English geometri, Middle English geomettri, Middle English gewmatry, Middle English iemetrye, Middle English jematry, Middle English–1500s gemetry, Middle English–1500s geometrye, Middle English–1600s geometrie, Middle English– geometry, late Middle English gemeotre (transmission error), late Middle English gremetry (perhaps transmission error), 1500s geomatry, 1500s ieometry, 1600s gymitrie; Scottish pre-1700 gemetry, pre-1700 geomatre, pre-1700 geomatry, pre-1700 geometrye, pre-1700 geomitrie, pre-1700 1700s– geometry; English regional 1700s– jommetry, 1800s jawmotry, 1800s– jawmatree; also Irish English 1800s jomethry, 1800s jommethry; N.E.D. (1898) also records forms late Middle English ghematry, late Middle English jematrye. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French geometrie; Latin geōmetria. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman jeometrie, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French geometrie (c1150; French géométrie ), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin geōmetria science of measuring < ancient Greek γεωμετρία science of measuring, in Hellenistic Greek also land survey < γεω- geo- comb. form + -μετρία -metry comb. form. Compare Old Occitan geometria, Catalan geometria (14th cent.), Spanish geometría (a1250), Portuguese geometria (13th cent.), Italian geometria (a1258 denoting the branch of mathematics, 14th cent. denoting the art of measuring land); also Middle Dutch, Dutch geometrie (late 13th cent.), Middle High German gēometrīe art of measuring land (German Geometrie, 15th cent., denoting the branch of mathematics).With the forms in -matr- , perhaps compare gramarye n. and later mathematic n., and perhaps also gematria n. (which ultimately derives < the same ancient Greek etymon). The use of the word to denote an occult art (e.g. in quot. ?a1475 at sense 3), which does not appear to have a parallel in the Romance languages or Latin, probably originated in the widespread association (among the illiterate mass of the medieval population) of several of the liberal arts with arcane knowledge or magic; for a similar semantic development, compare gramarye n. 2. It is unclear whether the form gremetry in quot. c1450² at sense 3 shows a transmission error, or is influenced by association with gramarye n. 2. 1. a. The branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, and solids (originally one of the four subjects of the quadrivium). In later use also (from the 19th cent.): a generalization of this to spaces of more than three dimensions. Also: a particular mathematical system describing these properties and relations.See the note at quadrivium n. 2.algebraic, analytical, coordinate, Euclidean, hyperbolic, metric, non-Euclidean, projective, Riemann geometry, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > geometry > [noun] geometryc1330 geometric?1547 c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 52 Þe seuen ars..Musike and astronomie, Geometrie and ars [metr]ike Rettorike and ek fisike. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. cxxvii. 1367 Gemetri is a science of mesurynge and metynge, and conteyneþ in hitsilf lynes and lengþe and schap and figures and space, in lengþe and brede and fernes and distancia, gretnesse and hugenesse, and in figures and dim[en]siouns [MS diuisiouns; L. dimensiones] and noumbres, as hit fareþ in cercles, triangles and quadrangles. a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 5128 (MED) Cercly shap is most perfite figure, Bi-tokenyng in gemetrie onhede. 1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. Prol. f. ii^v Euery phisicion ought..to haue Geomatry to ponder & way the dregges or porcions the whiche ought to be ministred. 1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. i. f. 1 In this first booke is intreated of the most simple, easie, and first matters and groundes of Geometry, as, namely, of Lynes, Angles, Triangles, Parallels, Squares, and Parallelogrammes. 1670 Excellent Introd. Archit. To Rdr. sig. A3 All those that make Profession of entring upon Designs, ought to know somthing of Geometry. 1683 Proposal about printing Treat. Algebra by Dr. John Wallis p. iv The rectifying of Curve Lines, squaring of Curve-lined Figures, and other abstruse Difficulties in Geometry. 1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. ii. §21. 289 'Tis certain from Geometry, that thirteen Spheres can touch and surround one in the middle equal to them. 1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers 388 We find likewise some of the axioms of geometry mentioned by Aristotle as axioms, and as indemonstrable principles of mathematical reasoning. 1896 G. B. Halsted in In Memoriam N. I. Lobatchevskii (1897) 24 Considered as subjective systems, the Lobachevskian, Euclidean, and Riemannian geometries are equally true. 1908 L. M. Montgomery Anne of Green Gables xxx. 345 I've pored over that geometry until I know every proposition in the first book off by heart. 1979 D. R. Hofstadter Gödel, Escher, Bach (1980) iv. 100 The same cannot be said for different geometries; for example, the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180 degrees only in Euclidean geometry. 2004 Indianapolis Monthly Apr. 214/1 A young professor came to her school from MIT to teach a special course in geometry. b. The spatial arrangement of objects or constituent parts; the geometrical properties of something. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > [noun] > mode of arrangement > of parts or particles geometry1658 schematism1660 compartment1704 1658 Sir T. Browne Garden of Cyrus iii, in Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall 141 Five-leaved flowers are commonly disposed circularly about the Stylus; according to the higher Geometry of nature. 1855 ‘H. Whitney’ Legends Mt. Leinster vii. 190 ‘Now open your long ears till I insense you of the geometry of the thing. The goose that was at the bottom of the flight’—. 1867 N. P. Burgh Mod. Marine Engin. ix. 367/2 (heading) Geometry of the feathering paddle wheel. 1895 Archit. Rec. 4 291/2 He makes some interesting studies of the geometry of the Parthenon. 1921 Proc. Physical Soc. 34 p. lxxiii Conditions such as temperature, physical state of the cotton surface and geometry of the instrument remained unaltered. 1941 J. Agee & W. Evans Let us now praise Famous Men 93 These are..harnessed in teams in geometries of leather, rope and..metal. 1970 Sci. Jrnl. Apr. 56 (caption) Leyland 2S/350R powerplant is here illustrated in the form of exterior and cutaway views, slightly simplified but having the correct geometry. 1990 Which? Oct. 596/2 Unusual seat belt geometry helps ease of use. 2006 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) June 156/1 The tower itself spires to a pinnacle from a base whose geometry is based on a six-petaled lily. †2. The art or science of measuring land; surveying. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > surveying > [noun] > land measurement geometrya1387 embadometry1570 land-measuring1570 land-meting1608 land measurement1849 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 43 Messangeres, wise men and wel i-tauȝt in þe practike of gemetrie [L. arte gnomonica periti], konnynge and profitable to mete and to gesse hiȝenesse and lowenesse, lengþe and brede and depnesse also, were rediliche i-sent into euery londe aboute. c1475 Court of Sapience (Trin. Cambr.) (1927) l. 937 (MED) The marbyll stoone the solempne worthynes Of geometry shewyd..So good a werk that no wyght cowde deuyse. 1588 A. Fraunce Lawiers Logike i. i. f. 4 Arithmetike teacheth to counte money, not to finde money, and Geometrie to measure ground, not to purchase grounde. 1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. vi. §7. 323 For Geometrie, which is by interpretation, measuring of grounds, was vsefull vnto them. †3. An occult art related to geomancy, or forming a branch of geomancy. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > divination by symbols, letters, figures, etc. > [noun] > by shapes or figures geomancyc1390 geometryc1390 geomancea1393 c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. xi. l. 153 Astronomye is..vuel to knowe, Gemetrie [c1400 Trin. Cambr. R.3.14 Geometrie, a1450 Rawl. gemettrie, c1450 Harl. 3954 Geemetrȝe, 1532 Digby Geomatrye] and Gemensye is gynful of speche, Þat worcheþ with þeose þreo þriueþ he late, For sorcerye Is þe souereyn [Trin. Cambr. continues bok þat to þat science longiþ]. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 339 For Iapis of his gemetry þe ious out he wrengis... He clatird on coniurisons & calid to him deuyls. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 410 Þe Iuse for his gremetry [emended in ed. to gemetry] þat Iogloure takis. ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 178 Also of Augrym and of asmatryk, O lynyacion þat longyth to jematrye. Phrases † to hang by geometry: (of clothes) to hang in a stiff, angular fashion; also in extended use and figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > [verb (intransitive)] > hang or sit in specific way poughc1325 frouncec1400 poke?a1425 to hang by geometry1584 sag1592 bag1824 bustle1824 cascade1861 flare1899 pouch1901 1584 W. Warner Pan his Syrinx sig. L^v The Maister..hauing more neede of warme carchifes to binde on his head..not standing as he thought, on his shoulders, but hanging by Geometrie. a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Spanish Curat iii. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. F2/1 And the old Cutworke Cope, that hangs by gymitrie. 1661 R. Davenport City Night-cap iv. 37 I am a Pander, a Rogue, that hangs together, like a beggers rags, by geometry. 1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 85 Miss. Lord! my Petticoat! how it hangs by Jommetry. Neverout. Perhaps the Fault may be in your Shape. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1330
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