| 释义 |
gain-prefix Primary stress is attracted to this prefix in noun formations, and usually to the subsequent element in verb formations. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian jēn- , Old Dutch gegin- (Middle Dutch jēghen- , jēgen- , Dutch jegen- (now usually tegen- )), Middle Low German gēgen- , jēgen- , Old High German gagan- , gegin- (Middle High German gegen- , German gegen- ), Old Icelandic gagn- , Old Swedish gen- (Swedish gen- ), Old Danish gen- (Danish gen- ) < the same Germanic base as Old Frisian jēn , Old Dutch gegin (Middle Dutch jēghen , jēgen , Dutch jegen (now usually jegens )), Old Saxon gegin- (in geginward present, face-to-face; Middle Low German gēgen , jēgen ), Old High German gagan , gegin (Middle High German gegen , German gegen ), all prepositions in the sense ‘against’ (sometimes also in use as adverb), and the Scandinavian cognates cited at gain prep. (compare also the Germanic parallels cited at again adv., prep., and conj., and the discussion at that entry), and further cognate with the Germanic base of gain adj. Probably already in Old English influenced by (ultimately related) again- comb. form, and sometimes functionally a variant of the latter. Form history. In Old English, palatalization of the initial consonant is regular and is reflected in spelling in the later α. forms. Middle English forms with initial plosive (see β. forms) apparently reflect influence from early Scandinavian, perhaps directly (compare Old Icelandic gagn- ), but more probably indirectly; compare similar forms of gain adj. and again adv., and compare gain prep. Compare further the discussion of form history and form types at again adv. Use in English. In Old English, the prefix is not frequent and a significant proportion of the formations are rare, although the range of senses is comparable to later use. The prefix often combines with nouns, especially nouns derived from verbs, sometimes with adjectives, and rarely with verbs. Compare (with nouns derived from verbs) Old English gēancyrr gainchare n., gēancyme gaincome n., and also gēancwide reply (compare cwide at bequeath n.), gēanfær return (compare fare n.1). In Middle English, formations with verbs increase in frequency, although nouns derived from verbs continue to be well-represented as a type. There is relatively little continuity between Old English and later formations from Middle English onwards. in Old English gęgn-, géan- (see gain adj.), was formerly employed to form various combinations, chiefly verbal, in the same way as again- comb. form, which was in more frequent use. Its senses are chiefly those of opposition, return, or reversal, answering to Latin re-. These combinations are now obsolete, with the exception of gainsay v., and the technical term gainshire n. Compare also the forms given under again- comb. form and its compounds. 1. Against, in opposition to. Also gaincall n., gaincope v., gainsay v., gainstand v., gainstrive v., gainturn n.the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement towards a thing, person, or position > meeting or encounter > [noun] a1340 R. Rolle xviii. 7 His gaynras til þe highest of him [L. occursus ejus usque ad summum ejus]. a1340 R. Rolle lviii. 5 Rise in my gaynrase [L. exurge in occursum meum]. the mind > language > statement > speaking against or contradiction > [noun] a1300 lxxix. 7 [lxxx. 6] Thou set us in gaine-sagh [L. in contradictionem] til our neghburs. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 8382 I þat es þine hand-womman, For me gain-sagh [Fairf. gayne-sagh] þar sal be nan. the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] > set in opposition R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle 48 Sum for soth gaynsettand, says: Actife lyfe is more fruytfull. 1594 R. Carew tr. J. Huarte vi. 73 This humour aideth the vnderstanding with two qualities, and gainsetteth it selfe only with one. 1575 (title) A brief rehearsal of the belief of the goodwilling in England, which are named the Family of Love: with the confession of their upright Christian religion, against the false accusations of their gain-speakers. the mind > language > statement > speaking against or contradiction > [noun] 1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin clxxv. 1087 Also it was his wil to cause this last song to be receiued without gain speaking. 2. Reciprocal action; in return. Also gain-giving n., gainyield n.a1225 129 Ha ȝeald ham swuche ȝain-clappes,..Þæt al ha cneowen ham crauant & ouercumen. 3. Restoration or return to previous state; back again. Also gaincall v., gainchare n., gaincome n.society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > salvation, redemption > save, redeem [verb (transitive)] R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle 16 Þat he mankynd fro þe fendes power myȝt gaynby. c1440 189/2 Geynebyyn, or byyn a-ȝene, redimo. society > trade and finance > buying > buyer > [noun] > one who buys back R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle 5 No meruayl if þai plese noȝt our gaynbyer. society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > salvation, redemption > [noun] R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle 44 Of cristis gaynbyinge þa ar no partiners. the mind > possession > acquisition > obtain or acquire [verb (transitive)] > again or back a1300 29203 Thoru scrift..sal we gain couer þe grace til heuen. the mind > possession > taking > [noun] > taking back or again 1538 V. 16 (Jam.) Deforsing of the officiare in execucion of his office in the gane taking of ane caldrown poundit be the said officiare. the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > change of direction, reversion > [noun] 1340 R. Rolle 1718 Of bodily ded es no gayn-turnyng, For of erthly lyf it es endyng. R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle 80 Þat hys mynde bisily to crist with-out gayn-turnynge has nott. 4. Repetition; over again, anew. society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > soul > regeneration > [noun] a1557 J. Cheke tr. (1843) xix. 28 Je yt hav folowed me in ye gain birth. the world > life > source or principle of life > resurrection or revival > [noun] a1557 J. Cheke tr. (1843) xxii. 23 Ye Saddoucais..who sai yeer is no gainrising. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  prefixa1225 |
