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单词 g
释义

Gn.

Brit. /dʒiː/, U.S. /dʒi/
Forms: G (capital), g (lower case).
Etymology: Letter form. The seventh letter of the Roman alphabet, g was originally a differentiated form of c ; for its early history see C n. In classical Latin g represented a voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ (the voiced counterpart of c ). Letter name. The name of the letter is found as gē from c200 a.d. in classical Latin grammatical writings (and possibly earlier), probably approximately /ɡeː/, and hence in the pronunciation generally adopted in continental post-classical Latin /dʒeː/. The name was borrowed into early English (compare quot. c1175 at sense 1), after the Norman Conquest generally following the pronunciation used on the continent; after the operation of the Great Vowel Shift, it gives modern English /dʒiː/: see gee n.5 Currency from at least the 14th cent. is also implied by use in the compound names of musical notes, as in e.g. gesolreut . Sound. In modern English g typically represents: (i) British English /ɡ/, U.S. English /ɡ/, as normally when it occurs at the end of a word, as in dog , bag , fig , before another consonant, as glove , grow , or before a , o , or u , as in gate , gosh , good , gum , and also sometimes before e or i (especially in words of native, Scandinavian, or other Germanic origin) as in get , geld , gestalt , give , begin . Sometimes also before y in words ultimately of Greek origin (especially where these retain a more learned character) as in gynaecology . (ii) British English /dʒ/, U.S. English /dʒ/, as typically before e , and sometimes before i (especially in words of Romance origin) as in gem , general , gestate , gibe , giblet , ginger , and before y (in a number of well-established words ultimately of Greek origin) as gymnast , gypsum ; also when it occurs at the end of a word or syllable followed by e , as in rage , bandage , verbiage , or in the combinations nge , lge , dge , as in flange , angel , bilge , bridge , or occasionally when written doubled as in suggest . Also very occasionally before ao , in gaol , gaoler . (iii) British English /ʒ/, U.S. English /ʒ/, as sometimes before e (or occasionally before i ) or in the word-final combination ge (typically in relatively recent borrowings from French) as in genre , gite , prestige , cortège . The digraph gn is pronounced British English /n/, U.S. English /n/ initially or at the end of a word, as in gnat , design . The letter sequence ng when it occurs at the end of a word forms a digraph spelling for the velar nasal sound British English /ŋ/, U.S. English /ŋ/. When it occurs medially in the inflections and derivatives of verbs it normally shows this same pronunciation (except in some dialects), hence singer British English /ˈsɪŋə/, U.S. English /ˈsɪŋər/, but in the comparatives and superlatives of some common adjectives /ɡ/ is generally retained following the velar, as in longer British English /ˈlɒŋɡə/, U.S. English /ˈlɔŋɡər/ (similarly stronger , younger ), as also in words where medial ng forms part of the root, as e.g. finger British English /ˈfɪŋɡə/, U.S. English /ˈfɪŋɡər/. The sequence gh is generally either ‘silent’ as part of the spelling of various long vowels or diphthongs, as in high , night , through , plough , or is pronounced British English /f/, U.S. English /f/, as in laugh , rough , tough . In a few words (principally in the semantically related group ghost , aghast , ghastly ) it occurs at the beginning of a word or syllable representing British English /ɡ/, U.S. English /ɡ/ (see note at ghost n. on the probable origin of this spelling). Main developments within English. In Old English the letter stood for several different sounds, although there is some dispute as to their precise values and distribution. At the end of the period it probably represented: (i) A voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ (developed at some point from a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/) occurring before a back vowel or when adjacent to a sonorant, as in gāt goat n., gān go v., gōs goose n., guma man (see gome n.1), glōwan glow v.1, grōwan grow v., gnæt gnat n.1, lang long adj.1, singan sing v.1, bringan bring v., or (in a very few words, mostly animal names) geminated, as in hogga hog n.1 or sugga hedge sparrow (see haysugge n.). (ii) A voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ medially before a back vowel, as in boga bow n.1, heretoga heretoga n., or dagas , nominative and accusative plural of dæg day n. (These first two sounds, /ɡ/ and /ɣ/ were in origin positional allophones of one another.) Originally /ɣ/ occurred also in final position, but during the Old English period it frequently became unvoiced to /x/, and hence written h , as in burh (beside burg ) city (see borough n.), beorh (beside beorg ) hill (see barrow n.1), bēah (beside bēag ) ring (see bee n.2); the incidence of h and g spellings suggests that this change occurred during the period of the surviving literary records, and at differing rates in different dialects. In Middle English, medial /ɣ/ typically became /w/ and very frequently formed a diphthong with a preceding vowel. (iii) A palatal approximant (or semivowel) /j/ (often represented philologically by a g with a dot above), typically found word-initially before a front vowel or word-finally after a front vowel, and in other positions where the operation of earlier sound changes (often caused by a following sound that was subsequently lost) had caused palatalization of the voiced velar fricative, as in geard yard n.1, dæg day n., or bodig body n., and in particular forms within paradigms, as in byrg , genitive and dative singular and nominative and accusative plural of burg , burh city (see borough n.). This sound was also represented by g when it occurred as the reflex of Germanic (and Indo-European) /j/ in e.g. gēar year n., geong young adj., geoc yoke n., or hergas , nominative and accusative plural of here army (see here n.1) (iv) A voiced affricate /dʒ/ (more usually spelt cg or sometimes gg ), which developed from the palatalized sound in certain conditions by a change known as assibilation, as in sengan singe v., ecg cutting edge (see edge n.), brycg bridge n.1, bicgan , byggan buy v., licgan lie v.1 Influence from early Scandinavian affected the distribution of these sounds and hence introduced more ambiguity to the orthography; for example, /ɡ/, represented by g , now appeared before front vowels in words such as get , give , or gear , which show replacement of native word forms (which showed palatalization) by their early Scandinavian cognates (see discussion at the entries for these words). Following the Norman Conquest, large-scale borrowing from French considerably increased the incidence of the sound /dʒ/. It also affected its distribution, since this sound had been developed from classical Latin g (the velar plosive) by processes of palatalization and assibilation before e or i , hence this sound now occurred initially in e.g. gentle , generous , gibbet , etc. However, this sound was frequently (as a result of an earlier merger) instead written j in French and hence also in English (see discussion at J n.). In the orthography of Middle English, the distinct shapes of the continental and insular forms of the letter g (approximately g and ᵹ ) were exploited in order to distinguish more clearly between distinct consonantal sounds, the distribution of which had been considerably affected both by changes within English and by borrowings from early Scandinavian, French, and Latin. In printing Middle English texts, and in this dictionary, the form ȝ is used for this continuation of insular g in specialized use. The continental form (normally printed g in editions of Middle English texts and in this dictionary) came to be used for the two sounds it represented in French (and in contemporary pronunciations of Latin), /ɡ/ and /dʒ/, while the insular form (Middle English ȝ , continuing insular ᵹ ) was retained primarily for the sounds /j/ and, especially, /x/ (frequently it in fact indicates the presence of a diphthong, where the reflexes of /j/ or /x/, or /ɣ/ had diphthongized with a preceding vowel). Hence in Middle English, ȝ typically appears in functions where Old English orthography had employed either (i) g (i.e. ᵹ , printed g by modern editors and scholars), as in ȝer , ȝerd (beside also yer , yerd ) for Old English gēar year n., geard yard n.1, or (ii) h , as in inouȝ , auȝt , niȝt , for Old English genōh enough adj., āht aught pron., niht night n. (see further H n.). (In the Ormulum a further distinction is employed with distinct symbols for /ɡ/ and /dʒ/, but this was not adopted elsewhere.) Already in the Middle English period ȝ was recognized as a distinct letter in the English alphabet, and by the end of the 13th cent. it had the name yogh by which it is still known today (see yogh n.; another name sometimes used in the 13th cent. was ye ); it was sometimes alphabetized at the end of the alphabet in 15th-cent. vocabularies. However, ȝ was not employed invariably in the functions described above: another frequent representation of initial /j/ was y (see Y n.), and in place of ȝ at the end of a syllable gh was frequently found, and this became the dominant pattern in later Middle English. In later Middle English scripts the letter form ȝ also became increasingly difficult to distinguish from z (with a tail). In early printed books produced in England ȝ is rare (in Caxton it is found chiefly before final t ), but in Scotland it remained in use longer, and has left a trace in the spelling of surnames like Menzies and Dalziel , and of such words as capercailzie , gaberlunzie (see further discussion at Z n.). It should also be noted that the conventional printing of g in Old English word forms and of ȝ in Middle English word forms can disguise continuity of what is in fact the identical written form, for instance among the forms of any adj., pron., n., and adv., early Middle English æniȝ in fact shows direct continuity of the same spelling as shown by Old English ænig (i.e. æniᵹ), while it is the Middle English spelling ænig that in fact shows orthographic change, in the adoption of the continental letter form.Notes on other issues. Word initial gn in words such as gnat continued to be pronounced /ɡn/ until the 17th cent. On the history of pronunciation of g preceding y in words ultimately of Greek origin, N.E.D. (1898) notes: ‘In words of Greek etymology, gy- is in this Dictionary marked to be pronounced with /dʒ/, in accordance with the general principle that in words of Greek derivation (but Latinized spelling) English pronunciation follows the rule of the Romance languages for the “softening” of c and g. The pronunciation /dʒ/ is now practically universal in the case of those words beginning with gy- that have much colloquial currency (gymnasium n., gymnast n., gymnastic adj.). However, most scientific words of Greek etymology beginning with gyn- are now usually pronounced with /ɡ/ rather than /dʒ/; in particular gynaecology n. and its derivatives are in general use with this pronunciation. The orthoepists of the 18th cent. (Sheridan, Nares, Walker) advocate the ‘soft’ pronunciation in gymnastic adj., but admit that prevailing usage may be against them. All the pronouncing dictionaries of the 19th cent. have /dʒ/ throughout, except Enfield, Jameson, and Cassell's Encyclopædic Dict.; the last-named restricts the “hard g ” to those terms of science and of classical antiquities “which have not passed, and probably will not pass, into general use”.’ With sense 2 compare also the earlier use (in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts) of the letter g (in an alphabetical sequence of so-called paving letters) to indicate the seventh word in the parsing of Latin text, as part of a practice sometimes referred to as syntactical glossing. With sense 3a compare post-classical Latin G denoting a musical note (from 13th cent. in British sources).
I. The letter G (g).
1. The letter, and the sound it represents.
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society > communication > writing > written character > [noun] > letter
staffc888
bookstaffOE
Kc1000
Yc1000
Zc1000
AOE
EOE
GOE
MOE
ROE
letterc1225
print1340
tawc1400
Wc1465
J1591
stave1866
alphabet1972
X-
OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 6 Þa oðre nigon consonantes synd gecwedene mvtae... Hi ne synd na mid ealle dumbe, ac hi habbað lytle clypunge... Þas ongynnað of him sylfum and geendiað on ðam clypiendlicum stafum. b, c, d, g, p, t geendiað on e.
c1175 Names of Letters in N. R. Ker Catal. MSS containing Anglo-Saxon (1957) 337 D de uel dei, E e, F f ef, G ge uel gei [etc.].
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. cxxviii. 1377 Gau[a]ta is a gret heuy bolle, holow bolle and [read holow and] depe, and hatte gauata as it were cauata ‘holowȝ’, þere g is ysette for c.
c1425 MS Royal 17 B.i f. 14v, in Mod. Lang. Rev. (1911) 6 442 Summe writen .g.h. in summe wordis, whiche wordis ben writen of summe oþere with a yogh.
a1552 J. Leland Itinerary (1711) V. 47 Rudelan..cummith of Rethe..and Glan..; but..when Glan is set with a Worde præceding G is explodid.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III i. i. 55 And from the crosse-rowe pluckes the letter G.
1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word) Palatine letters are such as are pronounced by the help of the Palate, as G.T.R. etc.
1678 London Gaz. No. 1342/4 A light gray Gelding,..with an iron mark of a G. on the near Buttock.
1714 J. Fortescue-Aland Note in Fortescue's Governance of Eng. 27 This letter g is also liquified in the middle, as in the word sail from the Saxon saegl.
1783 S. Johnson Let. 21 Oct. (1994) IV. 229 Physiognomy, as it is a Greek word, ought to sound the G.
1854 G. H. Talbot Philos. French Pronunc. 48 The use of the u in such cases is merely to harden the g and c.
1894 A. B. Gomme Trad. Games I. 29 His name was Little Bingo. B with an I, I with an N, N with a G, G with an O.
1929 Boys' Life Aug. 57/1 Mr. Flanders called it ganging, only the second g is pronounced as if it was j.
1985 Listener 2 Feb. 14 ‘You call it [sc. gelignite] “gelly”, don't you?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘Spelled with a g or a j?’
2015 S. Thompson Encycl. Diversity & Social Justice 53/2 For all three Abrahamic faiths, God—note the capital G—is a personal being who is all-knowing.., all-powerful.., all-good.
2. As a distinguishing letter, usually part of an alphabetical sequence, denoting one of a series of things, a point in a diagram, a sheet in a book, a part of a figure, etc.
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a1475 in H. J. R. Murray Hist. Chess (1913) 604 Draw thi roke in E (b8) þen he go into F (d4) þen mate wt þi roke in G (b4).
1551 R. Record Pathway to Knowl. sig. Civv Then draw I a right line from G. to B. and so haue mine intent.
1646 S. Danforth Almanack In the almanack I have omitted the letters a b c d e f g, whereby the week day is wont to be signified, and in the room therof have placed the figures 1 2 3 &c.
a1652 S. Foster Elliptical Horologiography (1654) 1 Make up the Rectangled Parallelogram B E F C, and continue it further to G and H.
1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iii. iii. 40 The Island may be carried to G, and from G to H, by turning the Stone, so as to make its repelling Extremity point directly downwards.
1764 Philos. Trans. 1763 (Royal Soc.) 53 45 Fresh laminæ or coverings are carried on from d, to k; and so on the rest, e, f, g, h.
1839 S. Lover Hall Porter ii. ii. 21 We'll suppose there is a Lord A.; he has many sons—B., C., D., E., F., G.; there is a rich commoner, H.
1893 Amer. Naturalist 27 604 Morphically equivalent to G, but showing more mature features.
1932 Boys' Life Jan. 36/4 The jaw or cleat at G..should be lashed to the boom because screws or bolts will weaken the stick.
1980 Pop. Mech. Jan. 105/2 Attach the binding to G with glue.
1998 J. L. Heilbron Geom. Civilized ii. 56 CG divides the segment DE into two equal parts at G.
3. Music.
a. The fifth note of the diatonic scale of C major, or the seventh note of the relative minor scale of C. Also: a key based on a scale which has G as its keynote.See also G-sol-re-ut n.
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society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > key > specific key
G1562
Ca1616
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > diatonic scale series > notes in diatonic scale > notes of specific scales
bemola1327
bequarrea1350
rec1550
G1562
E1596
B1597
A1609
Ca1616
middle C1660
A (also C, D etc.) sharp1783
high C1837
H1880
1562 T. Sternhold et al. Whole Bk. Psalmes sig. ✠.iiiv When it chaunceth ii. kaies to be of one letter, as G sol, re, vt: and g, sol, re, vt,..ye may..call the one, capitall G, or G, sol, re, vt, the lower: and tother small g, or g, sol, re, vt: the higher.
1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 7 Keyes..are 22 in number. The first is of Capitall Letters..viz. ?. A. B. C. D. E. F. G [L. scilicet. ?. A. B. C. D. E. F. G.].
1664 J. Birchensha tr. J. H. Alsted Templum Musicum 80 The Hypodorian Mood runneth between A. and a. is divided and endeth in D. being raised up between D. and d. is divided and endeth in g.
1724 W. Turner Sound Anatomiz'd 71 Of the natural Capacity of each of the seven Degrees of Sound, that there are but five of them, to wit, A, B, D, E and G, that will admit of a Flat.
1789 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music III. i. 114 The second part is chiefly in D and G minor, but ends, alla Capella, in D major.
1856 N.-Y. Musical Rev. & Gaz. 28 June 195/1 Which seems to be most plaintive or mournful in its effect, G or G-sharp?
1880 Scribner's Monthly Nov. 75/2 [He] burst forth with a high G of astounding volume.
1930 Strad 41 26/2 The third eight bar sentence ends in a female cadence in G major.
1974 N.Y. Mag. 8 July 67/3 Schubert..sets up our expectations of C major, with brass and drums hammering away, page after page, on a low G.
2011 Wall St. Jrnl. 11 June a3 (advt.) If you don't believe me, I will listen to Haydn's Concerto in G minor, as played on a learner violin.
†b. A clef used to indicate the position on a stave of the note G which follows middle C; = G clef at sense 3c. Obsolete. rare.
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society > leisure > the arts > music > written or printed music > notation > [noun] > clefs
clef1579
B clef1597
G1597
G clef1725
soprano clef1786
treble clef1786
tenor clef1806
violin clef1876
alto clef1879
1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke i. 3 There be in all seuen cliefes (as I told you before) as A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
1721 A. Malcolm Treat. Musick xi. 332 The highest Part is called the Treble, or Alt whose Clef is g, set on the 2d Line of the particular System, counting upward.
c. G clef: a clef (clef n.1) in the form of a stylized ligature of the letters G and S, used to indicate the position on a stave of the note G which follows middle C.More usually called a treble clef when G is represented by the second line of a stave.
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society > leisure > the arts > music > written or printed music > notation > [noun] > clefs
clef1579
B clef1597
G1597
G clef1725
soprano clef1786
treble clef1786
tenor clef1806
violin clef1876
alto clef1879
1725 J. F. de la Fond New Syst. Music iii. 148 If when I reduce all to the Treble, I should still retain the G Clef, I should have no fewer than eleven Clefs.
1806 J. W. Callcott Musical Gram. iii. 6 The G Clef is a compound character of the letters G and S, for the Syllable, Sol.
1876 J. Stainer & W. A. Barrett Dict. Musical Terms 449/1 Violin clef, the G clef placed upon the first line of the stave.
1958 Music & Lett. 39 217 The top part..makes use of the G clef on the bottom line of the stave.
2013 N. Nolen Holland Music Fund. for Dance i. 6 In general, the G clef is used in music written for higher-pitched instruments and voices.
II. Simple abbreviations.
4. Usually in form G. (with point). A substitution in speech and text for forenames or surnames beginning with this letter.
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1291–2 Manorial Documents in Mod. Philol. (1936) 34 58 (MED) W. de G. fecit Rape in domo Richardi Topat Mitild Coln.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 10232 (MED) Þe king..to hom anon sende Is heye Iustice of is lond, sir G. le fiz peris.
?a1350 Guy of Warwick (BL Add.) (1974) l. 1522 (MED) G. handled hys lion's erne and straked hys har—He founed hym als grehund war.
c1450 (c1390) G. Chaucer Truth (Fairf. 16(1)) (1880) p. 154 Explicit Le bone counseill De G. Chaucer.
1531 Abstr. Protocols Town Clerks of Glasgow (1897) IV. 43 G. B...hes tane in prenteischip P.D...for the space of fyff yeiris, and to be fre at the yscha of the saydis fyff yeiris.
1592 W. West Symbolæogr. (rev. ed.) ii. §374. sig. R.vv Our Soueraigne Ladie..do commit and graunt vnto the said G. W. the custodie, wardship, and marryage of T. H. her highnesse ward.
1629 J. Maxwell tr. Herodian Hist. b j (margin) See the Transumpt of it in M. G. Sandy's Iournall, p. 271.
1654 R. Williams Let. in Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. (1849) 3rd Ser. X. 2 Major G. Harrison was the 2d in the nation.
1715 J. Reading Jrnl. 19 May in Proc. New Jersey Hist. Soc. (1915) 3rd Ser. 10 41 S. G. and I went up..to a rock which shoots from the hill to the river.
1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield II. ix. 143 I danced last night with Lady G——, and could I forget you know whom, I might be perhaps successful.
1809 W. Dunlap tr. A. von Kotzebue Fraternal Discord iv. 48 Mrs. G. Well, my little miss, what is the captain's birth-day to you?
1886 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 13 443 Dr. Burt G. Wilder: ‘Exhibition of the Medisected-Alinjected Head of a Murderer’.
1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 151/2 The combined attacks of Dr. Frederic Wertham, Mr. G. Legman, and others suggested the advisability of a partial switch from Death to Love.
2013 J. Singh Helium 92 Lots of love, G.
5. Gram(s). Also as a symbol.
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the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > [noun] > unit or denomination of weight > metric gram(me)
gram1797
G1819
gm1875
1819 Edinb. Philos. Jrnl. 1 210 It is almost insoluble in water, 100 grammes of water, of the temperature of 10°, dissolving only 0.015 g. of it.
1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 808/2 1 gramme (g.) = 15.4323564 grains or 0.7716 scruple.
1989 Plant Physiol. 89 643/2 F ( g s−1 ) is the water flux in the stem and Cw ( J g−1 K−1 ) is the specific heat of water.
2017 People (N. Ireland) (Nexis) 9 Apr. (Features section) 26 Try to get five 28g servings a week.
6.
a. slang (originally U.S.). Usually in plural. A thousand dollars. Later also: a thousand pounds, Euros, etc.; = grand n. 9.
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society > trade and finance > money > sum of money > [noun] > specific sums of money > a thousand dollars
grand1915
thousand1919
yard1926
G1928
dime1958
1928 J. O'Connor Broadway Racketeers xvii. 182 They had me in the bag for nearly ten G's before I pulled the string and let the joint go blooey.
1971 A. Curry Shack-up vi. 86 He'd probably drop me a few G's for the names of the guys in London.
2011 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 20 May d16 Lexus has the 2011 IS250 with a starter price of $32,900. That's a few Gs higher than the TDI and the Bimmer.
b. Originally and chiefly U.S. slang (esp. in African-American usage). Money generally, or a quantity of this; esp. (usually in plural) large amounts of money.
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1993 C. Eble UNC-CH Campus Slang (Univ. N. Carolina, Chapel Hill) (typescript) Fall 3 G, money: ‘Give me some G, mom.’
1996 ‘UGK’ Ridin' Dirty (CD lyrics booklet) You get the case and they get your weight and your G's.
1997 ‘Q’ Deadmeat 207 They're paying..shit money for the music to computer games, a grand, while them others is getting fat Gs for games like Wipe Out!
1999 A. Wheatle Brixton Rock 31 Brenton and Floyd had exhausted all their finances. Neither of them would receive any G's from social security for a few days yet.
2013 ‘Krayzie Bone’ Good Look (transcribed from song) in Quick Fix If you wanna win, put a million on me, spend it on me, get your banker. I'm making my Gs.
7. In form G. As prefix, forming symbols of units of measurement: = giga- comb. form. See also Initialisms.
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1954 Physica 20 816 (caption) G = giga = 109.
2016 J. G. Smith Gen., Org. & Biol. Chem. (ed. 3) i. 10 The metric symbols are all lower case except for the unit liter (L) and the prefixes mega- (M) and giga- (G).
8. Prefixed to a numeral in the names of various associations of nation states having common economic interests or working towards a specific purpose. See also group n. Phrases 1.
a. G10 n. (G–10) the ten or (in later use) eleven prosperous industrial nations (or their representatives) which agreed in 1962 to lend money to the International Monetary Fund in order to increase its ability to lend, instituting the ‘General Arrangements to Borrow’; = Group of 10 n. at group n. Phrases 1a.Originally consisting of Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the G10 expanded in 1964 to include Switzerland.
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society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > types of economic system > international committee concerned with
the Seven1959
Group of 101963
Paris Club1963
G101964
Group of Five1973
G51977
Group of Eight1977
G81988
1964 N.Y. Times 13 July 37/1 The inquiry..has been conducted by an international committee of the high-ranking officials known as the Group of 10, or if you are a real insider, ‘G-10’.
1979 Washington Post 7 Mar. d7/2 The G-10 is expected to renew the General Agreement to Borrow (GAB).
1995 Guardian 9 Oct. i. 15/8 Private saving has been falling in most G10 countries.
2017 National Post's Financial Post & FP Investing (Canada) (Nexis) 7 June b8 The Canadian dollar has also been affected by weaker oil prices... As a result, it has been the weakest performer in the G10.
b. G20 n. (also G-20) (originally) an association of twenty industrialized nations (or their representatives), established to coordinate international monetary reform; (in later use) an association of the world's largest advanced and emerging economies (or their representatives), established in 1999 to discuss global economic issues; (also) any of the regular meetings held by this association; = Group of 20 n. at group n. Phrases 1c.
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society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > alliance or confederacy > an alliance > specific alliances
auld alliance1566
the League1589
armed neutrality1780
German Confederation1786
Germanic Confederation1815
Holy Alliance1823
the Concert of Europe1841
Sonderbund1847
Triplice1896
Soviet block1919
communist bloc1922
Eastern bloc1922
Soviet bloc1924
axis1936
Rome–Berlin Axis1936
Eastern block1938
communist block1941
Western European Union1944
Arab League1945
Western Union1948
Atlantic Pact1949
NATO1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization1949
Seato1954
W.E.U.1954
Warsaw Pact1955
Atlantic Alliance1958
ASEAN1967
G201972
1972 Wall St. Jrnl. 22 June 4/2 The full-scale annual meeting of the IMF..is the earliest time that all the people who would form the ‘G-20’ are likely to be selected.
1999 Financial Times 13 Dec. 42/5 Finance ministers of the so-called Group of Twenty (G20) are scheduled to meet in Berlin for the first time today.
2009 Irish Times (Nexis) 7 Apr. 13 The key player will be China which demonstrated its international significance at the G20 last week.
2011 E. B. Barbier Scarcity & Frontiers x. 695 The G20 should lead in rethinking international aid to provide social safety nets.
c. G5 n. (also G-5) (originally) an association of five major industrialized nations (France, Germany (formerly West Germany), Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States); = Group of Five n. at group n. Phrases 1d; (in later use also) a loose association of the five largest emerging economies (Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > types of economic system > international committee concerned with
the Seven1959
Group of 101963
Paris Club1963
G101964
Group of Five1973
G51977
Group of Eight1977
G81988
1977 N.Y. Times 8 May iii. 14/1 Without G–5 there would have been no economic summit today in London.
1996 B. Connolly Rotten Heart of Europe (ed. 2) ii. 38 There is some confusion..about whether one should speak of the meeting as being one of the G-5, the G-6 or the G-7.
2009 Global Governance 15 270 Also important is that the G8 has indirectly promoted enhanced cooperation between Western countries and the G5.
d. G77 n. an association of developing nations, established by seventy seven nations in 1964 to promote the economic interests of its members and provide a means for collective negotiation within the United Nations; = Group of 77 n. at group n. Phrases 1b.The G77 has expanded greatly since its founding, consisting in later years of one hundred and thirty four members.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > [noun] > United Nations > UN agencies or programmes > group within UNCTAD
Group of 771964
G771979
1979 Financial Times 8 May 16/2 This generally acts together in international negotiations as the Group of 77 (G77).
1996 Rev. Internat. Stud. 22 74 The G77 is reluctant not to show solidarity with one of its members who is taking a strong stand.
2016 S. Buzdugan & A. Payne Long Battle for Global Governance iii. 73 The G77 has been calling for reform of the Bretton Woods institutions since the 1960s.
e. G7 n. (also G-7) an association of seven major industrialized nations (Canada, France, Germany (formerly West Germany), Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States); = Group of Seven n. at group n. Phrases 1e.
ΘΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > specific societies or organizations > [noun] > other specific associations or organizations
Tityre-tu1623
Peep o' Day Boys1780
law society1821
kongsi1839
B'nai B'rith1862
Molly Maguire1867
Kennel Club1874
Ethical Society1877
Kyrle Society1877
Molly1877
Sierra Club1891
subak1897
Workers' Educational Association1905
senior1906
W.E.A.1910
Lions Club1922
godless1927
F.P.A.a1940
Diners' Club1950
amnesty1961
Sealed Knot1971
Greenpeace1972
lions1972
Gaysoc1976
Group of Eight1977
Group of Seven1977
meeja1983
G71986
G81988
society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > specific societies or organizations > [adjective] > other specific associations or organizations
Lions Club1922
Diners' Club1950
G71986
G81988
1986 Brandon (Manitoba) Sun 7 May 25/2 The G-7 is actually the G-5 plus Canada and Italy.
1993 Foreign Affairs Spring 134 The G-7 has failed to evolve into an ongoing institution for dealing systematically with broader global economic and political issues.
2010 Independent 26 Jan. 33/1 Britain sought to push its reform agenda with other G7 economies ahead of rival American plans for regulatory overhaul.
f. G8 n. (also G-8) (originally) an association of eight Central and South American nations (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela) formed to increase political and economic cooperation between its members, esp. regarding the issue of international debt in Latin America; (in later use) an association formed in 1994 comprising the Group of Seven nations and Russia; (also) any of the annual meetings held by this association; = Group of Eight n. at group n. Phrases 1f.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > specific societies or organizations > [noun] > other specific associations or organizations
Tityre-tu1623
Peep o' Day Boys1780
law society1821
kongsi1839
B'nai B'rith1862
Molly Maguire1867
Kennel Club1874
Ethical Society1877
Kyrle Society1877
Molly1877
Sierra Club1891
subak1897
Workers' Educational Association1905
senior1906
W.E.A.1910
Lions Club1922
godless1927
F.P.A.a1940
Diners' Club1950
amnesty1961
Sealed Knot1971
Greenpeace1972
lions1972
Gaysoc1976
Group of Eight1977
Group of Seven1977
meeja1983
G71986
G81988
society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > specific societies or organizations > [adjective] > other specific associations or organizations
Lions Club1922
Diners' Club1950
G71986
G81988
society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > types of economic system > international committee concerned with
the Seven1959
Group of 101963
Paris Club1963
G101964
Group of Five1973
G51977
Group of Eight1977
G81988
1988 Inter Press Service Newswire 20 Oct. (heading) Latin America: New members would make G-8 more representative.
1992 Guardian (Nexis) 9 July 1 The West's reserve over engaging with the Russian reform programme was underpinned by its reluctance formally to admit Russia to the G7 club—the so-called G7 plus 1 or even G8.
1998 Independent 18 May 18/1 The G8 supports ‘the speedy and determined extension of debt relief to more countries’, but only within the terms of existing policy.
2010 T. Blair Journey xiii. 392 In a little-noticed move at the 2002 G8, the key nations agreed billions of dollars to protect or eliminate sites of former Soviet states with WMD.
9. Originally U.S. General or general audience, used as a film or video classification indicating content that is suitable for viewing by audiences of any age group. Cf. U n.1 Initialisms 1a.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > film show > [adjective] > classification for viewing
U1922
G1966
X-rated1970
hard R1974
1966 N.Y. Times 8 Oct. 49/1 The rating system, which goes into effect on films released after Nov. 1, will classify movies in four categories: G—acceptable for general audiences.
1985 Washington Post 7 May a14/2 On-campus movies are censored to the equivalent of a G rating.
2017 Canberra Times (Nexis) 18 Feb. (Mag.) 5 In this 1931 Frank Capra film, top, a woman..decides to become a phoney preacher to relieve the faithful of their money. Rated G.
10. U.S. slang (esp. in African-American usage). A gangster; = gangsta n. 1.Sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense 11.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > [noun] > crime > a criminal or law-breaker > gangster
gangster1884
gangman1912
gangsman1912
mobster1917
racketeer1924
gangbanger1930
bandit1935
hot rod1936
goodfellow1963
G1989
1989 ‘Kool G Rap’ & ‘DJ Polo’ Men at Work (transcribed from song) in Road to Riches In 3D is a G coming at you.
1995 Y. Jah & S. Jah Uprising (1997) 68 The guys out here now considering themselves Gs, they are Gs to a certain degree, because you don't have the bigger GGs the OGs to come out and check' em.
2003 N.Y. Mag. 1 Dec. 39/3 With real G's—street slang for gangstas—it's just the opposite. Once they go legit, they start dressing good, acting right. They don't ever want to go back to that life.
11. U.S. slang (esp. in African-American usage). A guy, friend. Chiefly as a form of address. Cf. gee n.4Sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense 10.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > person > man > [noun] > as a form of address
lordOE
wye1340
gentleman1534
old fellow1567
gaff1573
godhood1586
gaffer1590
dad1605
daddy1681
hearty1735
cock-of-wax1790
governor1819
bub1839
smarty1847
doc1870
guy1876
Sunny Jim1903
big guy1910
chief1927
daddy-o1944
pops1944
tosh1954
Sonny Jim1960
ese1961
majita1963
G1990
mi'jito1990
1990 TV Guide (U.S.) 20 Oct. (Chicago Metrop. ed.) 19/1 Next time you hear rap on TV, check out this ‘def’ glossary... Yo G! Peep this! (May we have your attention, please?)
1994 Etc Montréal No. 25. 43/2 Tarantino is a bit of a loose cannon. But..his aim is true and his heart is in the right place... Tarantino is one smart g.
2000 P. Beatty Tuff v. 71 Armello wiped his mouth, beamed, and handed Fariq the weed. ‘Hit this, G, my God.’
2016 E. Huang Double Cup Love 48 ‘My g, are we really staying at a Times Square by-the-hour hooker hotel?’ ‘Yup. We're here.’
12. slang. The drug GHB (GHB n.).
ΚΠ
1997 PR Newswire (Nexis) 8 Dec. It is an odorless, tasteless clear liquid better known as ‘G’ or ‘Liquid G’.
2006 Sydney Morning Herald 22 Apr. 19/1 He started taking G five years ago ‘because ecstasy wasn't giving me the same high any more.’
13. Telecommunications Used with a numerical prefix (as 1G, 2G, etc.) in the names of any of several generations of mobile telecommunication technology, each representing a different stage of development of such technology. Frequently attributive.Recorded earliest in 3G n.
ΚΠ
1997 Re: Users Opinions sought on CDMA in alt.cellular (Usenet newsgroup) 6 May 3G systems are heading towards a non-IS-95 CDMA interface.
2000 Network World 23 Oct. 72/3 2.5G will not support two-way visual communication.
2009 C. Kappler UMTS Networks & Beyond ii. 17 The early 1G Networks were of course completely analogue.
2015 M. Maternia in J. T. J. Penttinen Telecommunications Handbk. xxv. 890 The 2G system could offer services with the theoretical peak data speeds of up to 171.2 kbps.
III. Symbolic uses.
14. Physics.
a. With reference to gravity.
(a) Usually in form g. Denoting the force of gravity acting on a body, a vector representing this, or the magnitude of the force. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1726 Philos. Trans. 1725 (Royal Soc.) 33 295 Let the uniform Gravity be call'd g.
1785 T. Parkinson Syst. Mech. xiv. 244 If G be the force of gravity, the axis and all diameters of the parabola, are perpendicular to the horizon.
1806 G. Gregory Dict. Arts & Sci. I. 870/2 M. Krafft gives a formula for the proportion of gravity in different latitudes on the earth's surface, which is this: y = (1 + 0.0052848 sine2 λ) g; where g denotes the gravity at the equator, and y the gravity under any other latitude λ.
1825 Philos. Mag. 66 110 l denotes the height of the homogeneous atmosphere in feet, and g the gravitating force.
1869 London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 38 83 M is the mass of a unit volume of a fluid, and g the accelerating force of gravity.
1986 J. V. Iribarne & W. L. Godson Atmospheric Thermodynamics (ed. 2) viii. 156 The vector sum g is the force of gravity per unit mass.
(b) In form g. Denoting the value of acceleration due to gravity at sea level, equal to approximately 9.81 metres per second squared.
ΚΠ
1847 J. R. & L. D. B. Gordon tr. J. Weisbach Princ. Mech. Machinery & Engin. I. i. i. 7 The acceleration of this motion brought about by gravity is designated by the letter g, and has the mean value of: 9,81 metres.
1885 Ann. Math. 1 140 The kinetic energy of the stream is D/ 2g.LΩV2.
1959 G. W. C. Kaye & T. H. Laby Tables Physical & Chem. Constants (ed. 12) 9 A standard value for the gravitational acceleration g at the Earth's surface is necessary for fixing the values of certain derived units and standards in the C.G.S. and M.K.S. systems.
1976 Notes & Rec. Royal Soc. 30 134 Another important quantity is (little) ‘g’, the gravitational acceleration on at any particular position on the Earth.
2016 J. R. Reisel Princ. Engin. Thermodynamics i. 20 At sea level on earth, the acceleration due to gravity, g, is 9.81 m/s2.
(c) In form G. Denoting the universal gravitational constant; the constant of proportionality in Newton's law of gravitation, approximately equal to 6.674 × 10−11 m3·kg−1·s−2; = Newton's constant n. at Newton n. 2e.
ΚΠ
1892 Proc. Royal Soc. 1891–2 50 40 If two spheres, of masses M and M′, have their centres a distance d apart, the attraction is, according to the law of gravitation, GMM′/d2, where G is the gravitation constant.
1939 Nature 23 Sept. 555/1 D. S. Kothari derives a set of equations connecting the mean life of the meson τ0, the cosmological constant t0 and the gravitational constant G.
1979 New Scientist 15 Mar. 856/1 Is it possible that G varies with the age of the Universe?
2003 B. Schutz Gravity from Ground up iv. 31 Even today, the measurements of G are accurate to only slightly better than one part in a thousand.
(d) Now usually in form G. Denoting (sudden) acceleration or force; frequently used as an (informal) unit of acceleration or force equal to that which a body would experience at sea level due to gravity (see sense 14a(b)). Also: the force (perceived as) acting as a result of and in the direction opposite to a powerful acceleration. See also g-force n. at Compounds.
ΚΠ
1928 N. Macmillan Art of Flying x. 138 Sustained high manœuvre loadings..are referred to for brevity as 1G, 2G, or 6G.
1931 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 35 1042 A figure of 3 or 4g is common in fast turns and in loops.
1945 Flight 47 36/1 (heading) Anti-g suit for fighter pilots. A simple but effective means of protecting the fighter pilot from the effects of ‘positive g’ during violent manœuvres is now in general use with U.S.A.A.F. fighter pilots.
2002 Pop. Sci. Oct. 46/1 Even more impressive that its 2G acceleration force is an F1 car's braking force, which can reach a near-incomprehensible 4Gs.
2009 S. Thamm My Private Pectus xvi. 186 There's no V8 roar, no sensation of the Gs pushing you into the seat.
b. Astronomy. In form G. Denoting one of the divisions into which stellar spectra (and hence also stars) are classified, characterized by having prominent absorption lines of calcium and other metals.Frequently in G-star, G-type star: a yellow star (typified by the sun) which has a surface temperature of approx. 4,900–6,000 K and emits such a spectrum.
ΚΠ
1890 E. C. Pickering Draper Catal. Stellar Spectra in Ann. Astron. Observatory Harvard Coll. 27 3 Additional lines in the spectrum are denoted by G.
1978 J. M. Pasachoff & M. L. Kutner University Astron. ii. 40 G stars, the spectral type of our sun..are yellowish in color, as the peak in their spectra falls in the yellow to yellow/green part of the spectrum.
1995 SkyNews May 26/3 Anything which suggests that our situation—a family of small and large planets orbiting a G-type star—is rare rather than commonplace in the universe goes against more than four centuries of astronomical discovery.
2017 J. Chadney Modelling Upper Atmosphere of Gas-giant Exoplanets v. 153 Low-mass stars, of type G, K, and M, are increasing under focus by exoplanet observers.
c. Usually in form G. Denoting the electrical conductance of a conductor or circuit.
ΚΠ
1896 Electr. Engineer 28 Aug. 235/1 The first step is to find G, the joint insulation conductance of the system.
1936 Proc. IRE 24 952 The modulator conductance G must also bear a certain relation to this voltage.
1972 Proc. IEEE 60 1004/1 The representation of the diode by an admittance consisting of a nonlinear conductance g in parallel with a constant frequency-independent capacitor..is a very crude approximation.
2010 T. Yamamoto et al. in A. V. Narlikar & Y. Y. Fu Oxf. Handbk. Nanosci. & Technol. I. vi. 145 The electrical conductance G is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area..of a sample and inversely proportional to its length.
15. Psychology. In form g. Denoting the general factor, a statistical measure hypothesized to measure the general intelligence which determines how well a person performs different cognitive tasks.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > [noun] > measured degree of intelligence
intelligence quotient1913
G1915
mental ratio1921
I.Q.1922
1915 E. Webb in Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Monogr. Suppl. 3 iv. 38 The marks for these tests together with the above coefficients of their ‘saturation’ by the general factor (g) ought to furnish a measure of ‘g’ itself.
1965 Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Devel. 30 23 In addition to g, certain specific, or group factors were postulated to account for the observed correlations.
2007 Guardian 2 Jan. (Educ. section) 9/1 The second paradox is that intelligence has been measured on the factor analysis of 10 IQ sub-tests, producing a general measure of intelligence known as g.
16. Chemistry.
a. [after a specific use of German gerade (see quot. 1930)] Chemistry. Used to denote the state of a centrosymmetric molecule in which the molecular orbital (molecular orbital n. at molecular adj. Compounds) is unchanged by inversion through the centre of symmetry.
ΚΠ
1930 R. S. Mulliken in Physical Rev. 36 617 The subscripts g (German gerade) for even terms and u (German ungerade) for odd terms are recommended.
1962 R. E. Dodd Chem. Spectrosc. iv. 220 In homonuclear diatomic molecules there is also a prohibition against g-g or u-u transitions.
2012 G.I. Stegeman & R. A. Stegeman Nonlinear Optics ix. 197 g and g' refer to different even symmetry states.
b. In form G. Denoting the amount of Gibbs free energy in a thermodynamic system.
ΚΠ
1935 London, Edinb., Dublin, Philos. Mag. 7th Ser. 19 568 H is referred to as the total heat, or enthalpy; F as the (Helmholtz) free energy..; G as the Gibbs free energy, or the thermodynamic potential (at constant pressure).
1974 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71 193/1 The differential of the Gibbs free energy, G, is related to the affinity by dG = −Adα.
2013 J. Andrews & N. Jelley Energy Sci. (ed. 2) ii. 38 The Gibbs free energy, G, of a system is defined as G = H − TS.
17. Cell Biology. In form G. Denoting any of the phases of the cycle of cell division during which neither DNA replication nor cell division occurs; usually with distinguishing numeral (as subscript or postmodifier).
a. G1 n. (also G1) the phase between the end of cell division and the beginning of DNA replication, constituting the first part of interphase (interphase n. 1); frequently attributive, esp. in G1 phase.
ΚΠ
1953 A. Howard & S. R. Pelc in Heredity 6 Suppl. 264 If the time of the total cell cycle (T) is 30 hours, this leaves (by subtraction), a time interval (G1) between telophase and the beginning of synthesis of 12 hours.
1978 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75 2873/1 Cells that have ceased reproduction in G1 are sometimes described as having entered a G0 state.
1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) xiii. 728 (caption) Interphase starts with the G1 phase, in which the biosynthesis activities of the cells, which proceed very slowly during mitosis, resume at a high rate.
2006 J. M. W. Slack Essent. Developmental Biol. (ed. 2) ii. 18/1 Restitution of growth factors induces the resynthesis of these proteins and the resumption of the cycle starting from the G1 checkpoint.
b. G2 n. (also G2) the phase between the end of DNA replication and the beginning of cell division, constituting the last part of interphase; frequently attributive, esp. in G2 phase.
ΚΠ
1953 A. Howard & S. R. Pelc in Heredity 6 Suppl. 264 Making an allowance of 2 hours for uptake, this indicates that the time interval (G2) between the end of synthesis and the beginning of division is 8 hours.
1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) xiii. 733 A nucleus that has just completed S phase and entered G2 phase will normally condense its chromosomes and go through mitosis a fixed time thereafter.
1995 Current Pharmaceut. Design June 11/1 Cells heavily damaged might..die in G2.
2014 L. Hemming in I. Peate et al. Nursing Pract. xv. 293/2 There is another check before the cell proceeds to the G2 phase.
c. G0 n. (also G0) a phase following cell division in populations of cells which are not undergoing regular cycles of division; frequently attributive, esp. in G0 phase.
ΚΠ
1963 H. Quastler in L. F. Lamerton & R. G. M. Fry Cell Proliferation 21 Often the system contains one or more populations of potentially proliferative cells which produce at a low rate or only upon stimulation; it is proposed to designate such phases as G0.
1970 E. J. Ambrose & D. M. Easty Cell Biol. ix. 315 The stage when the cells are differentiated and not in a stage of growth has been called the G0 phase, which may last for hours, days or years depending on the type of cell.
2002 H. A. Lim Genetically Yours vi. 136 Cells have a natural protective mechanism. When they are starved to the verge of death, they enter a resting phase, or G0.
2015 A. K. Campbell Intracellular Calcium (new ed.) vii. 363 Cells can leave the cell cycle from G1 into G0.
18. In form G. = gauss n.Somewhat rare.
Π
1891 Engineering 18 Sept. 322/2 (table) Force factors [On electricity]..G.]
1957 Brit. Jrnl. Appl. Physics 8 S31/1 In water the average spacing of the protons is 2.5 Å and we might thus expect a line width of 5 G. Actually, the width is found to be less than a milligauss.
1962 Nucl. Fusion 2 75/1 For a typical event, the trapped field is less than 100 G at the end of the first breakdown half-cycle.
2015 P. F. Kelly Electr. & Magnetism xxiv. 159 The conversion factor from gauss to tesla is 1 G = 1 × 10−4 T.

Compounds

G-agent n. originally U.S. any of a group of four organophosphorus nerve agents originally developed by German scientists during the Second World War, characterized by being more volatile and less persistent than other nerve agents.The four G-agents are tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin. [Perhaps originally representing G in German, reflecting the origin of these nerve agents.]
ΚΠ
1953 Med. Compend Commanding Officers Naval Vessels (Bureau Med. & Surg., Navy Dept., U. S.) ii. 63 (heading) The ‘G’ agents.
1968 New Scientist 29 Feb. 465/1 The G-agents (nerve gases)..are quick killers.
2007 S. L. Hoenig Compend. Chem. Warfare Agents v. 77 They [sc. nerve agents] are generally divided into the G-agents..and the V-agents.
g-force n. a powerful acceleration or the force producing it; (also) the force (perceived as) acting as a result of an in the direction opposite to such an acceleration.
Π
1945 Air Surgeon's Bull. Jan. 3/3 Of primary importance as a symptom-producing factor is the duration of the g force.
1959 Daily Tel. 23 Feb. 11/7 Protective clothing, or ‘space suits’ will be needed to help guard a man against the heavy G forces imposed on him because of the great thrust upwards that a space vehicle will develop.
1995 Sensors & Actuators A. 48 59/1 Static testing was performed using an IEC model B22 high-speed centrifuge up to a maximum g-force of 800g.
2014 F1 Racing Mar. 37/3 Suddenly there's braking and G-forces to consider and components are tested in a different way.
G-plan n. [ < the initial letter of the name of E. Gomme Ltd., the manufacturer + plan n.] a brand of furniture manufactured by E. Gomme, Ltd. that became known in its history for adopting modern designs and for being available to buy as individual pieces rather than complete sets of furniture.Recorded earliest in attributive use.A proprietary name in the United Kingdom.
Π
1954 N.Y. Times 25 Apr. (Financial section) 6/2 The G-Plan furniture..is the newest idea in home furnishings in England.
1967 E. Wymark As Good as Gold ii. 33 The flat was strictly modern inside. The hall tended to G-plan.
2005 Northern Echo 6 Sept. 17/3 (advt.) Settee and matching chair, G-Plan, floral design, zipped removable covers, clean, comfy.
G protein n. Biochemistry any of a family of regulatory proteins acting as molecular switches which are activated by the reversible binding of guanine nucleotides (GDP or GTP) and are involved in signal transduction.
ΚΠ
1975 S.-L. H. Liu et al. Biochem. Jrnl. 152 694/1 The present results confirm the existence in the rapidly growing Novikoff hepatoma cells of a glucocorticoid-binding protein with properties similar to the G-protein..in normal liver.
1996 Nature 25 Jan. 297 Many of the external signals reaching a cell are transmitted through G proteins, which lie just inside the cell membrane.
2009 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) Aug. 66/2 The receptor changes shape to activate a second molecule known as a G protein, which in turn initiates a biochemical cascade inside.
G-rated adj. originally U.S. (a) (of a film, video, etc.) classified as suitable for viewing by audiences of any age group; see sense 9; (b) (in extended use) that is suitable for all age groups, esp. children; free of content which might cause offence or be regarded as inappropriate.
ΚΠ
1968 Estherville (Iowa) Daily News 24 Dec. 1/2 A G rated or general film will be available to the young set during an afternoon matinee.
1977 Many Worlds of Mike Curb 18 in Billboard 5 Mar. The [music] industry was ready for a family-type, or ‘G’ rated act.
2011 D. Halverson Writing Young Adult Fiction for Dummies xiv. 293 Teens will be reading these posts, so keep them G-rated and rant-free.
2014 R. Zoglin Hope xiii. 419 The venerable movie palace..was having trouble finding G-rated movies suitable for its family audience.
g stress n. physiological stress occurring as a result of experiencing a powerful acceleration.Now somewhat rare.
ΚΠ
1938 Lancet 31 Dec. 1508/1 This was seen especially during looping, the maximal g stress occurring at the point of pulling up from the dive.
2004 W. Bles in F. H. Previc & W. R. Ercoline Spatial Disorientation in Aviation xi. 513 Very high G-onset rates, high angular rates, and multiple-axis G stress as compared to the conventional fighter environment also characterize the high-agility flight environment.

Initialisms

Many of the terms given here without points are also frequently used with points, and vice versa. Less commonly, variation between upper- and lower-case letters may occur where the initialism is not of a proper name.Some the of items listed here are in fact acronyms, while some others vary between pronunciation as an initialism or as an acronym.
GA n. Gamblers Anonymous, a self-help organization, following a philosophy modelled on that of Alcoholics Anonymous.
ΚΠ
1950 Washington Post 24 Oct. 13/2 Recovered gamblers in GA act as friendly counsellors in helping others to overcome temptation.
1988 St. Petersburg Times (Florida) (Nexis) 12 Jan. 1 d [They] are working on the painful, one-day-at-a-time process of rebuilding their lives and putting their addiction behind them. They attend weekly GA meetings.
2012 K. Twaddle & S. Burns Life on Line xxiv. 196 Going to GA and turning my life around has given me a completely new focus and has helped me grow up and become a more mature person.
GA n. a body of representatives of the whole of an organization; (also) a meeting of this body; = general assembly n. at general adj. and n. Compounds 2.
Π
1844 Missionary Herald (Boston) May 175/1 Minutes of the G. A., 1832.
1880 Jrnl. United Labor 1 74/3 The G.A. met at Grand Army Hall.
2011 N.Y. Mag. 5 Dec. 41/1 When I came to the last two or three GAs before September 17, it was actually amazing, because suddenly you had a group that was easily finding consensus.
2017 J. A. Moore & J. Pubantz New United Nations (ed. 2) iv. 119 The GA meets in formal session every fall at UN headquarters in New York City.
GA n. civil aviation activities other than large-scale commercial passenger or freight transport; = general aviation n. at general adj. and n. Compounds 2.
ΚΠ
1974 Palmdale Intercontinental Airport: Environmental Impact Study (Arthur D. Little, Inc.) I. ii. 71 In the interests of increasing airport capacity, it has been proposed that general aviation (GA) activity be diverted from the major air carrier airports.
1990 Pilot Oct. 60/1 All GA flights using the main apron at Luton must now be handled—self-handling is no longer allowed.
2005 Pilot Oct. 31/2 Commercial aviation would rather encourage scud-running than see GA get a freebie.
GAA n. Gaelic Athletic Association, a sporting and cultural organization formed in Ireland in 1884 for the organization and promotion of traditional Irish sports and athletic pastimes; (also) any of various affiliated or similar organizations later established around the world.
ΚΠ
1885 Sligo Champion 11 July Sligo..has preceded the other counties of the Province in the formation of Branches of the G.A.A.
1955 Garfieldian (Chicago) 27 July 13/5 The West Side GAA will hold a dance Friday evening at McEnery Hall.
1995 Church Times 27 Jan. 2/3 The C of I Archbishop of Dublin..has praised the initiative of the County Down board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in seeking to lift the GAA's ban on members of Northern Ireland's security forces.
2017 J. Sherlock Jayo (Electronic ed.) The GAA has been a massive part of my life, right from when I was reportedly brought to Croke Park at just six months old!
GAAP n. (also gaap) generally accepted accounting principles, a set of principles and standards companies are obliged to adhere to when producing their financial statements.
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1963 Mod. Railroads Mar. 45/2 Net income is first presented in conformity with ICC principles and, immediately below, the necessary adjustments are made to conform the final figure with GAAP.
1993 Rep. & Accts. (Cable & Wireless) 75/1 The Group prepares its consolidated accounts in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the United Kingdom which differ in certain material respects from US GAAP.
2015 J. E. Margret & G. Peck Fraud in Financial Statements iii. 42 The flexibility available and arguably necessary for good business practice within GAAP..also provides opportunities for deceitful manipulation of the accounting numbers.
GABA n. Biochemistry gamma-aminobutyric acid, an amino acid found principally in the central nervous system of vertebrates, where it acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
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1951 Industr. & Engin. Chem. 43 614/1 It appears that alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid commonly are present in about equal quantities... Table VI. Estimated Composition of Amino Acid Fraction... Alanine 10[%] Gaba 10[%].
1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) xix. 1084 GABA and glycine are thought to be the major transmitters that mediate fast inhibition in the vertebrate central nervous system.
2001 M. Farrant in R. A. Webster Neurotransmitters, Drugs & Brain Function (2003) xi. 225 GABA serves as a neurotransmitter in virtually every brain area.
GAD n. Psychiatry = generalized anxiety disorder n. at generalized adj. Compounds.
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1982 Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39 687/2 Typically persons with GAD reported a more continuous illness with fluctuations in the level of their anxiety, but they rarely reported feeling entirely well for prolonged periods of time.
1990 J. Handly et al. Why Women Worry iii. xv. 211 She might spiral into..Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)—persistent anxiety of at least six months.
2017 MailOnline (Nexis) 20 June In people with GAD, the worry is often unrealistic or out of proportion for the situation.
GAO n. General Accountability Office (formerly General Accounting Office), the United States government agency responsible for auditing and investigating federal spending.In earliest use applied to an amateur sports team composed of the office's staff members.
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1922 Washington Post 9 Aug. 15/5 General Accounting Office..won the Government league title... Owen's timely hit in the eight inning enabled the G.A.O. team to emerge with a triumph.
1933 Washington Post 11 Dec. 11/5 Hundreds of employees at General Accounting Office have received aid from the G.A.O. Welfare Association in times of stress.
1953 Harvard Law Rev. 67 243 In its capacity as overseer of Government disbursements the GAO is inevitably cost conscious in its view of contract disputes.
2012 K. Callahan in N. M. Riccucci Serving Public Interest (2015) i. 11 Staats..transformed the GAO from a narrowly focused, accountant-centered organization to a multi-faceted organization dedicated to improving government performance.
GAR n. U.S. (now historical) Grand Army of the Republic, an association of veterans who served during the American Civil War (1861–5).The association existed from 1866 to 1956.
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1867 Daily Commerc. Reg. (Sandusky, Ohio) 5 Feb. G. A. R.—The following State officers were elected at the Convention of the Grand Army of the Republic held last week.
1884 Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 6 Sept. Edwin-Humphrey Post, No. 104, G.A.R., of this town celebrated its fifteenth anniversary by a camp-fire Friday evening.
1996 B. Stahura Sons of Union Veterans of Civil War 36/1 Besides establishing Memorial Day and veterans pensions, the GAR's influence is still felt today.
GAW n. U.S. (now historical and rare) guaranteed annual wage, a minimum yearly income guaranteed in an employment contract, esp. by providing for a set number of hours' work per week, month, etc.
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1952 N.Y. Amsterdam News 5 Jan. 12/5 The guaranteed annual wage—GAW—based on a guaranteed minimum employment annually.
2009 Sci. & Society July 407 In 1955, Reuther's innovative bargaining proposal for a guaranteed annual wage (GAW) resulted in the pioneering of a ‘supplemental unemployment benefits’ (SUB) program.
Gb n. Computing gigabit(s), (a) 1,073,741,824 (or 230) bits, as a unit of memory capacity or the size of data; (b) (in later use also) one billion (or 109) bits.
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1970 Proc. IEEE 58 1779/1 The system presented here makes efficient use of solid-state technology to achieve system information rates of one gigabit per second (1 Gb · s−1).
1997 Proc. Internat. Conf. Computing in High Energy Physics '95 74 Data densities exceeding 100 Gb/in2 on ‘nail-size’ cylinders have been attained with write speeds of 0.7 Mb/sec and read speeds of 1 Mb/sec.
2015 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 30 Oct. b6 His company is fully capable of bringing 1 Gb per second..[but] right now we don't think it's necessary.
GB n. Computing gigabyte(s), (a) 1,073,741,824 (or 230) bytes, as a unit of memory capacity or the size of data; (b) (in later use also) one billion (109) bytes.
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1978 P. Wentzel in W. E. Proebster Digital Memory & Storage 33 The total capacity of a disk file subsystem..can range from a few tens of megabytes (MB) up to many gigabytes (GB), i.e. a maximum of almost 1011bits.
1995 Byte May 196/1 The tapes cost only about $12 for 2 GB of storage capacity.
2013 Wall St. Jrnl. 23 Jan. d2/4 The Toshiba [computer] has 128 GB of storage.
G.B. n. U.S. colloquial (now rare) ‘grand bounce’ or ‘go-by’ (see go-by n.1 2), a dismissal or ejection. [Probably originally an initialism < grand bounce, although later also understood as representing go by.]
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society > occupation and work > lack of work > [noun] > dismissal or discharge
discharginga1398
discharge1523
quietus est1530
conduction1538
cassing1550
remove1553
destitution1554
mittimus1596
dismissionc1600
quietus1635
removal1645
cashierment1656
separation1779
dismissing1799
dismissala1806
to give (a person) the sack1825
bullet1841
congee1847
decapitation1869
G.B.1880
the shove1899
spear1912
bob-tail1915
severance1941
sacking1958
termination1974
1880 News & Press (Cimarron, New Mexico) 23 Dec. 1/7 Well, I've got the g.b... I've been fired!
1917 G. B. McCutcheon Green Fancy 157 Guess I'm going to get the G.B. 'fore long.
1945 Washington Post 5 Jan. s3/1 He's striving to ‘nail it’ and ‘come clean’ on his courses so he won't get the g. b. (go-by).
GB n. Great Britain.
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1855 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 5 p. xxv List of Members, Committees, etc., of the R. A. S. of G. B. and I. London: 1855. 8vo, pp. 16.
1937 M. Sharp Nutmeg Tree xii. 144 There were four cars standing outside, but only one with a G.B. plate.
1951 Chronol. Internat. Events 7 466 Mr John Edwards (G.B.) replied that the British taxation system was more favourable to the workers than any other.
2014 Radio Times 26 Apr. (South/West ed.) 40/1 Dave Brailsford was plotting to make the men and women wearing Team GB's skin suits the fastest [cyclists] in the world.
G2B n. (also g2b) [after B2B n. at B n. Additions and G2B n.] government to business; the provision of business information and other services by government to the business sector via the internet; frequently attributive.
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2000 T. Riley Electronic Governance & Democracy 73 Electronic Procurement (eProcurement) has the prime objective to improve government to business (‘G2B’) and business to government (‘B2G’).
2004 C. L. Johnson in A. Khan & W. B. Hildreth Financial Managem. Theory in Public Sector 216 G2B services may be essential to a business operation because certain types of information may be available only in official government records.
2010 Internet Res. 20 180 What are the determinants of user acceptance that influence the user acceptance of e-government services, specifically a G2B system?
GBE n. chiefly British (in the British honours system) (Knight or Dame) Grand Cross of (the Order of) the British Empire, the senior rank of the Order of the British Empire; (also) denoting a person holding this rank, or the award itself.
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1917 Times 25 Aug. 7/7 The Order of the British Empire has five classes, namely:—Men. Knights Grand Cross (G.B.E.)..Women..Dames Grand Cross (G.B.E.).
1972 Times 1 Jan. 25/5 Among awards to leaders of commerce and industry were one GBE, several knighthoods, two KBEs, a CMG, and 25 CBEs.
2004 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 2 Nov. 31 The Governor-General sent a message of condolence..following the death of Her Royal Highness Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, GCB, CI, GCVO, GBE.
GBH n. Chiefly British grievous bodily harm.
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1943 Medico-Legal & Criminol. Rev. 11 175 (table) Offences against property. Larceny. Fraud. Offences against the person. Assault. Abortion. G.B.H.
1954 Glim May–June 17 At first I thought that the letters G.B.H. indicated that a car came from the Hebrides, but now I realise that they stand for Grievous Bodily Harm.
1966 L. Southworth Felon in Disguise ii. 40 He did have a couple of arrests. One for malicious damage and the other for G.B.H.
2004 H. Strachan Make a Skyf, Man! x. 105 On his mat on my right lies Tokkie Waters, in for grievous bodily harm, GBH, and he's pushing five to eight.
GBL n. gamma-butyrolactone (esp. when used as a recreational drug), an oily liquid lactone, frequently used as a solvent, which is metabolized to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in the body.
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1964 Science 7 Aug. 583/2 The distribution of GBL and GHB in brain and blood of rats was investigated after the production of anesthesia with each of these compounds.
1987 Biochem. Pharmacol. 36 797 When unsubstituted, high doses of GBL or GHB cause a trance-like encephalopathy in animals.
2012 Daily Mirror (Nexis) 2 May 1 Experts warned of a deadly craze after two pals died within hours after apparently taking the banned 50p party drug GBL.
GBP n. Great British public, the people of Great Britain.
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1912 Oxf. & Cambr. Rev. Nov. 169 I am tolerably certain that he relied upon this quaint, and, with few exceptions, general attitude of mind of the ‘G. B. P.’.
1925 G. Frankau Life—& Erica xv. 189 It's no good making the G.B.P. laugh at you.
2005 Times 16 Feb. ii. 2/2 The GBP, according to polls, support the marriage of Charles and Camilla by a margin of three to one.
GBP n. Great British pound(s).
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1983 Financial Times 6 May 35/4 (advt.) GBP amounts translated from Swedish kronor.
1992 Pharma Marketlet. (Nexis) 3 Aug. The company's balance sheet remains strong, it claims, with cash reserves amounting to over GBP 37 million at the end of the year.
2009 Sunday Express (Nexis) 31 May 8 MEPs can claim a subsistence allowance of about GBP 260 a day for every day they go to work in Brussels or Strasbourg.
GBU n. guided bomb unit, a bomb that is guided to its target, typically by electronic signals; a smart bomb.
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1979 W. K. Crain Heat Transfer Tests on Full & 1/4 Scale AIM-9E Sidewinder Missile (Arnold Engineering Development Center, U.S. Air Force) ii. 8 A 1/15 scale model of the GBU-8 Guided Bomb Unit was tested in conjunction with the 1/4 scale AIM-9E model.
1991 Wall Street Jrnl. 17 Jan. a 7a The sort of weapons that can't see through smoke include the Maverick air-to-ground guided missile that homes in on heat and the GBU-15 guided bomb unit that homes in through television pictures or infrared rays.
2008 E. R. Johnson Amer. Attack Aircraft since 1926 Appendix 436 The earliest GBUs were guided by low-light television cameras and controlled by an operator aboard the aircraft.
GC n. = George Cross n. at George n. Compounds.
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1941 Times of India 10 Apr. 8/3 Explaining two new distinctions ‘G.C.’ and ‘G.M.’, to be awarded to civilians for acts of heroism, a Press Note says [etc.].
1977 Times 24 May 18/8 Mr Thomas McAvoy, GC, died on May 20 at the age of 67.
2011 Guardian (Nexis) 11 Feb. 11 The unquestioning duty of heroes like Staff Sergeant Schmid GC and the bravery of his widow Christina cannot simply be looked after by an unwritten covenant between the state and its armed forces.
G2C n. (also g2c) [after B2B n. at B n. Additions] government to citizen (also consumer or customer); the provision of services and information by government to private citizens via the internet; frequently attributive.
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2000 D. Hollingsworth in L. Fischer Workflow Handbk. 2001 210 One further important area of the wider e-business space merits separate consideration; this is the whole subject of electronic Government to Consumer interaction (G2C).
2008 N. K. Hanna Transforming Govt. & empowering Communities vii. 137 G2C is about giving Sri Lankan citizens the convenience of choosing when and where they access public services.
2011 Hindustan Times (Nexis) 9 Mar. The second project was to set up 8,000 G2C kiosks across the city, which would have provided information on railway timings, tourism and other vital information on services provided by..the Delhi government.
GCB n. (in the British honours system) (Knight or Dame) Grand Cross of (the Order of) the Bath, the senior rank of the Order of Bath; (also) denoting a person holding this rank, or the award itself.
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1847 Times 8 May 6/1 The Queen has also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal, granting unto Sir Admiral Thomas Byam Martin G.C.B., the office or place of Rear Admiral of the United Kingdom.
1915 D. Haig Diary 14 July in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 130 The King..then handed me the GCB and ‘collar’ saying that no one had more thoroughly earned it than I had.
2004 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 2 Nov. 31 The Governor-General sent a message of condolence..following the death of Her Royal Highness Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, GCB, CI, GCVO, GBE.
GCC n. Gulf Cooperation Council, an intergovernmental organization founded in March 1981 by Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, to facilitate political, economic, and defensive cooperation between members.Also called the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf.
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1981 Yuma (Arizona) Daily Sun 25 May 8/1 We do not want the GCC to be misinterpreted as an..alliance against Iran.
1982 Summary of World Broadcasts Pt. 4: Middle East & Afr. (B.B.C) 15 Jan. ME/6928/A/6 I see that we have a Gulf Co-operation Council [GCC] and I have great hope that the Council will adopt the necessary measures against any country that harms any of the Arab Gulf states whether by severing relations or any other measure.
1995 Gulf Marketing Rev. Oct. 43/3 All of the GCC states have developed downstream hydrocarbon processing industries.
2017 Dominion Post (Wellington, N.Z.) (Nexis) 4 Mar. 2 The GCC—which includes Saudi Arabia—is New Zealand's eighth largest trading partner.
GCE n. = General Certificate of Education n. at general adj. and n. Compounds 2.
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1951 Times Educ. Suppl. 27 July 597/4 The travel agency that can offer visitors to the Channel Islands duty-free scent and tobacco and also a G.C.E.
1981 J. Sullivan Only Fools & Horses (1999) I. 1st Ser. Episode 1. 15 I've got two GCEs, an 18-month suspended sentence and I know a good joint when I puff one.
2010 R. Matthews & J. Lally Thinking Teacher's Toolkit vi. 110 Interest in thinking skills..contributed to Critical Thinking becoming the fastest growing GCE Advanced Subsidiary examination subject in 2007.
gcd n. (also GCD) [originally after French p. g. c. d. < the initial letters of plus grand commun diviseur (both 1828 in the source translated in quot. 1831)] Mathematics greatest common divisor, the largest whole number that divides two or more given numbers without remainder; (in later use also) a divisor of two or more elements of a commutative ring whose own divisors include all the other common divisors of those elements.
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1831 E. C. Ross tr. L. P. M. Bourdon Elements Algebra vi. 279 We begin with finding the g. c. d. [Fr. le p. g. c. d.] of the two polynomials of the lowest degree.
1910 Encycl. Brit. II. 531/2 If we resolve two numbers into their prime factors, we can find their Greatest Common Divisor or Highest Common Factor (written G.C.D. or G.C.F. or H.C.F.), i.e. the greatest number which is a factor of both.
2008 J.-L. Chabert in T. Gowers Princeton Compan. Math. ii. 109/1 There is a clear difference between this algorithm for approximating π and Euclid's algorithm for calculating the gcd of two positive integers.
GCF Mathematics greatest common factor; = greatest common divisor n. at greatest adj., n., and adv. Compounds 2.
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1869 G. A. Walton & E. N. L. Walton Ilustrative Pract. Arithm. 101 To denote ‘greatest common factor’, use G. C. F.
1954 Math. Mag. 27 274 The g.c.f. of these two expressions must divide their sum and difference.
2004 W. M. Kelley Compl. Idiot's Guide Algebra xi. 142 Once you've found the GCF of the polynomial, you can factor that polynomial.
GCH n. (chiefly in property advertisements) gas central heating.
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1980 Times 11 June 30/8 (advt.) Charming flat... GCH & HW.
1993 What Mortgage June 62/2 (advt.) 3-Bed, semi-detached, double garage, gardens front and rear, G.C.H.
2005 Loot 13 Dec. (Liverpool ed.) 27/6 (advt.) Property to rent... Wavertree, new refurbished 3 bed terrace house, gch, new fitted kitchen and bathroom, original features, stripped floors.
GCHQ n. Government Communications Headquarters, an intelligence organization in the United Kingdom responsible for providing signals intelligence and information security.Although the existence of Government Communications Headquarters, established at Cheltenham in 1951, was not secret, the organization was rarely mentioned in the media (outside of job advertisements) until 1976, when the full extent of its activities was revealed in an article in Time Out magazine.
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1950 Yorks. Post 12 May 3/5 The Civil Service Commissioners invite applications for pensionable posts in Government Communications Headquarters. Candidates..must have had at least three years' experience of the work of G.C.H.Q.
1976 Time Out 21 May 8/2 From two modern office blocks on the outskirts of Cheltenham, the directors of GCHQ manage a world-wide network of listening posts.
1987 P. Wright & P. Greengrass Spycatcher vii. 82 I felt sure that GCHQ would be able to use them to determine what is known as the ‘core position’ of the machine, and from there be in a position to attack the cipher.
2014 Guardian 11 Dec. 13/1 The joint unit will combine the technical expertise of GCHQ with the investigatory expertise of the NCA to analyse child abuse images hidden on the ‘dark web’.
GCI n. ground control(led) intercept(ion), the guidance of interceptor aircraft to an airborne target by one or more ground-based observation stations; frequently attributive.
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1943 N.Y. Times 25 July (Mag.) 9/4 It is as exciting as a cock fight to watch a GCI station in operation. Outside a huge antenna ‘throws out daggers of electrical energy’... When these ‘daggers’ hit the enemy, GCI gets back an ‘ouch’.
1992 Jrnl. Mil. Hist. 56 94 Alerted by their early warning radars and guided to the bombers by GCI, the MIGs struck in force.
2006 New Yorker 12 June 76/2 I would join a G. C. I. (Ground Control Intercept) squadron at Cherry Point, North Carolina.
GCIE n. now historical (in the British honours system) (Knight or Dame) Grand Commander of the (Order of the) Indian Empire, the most senior rank in the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire; (also) denoting a person holding this rank, or the award itself.No appointments to this order have been made since Indian and Pakistan became independent nations in 1947.
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1884 Jrnl. Royal Asiatic Soc. 16 110 Non-Resident Members..H.H. The Maharaja of Travancore, G.C.I.E.
1954 Church Times 3 Sept. 656/2 Frederick Sleigh, Earl Roberts, VC, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, VD, DCL, LLD, Litt.D, captured popular favour and the devotion of everyone who met him or served under him.
2013 Jrnl. Contemp. Hist. 48 651 Rt Hon Lord Carmichael, GCSI, GCIE, KCMG.
GCM n. Mathematics = greatest common measure n. at greatest adj., n., and adv. Compounds 2; also called highest common factor (H.C.F.).
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1812 Key Dilworth's Arithm. 149 G. C. M. Greatest common measure.
1865 A. K. Isbister First Bk. Arithm. ii. 90 6 is the G. C. M. of 12, 18, 24, 30.
1922 F. F. Potter Teaching Arithm. xi. 191 The initials G.C.M. (Greatest Common Measure) are for some reason or other now displaced by the more fashionable H.C.F.
2015 A. A. Stepanov & D. E. Rose From Math. to Generic Programming iv. 45 Euclid then goes on to explicitly describe the algorithm and prove that it computes the GCM.
GCM n. Meteorology general (or global) circulation (or climate) model, a mathematical model of the circulation of the global atmosphere or oceans; (also) a mathematical model of the global climate in general.
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1970 J. E. Oliger et al. Descr. NCAR Circulation Model i. 1 The purpose of this report is to describe the basic equations of the NCAR Global Circulation Model (GCM).
1992 S. P. Maran Astron. & Astrophysics Encycl. 409/2 A general circulation model (GCM) that approximates geostrophic balance predicts distributions of surface winds.
2012 A. Henderson-Sellers & K. McGuffie Future World's Climate Pref. p. xvii/2 Climate modellers have stopped caring whether GCM stands for General Circulation Model or Global Climate Model.
GCMG n. (in the British honours system) (Knight or Dame) Grand Cross of (the Order of) St Michael and St George, the most senior rank in the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George; (also) denoting a person holding this rank, or the award itself.
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1834 Navy List Apr. sig. Av The Several Orders and Distinctions are denoted as follow:—G.C.M.G.—Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George.
1921 Jrnl. Royal Afr. Soc. 21 56 I am glad to think..that the King has recognised the great work he has done for the Empire by making him a G.C.M.G.
2016 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 23 Sept. 25 He was appointed CMG in 1980, KCMG in 1989, and GCMG in 1995.
GCSE n. = General Certificate of Secondary Education n. at general adj. and n. Compounds 2.
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society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > school examinations > certificates
passing certificate1787
School Certificate1835
leaving certificate1871
School Cert1926
advanced level1947
matric1947
ordinary level1947
scholarship level1947
O level1949
S level1951
ordinary grade1959
Certificate of Secondary Education1961
O grade1962
GCSE1978
1975 Math. in School 4 5/1 It is not known what type of board or consortium will run the eventual examinations, nor what it will be called (no prizes for GCSE!).]
1978 Daily Tel. 24 Oct. 8/3 Children now aged nine are likely to be the first to take the new examination—provisionally to be called the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE).
1985 Guardian 10 Apr. 1/7 A boycott of development work for the new 16-plus General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) will be announced today.
2016 Daily Tel. 25 Aug. 1/5 The number of top GCSE grades is expected to fall today after a record number of students resat their exams.
GCVO n. (in the British honours system) Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, the senior rank in the Royal Victorian Order; (also) denoting a person holding this rank, or the award itself.
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1896 London Gaz. 6 Aug. 4498 The Count Moltke, G.C.V.O., Captain Bull,..the Gentlemen in Attendance on His Royal Highness the Crown Prince of Denmark.
1916 D. Haig Diary 12 Aug. in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 219 His Majesty..said I had his full confidence as well as that of the Cabinet. He then handed me the GCVO as a mark of his own personal appreciation.
2002 Leicester Mercury (Nexis) 28 Feb. 2 Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Gloucester, GCVO, will be attending the reception.
GDA n. (in the United Kingdom) guideline daily amount (or allowance), used to denote the recommended amount of calories, fat, saturated fat, total sugars, and salt that should be consumed daily by the average person.
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1998 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 7 June (Financial section) 30/3 Now packs are showing GDAs—Guideline Daily Amounts recommended by nutrition professionals.
2006 Grocer 9 Dec. 24/1 A major argument in favour of GDAs is that they are easily understood—they quickly provide per portion information, how much (in grammes) of each of the five key nutrients is in a portion of food, and the percentage of the total GDA of each nutrient in a portion.
2013 Daily Tel. 25 Apr. 22/6 This amounts to..three-quarters of the GDA for saturated fat.
GDI n. gasoline direct injection, a type of direct injection in which pressurized petrol is supplied directly to the combustion chamber of each cylinder; frequently attributive.
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1990 Diesel Progress Mar. 6 As impressive as the car's styling was, it took a back seat to a project of greater importance—the development by VW of a GDI (gasoline direct-injection) engine which could replace the existing range of spark ignition VW-Audi engines in the near term.
1999 J. L. Lumley Engines v. 176 The direct-injection spark-ignition engine (Gasoline Direct Injection, or GDI, engine) is attractive because it makes possible much greater charge stratification than is possible in a port-fuel injection, or PFI engine.
2011 Kamloops Daily News (Brit. Columbia) (Nexis) 7 July b1 Since GDI injects fuel into the combustion chamber at the last possible instance, the fuel doesn't become superheated and thus is less prone to detonation.
GDP n. gross domestic product, the annual total value of goods produced and services provided in a country, excluding transactions to or from other countries.
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1953 Rev. Econ. Stud. 21 225 It is quite true that our G.D.P. figure includes subsistence output, but in a country where this is so closely interlocked with food produced for barter..it is difficult to see what meaning or use can be attached to a total which excludes it.
1962 Economist 20 Oct. 284/1 Investment might have had to..constitute 24 per cent of GDP by 1966.
2015 Daily Mail (Nexis) 20 Mar. The Government has committed itself to spending at least 0.7 per cent of GDP..on foreign aid.
GDP n. Biochemistry = guanosine diphosphate n. at guanosine n. Additions.
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1954 R. B. Hurlbert et al. in Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 209 31 For reference, the positions of orthophosphate and orotic acid are noted, as well as the positions of..guanosine-5′-diphosphate and triphosphate (GDP and GTP).
1999 W. R. Loewenstein Touchstone of Life x. 224 (caption) The cycle starts anew, and GTP is broken down to GDP and α leaves the adenylate in GTP-bound form.
2008 J. Nelson Struct. Function Cell Signalling ii. 61 How can one account for the fact that GDP can also cause an affinity shift?
G.D.R. n. now historical German Democratic Republic, a socialist state formed in 1949 in what was then the Soviet occupied area of Germany.The GDR acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990, resulting in the reunification of Germany.
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1953 China Monthly Rev. July 53 Broad sections of West German businessmen see in the close friendship of the GDR with People's China bases and possibilities for the increase..of all German foreign trade with China.
1971 Guardian 8 Sept. 10/6 At least 100,000 dachas are now estimated to exist in the GDR.
2012 New Yorker 9 Apr. 44/1 There's been the Empire, the Weimar, the Third Reich, the G.D.R., and now the Bundesrepublik.
GE adj. genetically engineered, designating food, organisms, etc., that have undergone or been produced by genetic engineering.
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1991 Poultry Sci. 70 Suppl. 33 Three genetically engineered (GE) antigens..were used in battery immunization trials with up to five different commercial lines of chickens.
1999 BBC Vegetarian Good Food Apr. 13/1 A new campaign to..halt the commercial growing of GE crops in the UK is being launched this spring.
2019 J. L. Lusk et al. in W. Schlenker Agric. Productivity & Producer Behavior i. 27 On average, adoption of GE corn has led to an 18.5 bushel per acre increase in yield.
GED n. North American general equivalency degree (or diploma), an academic qualification certifying that the holder has academic skills and knowledge equivalent to those of a high school education.
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1969 N.Y. Amsterdam News 15 Nov. 13/5 They spent the other half of the day in education classes in preparation for the General Equivalency Diploma Exam (GED).
1991 New Yorker 2 Dec. 67/1 I saw this promo about getting a GED through TV, and there was a phone number to call.
2012 Time Out N.Y. 8 Mar. 88/1 I'm from Africa—West Guinea. I want to see if I can get my GED and go to college.
GED n. North American general educational development, a system of standardized examinations which entitle those who pass them to receive a credential considered as equivalent to completion of high school.A proprietary name in the United States.This and GED n. (= general equivalency degree) are often not clearly distinguished in general usage.
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1945 Bull. National Assoc. Secondary-school Principals Dec. 88 (heading) Using the G.E.D. and other tests.
1997 Industr. & Labor Relations Rev. 51 111/2 The group with the greatest need to signal ability to do college work by passing the GED battery of exams.
2016 Baltimore Sun (Nexis) 14 June a 3 We're just beginning to turn the curve now in instructors beginning to understand the new GED exam, and young people beginning to understand the new GED.
GERD n. Medicine = gastro-oesophageal reflux disease n. at gastro- comb. form Additions.
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1982 Controlled Clin. Trials 3 148 Early clinical trials with Tagamet in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) will provide examples.
2002 Time 13 May 86/1 Undiagnosed GERD can inflame the esophagus lining and cause esophagitis.
2012 Wall St. Jrnl. 13 Nov. d1/4 Up to one-half of GERD patients don't get complete relief from..proton-pump inhibitors.
GeV n. [ < G- (in giga- comb. form) + electronvolt n.] giga-electronvolt(s), a billion (or 109) electronvolts.
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1949 Nuovo Cimento 6 Suppl. 317 The experimentally known energy distribution of cosmic ray particles..takes the form of a simple power law for energies above a few GeV.
1969 Times 5 Feb. 13/8 The new generation of even larger proton accelerators, like the proposed 300 GeV machine at Cern, will produce particles of sufficient energy to make it possible to observe some of the really short-lived resonances.
2016 Guardian (Nexis) 5 Aug. There was a bump, a clustering of events at a mass of about 750 GeV.
gf n. colloquial girlfriend.
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1925 R. W. Lardner in Cosmopolitan June 45/1 A G.F., that's a girl friend, and a B.F. is a boy friend. I thought everybody knew that.
1993 Re: Help on Derogatory Names in alt.tasteless (Usenet newsgroup) 20 Apr. A friend kept referring to his gf's same sex friend as a ‘carpet-muncher’.
2016 Shout Jan. 13/4 (caption) He'll flirt your face off, but has he got his eyes set on a celeb gf?
GFP n. Biochemistry green fluorescent protein, a protein that exhibits green fluorescence when exposed to blue light, spec. that originally isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, often used as an experimental tracer or marker.
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1974 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 346 158 (in figure) GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein).
1982 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 215 250 GFP (green fluorescent protein) is a protein with a covalently bound chromophore that fluoresces at 509 nm.
2005 S. Ede Art & Sci. vii. 156 GFP is now routinely used as a marker gene in science, and commerce has inevitably entered the arena.
GFS n. Girls' Friendly Society, a Christian society founded in England in 1875 for the personal and social development of girls and young women.
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1877 Monthly Packet Oct. 379 The first diocesan meeting of the G.F.S. was held at the Deanery, Winchester, on the 29th of June last.
1939 A. Thirkell Brandons x. 264 She had been brought up..on mothers' meetings, G.F.S. meetings..and the hundred activities of the Vicarage.
1999 Church Times 18 June 5/5 The GFS works with around 800 teenage mothers and their children each year, and takes peer-led programmes into schools.
GG n. = Governor-General n.
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1810 W. S. Greene Code Pay Reg. Var. Mil. Establishments (List of subscribers) Richardson, John, Esq. Judge and Magistrate, and Agent for the G. G. in Bundlecund.
1858 W. Theobald Legislative Acts Governor-gen. India 1856–9 (1861) 458 Recites expediency of G. G. visiting the N. W. Provinces.
1912 G. Krishna Sastri Life & Work Indian St. 98 (heading) A letter to H. E. the Viceroy and G. G. of India.
1946 Port Macquarie News 7 Feb. 1/1 The ‘good oil’ on who would be the next G.-G. was right! Mr. W. J. McKell..has been appointed Governor General of Australia.
1996 Frank 11 Sept. 2/3 Canadian republicans..take a dim view of the GG's extravagant spending.
2006 Fiji Times (Nexis) 20 Apr. 6 Kiwi GG..The Governor-General of New Zealand is Justice Anand Satyanand.
GH n. Physiology = growth-hormone n. at growth n.1 Compounds 1a.
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1946 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 62 105/2 On this graph the opposing effects of ACTH [= adrenocorticotrophic hormone] and GH.
1961 Lancet 29 July 235/2 The diabetogenic effect of G.H. in laboratory animals is..well established.
2015 MailOnline (Nexis) 1 Nov. You do not want to disrupt the activation of the GH and other hormones that are taking good care of you.
GHG n. = greenhouse gas n. at greenhouse n. Compounds 2.
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1988 Population & Devel. Rev. 14 528/1 If the present trends of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue during the next hundred years, a rise of global mean temperature could occur that is larger than any experienced in human history.
2000 S. F. Singer Climate Policy 15 The Kyoto Protocol..is not sufficient to reduce significantly the ongoing growth of GHG in the atmosphere.
2011 Guardian Unlimited (Nexis) 26 Jan. The only real reason to transform our energy systems is to address GHG emissions.
GHQ n. = general headquarters n. at general adj. and n. Compounds 2.
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1856 F. Nightingale in C. Woodham-Smith F. Nightingale (1950) xii. 275 G.H.Q. feeding their horses on the biscuits the men could not eat.
1915 A. C. Walsh Diary 16 Jan. (1916) 52 We are billeted at Delelle, a small village about 10 miles due south of G.H.Q., at St. Omer.
2003 A. O. Mitha Unlikely Beginnings xiii. 160 I do not subscribe to the attitude that any decent soldier abhors working in GHQ.
GHz n. [ < G- (in giga- comb. form) + Hz n. at H n. Initialisms] gigahertz.
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1954 Appl. Sci. Res. B. 3 469 The measurements have been made at four frequencies, viz. 8.51, 8.80, 9.10, and 9.52 GHz.
1992 Cable World 21 Dec. 22/1 The strength of a confederation..is dependent on which companies, if any, succeed in landing spectrum space in the 28 GHz bandwidth, a seldom-used ultra-high frequency.
2012 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 15 Apr. (Arts & Leisure section) 26 (advt.) JBL Wireless 12″ Powered Subwoofer. 2.4-GHz wireless transmitter allows you to place the sub anywhere in the room.
GI adj. = gastro-intestinal adj. at gastro- comb. form .
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1943 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 20 Nov. 4/1 (advt.) Victor barium cream... the ideal opaque for radiography of the G.I. tract.
1977 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 77 1427/1 A problem arises when one drug is given concurrently with another drug that affects the normal GI motility or rhythm.
2017 S. K. Patrick & K. M. Schneider in M. Olsen Obstetr. Care xli 375/1 Between 60 and 70 million people in the United States are affected by GI disorders.
GI n. glycaemic index; (a) Medicine and Physiology a number representing the ability of a food, relative to that of glucose (or sometimes of white bread), to increase the level of glucose in the blood; (b) attributive designating any of various diets in which consumption is limited to food having a low glycaemic index; of or relating to such a diet.
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1984 Lancet 18 Aug. 388/2 A similar method that permits such comparisons involves classification of foods in terms of their glycaemic index (GI).
2004 R. Gallop Living GI Diet vi. 77 Saturated fat definitely has no place in the G.I. Diet.
2005 Courier Mail (Queensland) (Nexis) 5 Mar. l4 Among waist-busters, the arrival of the new GI fad is music to the ears.
2015 Co-operative Mag. Summer 17/3 Oats have a low GI.
GID n. Psychiatry gender identity disorder, persistent dissatisfaction with or distress relating to one's anatomic sex; a condition characterized by this; cf. gender dysphoria n. at gender n. Compounds 3.
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1988 D. M. Wollersheim Adult Judgments Adoptability of Children (M.A. thesis, Univ. of Montana) 31 Although GID in childhood doesn't predict the development of homosexuality, the above research shows that it is correlated with an increased incidence of homosexuality or atypical gender behaviour, or both, later in life.
2005 Gender & Society 19 474 Child care advice books appear unaware of the problematic nature of GID.
2017 Reading (Pa.) Eagle (Nexis) 6 June It [sc. the bill] also would continue restrooms separated by sex and said those ‘suffering from GID (gender identity disorder)’ would be governed by existing laws regarding use of bathrooms.
GIS n. Computing geographic (or geographical) information system, an information system which allows the user to analyse, display, and edit spatial or geographic data.
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1973 A. B. Costin & R. H. Groves Nature Conservation in Pacific 17 The Canadian Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based system designed to read, store, analyse and compare maps of resource, social and economic information.
1990 Daily Tel. 5 Nov. 14/5 A geographical information system (GIS) is a set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of circumstances.
2003 J. L. McCall in O. A. Khan Geographic Information Syst. & Health Applic. v. 82 Any information that can be associated with geographic coordinates, or a geographic identifier such as a street address or geographic region.., can be incorporated into a GIS.
GLA n. Biochemistry gamma-linolenic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid which is found in evening primrose, safflower, and other plant-seed oils, often used as a dietary supplement.
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1978 D. F. Horrobin Prostaglandins xx. 193 If this were so then by-passing this rate limiting step by the provision of GLA in the diet might be helpful.
1994 BBC Good Food Feb. 79/1 (advt.) Starflower Oil has twice the concentration of GLA found in Evening Primrose Oil.
2016 MailOnline (Nexis) 31 Aug. Taking GLA has been shown in studies to reduce the incidence of breast pain.
GLB adj. (and n.) (also with lower-case initials) gay, lesbian, and bisexual; also (occasionally) as n.; = LGB adj. at L n. Additions.
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1990 Re: Am I out Yet? in soc.motss (Usenet newsgroup) 30 Sept. I bet a lot of GLB people would include having felt sexuality = sex as a major stage in their personal histories.
1992 Cornell Daily Sun (Ithaca, N.Y.) 15 Oct. 5/1 Bill Clinton wants to turn your son gay. He advocates civil rights for gays, lesbians and bisexuals. He goes so far as to consider GLB's to be on equal footing with human beings.
2005 Hosp. Business Week (Nexis) 17 Apr. 24 While GLB respondents (18% overall) and lesbians (9%) think that HIV/AIDS deserves the most attention, fitness is also high on their list.
GLBT adj. (and n.) (also with lower-case initials) gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered; also (occasionally) as n.; = LGBT adj. at L n. Additions.
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1993 Bisexual Idenity & Community in soc.bi (Usenet newsgroup) 9 Jan. I think that the identity and the community should be closely examined in order to give the movement and all bisexuals a strong and mature place in the GLBT community.
1997 S. Raffo Queerly Classed 11 What do the terms gay community, gay and lesbian community, glbt community, or queer community mean to you?
2004 N.Y. Times Mag. 19 Sept. 96/1 (advt.) They are joined by organizations of..gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgendered employees, known collectively as GLBT; religious minorities; and a host of other grass-roots groups.
2011 Cumberland (Maryland) Times-News 29 Oct. 5 a/3 Six students filed suit in July charging that the district has failed to address persistent and widespread harassment of GLBT students.
GLC n. Chemistry gas–liquid chromatography, a type of gas chromatography in which the stationary phase is a liquid.
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1957 A. I. M. Keulemans Gas Chromatogr. i. 11 Gas-liquid chromatography has also been variously referred to as vapor-phase chromatography..and by several similar designations. The term G.L.C. will be retained in this book with a view to the classification developed in the preceding pages.
1989 M. H. Gordon & R. Macrae Instrumental Anal. in Biol. Sci. 41 The most common form of gas chromatography is gas-liquid chromatography (GLC).
2005 New Scientist 2 Apr. 57 (advt.) The successful candidate is likely to have experience in most modern analytical techniques such as..GLC.
G.L.C. n. now historical Greater London Council, a body established in 1963 to act as a local authority (local authority n. at local adj. and n. Compounds) for all of Greater London.The GLC was disbanded in 1986.
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1961 Economist 2 Dec. 883/3 The new GLC, which will include the suburbs, is likely to be Tory-controlled.
1962 Times 23 Nov. 5/2 The inner London education authority will consist of members of the G.L.C.
2004 New Yorker 9 Feb. 54/2 The G. L. C. was at that time led by Ken Livingstone, a flamboyant apostle of working-class leftism known as Red Ken.
GLF n. = Gay Liberation Front n. at gay adj., adv., and n. Compounds 2b.
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1969 Gay Power (N.Y.) 1 No. 6. 21/2 A couple of people from GLF..went to a play the other night on Women's Liberation.
1990 Lesbian & Gay Pride 5/2 The marches and sit-ins which followed were unprecedented. The GLF slogan ‘Gay is just as good as straight’ represented a revolution in consciousness.
2016 P. Tatchell in Guardian (Nexis) 17 Mar. GLF was the watershed movement for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) liberation. It changed the queer mindset for ever, from victims to victors.
GLS adj. and n. grand luxury sport, (a) adj. designating a (model of) car having greater performance and more luxury features than the basic model of the same range; (b) n. a car of this kind.
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1965 Newark (Ohio) Advocate 24 Aug. 5/6 The new 1966 Simca GLS models will be introduced for the first time in this area.
1966 Pop. Sci. May 83 (caption) Simca 1000 GLS..corners without body roll or steer.
1991 Newsweek 23 Dec. 23 (advt.) Just for the fun of it, we made even the sporty Tempo GLS look sportier than ever.
2009 Honolulu Advertiser 14 Feb. (Hawaiʽi section) 17/1 (advt.,) '04 golf. GLS 4 door hatchback, only 21k miles,..roof rack,..alloy whls.
GLX adj. and n. grand luxury, (a) adj. designating a (model of) car having more luxury features than the basic model of the same range. (b) n. a car of this kind.
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1959 Salt Lake Tribune 26 Aug. 34/6 (advt.) '59 Ford GLX. Full power... Will trade.
1984 Guardian (Nexis) 10 Dec. Manufacturers plaster the rear and sides of their cars with chrome script saying it is a GT, GLX, Automatic or what-have-you.
2000 Scootering 5 Mar. 71/4 This top of the range Ambra GLX has leather interior, leccy windows, remote central locking,..and a host of other stuff.
GM n. (in fantasy role-playing games) game master; = game-master n. (b) at game n. Compounds 4a.
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1976 Games & Puzzles May 7/2 The GM has prepared beforehand a ‘Set of Dungeons’ which are drawn up on graph paper.
1982 R. Plamondon Through Dungeons Deep i. 9 The GM is in charge of creating the campaign world which gives the player characters somewhere to live.
2008 N. Sumsion Terra Immortalis i. 66/2 The twins can work together... If the player wishes and the GM allows, they can even be played as two different characters.
† G.M. n. [perhaps a shortening of GMT n.] humorous Obsolete used as a substitute for a.m. or p.m.
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1896 G. Ade Artie ix. 76 I've got a set o' coppers on me this g. m. that'd heat a four-room flat and my mouth tastes like a Chinese family'd just moved out of it.
1901 ‘Linesman’ Words by Eyewitness (1902) 246 Merely referring to it as such and such an hour g.m.
1915 Goodwin's Weekly 15 May 8/2 Mr. Jackling arrived at the hotel before two G. M., which is altogether too early for a stag dinner to break up.
1929 S. Lewis Dodsworth xxxii. 341 I bet I never went to bed before three G.M. once, the whole way over!
GM n. (chiefly in freemasonry and chess) Grand Master; cf. grand master n.
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1738 J. Anderson New Bk. Constit. Free & Accepted Masons 195 Loudon G M. granted one to Robert Tomlinson, Esq: to be Provincial G. M. of New-England in America.
1977 Spectator 19 Nov. 31/1 GM number 3... Britain's third Grandmaster is Michael Stean, a twenty-four-year-old Cambridge mathematics graduate who decided to make chess his career.
1999 Chess Aug. 44/2 His previous wins against GM Jonathan Levitt and IM Danny Gormally were half hour rapidplays.
2013 P. Calderwood Freemasonry & Press in 20th Cent. (2016) 302 (table) GM of the GL [= Grand Lodge] of Quebec.
G.M. n. general manager, (a) a chief or principal manager; (b) (North American Sport) a member of the management of a sports team responsible for administrative matters relating to players.
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1928 Mail (Adelaide) 24 Nov. 2/3 Success, however, has not spoiled the G.M. of the Metropolitan Abattoirs.
1952 Newark (Ohio) Advocate & Amer. Tribune 4 Jan. 13/5 The Yankee GM took this to mean that the Yankees were regarded as having..a terrible outfield.
1991 E. C. Nebel Managing Hotels Effectively viii. 201 I was studying Richard James' day-to-day management style four months after he became GM of the Apollo Hotel.
2005 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Apr. 268/3 Epstein is one of the two G.M.'s in the game who are routinely recognized on the road.
GM adj. Education (now historical) grant-maintained, designating a school in England and Wales that is funded directly by central government, having opted out of local government control; of or relating to such a school or system of financing schools.Grant-maintained schools were abolished in 1998, although central funding for schools continued, with the introduction of academies (academy n. 2b) in England in 2000.
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1988 Geography 73 212 The funding of GM schools is far from clear at the time of writing.
1996 Brit. 1997: Official Handbk. (H.M.S.O.) 444/2 GM status is achieved if the school's parents support the idea in a ballot and if the Secretary of State approves the school's proposals for GM status.
2005 C. Green Privatization State Educ. iii. 84 GM schools have now gone but they set up an unhealthy legacy of school against school.
GM n. rare genetic manipulation (or modification).
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1985 Rep. 117th Ann. Trades Union Congr. 125 The original (GMAG) series of Guidance Notes on various aspects of GM work are to be reviewed.
1992 Biotechnol. Business News 16 Oct. 4/2 The study group stresses that the scope of the investigation does not extend to the ethics of genetic modification (GM) per se but is limited to the use of organisms from GM programmes.
GM adj. = genetically modified adj. at genetically adv. Compounds.Cf. earlier GMO n.
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1992 Biotechnol. Business News 16 Oct. 4/2 The UK government's Food Advisory Committee is likely to have finalised guidelines on the labelling of GM foods by the time the study group reports in the latter half of next year.
1998 Independent 6 July i. 8/4 Ministers now face intense lobbying from the 15 multinational companies running GM crop trials in the UK.
2017 Times (Nexis) 31 Mar. 30 Making more use of GM crops would help cut down on the need for ammonia-rich fertilisers.
GM n. = George Medal n. at George n. Compounds.
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1941 Times of India 10 Apr. 8/3 Explaining two new distinctions ‘G.C.’ and ‘G.M.’, to be awarded to civilians for acts of heroism, a Press Note says [etc.].
1998 Birmingham Evening Mail (Nexis) 4 July 24 Lisa has received a series of awards, including the George Medal... ‘I get letters to Lisa Potts GM..—isn't that weird?’ she asks, laughing at herself.
2005 C. McCreery Order of Canada p. xviii. (table) British Bravery Decorations. AM Albert Medal. GM George Medal [etc.].
GMAT n. now rare Greenwich Mean Astronomical Time, the mean solar time on the Greenwich meridian, with noon taken as the beginning of each day; cf. GMT n.
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1916 H. L. Thompson Self Instr. Navigation iii. 25 Bring down G. M. A. T. and subtract the lesser from the greater.
1999 N. Bone Observing Meteors ix. 162 Observations were commenced at 17:55 UT (5h 55m GMAT).
g.m.b. adj. British (now rare) good merchantable brand, designating iron of good, saleable quality.
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1853 in Supreme Courts Scotl. (1857) 29 423/2 Bought of William Colvin, Esq., two thousand tons g. m. b. Scotch pig-iron (three-fifths No. 1, and two-fifths No. 3), at eighty-one shillings and sixpence per ton.
1922 Iron Trade Rev. 21 Sept. 774/3 Merchants quoted £4 10s..for No. 3 G. M. B. iron, while mixed numbers of east coast hematite are £4 9s..for export.
1957 Oxf. Econ. Papers 9 43 (table) Statistics of the Scottish pig-iron trade...price per ton g.m.b. warrants.
GMC n. = General Medical Council n. at general adj. and n. Compounds 2.
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1867 Let. in Edinb. Med. Jrnl. 13 73 You will..take notice that the meeting of the Council is fixed peremptorily for the day and hour hereinbefore named... Yours, etc. Fras. Hawkins, M.D., Reg. G. M. C.
1984 Guardian (Nexis) 3 Nov. The GMC has substantially widened the range of offences which could result in charges of serious professional misconduct.
2013 J. M. Chamberlain Sociol. Med. Regulation iii. 57 A public enquiry into the Shipman case,..began with the remit of conducting far-reaching review of the GMC.
GML n. Computing (now historical) Generalized Markup Language, a markup language used to specify the structure of an area of text (such as chapter, heading level, etc.), designed to allow a document to be automatically formatted for different types of device without the document itself having to be altered.Through the subsequent development of SGML from Generalized Markup Language, GML acted as a precursor to both XML and HTML.
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1978 (title) Document composition facility: generalized markup language (GML) users guide. (IBM SH20-9160.)
2000 J. Gillies & R. Cailliau How Web was Born iv. 160 Angle brackets are a feature of a markup language called Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) that evolved from another called GML.
2012 M. Zalewski Tangled Web i. 9 While GML was developing into SGML, computers were becoming more powerful and user friendly.
GML n. Computing Geography (or Geographic) Markup Language, a markup language based on XML designed for the display of geographic information.
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1999 OGC seeks Input on Web Mapping Standard in comp.infosystems.gis (Usenet newsgroup) 15 Dec. The Open GIS Consortium, Inc. (OGC) today issued Requests for Comment on its pending..Geography Markup Language (GML) specification.
2004 GEO World (Nexis) 1 Apr. 54 The handling of geographic features is where SOAP and XML intersect with OGC's geometry types and GML.
GMO n. genetically modified organism.
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1989 Gene 75 1/1 The directive is focused on the regulation of ‘genetically modified organisms (GMOs)’.
2000 N.Y. Times 9 Apr. iii. 2/3 Lately, many products..are being labeled as kosher (which many customers perceive as healthier) or ‘GMO Free’.
2017 Times (Scotl. ed.) (Nexis) 17 Feb. (News section) 23 Lowering UK farming standards or relaxing rules on GMOs could make matters even worse, by throwing up even more barriers for the many farmers who rely on trade with Europe.
GMP n. Biochemistry = guanosine monophosphate n. at guanosine n. Additions.See also cyclic GMP n. at cyclic adj. Additions.
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1953 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 200 i (note) GMP-a guanylic acid a; GMP-b, guanylic acid b.
1987 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 27 Sept. §6. ii. 67/1 Because the body converts GMP into uric acid, people with gout and other diseases characterized by an excess of uric acid should avoid all foods containing this additive.
2012 T. Suzuki & G. R. Waller in H.-F. Linskens & J. F. Jackson Anal. Nonalcoholic Beverages 190 In the salvage pathway.., guanine is converted almost exclusively into the GMP of RNA.
GMR n. giant magnetoresistance, magnetoresistance produced by quantum-mechanical interactions between thin, alternating films of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive material.
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1990 IEEE Trans. Magnetics 26 2747/1 This suggests that the mechanism of GMR is associated with Fe and Cr in contact.
2003 IEEE Spectrum July 18/2 The planar Hall effect ‘is several orders of magnitude stronger in effect’ than GMR.
2016 J.-I. Inoue et al. Graphene in Spintronics v. 158 The effect of GMR has been applied to magnetic sensors for writing/reading heads of hard disc drives.
GMR adj. giant magnetoresistive; of, relating to, or utilizing giant magnetoresistance.
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1992 IEEE Transl. Jrnl. Magnetics Japan 7 760/2 (header) Relation to Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) Change.
2005 R. B. Northrop Introd. Instrumentation & Measurem. (ed. 2) vi. 227 A basic GMR sensor is a multiple layer, thin film device.
2016 Y. Sakuraba & K. Takanashi in C. Fesler & A. Hirohata Heusler Alloys xvi. 389 There are two kinds of GMR effects depending on the flowing direction of electric current to the GMR film.
GMT n. = Greenwich Mean Time n. at Greenwich n. 1c.
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1840 C. J. Tyers Rep. Exped. to ascertain Boundary Line New S. Wales & S. Austral. p. xiii 23 h. 21 m. 26 s. G.M.T.
1928 W. M. Smart Sun, Stars & Universe iv. 49 The true Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.).
2013 Daily Tel. 18 Sept. 23/1 The cruise liner finally jolted upright at 4am local time (2am GMT) and salvage crews celebrated with bottles of beer.
gmw n. gram molecular weight, the mass, expressed in grams, of one mole of a chemical compound.
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1909 W. J. Hale Calculations Gen. Chem. vi. 37 32 grams is the G.M.W. of oxygen.
1969 Jrnl. Chromatogr. 45 35 GMW denotes gram molecular weight of amino acid.
2003 C. W. Johnson et al. Essent. Lab. Math. (ed. 2) iv. 74/2 We will divide the gmw by the total positive valence to find the equivalent weight.
GNP n. gross national product, the total monetary value of all goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.
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society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > [noun] > value of goods produced
GNP1944
gross national product1947
gross domestic product1951
1944 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 39 392 Briefly stated, the method involves deflating by means of price indexes those segments of the GNP which measure changes in the dollar volume of nonwar type products.
1969 Guardian 25 July 10/4 The Apollo project..uses only 1 per cent of the American GNP.
2011 M. Irvine Nucl. Power: Very Short Introd. viii. 103 For more than 200 years..global GNP has grown at approximately 2% per annum.
GNU n. (a proprietary name for) a software system consisting of an operating system similar to Unix and a collection of compatible software, developed and distributed as a free alternative to commercial systems; (also) the operating system itself.
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1983 R. Stallman New UNIX Implementation in net.unix-wizards (Usenet newsgroup) 27 Sept. I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system called GNU.., and give it away free to everyone who can use it.
2001 InfoWorld 26 Nov. 68/3 GNU became the foundation of the free software movement, which later became the foundation of the open-source movement.
2013 R. Fox Information Technol. viii. 225 The Unix users who followed this group set about developing their own Unix-like OS called GNU.
GNVQ n. Education (now historical) (in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland) General National Vocational Qualification, a vocational qualification offered by schools and colleges at various levels and in a range of skills and occupational areas, of which Intermediate and Advanced levels correspond to standard GCSE and A levels respectively; cf. NVQ n. at N n. Initialisms 1.
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1991 Daily Tel. 9 Oct. 8/1 It is intended that a single GNVQ, normally requiring two years' study, should be the equivalent of two A-level passes.
2000 Daily Tel. 16 Feb. 7/2 Mr Blunkett, who will today announce that Advanced GNVQs..are to be renamed ‘vocational A-levels’, said that Britain needed to break out of its ‘culture of anti-vocationalism’.
2016 J. Heywood Assessment Learning Engin. Educ. v. 115 The GNVQs were targeted at the 16- to 19-year-old range. One of their objectives was to encourage young people to remain in education beyond the school leaving age.
GOAT n. originally North American colloquial (esp. in sporting contexts) greatest of all time.In earliest use as the name of the company owned by Muhammad Ali (1942–2016), heavyweight boxing champion, who frequently referred to himself as ‘the greatest of all time’ (cf. quot. 1965).
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1965 New Pittsburgh Courier 11 Dec. 14 They're beginning to take Cassius Clay or Muhammad Ali seriously. He has said all along that he's the greatest of all time.]
1992 Commonwealth of Virginia State Corporation Comm. (single sheet) 30 June The State Corporation Commission has found the accompanying articles submitted on behalf of G.O.A.T., Inc. to comply with requirements of the law.
1996 Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 20 Oct. 73/5 Ali's corporate entity, GOAT (Greatest Of All Time), generates income of $1 million a year.
2002 Daily News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 15 Oct. 39 He [sc. L. L. Cool J] has been in the habit of rapping about himself as the ‘GOAT’ (Greatest of All Time).
2009 Evening Standard (Nexis) 8 June After yesterday, there can be no buts about his [sc. Roger Federer's] status as tennis' GOAT (Greatest Of All Time).
2014 B. Ryan Scribe xxvii. 275 If championships alone are the measuring stick, then Michael [Jordan] is probably going to remain the popular choice as the GOAT.
GOC n. chiefly British (Military) General Officer Commanding, a general officer appointed to a command position.
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1874 W. D. Malton Key to Queen's Regulations & Orders for Army 31 The examn. of captains in the field may be conducted at any time by a G.O.C., or by an officer whom he may select for this purpose.
1930 Times Lit. Suppl. 3 July 542/3 If the G.O.C. could have flown or rather hovered over the scene for ten seconds, the attack would have been countermanded.
2003 A. O. Mitha Unlikely Beginnings x. 136 He had been in civilian clothes, so how were the men to know he was an officer, leave alone the GOC.
GOK int. colloquial God only knows; used humorously to indicate that an answer to a question or problem (esp. a medical diagnosis) is impossible to give.
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1908 17th Ann. Reunion Reynolds Family Assoc. 20 At the head of the cot..the initials G. O. K.... I couldn't remember what disease G. O. K. stood for... I finally asked impatiently: ‘Scott, what disease is G. O. K.?’ He..replied: ‘Why that is: “God only knows”.’
1936 D. Fortune Goat-foot God iii. 23 ‘I say, why are you doing all this for me?..’ ‘G.O.K.,’ he said.
1993 Albuquerque (New Mexico) Jrnl. 25 Jan. b3/5 At the [Mayan] sites, researchers have assembled rocks they call the ‘GOK pile’—God only knows where this one goes [in reconstructing buildings].
2001 Independent 27 Feb. 1/6 Patients have the right to see their notes and are unlikely to be pleased by comments such as SIG (stupid ignorant git) or, for the more baffling cases, GOK (God only knows).
G.O.M. n. Grand Old Man, (a) (a name given to) British politician and prime minister W. E. Gladstone (1809–98) (now historical); (b) (a name for) an old man regarded as pre-eminent in accomplishment, influence, and experience in a particular field, occupation, etc. (rare).
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1882 Moonshine 2 Sept. 124/1 Mr. Gladstone and family are sniffing the briny. This, so far as the G.O.M. is concerned, will be no change, as he has been at sea for two consecutive years.
1968 Listener 5 Sept. 316/3 The stonemason's son..who was eventually elevated to the position of GOM of letters.
2010 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 17 May a15 It's no wonder that the British public came to adore ‘G.O.M.’—or, as his imperialist Tory opponent Benjamin Disraeli jealously pronounced him, ‘God's Only Mistake’.
G.O.P. n. U.S. †(a) The Democratic Party (obsolete); (b) the Republican Party.See Grand Old Party n. 2.
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1882 Clarksville (Tennessee) Tobacco Leaf 11 July 3/2 (heading) What Assurance is Offered by the G. O. P.
1964 F. Knebel & C. Bailey Convention vi. 88 The closest G.O.P. nomination contest since the Eisenhower-Taft fight in 1952.
2013 New Yorker 4 Mar. 40/1 The G.O.P. needed to become more moderate.
GOTV n. U.S. Politics get (or getting) out the vote (cf. to get out the vote at get v. Phrasal verbs 1), used with reference to the practice of encouraging and facilitating voting, esp. by supporters of a particular political party; frequently attributive.
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1972 T. L. Pahl Minnesota Republican Neighbor-to-Neighbor Drive iii. 17 The other two priority organizational programs—VIP, surveying neighborhoods to find Republican voters, and GOTV, getting out voters at election time.
1992 Campaigns & Elections (Nexis) Apr. By the time the GOTV effort rolls around, the campaign communicates only with the friends and good potential friends.
2003 N.Y. Times Mag. 14 Dec. 102/1 The renewed interest in what's known in the business as GOTV—Getting Out the Vote—stems from the contested 2000 election.
2005 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 601 199 Youth-led GOTV campaigns may have an impact on voter turnout among young voters even in the midst of massive partisan activity.
GP n. = Grand Prix n. 2b.
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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > racing with vehicles > motor racing > [noun] > type of racing or race
autotest1901
Grand Prix1905
GP1908
grande épreuve1946
drag race1954
autocross1956
mud run1959
1908 Autocar 11 July 45/1 It is reported that the Mors G.P. car..was so badly damaged in an accident..that it will not come to the scratch on Tuesday.
1977 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 17 Dec. A helicopter ambulance, not required at the track for GP races, was available within 35 minutes of the accident.
1989 Cycle Oct. 21/1 Little of what he learned..in America prepared him for what he would..face on the international 500cc GP circuit.
2016 AutoSport (Nexis) 5 May 30 McLaren..won the Monaco GP in a Cooper he helped design.
G.P. n. now rare grand(e) passion, an intensely passionate or overwhelming love or love affair.
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the mind > emotion > love > amorous love > [noun] > ardour of passion
wratha1616
G.P.1894
1894 E. Hubbard No Enemy (but Himself) iii. 160 Only one man out of a hundred is capable of the g.p.
1935 D. L. Sayers Gaudy Night ii. 30 She wormed round rather. Had a sort of G.P. for Miss Shaw.
2002 Phoenix 56 210 The exact meaning of a ‘Grande Passion’ (G.P.) or a ‘Grand Amour’ (G.A.) can be understood only against the background of..nineteenth-century ‘rules’ of female friendship and desire.
GPA n. North American Education grade point average, the average of all grades awarded to an individual student, used as an indication of academic achievement.
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1935 Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 38 248 The Minnesota Reading Examination is the best single basis for predicting G. P. A.
1975 Advocate (Newark, Ohio) 3 Nov. 22/1 Many students believe they're lost without a GPA of 3.5 or better out of a perfect 4.
2004 D. Martin & B. Martin Nevada in your Future iii. 60 Admission requirements: High school GPA of 2.0, high school transcript, essay and two personal recommendations.
gph n. gallons per hour.
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1913 Gas & Oil Power 6 Feb. 112/2 Before the introduction of this steam plant, there was a high-speed steam set giving 10.000 G.P.H.
1963 Boating Apr. 178/1 On our boat, gas consumption will vary as much as 2 gph at medium throttle, and to 4 gph at full throttle.
2005 Pilot Oct. 60/2 A typical light aircraft cruising at 4,000 feet will burn 5 gph rich, 4.5 when lean.
GPI n. Medicine = general paralysis of the insane at paralysis n. 1b.
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1892 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 20 Aug. 408/1 Dr. Althaus had referred to three cases of general paralysis under the care of Dr. Percy Smith in Bethlem, but there was a much larger class of cases admitted as ‘(?) G.P.I.’, following influenza.
1969 A. King & C. Nicol Venereal Dis. (ed. 2) v. 62 The clinical manifestations of GPI do not usually appear until 10 years or more after infection.
2014 J. D. Schmahmann in B. C. Dickerson & A. Atri Dementia xv. 314/2 GPI remains an important consideration in the patient with atypical and rapidly progressive dementia.
gpm n. gallons per minute.
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1907 Engin. News (N.Y.) 10 Jan. 37 G. P. M. = gallons per minute.
1969 Pop. Mech. Feb. 230/2 If the water heater is an integral part of the hot-water heating boiler used for heating the house, minimum rating for a one-bath house is 2.75 gpm.
2010 Ruidoso News (New Mexico) (Nexis) 15 Apr. Well flows at Eagle Creek dropped from 660 gallons per minute to 400 gpm during the March to April time period.
GPM n. chiefly U.S. graduated payment mortgage, a type of mortgage in which low initial monthly payments gradually increase, typically in accordance with a borrower's projected rise in income.
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1975 D. M. Holland New Mortgage Designs for Inflationary Environment 273 Graduated-payment mortgage (GPM), which incorporates a nominal interest rate which may be fixed for the life of the mortgage or varied periodically as with the VRM.
1998 Washington Post 29 Aug. pg3/2 To illustrate one deft use of the loan, a buyer takes out a $250,000 GPM at a 4.89 percent start rate.
2012 J. C. Clinkscales 101 Ways to buy House 71 The GPM... Low payments in the early years with the unpaid amounts added to the loan—..only recommended in times of good/large inflation.
GPMG n. Military general-purpose machine gun, a machine gun designed to be capable of performing a variety of different combat roles.
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1961 King's Royal Rifle Corps Chron. 1960 17 At this demonstration the Battalion saw for the first time the General Purpose Machine Gun (G.P.M.G.).
1981 Def. & Foreign Affairs (Nexis) Apr. 27 The ageing .50 caliber M2 GPMG has had its day. A new gun..is on the drawing boards.
2004 C. Off Ghosts of Medak vi. 181 Dearing put his GPMG in the top floor of the barn and sent a series of rotations in to man it.
GPO n. now historical = General Post Office n. 1, 2.
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society > communication > correspondence > postal services > [noun] > post office > head post office > in London
General Post Office1657
General Letter Office1660
GPO1764
1764 Post Office Acct. 9 July in B. Franklin Papers (1967) XI. 249 G.P.O. Dr. to B.F. His Allowance for travelling Expences thro' all the Colonies from Virginia to New Hampshire to visit and regulate the Offices establish new ones, &c.
1766 W. Franklin Let. 30 Apr. in B. Franklin Papers (1969) XIII. 258 I would not have you stop the Chronicles coming from the G.P.O. unless you can contrive some other cheaper Way for me to get them.
1899 Tit-bits 21 Oct. 85/3 The ‘Dead Letter’ department of the G.P.O.
2004 Independent 29 July (Review section) 19/3 As the first phone the GPO mass-produced for home use, the 700 series now had huge nostalgic appeal.
GPO n. U.S. Government Printing (Publishing, in later use) Office, a government agency responsible for printing and publishing documents produced by the federal government.
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1893 Contrib. Catal. Lenox Libr. No. 7. 18/1 Monographs of the North American Rodentia. Washington, G. P. O. 1877.
1988 Superior Printer Mar. 178/2 There is talk of making the Government printing office, at Washington, a non-union establishment... Their employers have found it impossible to reward them with a soft sit in the G.P.O.
2012 G. M. Moeller AIA Guide Archit. Washington (ed. 5) 32/2 It was not until 1903 that the GPO finally got a large, new facility, which is now the ‘old’ building at the corner of North Capitol and G streets.
GPRS n. Telecommunications General (occasionally also Global) Packet Radio Service, a wireless telecommunication service based on packet-switching technology that provides GSM mobile phone networks with support for internet access and basic data transmission.GPRS was introduced in 2000 and is often regarded as representing a distinct intermediate stage in the transition from second to third-generation mobile phone technology.
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1993 Proc. IEEE-IEE Vehicle Navigation & Information Syst. Conf. 324/2 GSM's data services have to be extended. This extension has been called a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).
1999 Guardian 22 June (Educ. section) 9/2 GPRS will enable phone networks to deliver far more information than previously possible.
2007 Mod. Railways Jan. 54/2 It sends a text message over its GPRS radio link saying that something is amiss.
GPS n. global positioning system, a global navigation system which allows users to determine their location by means of a receiver that detects signals from a network of satellites in stable orbits around the earth; (also) a receiver for this system.
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1974 Global Positioning Syst. (GPS) Final Rep. (National Techn. Information Service) A. i. v. 1 The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based radio navigation system which will provide suitably equipped GPS users with the capacity to precisely determine three-dimensional position, velocity and time information.
1996 Chesapeake Bay Mag. Sept. 37/2 A GPS or Loran will be useful to get you close to where you plan to fish.
2015 J. Silverman Terms of Service 131 GPS has made it possible to track stolen cars.
GPU n. now historical an organization formed in 1922 to investigate and combat counter-revolutionary activities in the Soviet Union; = Ogpu n.; cf. Gay-Pay-Oo n.
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1922 Amer. Relief Admin. Bull. Dec. 44 On May 10, 1922, the Soviet government issued a new decree under which applicants first apply to the bureau of visas of the State Political department, colloquially known as the G. P. U. (successor of the former Cheko).
1941 A. Koestler Scum of Earth 122 The dark silhouette of the..G.P.U. agent had replaced the..symbols of the struggle for a happier world.
2009 S. McMeekin History's Greatest Heist iv. 81 By mid-April 1922, no less than 1414 ‘bloody excesses’ had already been reported in confrontations between the GPU and church defenders.
GQ n. = general quarters n. at general adj. and n. Compounds 2.In quot. 1942: perhaps a misprint for GHQ.
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1942 Kingsport (Tennessee) News 18 Nov. 4/2 We got a order from GQ not to even speak to one.]
1944 D. Norton-Taylor With Heart in Mouth viii. 65 I was relieved though when I heard the officers returning and knew that they had ‘secured from G.Q.’.
1971 E. G. Windchy Tonkin Gulf vi. 96 The ordinary GQ drill is full of commotion with a loud gong ringing and everybody dashing hither and yon.
2009 J. Rudolph Squid's Story v. 161 We walked over to the life vest lockers and obtained our life vests and gas masks. This was standard GQ gear and had to be worn during GQ.
gr n. grain(s), a unit of weight and mass originally based on the weight of a single grain of wheat or barley (see grain n.1 8).
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1663 R. Boyle Some Considerations Usefulnesse Exper. Nat. Philos. ii. App. 318 Amber-greese four dragmes, Musk gr. xxx, Sugarcandy one pound and an half.
1794 W. Buchan Domest. Med. (ed. 14) p. xxxiv. Calomel... 1 gr. to 3 gr. alterative.
1958 Nursing (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) ix. 103 Medicines... Measure by weight. 60 grains (gr) = 1 drachm. 8 drachms = 1 ounce.
2005 J. A. Romich Fund. Pharmacol. for Vet. Technicians vi. 84 1 gr = 0.065g or 65 mg.
gr n. gram(s).g is the standard abbreviation (see sense 5).
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1810 Retrospect Philos., Mech., Chem., & Agric. Discov. 5 268 245 grammes (8oz.) of sugar, 61 gr. (2 oz.) of gum, 2142 gr. of water, and 20.22 gr. of ferment, began to work the first day.
1894 P. Schweitzer Enq. into Composition Flesh of Cattle (Missouri Agric. College Exper. Station) 9 The loss in drying is indicated in grams (gr.) and per cent.
1996 H. W. Paul Sci., Vine, & Wine in Mod. France xi. 317 Hardworking bacteria transformed one gram of malic acid into 0 gr 671 of lactic acid and 0 gr 329 of carbon dioxide.
GRAS adj. U.S. generally recognized (also regarded) as safe, a designation given by the United States Food and Drugs Administration to food additives, drugs, etc., that are exempted from further evaluation due to being already recognized as safe by experts and existing research.The designation was introduced in 1958.
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1960 N.Y. Times 6 Mar. 42/5 They [sc. members of industry] hope that their chemical additives will either be declared ‘GRAS’ or accepted as additives on the basis of another company's research.
1976 McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 181/2 The FDA removed that sweetener from the GRAS list because of insufficient qualifying data.
1999 M. Pendergrast Uncommon Grounds iv. xvii. 339 The Center for Science in the Public Interest..had hammered away..to remove caffeine from the list of drugs ‘Generally Regarded as Safe’ (GRAS).
2016 Slate Mag. (Nexis) 7 July GRAS lets producers take new food additives to the market without even informing the FDA. Trans fat was classified as GRAS until the label was withdrawn in 2015.
GRE n. U.S. Graduate Record Examination (also Examinations), a standardized test serving as an admissions requirement for many graduate schools in the United States and accepted at various other institutions of higher education worldwide; frequently attributive.A proprietary name in the United States and the United Kingdom.
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1941 Graduate Rec. Exam. (Carnegie Foundation for Advancem. of Teaching) ii. 22 It was proposed..to repeat the prediction using only GRE profiles... The symbols GRE will be used hereafter in referring to the Graduate Record Examination.
1943 S. C. Peterson Measurem. & Predict. Scholastic Achievem. on Graduate Level (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Iowa) 4 The GRE Profile tests cover the principal areas of a liberal education. Eight general tests are taken by all students.
1987 J. E. Blackwell Mainstreaming Outsiders (ed. 2) 186 In those institutions requiring the GRE, an average score of 1000..was usually expected until about 1975.
2012 PR Newswire Europe (Nexis) 9 Oct. Among the 1,000+ business schools now accepting GRE scores are most of the world's top-ranked MBA programs.
GRP n. glass (or glass fibre) reinforced plastic(s) (or polymer), a composite material consisting of plastic reinforced with glass fibres; fibreglass.
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1960 U.S. Patent 2,952,089 1 Usually, the metallic structure is combined with reinforced plastic by jacketing the metallic element with plastic reinforced with glass fibres (hereinafter referred to as GRP).
1989 Lighting Design Nov. 45/4 Power is conducted from the transformer in the base by copper ribbon, laminated in the layers of GRP.
2015 I. Ayre Ultimate Mini Restoration Man. iv. 68/1 Repairing GRP is genuinely easy.
grt n. gross register(ed) tonnage, the total internal volume of a ship or boat expressed in terms of units of one hundred cubic feet.Now largely disused as a measure of the volume of modern ships.
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society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel with reference to qualities or attributes > [noun] > attributes of vessel > carrying or cubic capacity
portage1436
burden1555
lastage1571
wastie1600
tonnage1718
grt1911
ton tight-
1911 Naval Rev. 8 266 The price to be paid was fixed by the Admiralty on the basis of gross registered tonnage... The following was the scale:—601—750 G.R.T. 7/6 per ton.
1966 Syracuse Post Standard (N.Y.) 19 Apr. 34/4 The ocean vessel..has a GRT of 4,457.
2006 D. Edgerton Shock of Old iii. 73 At the beginning of the twenty-first century the largest container ships, at 90,000 GRT, could carry over 8,000 containers, with a crew of just nineteen.
GRU n. [ < Russian GRU < the initial letters of Glavnoe razvedyvatel′noe upravlenie, lit. ‘main intelligence directorate’ (1942)] the main military intelligence service in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.Although the service officially became the Main Directorate (Russian Glavnoe upravlenie) in 2010, it is still commonly referred to as the GRU.
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1952 Advertiser (Adelaide) 27 Aug. 2/3 Enbom..was directed by the GRU—the Soviet Military Intelligence Service... The Soviet Military Attache's staff..concealed his Army rank under the cloak of a foreign correspondent.
1987 P. Wright & P. Greengrass Spycatcher xiii. 186 The GRU officers in 1940 and 1941 were clearly of low caliber, demoralized..in the wake of Stalin's purges of the 1930s.
2017 Mondaq Business Briefing (Nexis) 22 June The NSA..has evidence that the hacking was directly perpetrated by the Russian General Staff Main Intelligence Directorate, or GRU.
GS n. Military attributive general service.
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1867 Army & Navy Jrnl. (U.S.) 6 Sept. 84/3 It is a well known fact that a civilian clerk in the military branch of the Government performs about twice as much work as a G. S. clerk.
1954 J. Masters Bhowani Junction vii. 62 She got on the push bike. It was a heavy ugly thing..what the Army calls a G.S. bicycle.
2003 A. O. Mitha Unlikely Beginnings xxi. 312 No arrangements were made by GS Branch to counter the air attacks which the IAF carried out against our railways in these areas.
GSA n. U.S. Girl Scouts of America, a scouting (scouting n.1 1b) organization founded in 1922 in the United States of America for girls.
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1918 Chicago Defender 9 Nov. 4/4 All members of Troop 58, B. S. A., and Troop 8, G. S. A., are hereby notified that they must register within the next two weeks.
1932 Bath (Maine) Independent 11 Oct. 3/6 Station GSA was on the air.
2015 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. 24 Apr. 1 c Girls who are not GSA members may join and participate in the Jamboree for $15 in addition to registration fees for the event.
GSH n. [ < the initial letter of glutathione n. + SH, the symbolic abbreviations of sulphur, S. n. at S n.1 Initialisms 1 and hydrogen, H. n. at H n. Initialisms, forming the sulphydryl group] Biochemistry glutathione.
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1937 Proc. Japanese Physiol. Soc. 15th Ann. Meeting 1936 77 in Japanese Jrnl. Med. Sci. III. Biophysics 4 The author tried to determine oxidised (GS-SG) and reduced (GSH) form of that substance [sc. glutathione].
1962 Biol. Bull. 122 343 GSH [sc. reduced glutathione] has been termed an ‘environmental hormone’.
2012 Sun (Nexis) 5 Nov. 4 GSH detoxifies your liver and is essential for regeneration and warding off disease.
gsm n. grams per square metre, a measure of the weight of paper or fabric.GSM is often used as an indirect measure of the quality of paper, heavier paper generally being regarded as being of higher quality.
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1930 H. M. Stationery Office Guide i. 97 (heading) Duplicating papers, 82 g.s.m.
1997 K. Potter Introd. to Composite Products iii. 34 About 5.5 m of 300 gsm cloth are required.
2006 Which Digital Camera? Mar. 95/3 The larger the GSM rating, the thicker the paper is.
GSM n. [initialism < the initial letters of French Groupe Spéciale Mobile (c1982), short for Groupe de Travail Spéciale pour les Services Mobiles, the name of the study group formed to develop a pan-European mobile communication system; later reinterpreted as representing Global System for Mobile Communications or Global Standard for Mobile Communications] Telecommunications a standard used for second generation digital mobile telecommunications, developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute and first deployed in 1991; frequently attributive.
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1985 35th IEEE Vehicular Technol. Conf. 150 The CEPT has set up a group called GSM (Special Mobile Group) to produce an outline definition and eventually a full specification for a pan European Radiotelephone system.]
1986 Times 20 Feb. 17/7 The European Conference of Post and Telecommunication Administrations..has already agreed to reserve certain frequencies for a future pan-European mobile radio service, which it calls the GSM System.
1993 Computing 26 Aug. 9/5 Next Wednesday, Vodafone launches the first nationwide GSM mobile phone service.
2015 J. T. J. Penttinen Telecommunications Handbk. xi. 317 In emerging markets, GSM is the most useful system due to the low expenses of the network deployment and operation.
GSOH n. (also gsoh) chiefly British (originally and chiefly in personals advertisements) good sense of humour; cf. SOH n. at S n.1 Additions.
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1992 Times 22 Aug. 12/3 Professional lady, late 40's, slim attractive warm with GSOH hopes to meet cultured successful tall genuinely nice man.
1997 Eastern Eye 14 Feb. 20/1 (advt.) Seeking Muslim female..honest, sincere, kind-hearted, outgoing, GSOH and good blend of Islamic/Western values, with view to marriage.
2016 Metro (Nexis) 13 June 31 Nothing makes me lose my GSOH faster than a downpour on canvas.
GSR n. = galvanic skin response (or reflex) at galvanic adj. a.
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1927 Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. 10 206 The mucous surfaces manifest no electrical charges corresponding to the G.S.R.
1964 Philos. Rev. 73 204 He exhibits no change in GSR, perspiration, and so forth.
2008 Y. Nagai & H. D. Critchley in K. Takahashi Epilepsy Res. Progress ix. 176 Jung measured reaction time and changes in GSR with the intention of characterizing the origins of patients' psychological problems.
GST n. goods and services tax, (the name of) an indirect tax levied on goods and services sold for domestic consumption.
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1984 Canberra Times 10 Nov. 21/6 Fiscal history will note the GST long after it has forgotten the rest of the Budget.
1995 Our Times July 4/3 Subscription and advertising rates. Canada—one year $20 (GST included); two years $35.
2006 J. Creedy & C. Sleeman Distributional Effects Indirect Taxes iv. 54 An increase in the excise automatically increases the absolute amount of GST raised per litre of petrol.
GSW n. (esp. in the military and emergency services) gunshot wound; (also) a person suffering from such a wound.
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1883 List Pensioners II. 4 (table) in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (47th Congr., 2nd Sess.: Senate Executive Doc. 84, Pt. 2) V. Morris, Robert..g. s. w. l. leg.
1917 A. H. Tubby Memorandum 16 June in Consulting Surgeon in Near East (1920) 205 As it is no longer deemed advisable to send home from Egypt cases of disability..arising from G.S.W.'s [etc.].
1964 N.Y. Times 24 Nov. (Late City ed.) 29 (caption) Register at emergency room at Dallas institution listed ‘Kennedy, John F.’ as suffering from GSW (gunshot wound) and noted that he ‘expired’.
1989 C. Hiaasen Skin Tight (1990) xxvii. 290 ‘I get tired of gunshot wounds’, the coroner said. ‘It's like a damn assembly line down there. GSW head, GSW thorax, GSW neck’.
2007 A. Theroux Laura Warholic liii. 861 They..called ahead to..notify the hospital that they were coming in with a GSW with multiple trauma.
G and T n. (also G&T, and with lower-case initials) (a drink of) gin and tonic.
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1960 J. Raymond Doge of Dover 105 The woman..setting down her empty g. and t. glass and moving off.
1985 D. Lucie Progress i. iii, in Progress & Hard Feelings 16/1 Hi, gang. Sorry I'm late. Will, I could severely molest a G and T, if that's OK.
2004 E. Reid D.B. v. 128 They..pulled straight Republican at the polls, and let on after a few too many Gibsons or G&Ts that they still enjoyed sex.
GT n. and adj. gran turismo or grand tourer; (a) n. a high-performance car capable of high speeds and designed for long-distance driving; (later in extended use) a higher performance model in a range of cars designed for the consumer market; (b) adj. designating a car of this type.
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1961 Ukiah (Calif.) Daily Jrnl. 28 Sept. 5/1 The prestige sports model GT represents an effective blending of both economy and distinctiveness.
1968 W. Garner Deep, Deep Freeze xx. 192 He saw the red Ferrari 330 GT coupé in his rear mirror.
2010 B. Earnest Mustang 116 The GT hatchback cost $15,243.
2015 Independent 21 May 34/1 In the 308 GT we have a torquey two-litre diesel-engined family car.
GTA n. U.S. grand theft auto, theft or the attempted theft of a motor vehicle.
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1955 W. J. Sheldon Man who paid his Way v. 73 The spoken shorthand: GTA, Grand Theft Auto; ADW, Assault with a Deadly Weapon; CCW, Carrying Concealed Weapons.
1988 J. Ellroy Big Nowhere vii. 83 No bail, because of John's last GTA.
2013 D. Duran Suffering of chasing Dreams ii. 11 It's not so bad here. You'll get used to it... I'm in for GTA.
GTA n. Greater Toronto Area.
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1984 D. A. Sutherland et al. Ontario's GO-ALRT Program: Overview (Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communications) 2 The heavily urbanized area of Ontario stretching along the North Shore of Lake Ontario between Hamilton and Oshwa. In popular terms this area is often referred to as the ‘Golden Horseshoe’. Those in the planning and transportation field use more mundane handles such as the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) or GO Transit Service Area.
1995 Toronto Star 28 Jan. b1/5 Finding new locations to dispose of garbage, as four of the five GTA regions are attempting to do.., has been a long process.
2007 L. Remennick Russ. Jews on Three Continents (2012) 297 Virtually all Russian-speaking immigrants..admitted that their resettlement in Canada generally and the GTA specifically were driven by the wish to improve their living standards.
GTFO v. colloquial (originally and chiefly in electronic communications) get the fuck out (also occasionally off).In quot. 1991 with reference to the song Get the Fuck Out (1991) by the American heavy metal band Skid Row.
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1991 Guns n' Roses at Wembley Stadium in alt.rock-n-roll.metal (Usenet newsgroup) 2 Sept. The crowd all shouted ‘Fuck’ for a couple of minutes before the band played GTFO.
2008 Guardian (Nexis) 6 Mar. 2 The ‘tits or GTFO’ internet trend, whereby new posters on message boards who identify themselves as female are requested to post photos of their breasts or ‘get the fuck off’.
2017 @kalinayeahhh 1 Nov. in twitter.com (O.E.D. Archive) If y'all hate the Dodgers so much, GTFO of Los Angeles.
GTG v. colloquial (originally and chiefly in electronic communications) got to go.
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1994 Re: YMMV??? & other Acronyms in misc.kids (Usenet newsgroup) 6 Apr. (list) FAQ Frequently Asked Questions. GTG Got To Go?
2000 Think about This...Not Spam! in alt.religion.christian-teen (Usenet newsgroup) 9 Dec. Well, I gtg, but please, keep in touch!
2004 in New Yorker 8 Nov. 148/2 (poem) Seeking truth From the man six time zones nigh At the other end Of the Blackberry. GTG, he shouts, Her screen aghast. L8R, Luv U!
2011 S. D. Littman Want to go Private? 63 I wish I could talk more now, but I really GTG. Mom's shouting. TTYL.
GTP n. Biochemistry = guanosine triphosphate n. at guanosine n. Additions.
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1954 H. Schmitz et al. in Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 209 46 Isolation of guanosine-5′-phosphates (GMP, GDP, and GTP).
1992 Sci. Amer. July 39/1 (in figure) After a few seconds, the alpha subunit converts GTP to GDP, thereby inactivating itself. The alpha subunit will then reassociate with the beta-gamma complex.
2010 J. L. Tymoczko et al. Biochemistry xii. 178 The bound GTP acts as a built-in clock.
GTPase n. [ < GTP n. + -ase suffix] Biochemistry any of a family of enzymes that hydrolyse guanosine triphosphate (GTP); frequently attributive.
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1958 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 29 257/2 All preparations of the enzyme contained some ‘GTP'ase’ activity.
1982 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 719/1 This hormone-stimulated GTPase has several properties expected of a system that regulates the adenylate cyclase activity of these membranes.
2007 M. Engstler et al. in D. Barry et al. Trypanosomes ix. 302/2 Rab proteins operate in concert with a large number of additional proteins, including those that modulate the GTPase cycle directly (e.g. GTPase activating proteins, GAPs, and G.
G.T.T. n. U.S. (now historical and in historical contexts) ‘gone to Texas’, used to indicate that a person has left town, esp. to start a new life, escape debt, or avoid arrest. [The expression originated before Texas became a U.S. state (1845), and probably existed while it was still part of Mexico (until 1836).]
ΚΠ
1839 Daily Eastern Argus (Portland, Maine) 17 May 2/2 G.T.—This is said to be a common mode of making Sheriff's returns in the South West. It means, ‘Gone to Texas’.]
1839 Georgia Messenger 1 Aug. 2/6 G.T.T.—General Nathaniel Smith..has fled to Texas, with from $70,000 to $100,000 of Uncle Sam's money in his pocket.
2015 W. F. Busbee Mississippi (ed. 2) ix. 105 In many instances creditors arriving to collect at farmhouses found only crude notes marked ‘G.T.T’.
GUI n.
Brit. /ˈɡuːi/
,
U.S. /ˈɡui/
Computing graphical user interface or (occasionally) graphics-orientated user interface; = graphical user interface n. at graphical adj. Additions.
ΚΠ
1986 Economist 12 July 10 Conventional wisdom in the industry is that people want something like the Apple Macintosh's ‘graphics-orientated user interface’ or GUI (pronounced gooey).
1989 Byte Aug. 114/3 The Macintosh has made a great contribution to computing: graphical user interfaces (sometimes abbreviated GUI).
2004 Maximum PC Sept. 68/1 Now it's time to get down to the nitty gritty of building your GUI.
2016 Times (Nexis) 17 Sept. (Mag.) 73 The GUI offers quick access to playlists.
GUM n. genitourinary medicine, the branch of medicine concerned with diseases (including sexually transmitted diseases) disorders of the genitourinary system; frequently attributive.
ΚΠ
1980 Jrnl. Clin. Pathol. 33 745/2 The workload conveniently divides into three categories. These are: (i) bacteriology cultures; (ii.) virology and serology; and (iii) Department of Genitourinary Medicine (GUM).
2000 Brit. Jrnl. Gen. Pract. 50 214/2 This survey has identified important gaps in professionals' knowledge... These relate to sampling techniques, indications for testing in asymptomatic patients..and appropriate involvement of GUM services.
2012 Gay Times May 106/1 I was given a box of medication and told to check in to the GUM clinic first thing on Monday.
GUT n.
Brit. /ɡʌt/
,
U.S. /ɡət/
Physics = grand unified theory n. at grand adj., n., and adv. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > mutual relation of force and energy > unified theory
unified (field) theory1935
grand unified theory1977
GUT1978
1978 Nucl. Physics B. 140 18 (heading) Application to grand unified theories (GUTS).
1987 New Scientist 17 Sept. 49/1 The essential idea of GUTs is that they contain a single type of force field, called a ‘gauge’ field, which interacts with a so-called ‘Higgs’ field.
2007 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) June 45/1 With the advent of asymptotic freedom and GUTs, particle physicists had an obvious reason to begin studying the early universe.
† G.V. n. colloquial Obsolete rare governor.
ΚΠ
1905 H. G. Wells Kipps v. 106 ‘I suppose the G.V.—’ began Kipps. ‘He knows,’ said the housekeeper.
1909 H. G. Wells Ann Veronica vi. 129 The G.V.'s as mad as any of you, in spite of all his respectability; not a bit of him straight anywhere, not one bit.
GVW n. gross vehicle weight, the maximum operating weight of a vehicle specified by the manufacturer, including the weight of a full tank of fuel, the vehicle itself, passengers, etc.
Π
1932 Automotive Industries 25 June 913/1 Calculating the G.V.W. is the preferable method because it gives rating which can be compared upon the same basis.
1971 Pop. Mech. 166K/1 Know the GVW of the truck you intend to buy.
2005 USA Today (Nexis) 8 Apr. 3 b If the GVW rating is 8 tons and the truck weighs 6 tons, it safely can carry 2 tons.
GW n. gigawatt(s).
Π
1958 E. O. Taylor Nucl. Reactors for Power Generation ii. 18 (in figure) 1000 MW..Gigawatt (GW).
1976 New Scientist 22 July 181/1 Installed nuclear capacity in the OECD could be 180 gigawatts by 1980, and 375 GW by 1985.
2010 Aiken (S. Carolina) Standard 9 Aug. 1/5 As a frame of reference..1 GW of generated power can power about 400,000 homes.
GW n. British Great Western, (a) (originally) the Great Western main line railway connecting London and Bristol, first opened in 1841; (also) the company founded in 1833 to establish and operate that line (now historical); (b) (in later use) the private company which in 1996 took over responsibility for operating trains and services along this line as part of the privatization of British Rail (rare).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > rail travel > railway system or organization > [noun] > under one management > specific
GW1839
Vicinal1895
L.M.S.1923
L.N.E.R.1923
S.R.1923
British Railways1947
B.R.1949
S.N.C.F.1949
British Rail1964
Amtrak1973
1839 S. C. Brees App. to Railway Pract. 97 Capabilities of extending the G. W. to Oxford, also to Exeter.
1998 Private Eye 9 Jan. 12/2 GW may have learnt its spin technique from the office of rail passenger franchising (Opraf).
2016 D. Maidment Great Western Moguls & Prairies v. 180/3 Its mileage since acquisition by the GW was only 83,144.
GWOT n. global war on terror (also terrorism).
Π
2002 R. H. Hartman Mil. Deployment Health Surveillance & its Applic. to U. S. Special Operations Forces (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of S. Florida) i. 5 With the emergence of the global war on terrorism (GWOT) there has been a renewed interest in the health and welfare of deployed military members.
2012 D. K. Chan Beyond Just War Introd. 5 The GWOT presents problems for just war theory on many fronts.
GWR n. British Great Western Railway, (a) (originally) the Great Western main line railway connecting London and Bristol, first opened in 1841; (also) the company founded in 1833 to establish and operate that line (now historical); (b) (in later use) the private company which in 1996 took over responsibility for operating trains and services along this line as part of the privatization of British Rail.Cf. GW n.
ΚΠ
1889 E. Dowson Let. 18 Oct. (1967) 109 I bought it at Truro coming up the G.W.R.
2001 P. J. G. Ransom Snow, Flood & Tempest x. 149 What the GWR did was to construct a concrete avalanche shelter over the length concerned, which was for many years the only one of its kind in Britain.
2016 Oxf. Mail (Nexis) 26 July Each winner will receive a pair of first class tickets to be used anywhere on the GWR network.
Gy n. Physics gray(s), the SI unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation (see gray n.).
ΚΠ
1975 Physics Bull. Mar. 105/1 The CIPM will recommend to the CGPM that the si unit of activity should be given the name ‘becquerel’, symbol Bq, and the si unit of absorbed dose the name ‘gray’, symbol Gy.
1991 Nucl. Energy June 143/1 The human evidence for carcinogenesis induced by radiation is obtained at doses of between a fraction of a gray and about 1 Gy.
2008 Cancer Treatm. Rev. 34 304/2 The CNS is sensitive to radiation and a dose of 0.1 Gy can result in a decrease in intelligence quotient.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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