fungusn.

Brit.

/ˈfʌŋɡəs/, U.S.

/ˈfəŋɡəs/

Inflections: Plural fungi Brit.

/ˈfʌŋɡʌɪ/,

/ˈfʌndʒʌɪ/,

/ˈfʌŋɡi/, U.S.

/ˈfənˌdʒaɪ/,

/ˈfəŋˌɡaɪ/,

/ˈfəŋɡi/, funguses.

Forms: 1500s– fungus, 1600s fungous.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin fungus.

Etymology: < classical Latin fungus mushroom, toadstool, or related plant, fur or mildew formed on the wick of a lamp, disease of the olive tree, fool, blockhead, in post-classical Latin also mass of brain tissue protruding through the skull (1549 in a Latin translation of Galen, or earlier, translating ancient Greek μύκης , literally ‘mushroom, fungus’: see myceto- comb. form), bodily growth resembling a mushroom (1627 or earlier); probably a loanword from a non-Indo-European language, also borrowed as ancient Greek σϕόγγος , σπόγγος sponge n.¹ and Armenian sunk mushroom. Compare earlier funge n. and compare also fung n.Compare Middle French fonge (early 15th cent.), Spanish fongo , hongo (both 13th cent.), Portuguese fungo (second half of the 16th cent.), Italian fungo (late 13th cent.). With sense 2 compare also Middle French, French fungus (1575 in Paré; now usually fongus).

a. Originally: a mushroom or toadstool. In later use also: any of the organisms of which these are the fruiting bodies (reproductive structures); (more generally) any member of the large biological group (now a kingdom) comprising eukaryotic organisms, including yeasts and moulds as well as mushrooms, which typically have vegetative forms consisting of single cells or of simple multicellular filaments (hyphae) which lack photosynthetic pigments and have chitinous cell walls, and which reproduce by means of sexual and asexual spores. Also (as a mass noun): growths of a fungus or fungi; mould.Fungi were originally included in the plant kingdom, but have some features (including the heterotrophic mode of nutrition and the ability to synthesize chitin) shared with animals, and are now regarded as constituting a kingdom separate from both. Some of the organisms originally regarded as fungi, esp. lower fungi (see lower fungus n. at lower adj., n.¹, and adv. Compounds 2b), are now classified as protoctists.Many fungi are saprobes, deriving nourishment from decaying organic matter and so playing an important role in the recycling of organic material in the environment; some are potentially disease-causing parasites of plants and animals, and others are symbionts, as in lichens and mycorrhizae.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > fungi > [noun] > fungus, mushroom, or toadstool

froga1398

fungea1398

toadstool1398

paddock-stoola1400

padstoola1400

toad's hatc1440

paddockcheesea1500

campernoyle1527

fungus1527

frogstool1535

bruche1562

fungo1562

champignon1578

toadstool1607

toad's bread1624

canker1640

fung1665

fungoid1734

agaric1777

pixie stool1787

fungillus1794

toad's capa1825

fungal1836

hysterophyte1849

macrofungus1946

1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. E.vi^v/2 Water of fungus..The beste parte and tyme be the whyte tode stoles or muscheroms whan they be full rype.

1562 W. Bullein Bk. Simples f. lxxv^v, in Bulwarke of Defence A good wholsome drinke against the drinking of Opium, or eating of the Moisron called Fungus.

1585 J. Banister Wecker's Compend. Chyrurg. i. 171 In the meane time, let the patient haue the same Fungi, steeped in all his drinke.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxii. xxiii. 132 Those excrescenses in manner of Mushromes, which be named Fungi.

1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 115 Cork seems to be by..the pores, a kind of Fungus or Mushrome.

1694 tr. F. Martens Voy. Spitzbergen 141 in Narbrough's Acct. Several Late Voy. It dries just like unto the Fungus that grows on Elder, which we call Jews-ears.

1710 D. Hilman Tusser Redivivus Apr. 7 His Bark clean without fungi or Toad-stools, no weeping holes or decayed Boughs upon him.

1775 H. Rose in tr. C. Linnaeus Elements Bot. viii. 328 In funguses, the hat (pileus) is the round horizontal top, which bears the fructification underneath.

1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 385 Case of Poison from a Vegetable Fungus.

1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 947 This black matter is a species of small fungus, which draws its nourishment from the wheat.

1847 C. D. Badham Treat. Esculent Funguses p. xiii No country is perhaps richer in esculent Funguses than our own.

1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 243 I shall..treat separately the forms which contain chlorophyll (so-called Algæ) from those destitute of chlorophyll (so-called Fungi).

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 855 The thickening of the hair is due to its being stuffed with fungus.

1920 P. J. Fryer Insect Pests & Fungus Dis. Fruit & Hops xv. 219 The young grubs..apparently depend for their food upon a fungus which grows upon the solidified sap which lines the borings (and has been termed Ambrosia).

1973 J. Seymour & S. Seymour Self-sufficiency xviii. 232 Most fungi are edible and some, notably parasol, shaggy ink cap, and cep, are absolutely delicious.

1999 N.Y. Times 7 Jan. d6/3 Then she described in detail the trail of a bookworm that burrowed through Octavo's version of Copernicus, which led her in turn to an even more passionate narration about foxing (marks made left by fungus or moisture, named for their resemblance to the color of the animal's coat).

2013 Sci. Amer. Mar. 40/1 She ruled out root rot, which is caused by a fungus, because the tree showed none of the characteristic signs of decay.

b. fungus imperfectus n. (plural fungi imperfecti) [ < scientific Latin fungus imperfectus (1861 or earlier) < classical Latin fungus fungus n. + imperfectus imperfect adj.] a fungus that does not produce (or is not known to produce) sexual spores; a fungus in which the sexual phase of the life cycle is either lacking or unidentified (cf. imperfect fungus at imperfect adj. 10b, and perfect adj. 18).Classification of fungi has traditionally been based on their sexual structures; in some systems, fungi lacking a sexual stage are assigned to the general category Fungi Imperfecti.

ΚΠ

1873 Jrnl. Linn. Soc.: Bot. 13 41 It is difficult to understand why they [sc. the tremellineous fungi] have been placed among the fungi imperfecti—that is, amongst the fungi of which the reproductive cycle is incomplete, or, in other words, of which the most perfect fertile form is still unknown.

1929 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 16 364 The hyaline, branched, and anastomosed fertile hyphae are scandent on the dark conidiophores of another Fungus Imperfectus.

1963 H. A. Hawkes Ecol. Waste Water Treatm. i. 15 Unfortunately the life cycles of some fungi are incomplete or not fully known and these are grouped together as the ‘fungi imperfecti’.

1988 S. Malepszy in Y. P. S. Bajaj Biotechnol. in Agric. & Forestry VI. ii. iv. 278 Cucurbit scab commonly attacks field crops of cucumbers and is caused by the fungus imperfectus Cladosporium cucumerinum.

2. Medicine.

a. A mass of brain or meningeal tissue protruding through an opening in the skull; the condition of having such a mass; = encephalocele n. In later use more fully fungus cerebri. Cf. brain fungus n. 1. Now rare. [In fungus cerebri < scientific Latin fungus cerebri (1646 or earlier in post-classical Latin) < classical Latin fungus fungus n. + cerebrī , genitive of cerebrum n.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [noun] > disorders of brain > encephalocele

fungus1634

encephalocele1835

parencephalocele1842

hydrencephalocele1854

meningoencephalocele1891

cephalhydrocele1900

1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. x. xix. 370 The Ancients called this kinde of growing flesh a Fungus [L. Fungum; Fr. Fungus] [i. a Mushrome] for that it is soft, and growes with a small roote and broad top like a mushrome.

1695 R. B. tr. J. de La Charrière Treat. Chirurg. Operations xxxii. 237 When the Dura mater and the Brain are hurt, there arises very often (in the last days) upon it a Fungus, like a Mushroom.

1749 D. Hartley Observ. Man i. ii. 152 Bitters and Acids applied to Funguses of the Brain.

1817 Medico-chirurg. Trans. 8 12 The cases which are now offered to the Society, all relate to those tumors which having their commencement in the brain, we have been accustomed to name indiscriminately fungus cerebri, or hernia cerebri.

1876 Lancet 25 Mar. 458/1 Fungus of the dura mater is not very uncommon.

1939 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 19 Aug. 409/2 The old method of shaving off the fungus is to be condemned unconditionally. The ventricle herniates towards the fungus and may be opened by injudicious surgery.

2016 Jrnl. Stroke & Cerebrovascular Dis. 25 2181/2 The largest possible size of DhC [= decompressive hemicraniectomy] is desirable so as to minimize parenchymal injury from expected swollen cerebral tissue (‘fungus cerebri’) impinging upon the surrounding bony edges.

b. A growth, esp. on the skin or other body surface, thought to have the texture, shape, or rapid growth of a mushroom. Also (as a mass noun): tissue of this kind, spec. granulation tissue or fleshy malignant tissue. Now historical and rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > wound > proud flesh or granulation

proud flesha1400

proud flesh1578

fungus1661

hypersarcosis1706

granulation1739

luxuriancy1748

hypersarcoma1811

granuloma1879

supergranulation1882

1661 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. D. Sennert Art Chirurg.: 5th Bk. Pract. Physick i. xxxix. 2519/2 He mentioneth yet another Fungus [L. fungo] that sprung and was bred out of the very Center of the Navel.

1674 J. Molins Anatomicall Practicall Observ. in St. Thomas's Hosp. Rep. (1896) New Ser. 23 17 An old Man..having a Contusion upon his Skin there threw out such Fungous..that all the Escharotticks that we applyed signified nothing.

1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Fungus [in Surgery], soft spungy, Flesh which grows upon Wounds.

1779 Gentleman's Mag. 49 80 If fungus, commonly called proud-flesh, should appear, a dressing of dry lint will mostly soon repress it.

1795 J. Adams Observ. Morbid Poisons iii. 57 These funguses [in yaws] gradually increase, some to the size of a small wood strawberry, others of a raspberry.

1804 J. Abernethy Surg. Observ. 91 It is no uncommon circumstance to meet with wens, that have burst spontaneously, and have thrown out a fungus.

1836 T. Hodgkin Lect. Morbid Anat. Serous & Mucous Membranes I. x. 292 This, we sometimes find tumors which have all the hardness of scirrhus, with a structure on the large and distinct scale, which is more characteristic of fungus.

1844 W. Dufton Nature & Treatm. Deafness 41 Sometimes small vegetations can be observed on its surface, and the commencing existence of polypus or fungus.

1911 E. G. Jones Cancer 256 It sc. thuja is also valuable in bleeding fungus of the breast.

1989 B. Ayoub tr. J. Wolff Sci. Cancerous Dis. i. 40 He [sc. Fabricius Hildanus] describes and illustrates the successful extirpation of a large fungus from the ear.

3. figurative.

a. A person or thing likened to a fungus, esp. in being unpleasant, excrescent, or ephemeral.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [noun] > a harmful thing or person > like a weed

weedeOE

popplea1425

darnel1444

zizania1526

thistle1563

zizany1581

fungus1659

tare1686

1659 R. Baxter Holy Commonw. vi. 93 He is a fungus, and not a man that knoweth not by experience how easily bad men can make good Laws to be a nose of wax.

1710 Ld. Shaftesbury Soliloquy 93 The Comick Genius was apply'd, as a kind of Caustick, to those Exuberances and Fungus's of the swoln Dialect, and magnificent manner of Speech.

1750 W. Warburton Julian (1751) Introd. 45 Exsuding from her [sc. the Church's] sickly Trunk a number of deform'd Fungus's.

1757 S. Foote Author ii. 39 The Offspring of a Dunghill! Born in a Cellar..and living in a Garret; a Fungus, a Mushroom.

1791 T. Paine Rights of Man i. 102 They began to consider aristocracy as a kind of fungus growing out of the corruption of society.

1862 Fraser's Mag. Nov. 631 Nor, when criticising this architectural fungus [sc. Exhibition Building], must its cost be forgotten.

1872 C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David III. Ps. lxxviii. 36 A mere unsubstantial fungus of unabiding excitement.

1881 G. W. Cable Mme. Delphine i. 2 That significant fungus, the Chinaman.

1906 Cosmopolitan Mag. Oct. 567/2 The cruel and wasteful fungus of child-labor, a fungus that destroys the present and threatens the future.

1984 J. Kovel Against State of Nucl. Terror (rev. ed.) vi. 143 Each of the six elements of nuclear terror is a fungus that grows in the dark.

2004 J. Sheppard Love & Happiness 32 Clark, you are a fungus on the ass of America.

b. colloquial. A man's facial hair, esp. a beard. Recorded earliest in face fungus n. at face n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > hair > hair on lower part of face > [noun] > beard

beardeOE

china1400

barba1500

muzzlea1640

facial hair1830

fungus1904

beaver1910

ziff1919

1904 F. Richardson in Cornhill Mag. May 684 In spite of the fact that he had grossly over-capitalised his face-fungus, the security seems to have been accepted.

1908 N.Y. Times 26 Apr. (Mag. section) 9/2 Rather unkind, isn't it, to call the Home-Made Philosopher's chin drapery fungi, or even flora?

1925 P. G. Wodehouse Sam the Sudden xiii. 89 Where did you get the fungus?

1937 ‘R. Crompton’ William—the Showman x. 240 ‘Is it to be me or that ass with the fungus on his cheeks?’ demanded Richard belligerently.

1959 H. Hobson Mission House Murder ii. 14 In addition to the chin-fungus he'd put on a little weight.

2015 P. O'Reilly Peripheral Vision 164 You've got to get rid of that fungus growing on your chin.

†4. An excrescence of lampblack or charred fibre on the wick of a candle or lamp. Also in figurative contexts. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > [noun] > specific impurities > incrustation > on wick of candle or lamp

fungus1661

1661 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. D. Sennert Art Chirurg.: 5th Bk. Pract. Physick v. i. xxxix. 2520/1 In Candles lighted or Lamps we see the Fungus (in the Winter time especially) that is wont to arise and appear in the top of the Wick of the one, and the match of the other.

1775 J. W. Fletcher Last Check Antinom. xviii. 241 Is a spiritual lamp trimmed, when its flame is darkened by the black fungus of indwelling sin?

1815 T. I. M. Forster Res. Atmosph. Phænom. (ed. 2) iv. 150 The excrescence of fungi about the wicks of lamps and candles; the flaring and snapping of the flame.

1893 North Amer. (Philadelphia) 20 May 7/7 Like the fungus of a candle.

5. Zoology. A disease of fish characterized by white, woolly growths on the surfaces of the body, typically resulting from infection with oomycetes of the genus Saprolegnia.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of fish > [noun]

fungus1880

salmon disease1880

furunculosis1912

white spot1928

columnaris1945

whirling disease1961

UDN1968

1880 F. Buckland et al. Rep. Dis. Salmon 15 Knows that fish in captivity are liable to fungus.

1887 Cheshire Observer 31 Dec. 6/4 I inspected most of the river, and only saw one fish with fungus, and no others have been reported.

1892 Daily News 12 Jan. 5/4 Though the disease of the skin of fish known as ‘fungus’ is common..they never had a better supply of salmon in the river than at present.

1912 Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 31 271 The dry hand will remove the slime from the back of the trout, when it is only a question of time until fungus sets in and the fish will die.

1950 L. N. Allison Fungal Dis. Fish in Mich. 9 Fungus, or water mold, appears as a tuft of fine white threads.

2015 J. Challoner Cell iv. 116/1 Pathogenic species..in the genus Saprolegnia, which live on fish scales and cause a life-threatening disease called fish fungus.

Compounds

C1. General attributive (chiefly in sense 1a), as fungus flora, fungus growth, etc.

ΚΠ

1664 H. Oldenburg Let. 10 Nov. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) II. 396 Some were of opinion, it [sc. a star-shoot] was a fungus-matter, spewed out of the ground, which would have turned into a fungus, but that the time for producing that plant was spent.

1731 J. Arbuthnot Ess. Nature Aliments 29 The Fungus kind, as Mushrooms, Truffles afford an Alkaline Salt, and much Oil.

1792 C. Smith Desmond II. x. 114 When the fungus growth of this arrogant upstart has so much share in your indignation, I am hurt, that the elevated spirit of my friend can be ruffled by a being so utterly contemptible.

1794 R. Gosling tr. P.-J. Desault Parisian Chirurg. Jrnl. I. 85 It was of a fungus nature, and discharged, abundantly, a bloody fœtid sanies.

1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 573 Toad stools and other species of the fungus kind are frequently eaten for mushrooms.

1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xxiii. 226 Fungus trees grew in corners of the cellars.

1851 C. Brontë Let. 8 Dec. (2000) II. 726 I trust it is nothing of a fungus character.

1895 Times 21 Oct. 14/2 The increased extent under ‘tea’ in the same period is over 31,000 acres, the difference being obtained by a further supersession of coffee (Arabica)—due to the persistence of its fungus enemy.

1932 Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 1931–2 B. 40 37 It was this that led the present writers to commence a systematic study of the fungus flora of Ulster.

1997 Daily Tel. 25 Apr. 1/4 It should not be taken by anyone taking certain antibiotics including erythromycin and clarithromycin or some treatments for fungus infections including ketoconazole and itraconazole.

2007 Time Out N.Y. 29 Mar. 35/4 The menu is limited to a few starters and a dizzying selection of pizzas like the superrich tartufo (black truffle), which features a blanket of overwhelming fungus shavings.

C2. Instrumental, objective, and limitative, esp. with participial adjectives and agent nouns.

fungus-covered adj.

ΚΠ

1861 Standard 2 Feb. 4/3 We are inclined to associate it with darkness, bread and water, fungus-covered floors, and clanking chains.

1880 J. H. Burton Hist. Reign Queen Anne III. xvii. 169 Fungus-covered cabins.

2014 M. J. Guillory Red Now & Laters xii. 130 We sat on a fungus-covered log.

fungus eater n. [in quot. 1806 after French fongivore, noun (1806 in the source reviewed in the quot.)]

ΚΠ

1806 Med. Repository 2nd Hexade 4 163 The first order, Coleoptera, is divided into four sub-orders... 2. Such as have four joints to their hinder legs, and five on the fore ones. They are divided into six families;..(f) fungus-eaters, mushroom-flies, &c.

1854 B. Jaeger Life N. Amer. Insects 62 Another Insect belonging to the family of Scavenger Beetles is the horned Fungus Eater, Boletophagus cornutus, which feeds not only on decayed fungus and mushrooms, but also on decayed wood.

1954 Times Lit. Suppl. 19 Nov. 747/1 The author's words of warning to the would-be fungus eater seem fully justified.

2013 Southland Times (N.Z.) (Nexis) 13 June 7 [The spores] are only released if the cap is damaged by a fungus eater, such as a slug or insect, or by a bird hunting for insects.

fungus-eating adj. and n.

ΚΠ

1847 Athenæum 11 Sept. 949/1 The English are not a fungus-eating nation.

1899 G. H. Carpenter Insects 397/1 Fungus-eating insects.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1090 The common Amanita phalloides..is responsible for most of the fatalities from fungus-eating.

1992 P. Jolivet Insects & Plants (ed. 2) x. 113 (caption) Section through the head of a fungus eating ant.

2010 K. Vernes in G. Coulson & M. Eldridge Macropods xiv. 155/1 Mycophagy (fungus-eating) by mammals is likely to be an important ecosystem process in Australian forests and woodlands.

fungus hunter n.

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1868 Baily's Monthly Mag. May 29 I do strongly assert the claims of the fungus-hunter to be classed in this category.

1920 National Geogr. Mag. May 420 After a gentle April shower the fungus-hunter will find these delectable mushroom morsels growing in old apple and peach orchards.

2006 B. Russell Field Guide Wild Mushrooms 88 These are the fungus hunters you will see searching the woods on their hands and knees.

fungus-plagued adj.

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1917 W. Beebe et al. Trop. Wild Life Brit. Guiana I. v. 52 Light-starved and fungus-plagued, the brush and saplings are stunted and weak.

2012 Telegram & Gaz. (Mass.) (Nexis) 3 Apr. b2 They're also desperately trying to figure out how to save our rapidly vanishing, fungus-plagued bats.

fungus-proof adj.

ΚΠ

1874 Practitioner May 327 Rendering the skin fungus-proof.

1948 Sci. News Let. 30 Oct. 280/3 The fungus-proof material has high impact resistance and does not warp with temperature changes.

2011 Indian Express (Nexis) 4 Jan. Building material will range from synthetic to fungus-proof paints and high density block boards.

C3.

fungus beetle n. (frequently with distinguishing word) any of various small beetles which feed on moulds and other fungi, esp. those belonging to several families of the superfamily Cucujoidea, or to the family Mycetophagidae.

ΚΠ

1797 E. Donovan Nat. Hist. Brit. Insects VI. 14 Mycetophagus quadrimaculatus. Fungus Beetle with four Spots.

1874 5th Ann. Rep. Noxious & Beneficial Insects State Illinois 30 There are likewise four distinct families of fungus-beetles.

1901 Bull. N.Y. State Mus. No. 53. 871 Forked fungus beetle, Boletotherus bifucus.

1979 Steinbach (Manitoba) Carillon 29 Aug. b15 Fungus beetles often are found in stored grain, living on moulds that have developed from the moisture.

2006 J. T. Costa Other Insect Societies xvi. 499 The pleasing fungus beetles are pleasing indeed: many are brightly patterned with contrasting black with red, yellow, orange, pink or purple in spots, stripes, rings, and even zigzags.

fungus disease n. †(a) Medicine disease characterized by the growth of fungoid tissue (see sense 2b) (obsolete); (b) disease caused by a fungus (in a person, animal, or plant) (cf. sense 5); a disease of this nature.

ΚΠ

1843 Provinc. Med. Jrnl. & Retrospect Med. Sci. 6 336/1 A patient..in whom fungus disease of the orbit had taken place to a considerable extent.

1860 Trans. Med. & Physical Soc. Bombay 5 105 From specimens in my possession, I know that the fungus disease is the same at both Madura and Bellary.

1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 3 Sept. 9/1 Fish affected with fungus disease.

1909 Bull. Texas Dept. Agric. No. 19 14 The following insects and fungus diseases are quarantined.

1945 Amer. Midland Naturalist 33 126 The larvae were attacked by a white fungus disease. It left their bodies mummified.

2004 B. Bunch & A. Hellemans Hist. Sci. & Technol. 420/4 Invented by wheat farmers to prevent a fungus disease of seed, Bordeaux mixture is blue-green from the copper sulfate.

fungus garden n. a growth of fungus cultivated in the nests of certain ants, termites, or beetles as a source of food.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > subclass Pterygota > [noun] > division Exopterygota or Hemimetabola > order Isoptera > member(s) of (termites) > structure containing fungus

fungus garden1893

1893 Nature 24 Aug. 392/1 (heading) The fungus gardens of certain South American ants.

1991 M. R. Wagner et al. Forest Entomol. in West Trop. Afr. 164 (caption) Fungus garden within a subterranean termite mound.

2010 S. L. Stephenson Kingdom Fungi x. 191 The host tree is ‘incubated’ with the fungus that will eventually infect the wood, forming ‘fungus gardens’ for the beetles.

fungus gnat n. any of numerous small dipteran flies, esp. of the families Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae, having larvae which typically feed on fungi and decaying organic matter.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Nematocera > family Mycetophilidae > member of (fungus midge)

agaric gnat1828

fungus gnat1862

fungus midge1876

1862 H. Loew & R. Osten-Sacken Monogr. Diptera N. Amer. I. 6 The limits between the families Cecidomyidæ (Gall-gnats) and Mycetophilidæ (Fungus-gnats) are not very easily fixed.

1896 Bull. W. Virginia Agric. Exper. Station No. 44. 286 The habits of all the fungus gnat worms that infest the potato tubers are similar.

1956 Q. Rev. Biol. 31 283/1 Most fungus gnats live on and eat fungi but a few, among them Arachnocampa, are carnivorous.

2014 BBC Gardeners' World (Special Subscriber ed.) Oct. 131/2 (heading) Fungus gnats. Tiny, grey-brown darting flies zig-zag close to the compost surface.

fungus hunt n. an outing spent looking for unusual or edible fungi.

ΚΠ

1870 Food Jrnl. Oct. 477 One day in each autumn is devoted to a fungus hunt.

1908 F. C. Snell Nature Stud. by Night & Day 266 There are, indeed, few more enjoyable excursion or Nature rambles to be had than one devoted in autumn to a fungus hunt with the camera.

2005 Irish Times 2 July (Weekend Review) 9/6 On a fungus hunt with friends in Wales we came across a stinkhorn.

fungus midge n. = fungus gnat n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Nematocera > family Mycetophilidae > member of (fungus midge)

agaric gnat1828

fungus gnat1862

fungus midge1876

1876 W. S. Dallas tr. O. Heer Primæval World Switzerland II. ix. 53 The Mycetophilidæ (fungus-midges) are very delicate little creatures, the white maggots of which are often met with in great numbers in fleshy fungi.

1952 Evolution 6 140/1 A fascinating adaptation in a fungus midge (Mycetophilidae) of New Zealand.

2016 R. Farrow Insects of S.E. Austral. 82/2 (caption) This is the luminescent larva of a fungus midge Arachnocampa richardsea (Diptera: Mycetophilidae).

† fungus production n. depreciative Obsolete something, esp. a work of literature, which has sprung up rapidly and ephemerally; cf. fungous adj. 2.

ΚΠ

1823 Bristol Mercury 7 July We simply mention this fungus production to point out an unworthy piece of finesse.

1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey II. iv. i. 160 The Literature of the present day—a fungus production, which has flourished from the artificial state of our society.

1840 Boston Morning Post 19 Aug. These ‘buds’ of federal promise will wither, die and rot, useless weeds, as is always the case with the fungus productions of federal soil.

fungus ring n. a ring of mushrooms found in grassland; a fairy ring (fairy ring n. 2).

ΚΠ

1875 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener, & Country Gentleman 14 Oct. 348/2 (heading) Fungus rings on grass.

1907 E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock Pasture & Meadow Anal. 5 The flora of fungus-rings..should always be most carefully noted the season through.

2015 Warwick (Queensland) Daily News (Nexis) 11 Nov. 20 The greens are rolling faster each day and the fungus rings have nearly vanished.

Derivatives

ˈfungused adj. (also fungussed) covered with fungi; infected or infested with fungi; mouldy.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > fungi > [adjective] > bearing or covered with fungi

fungiferous1757

fungused1813

fungusy1856

toadstooled1910

1813 Farmer's Mag. Aug. 386 In some great crops of wheat, the rust or fungused straw has made its appearance.

1862 Sat. Rev. 13 209/1 From a celebrated cellar, cobwebbed and fungused with the dirt and dust of half-a-century of neglect.

1937 E. Birney in Canad. Forum Feb. 22/2 The wrecks he skirts are dark and fungussed firlogs.

2001 H. Cross My Summer of Love (2002) 244 I looked up at the grey roof at the fungused cracks where slab joined slab.

ˈfungus-like adj. and adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > fungi > [adjective]

fungeous1597

fungose1675

fungus-like1738

fungoid1758

agaric1781

fungilliform1819

agaricoid1823

fungous?1835

fungaceous1841

agariciform1842

fungal1842

fungoidal1843

hysterophytal1857

funginous1866

fungic1883

1738 G. C. Deering Catalogus Stirpium 3 Alcyonium is a Fungus like Vegetable.

1846 J. Lindley Veg. Kingdom 83 Rhizogens all agree in being of a fungus-like consistence.

1883 Virginia Univ. Mag. May 475 In its stead there might spring up the feebler growth of an imported aristocracy, a growth not rooted between the wood and bark of English law and immemorial custom, but growing fungus-like on the decaying outside of English political life.

1917 Archit. Rev. 41 25/1 The other [sc. the modern garden city] is fungus-like, dumped down anywhere,..producing something entirely alien to the soil and district.

2008 P. Linehan Spain, 1157–1300 Pref. p. x Scanning the shelves..of Cambridge's incomparable University Library in search of grain amongst the chaff, I observe the inexorable development (or progress) spreading fungus-like week by week.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	fungus
释义	fungusn. Brit. /ˈfʌŋɡəs/, U.S. /ˈfəŋɡəs/ Inflections: Plural fungi Brit. /ˈfʌŋɡʌɪ/, /ˈfʌndʒʌɪ/, /ˈfʌŋɡi/, U.S. /ˈfənˌdʒaɪ/, /ˈfəŋˌɡaɪ/, /ˈfəŋɡi/, funguses. Forms: 1500s– fungus, 1600s fungous. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin fungus. Etymology: < classical Latin fungus mushroom, toadstool, or related plant, fur or mildew formed on the wick of a lamp, disease of the olive tree, fool, blockhead, in post-classical Latin also mass of brain tissue protruding through the skull (1549 in a Latin translation of Galen, or earlier, translating ancient Greek μύκης , literally ‘mushroom, fungus’: see myceto- comb. form), bodily growth resembling a mushroom (1627 or earlier); probably a loanword from a non-Indo-European language, also borrowed as ancient Greek σϕόγγος , σπόγγος sponge n.¹ and Armenian sunk mushroom. Compare earlier funge n. and compare also fung n.Compare Middle French fonge (early 15th cent.), Spanish fongo , hongo (both 13th cent.), Portuguese fungo (second half of the 16th cent.), Italian fungo (late 13th cent.). With sense 2 compare also Middle French, French fungus (1575 in Paré; now usually fongus). 1. a. Originally: a mushroom or toadstool. In later use also: any of the organisms of which these are the fruiting bodies (reproductive structures); (more generally) any member of the large biological group (now a kingdom) comprising eukaryotic organisms, including yeasts and moulds as well as mushrooms, which typically have vegetative forms consisting of single cells or of simple multicellular filaments (hyphae) which lack photosynthetic pigments and have chitinous cell walls, and which reproduce by means of sexual and asexual spores. Also (as a mass noun): growths of a fungus or fungi; mould.Fungi were originally included in the plant kingdom, but have some features (including the heterotrophic mode of nutrition and the ability to synthesize chitin) shared with animals, and are now regarded as constituting a kingdom separate from both. Some of the organisms originally regarded as fungi, esp. lower fungi (see lower fungus n. at lower adj., n.¹, and adv. Compounds 2b), are now classified as protoctists.Many fungi are saprobes, deriving nourishment from decaying organic matter and so playing an important role in the recycling of organic material in the environment; some are potentially disease-causing parasites of plants and animals, and others are symbionts, as in lichens and mycorrhizae. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > fungi > [noun] > fungus, mushroom, or toadstool froga1398 fungea1398 toadstool1398 paddock-stoola1400 padstoola1400 toad's hatc1440 paddockcheesea1500 campernoyle1527 fungus1527 frogstool1535 bruche1562 fungo1562 champignon1578 toadstool1607 toad's bread1624 canker1640 fung1665 fungoid1734 agaric1777 pixie stool1787 fungillus1794 toad's capa1825 fungal1836 hysterophyte1849 macrofungus1946 1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. E.vi^v/2 Water of fungus..The beste parte and tyme be the whyte tode stoles or muscheroms whan they be full rype. 1562 W. Bullein Bk. Simples f. lxxv^v, in Bulwarke of Defence A good wholsome drinke against the drinking of Opium, or eating of the Moisron called Fungus. 1585 J. Banister Wecker's Compend. Chyrurg. i. 171 In the meane time, let the patient haue the same Fungi, steeped in all his drinke. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxii. xxiii. 132 Those excrescenses in manner of Mushromes, which be named Fungi. 1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 115 Cork seems to be by..the pores, a kind of Fungus or Mushrome. 1694 tr. F. Martens Voy. Spitzbergen 141 in Narbrough's Acct. Several Late Voy. It dries just like unto the Fungus that grows on Elder, which we call Jews-ears. 1710 D. Hilman Tusser Redivivus Apr. 7 His Bark clean without fungi or Toad-stools, no weeping holes or decayed Boughs upon him. 1775 H. Rose in tr. C. Linnaeus Elements Bot. viii. 328 In funguses, the hat (pileus) is the round horizontal top, which bears the fructification underneath. 1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 385 Case of Poison from a Vegetable Fungus. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 947 This black matter is a species of small fungus, which draws its nourishment from the wheat. 1847 C. D. Badham Treat. Esculent Funguses p. xiii No country is perhaps richer in esculent Funguses than our own. 1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 243 I shall..treat separately the forms which contain chlorophyll (so-called Algæ) from those destitute of chlorophyll (so-called Fungi). 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 855 The thickening of the hair is due to its being stuffed with fungus. 1920 P. J. Fryer Insect Pests & Fungus Dis. Fruit & Hops xv. 219 The young grubs..apparently depend for their food upon a fungus which grows upon the solidified sap which lines the borings (and has been termed Ambrosia). 1973 J. Seymour & S. Seymour Self-sufficiency xviii. 232 Most fungi are edible and some, notably parasol, shaggy ink cap, and cep, are absolutely delicious. 1999 N.Y. Times 7 Jan. d6/3 Then she described in detail the trail of a bookworm that burrowed through Octavo's version of Copernicus, which led her in turn to an even more passionate narration about foxing (marks made left by fungus or moisture, named for their resemblance to the color of the animal's coat). 2013 Sci. Amer. Mar. 40/1 She ruled out root rot, which is caused by a fungus, because the tree showed none of the characteristic signs of decay. b. fungus imperfectus n. (plural fungi imperfecti) [ < scientific Latin fungus imperfectus (1861 or earlier) < classical Latin fungus fungus n. + imperfectus imperfect adj.] a fungus that does not produce (or is not known to produce) sexual spores; a fungus in which the sexual phase of the life cycle is either lacking or unidentified (cf. imperfect fungus at imperfect adj. 10b, and perfect adj. 18).Classification of fungi has traditionally been based on their sexual structures; in some systems, fungi lacking a sexual stage are assigned to the general category Fungi Imperfecti. ΚΠ 1873 Jrnl. Linn. Soc.: Bot. 13 41 It is difficult to understand why they [sc. the tremellineous fungi] have been placed among the fungi imperfecti—that is, amongst the fungi of which the reproductive cycle is incomplete, or, in other words, of which the most perfect fertile form is still unknown. 1929 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 16 364 The hyaline, branched, and anastomosed fertile hyphae are scandent on the dark conidiophores of another Fungus Imperfectus. 1963 H. A. Hawkes Ecol. Waste Water Treatm. i. 15 Unfortunately the life cycles of some fungi are incomplete or not fully known and these are grouped together as the ‘fungi imperfecti’. 1988 S. Malepszy in Y. P. S. Bajaj Biotechnol. in Agric. & Forestry VI. ii. iv. 278 Cucurbit scab commonly attacks field crops of cucumbers and is caused by the fungus imperfectus Cladosporium cucumerinum. 2. Medicine. a. A mass of brain or meningeal tissue protruding through an opening in the skull; the condition of having such a mass; = encephalocele n. In later use more fully fungus cerebri. Cf. brain fungus n. 1. Now rare. [In fungus cerebri < scientific Latin fungus cerebri (1646 or earlier in post-classical Latin) < classical Latin fungus fungus n. + cerebrī , genitive of cerebrum n.] ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [noun] > disorders of brain > encephalocele fungus1634 encephalocele1835 parencephalocele1842 hydrencephalocele1854 meningoencephalocele1891 cephalhydrocele1900 1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. x. xix. 370 The Ancients called this kinde of growing flesh a Fungus [L. Fungum; Fr. Fungus] [i. a Mushrome] for that it is soft, and growes with a small roote and broad top like a mushrome. 1695 R. B. tr. J. de La Charrière Treat. Chirurg. Operations xxxii. 237 When the Dura mater and the Brain are hurt, there arises very often (in the last days) upon it a Fungus, like a Mushroom. 1749 D. Hartley Observ. Man i. ii. 152 Bitters and Acids applied to Funguses of the Brain. 1817 Medico-chirurg. Trans. 8 12 The cases which are now offered to the Society, all relate to those tumors which having their commencement in the brain, we have been accustomed to name indiscriminately fungus cerebri, or hernia cerebri. 1876 Lancet 25 Mar. 458/1 Fungus of the dura mater is not very uncommon. 1939 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 19 Aug. 409/2 The old method of shaving off the fungus is to be condemned unconditionally. The ventricle herniates towards the fungus and may be opened by injudicious surgery. 2016 Jrnl. Stroke & Cerebrovascular Dis. 25 2181/2 The largest possible size of DhC [= decompressive hemicraniectomy] is desirable so as to minimize parenchymal injury from expected swollen cerebral tissue (‘fungus cerebri’) impinging upon the surrounding bony edges. b. A growth, esp. on the skin or other body surface, thought to have the texture, shape, or rapid growth of a mushroom. Also (as a mass noun): tissue of this kind, spec. granulation tissue or fleshy malignant tissue. Now historical and rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > wound > proud flesh or granulation proud flesha1400 proud flesh1578 fungus1661 hypersarcosis1706 granulation1739 luxuriancy1748 hypersarcoma1811 granuloma1879 supergranulation1882 1661 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. D. Sennert Art Chirurg.: 5th Bk. Pract. Physick i. xxxix. 2519/2 He mentioneth yet another Fungus [L. fungo] that sprung and was bred out of the very Center of the Navel. 1674 J. Molins Anatomicall Practicall Observ. in St. Thomas's Hosp. Rep. (1896) New Ser. 23 17 An old Man..having a Contusion upon his Skin there threw out such Fungous..that all the Escharotticks that we applyed signified nothing. 1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Fungus [in Surgery], soft spungy, Flesh which grows upon Wounds. 1779 Gentleman's Mag. 49 80 If fungus, commonly called proud-flesh, should appear, a dressing of dry lint will mostly soon repress it. 1795 J. Adams Observ. Morbid Poisons iii. 57 These funguses [in yaws] gradually increase, some to the size of a small wood strawberry, others of a raspberry. 1804 J. Abernethy Surg. Observ. 91 It is no uncommon circumstance to meet with wens, that have burst spontaneously, and have thrown out a fungus. 1836 T. Hodgkin Lect. Morbid Anat. Serous & Mucous Membranes I. x. 292 This, we sometimes find tumors which have all the hardness of scirrhus, with a structure on the large and distinct scale, which is more characteristic of fungus. 1844 W. Dufton Nature & Treatm. Deafness 41 Sometimes small vegetations can be observed on its surface, and the commencing existence of polypus or fungus. 1911 E. G. Jones Cancer 256 It sc. thuja is also valuable in bleeding fungus of the breast. 1989 B. Ayoub tr. J. Wolff Sci. Cancerous Dis. i. 40 He [sc. Fabricius Hildanus] describes and illustrates the successful extirpation of a large fungus from the ear. 3. figurative. a. A person or thing likened to a fungus, esp. in being unpleasant, excrescent, or ephemeral. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [noun] > a harmful thing or person > like a weed weedeOE popplea1425 darnel1444 zizania1526 thistle1563 zizany1581 fungus1659 tare1686 1659 R. Baxter Holy Commonw. vi. 93 He is a fungus, and not a man that knoweth not by experience how easily bad men can make good Laws to be a nose of wax. 1710 Ld. Shaftesbury Soliloquy 93 The Comick Genius was apply'd, as a kind of Caustick, to those Exuberances and Fungus's of the swoln Dialect, and magnificent manner of Speech. 1750 W. Warburton Julian (1751) Introd. 45 Exsuding from her [sc. the Church's] sickly Trunk a number of deform'd Fungus's. 1757 S. Foote Author ii. 39 The Offspring of a Dunghill! Born in a Cellar..and living in a Garret; a Fungus, a Mushroom. 1791 T. Paine Rights of Man i. 102 They began to consider aristocracy as a kind of fungus growing out of the corruption of society. 1862 Fraser's Mag. Nov. 631 Nor, when criticising this architectural fungus [sc. Exhibition Building], must its cost be forgotten. 1872 C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David III. Ps. lxxviii. 36 A mere unsubstantial fungus of unabiding excitement. 1881 G. W. Cable Mme. Delphine i. 2 That significant fungus, the Chinaman. 1906 Cosmopolitan Mag. Oct. 567/2 The cruel and wasteful fungus of child-labor, a fungus that destroys the present and threatens the future. 1984 J. Kovel Against State of Nucl. Terror (rev. ed.) vi. 143 Each of the six elements of nuclear terror is a fungus that grows in the dark. 2004 J. Sheppard Love & Happiness 32 Clark, you are a fungus on the ass of America. b. colloquial. A man's facial hair, esp. a beard. Recorded earliest in face fungus n. at face n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > hair > hair on lower part of face > [noun] > beard beardeOE china1400 barba1500 muzzlea1640 facial hair1830 fungus1904 beaver1910 ziff1919 1904 F. Richardson in Cornhill Mag. May 684 In spite of the fact that he had grossly over-capitalised his face-fungus, the security seems to have been accepted. 1908 N.Y. Times 26 Apr. (Mag. section) 9/2 Rather unkind, isn't it, to call the Home-Made Philosopher's chin drapery fungi, or even flora? 1925 P. G. Wodehouse Sam the Sudden xiii. 89 Where did you get the fungus? 1937 ‘R. Crompton’ William—the Showman x. 240 ‘Is it to be me or that ass with the fungus on his cheeks?’ demanded Richard belligerently. 1959 H. Hobson Mission House Murder ii. 14 In addition to the chin-fungus he'd put on a little weight. 2015 P. O'Reilly Peripheral Vision 164 You've got to get rid of that fungus growing on your chin. †4. An excrescence of lampblack or charred fibre on the wick of a candle or lamp. Also in figurative contexts. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > [noun] > specific impurities > incrustation > on wick of candle or lamp fungus1661 1661 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. D. Sennert Art Chirurg.: 5th Bk. Pract. Physick v. i. xxxix. 2520/1 In Candles lighted or Lamps we see the Fungus (in the Winter time especially) that is wont to arise and appear in the top of the Wick of the one, and the match of the other. 1775 J. W. Fletcher Last Check Antinom. xviii. 241 Is a spiritual lamp trimmed, when its flame is darkened by the black fungus of indwelling sin? 1815 T. I. M. Forster Res. Atmosph. Phænom. (ed. 2) iv. 150 The excrescence of fungi about the wicks of lamps and candles; the flaring and snapping of the flame. 1893 North Amer. (Philadelphia) 20 May 7/7 Like the fungus of a candle. 5. Zoology. A disease of fish characterized by white, woolly growths on the surfaces of the body, typically resulting from infection with oomycetes of the genus Saprolegnia. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of fish > [noun] fungus1880 salmon disease1880 furunculosis1912 white spot1928 columnaris1945 whirling disease1961 UDN1968 1880 F. Buckland et al. Rep. Dis. Salmon 15 Knows that fish in captivity are liable to fungus. 1887 Cheshire Observer 31 Dec. 6/4 I inspected most of the river, and only saw one fish with fungus, and no others have been reported. 1892 Daily News 12 Jan. 5/4 Though the disease of the skin of fish known as ‘fungus’ is common..they never had a better supply of salmon in the river than at present. 1912 Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 31 271 The dry hand will remove the slime from the back of the trout, when it is only a question of time until fungus sets in and the fish will die. 1950 L. N. Allison Fungal Dis. Fish in Mich. 9 Fungus, or water mold, appears as a tuft of fine white threads. 2015 J. Challoner Cell iv. 116/1 Pathogenic species..in the genus Saprolegnia, which live on fish scales and cause a life-threatening disease called fish fungus. Compounds C1. General attributive (chiefly in sense 1a), as fungus flora, fungus growth, etc. ΚΠ 1664 H. Oldenburg Let. 10 Nov. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) II. 396 Some were of opinion, it [sc. a star-shoot] was a fungus-matter, spewed out of the ground, which would have turned into a fungus, but that the time for producing that plant was spent. 1731 J. Arbuthnot Ess. Nature Aliments 29 The Fungus kind, as Mushrooms, Truffles afford an Alkaline Salt, and much Oil. 1792 C. Smith Desmond II. x. 114 When the fungus growth of this arrogant upstart has so much share in your indignation, I am hurt, that the elevated spirit of my friend can be ruffled by a being so utterly contemptible. 1794 R. Gosling tr. P.-J. Desault Parisian Chirurg. Jrnl. I. 85 It was of a fungus nature, and discharged, abundantly, a bloody fœtid sanies. 1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 573 Toad stools and other species of the fungus kind are frequently eaten for mushrooms. 1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xxiii. 226 Fungus trees grew in corners of the cellars. 1851 C. Brontë Let. 8 Dec. (2000) II. 726 I trust it is nothing of a fungus character. 1895 Times 21 Oct. 14/2 The increased extent under ‘tea’ in the same period is over 31,000 acres, the difference being obtained by a further supersession of coffee (Arabica)—due to the persistence of its fungus enemy. 1932 Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 1931–2 B. 40 37 It was this that led the present writers to commence a systematic study of the fungus flora of Ulster. 1997 Daily Tel. 25 Apr. 1/4 It should not be taken by anyone taking certain antibiotics including erythromycin and clarithromycin or some treatments for fungus infections including ketoconazole and itraconazole. 2007 Time Out N.Y. 29 Mar. 35/4 The menu is limited to a few starters and a dizzying selection of pizzas like the superrich tartufo (black truffle), which features a blanket of overwhelming fungus shavings. C2. Instrumental, objective, and limitative, esp. with participial adjectives and agent nouns. fungus-covered adj. ΚΠ 1861 Standard 2 Feb. 4/3 We are inclined to associate it with darkness, bread and water, fungus-covered floors, and clanking chains. 1880 J. H. Burton Hist. Reign Queen Anne III. xvii. 169 Fungus-covered cabins. 2014 M. J. Guillory Red Now & Laters xii. 130 We sat on a fungus-covered log. fungus eater n. [in quot. 1806 after French fongivore, noun (1806 in the source reviewed in the quot.)] ΚΠ 1806 Med. Repository 2nd Hexade 4 163 The first order, Coleoptera, is divided into four sub-orders... 2. Such as have four joints to their hinder legs, and five on the fore ones. They are divided into six families;..(f) fungus-eaters, mushroom-flies, &c. 1854 B. Jaeger Life N. Amer. Insects 62 Another Insect belonging to the family of Scavenger Beetles is the horned Fungus Eater, Boletophagus cornutus, which feeds not only on decayed fungus and mushrooms, but also on decayed wood. 1954 Times Lit. Suppl. 19 Nov. 747/1 The author's words of warning to the would-be fungus eater seem fully justified. 2013 Southland Times (N.Z.) (Nexis) 13 June 7 [The spores] are only released if the cap is damaged by a fungus eater, such as a slug or insect, or by a bird hunting for insects. fungus-eating adj. and n. ΚΠ 1847 Athenæum 11 Sept. 949/1 The English are not a fungus-eating nation. 1899 G. H. Carpenter Insects 397/1 Fungus-eating insects. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1090 The common Amanita phalloides..is responsible for most of the fatalities from fungus-eating. 1992 P. Jolivet Insects & Plants (ed. 2) x. 113 (caption) Section through the head of a fungus eating ant. 2010 K. Vernes in G. Coulson & M. Eldridge Macropods xiv. 155/1 Mycophagy (fungus-eating) by mammals is likely to be an important ecosystem process in Australian forests and woodlands. fungus hunter n. ΚΠ 1868 Baily's Monthly Mag. May 29 I do strongly assert the claims of the fungus-hunter to be classed in this category. 1920 National Geogr. Mag. May 420 After a gentle April shower the fungus-hunter will find these delectable mushroom morsels growing in old apple and peach orchards. 2006 B. Russell Field Guide Wild Mushrooms 88 These are the fungus hunters you will see searching the woods on their hands and knees. fungus-plagued adj. ΚΠ 1917 W. Beebe et al. Trop. Wild Life Brit. Guiana I. v. 52 Light-starved and fungus-plagued, the brush and saplings are stunted and weak. 2012 Telegram & Gaz. (Mass.) (Nexis) 3 Apr. b2 They're also desperately trying to figure out how to save our rapidly vanishing, fungus-plagued bats. fungus-proof adj. ΚΠ 1874 Practitioner May 327 Rendering the skin fungus-proof. 1948 Sci. News Let. 30 Oct. 280/3 The fungus-proof material has high impact resistance and does not warp with temperature changes. 2011 Indian Express (Nexis) 4 Jan. Building material will range from synthetic to fungus-proof paints and high density block boards. C3. fungus beetle n. (frequently with distinguishing word) any of various small beetles which feed on moulds and other fungi, esp. those belonging to several families of the superfamily Cucujoidea, or to the family Mycetophagidae. ΚΠ 1797 E. Donovan Nat. Hist. Brit. Insects VI. 14 Mycetophagus quadrimaculatus. Fungus Beetle with four Spots. 1874 5th Ann. Rep. Noxious & Beneficial Insects State Illinois 30 There are likewise four distinct families of fungus-beetles. 1901 Bull. N.Y. State Mus. No. 53. 871 Forked fungus beetle, Boletotherus bifucus. 1979 Steinbach (Manitoba) Carillon 29 Aug. b15 Fungus beetles often are found in stored grain, living on moulds that have developed from the moisture. 2006 J. T. Costa Other Insect Societies xvi. 499 The pleasing fungus beetles are pleasing indeed: many are brightly patterned with contrasting black with red, yellow, orange, pink or purple in spots, stripes, rings, and even zigzags. fungus disease n. †(a) Medicine disease characterized by the growth of fungoid tissue (see sense 2b) (obsolete); (b) disease caused by a fungus (in a person, animal, or plant) (cf. sense 5); a disease of this nature. ΚΠ 1843 Provinc. Med. Jrnl. & Retrospect Med. Sci. 6 336/1 A patient..in whom fungus disease of the orbit had taken place to a considerable extent. 1860 Trans. Med. & Physical Soc. Bombay 5 105 From specimens in my possession, I know that the fungus disease is the same at both Madura and Bellary. 1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 3 Sept. 9/1 Fish affected with fungus disease. 1909 Bull. Texas Dept. Agric. No. 19 14 The following insects and fungus diseases are quarantined. 1945 Amer. Midland Naturalist 33 126 The larvae were attacked by a white fungus disease. It left their bodies mummified. 2004 B. Bunch & A. Hellemans Hist. Sci. & Technol. 420/4 Invented by wheat farmers to prevent a fungus disease of seed, Bordeaux mixture is blue-green from the copper sulfate. fungus garden n. a growth of fungus cultivated in the nests of certain ants, termites, or beetles as a source of food. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > subclass Pterygota > [noun] > division Exopterygota or Hemimetabola > order Isoptera > member(s) of (termites) > structure containing fungus fungus garden1893 1893 Nature 24 Aug. 392/1 (heading) The fungus gardens of certain South American ants. 1991 M. R. Wagner et al. Forest Entomol. in West Trop. Afr. 164 (caption) Fungus garden within a subterranean termite mound. 2010 S. L. Stephenson Kingdom Fungi x. 191 The host tree is ‘incubated’ with the fungus that will eventually infect the wood, forming ‘fungus gardens’ for the beetles. fungus gnat n. any of numerous small dipteran flies, esp. of the families Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae, having larvae which typically feed on fungi and decaying organic matter. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Nematocera > family Mycetophilidae > member of (fungus midge) agaric gnat1828 fungus gnat1862 fungus midge1876 1862 H. Loew & R. Osten-Sacken Monogr. Diptera N. Amer. I. 6 The limits between the families Cecidomyidæ (Gall-gnats) and Mycetophilidæ (Fungus-gnats) are not very easily fixed. 1896 Bull. W. Virginia Agric. Exper. Station No. 44. 286 The habits of all the fungus gnat worms that infest the potato tubers are similar. 1956 Q. Rev. Biol. 31 283/1 Most fungus gnats live on and eat fungi but a few, among them Arachnocampa, are carnivorous. 2014 BBC Gardeners' World (Special Subscriber ed.) Oct. 131/2 (heading) Fungus gnats. Tiny, grey-brown darting flies zig-zag close to the compost surface. fungus hunt n. an outing spent looking for unusual or edible fungi. ΚΠ 1870 Food Jrnl. Oct. 477 One day in each autumn is devoted to a fungus hunt. 1908 F. C. Snell Nature Stud. by Night & Day 266 There are, indeed, few more enjoyable excursion or Nature rambles to be had than one devoted in autumn to a fungus hunt with the camera. 2005 Irish Times 2 July (Weekend Review) 9/6 On a fungus hunt with friends in Wales we came across a stinkhorn. fungus midge n. = fungus gnat n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Nematocera > family Mycetophilidae > member of (fungus midge) agaric gnat1828 fungus gnat1862 fungus midge1876 1876 W. S. Dallas tr. O. Heer Primæval World Switzerland II. ix. 53 The Mycetophilidæ (fungus-midges) are very delicate little creatures, the white maggots of which are often met with in great numbers in fleshy fungi. 1952 Evolution 6 140/1 A fascinating adaptation in a fungus midge (Mycetophilidae) of New Zealand. 2016 R. Farrow Insects of S.E. Austral. 82/2 (caption) This is the luminescent larva of a fungus midge Arachnocampa richardsea (Diptera: Mycetophilidae). † fungus production n. depreciative Obsolete something, esp. a work of literature, which has sprung up rapidly and ephemerally; cf. fungous adj. 2. ΚΠ 1823 Bristol Mercury 7 July We simply mention this fungus production to point out an unworthy piece of finesse. 1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey II. iv. i. 160 The Literature of the present day—a fungus production, which has flourished from the artificial state of our society. 1840 Boston Morning Post 19 Aug. These ‘buds’ of federal promise will wither, die and rot, useless weeds, as is always the case with the fungus productions of federal soil. fungus ring n. a ring of mushrooms found in grassland; a fairy ring (fairy ring n. 2). ΚΠ 1875 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener, & Country Gentleman 14 Oct. 348/2 (heading) Fungus rings on grass. 1907 E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock Pasture & Meadow Anal. 5 The flora of fungus-rings..should always be most carefully noted the season through. 2015 Warwick (Queensland) Daily News (Nexis) 11 Nov. 20 The greens are rolling faster each day and the fungus rings have nearly vanished. Derivatives ˈfungused adj. (also fungussed) covered with fungi; infected or infested with fungi; mouldy. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > fungi > [adjective] > bearing or covered with fungi fungiferous1757 fungused1813 fungusy1856 toadstooled1910 1813 Farmer's Mag. Aug. 386 In some great crops of wheat, the rust or fungused straw has made its appearance. 1862 Sat. Rev. 13 209/1 From a celebrated cellar, cobwebbed and fungused with the dirt and dust of half-a-century of neglect. 1937 E. Birney in Canad. Forum Feb. 22/2 The wrecks he skirts are dark and fungussed firlogs. 2001 H. Cross My Summer of Love (2002) 244 I looked up at the grey roof at the fungused cracks where slab joined slab. ˈfungus-like adj. and adv. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > fungi > [adjective] fungeous1597 fungose1675 fungus-like1738 fungoid1758 agaric1781 fungilliform1819 agaricoid1823 fungous?1835 fungaceous1841 agariciform1842 fungal1842 fungoidal1843 hysterophytal1857 funginous1866 fungic1883 1738 G. C. Deering Catalogus Stirpium 3 Alcyonium is a Fungus like Vegetable. 1846 J. Lindley Veg. Kingdom 83 Rhizogens all agree in being of a fungus-like consistence. 1883 Virginia Univ. Mag. May 475 In its stead there might spring up the feebler growth of an imported aristocracy, a growth not rooted between the wood and bark of English law and immemorial custom, but growing fungus-like on the decaying outside of English political life. 1917 Archit. Rev. 41 25/1 The other [sc. the modern garden city] is fungus-like, dumped down anywhere,..producing something entirely alien to the soil and district. 2008 P. Linehan Spain, 1157–1300 Pref. p. x Scanning the shelves..of Cambridge's incomparable University Library in search of grain amongst the chaff, I observe the inexorable development (or progress) spreading fungus-like week by week. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022). fungusv. Brit. /ˈfʌŋɡəs/, U.S. /ˈfəŋɡəs/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: fungus n. Etymology: < fungus n. †1. intransitive. To grow rapidly out or up like a fungus. Cf. mushroom v. 5. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > expansion or enlargement > expand or enlarge [verb (intransitive)] > rapidly fungus1841 mushroom1903 toadstool1939 1841 E. Bulwer-Lytton Night & Morning II. iii. vi. 167 From that little boss has fungused out a terrible hump. 1867 Cornhill Mag. Sept. 356 The companies which have fungused up since his time, bring only ruin and disgrace. 2. intransitive. To become covered in or infected by fungus; (of a fish) to develop the disease ‘fungus’ (see fungus n. 5). ΚΠ 1893 10th Biennial Rep. Mich. State Board Fish Commissioners 21 For some reason..the eggs fungused badly and many were destroyed. 1931 Evening Chron. (Marshall, Michigan) 1 Aug. 4/1 Fishermen will not take the fish with ‘white patches’ on them. These are injured fish which have fungused. 1996 Amer. Zool. 36 89/2 Mothers also eat eggs that die and otherwise quickly fungus; without maternal intervention, these few dead eggs doom the entire clutch. 2001 T. Mazorlig Lizards Rare & Common 25/1 Recycled paper bedding may be used, but it might fungus quickly in the warm and humid conditions. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1527v.1841
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fungusn.

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Derivatives

fungusv.