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friendn.adj. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian friūnd (West Frisian freon ), Old Dutch friunt (Middle Dutch vrient , Dutch vriend ), Old Saxon friund (Middle Low German vrünt ), Old High German friunt (Middle High German vriunt , German Freund ), and also (reflecting formal variation in early Germanic) Gothic frijonds and Old Icelandic frændi , frjándi (Icelandic frændi ), Old Swedish frände (Swedish frände ), Old Danish (runic) frændi (Danish frænde ), all ultimately showing uses as noun of the present participle of the Germanic base of free v.; compare -end suffix1. The antonym fiend n. shows a similar formation. Meanings in other Germanic languages. The meaning ‘person with whom one has developed a close and informal relationship of mutual trust and intimacy’ is common to the earliest stages of all the other West Germanic languages and Gothic; additionally, the meaning ‘lover’ is shown by Old Dutch and Old High German, and the meaning ‘relative’ by Old Frisian, Old Dutch, Old Saxon, and Old High German. ‘Relative’ is the only sense of the word in the Scandinavian languages, where sense A. 1 is expressed by the Scandinavian cognates of wine n.2 Form history. The stem vowel in the West Germanic forms of the word apparently derives from a diphthong *iu , which arose by contraction of the vowel of the base of free v. (i.e. *ī , developed from earlier *ij ) with the vowel of the participial suffix (i.e. *u , developed from earlier *ō before *u of the inflectional ending in certain cases, e.g. the accusative plural); see A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §§120.3, 331.6 note 4, R. M. Hogg Gram. Old Eng. (1992) I. §3.19.(3), R. M. Hogg & R. D. Fulk Gram. Old Eng. (2011) II. §2.107. In Old English, the expected form of the (unmutated) stem vowel is ēo (chiefly West Saxon and Mercian) and īo (chiefly Northumbrian and Kentish), as frēond , frīond . Kentish frīand shows unrounding of the second element of the diphthong. Forms such as frend are chiefly late and reflect incipient monophthongization of the diphthong. In Middle English, forms with long close ē apparently coexisted alongside forms with short ĕ and forms with short ĭ (resulting from similar shortening of long close ē ). The testimony of early modern English orthoepists varies between short ĕ and short ĭ . See further E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §§9, 11. The β. forms show loss of the final consonant. In Old English the word inflects as a strong masculine, originally belonging to the class of agent nouns in -nd (see -end suffix1), which like the class of athematic root nouns (as e.g. mouse n., nut n.1), shows i-mutation of the stem in certain inflectional forms. Traces of the inherited inflection are also preserved in other West Germanic languages. Compare the early West Saxon dative singular form frīend (late West Saxon frȳnd ; compare Old Saxon friund , Old High German friunt ) beside frēonde (also West Saxon), which is re-formed according to the regular strong masculine (a -stem) paradigm. Nominative and accusative plural forms showing i-mutation are: early West Saxon frīend , late West Saxon frȳnd , frīnd (compare Old Saxon friund , Old High German friunt (Middle High German vriunt )); endingless nominative and accusative plural forms without i-mutation are: Mercian and occasionally West Saxon frēond , late Old English frēnd . Beside such forms, re-formed strong masculine plurals frēondas , (Northumbrian) frīondas are found in Anglian (Northumbrian) and in sources showing Anglian influence, especially verse. Reflexes of the Old English nominative and accusative endingless plural forms frīend , frȳnd , frēond , etc. survive in early Middle English as frend , freond , friend , frond . Nominative and accusative plural forms ending in a vowel are very occasionally found in Old English, e.g. Northumbrian frēonde , frēondo , late Old English frēonde , and probably represent either analogical forms with -e (the nominative and accusative plural ending of disyllabic nd -stem nouns) or reduced forms of weak plurals; compare the early Middle English plurals friende , frende . Use as adjective. With the use as adjective compare the much more common friendly adj.; among the cognate Germanic languages, the only parallel for the adjectival use appears to be Middle Dutch vrient (Dutch †vriend ). With the use as predicative adjective and also with uses in phrases such as to be friends with at Phrases 1b, compare also Old English gefrīend bēon , gefrīend weorðan to be on friendly terms (a collective plural occurring only in predicative use; also early Middle English as ifreond bēn , ifreond falle : see i-freond n.). Use in names. Also attested early as a byname or surname, as Robertus Frend' (1166), Gervase Lefrend (1221), Ricardus Frend (1222), etc. A. n. 1. the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] > friend society > society and the community > social relations > association, fellowship, or companionship > a companion or associate > [noun] OE (2008) 1018 Heorot innan wæs freondum afylled; nalles facenstafas Þeodscyldingas þenden fremedon. OE tr. (1995) §2. 224 Simle ic beo gemindig [þin].., þu min se leofesta lareow & efne to minre meder & geswystrum þu me eart se leofesta freond. lOE King Ælfred tr. St. Augustine (Vitell.) (1922) i. 16 Ic lufige ælcne minra freonda: sume læsse [prob. read læs], sume swyðor. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 17960 & wha se iss þatt bridgumess frend He stannt wiþþ himm. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1963) l. 353 Ȝe sculen..beon mine leofe freond. c1300 Pilate (Harl.) l. 98 in F. J. Furnivall (1862) 114 Gode freond hi were For tuei schrewen wolleþ freond beo. ?a1430 T. Hoccleve De Beata Virgine l. 90 in (1970) ii. 288 Feith among freendes grantid is by thee. 1484 W. Caxton tr. iii. xiii. f. lxij A trewe frend is oftyme better at a nede than a Royalme. c1540 (?a1400) (2002) f. 131 Ho was vnkyndly to knaw of hir kyd frendis. 1557 Earl of Surrey et al. sig. Z.i A faythfull frende is thing most worth. ?1637 T. Hobbes tr. Aristotle ii. 76 A Friend is he that loves, and he that is beloved. 1706 R. Estcourt iv. i. 46 Because you are a Man of Worth, and her Husband's Friend, she can hardly be commonly civil to you. a1774 A. Tucker (1777) III. ii. xviii. 430 If we observe the common discourses of mankind, we shall find a friend to be one we frequently visit, who is our boon companion. 1801 R. Southey II. viii. 92 The sound of his dear native tongue May be like the voice of a friend. 1859 Feb. 357/1 By so doing I could always esteem Harry as my best friend. 1881 W. Besant & J. Rice I. iv. 91 The doctor is a private friend of the dean. 1913 T. E. Lawrence 14 June (1938) 155 They came out limp, & white, very much flea-bitten, but good friends and fellows in misfortune. 1947 G. Vidal ii. ix. 119 Mrs Stevanson didn't know their names but she acted as if they were her dearest friends. 1981 18 Sept. 21/4 So it is true what they say about Picasso—that even his best friends cannot tell which way round the pictures go. 2002 B. Hoey vi. 89 The Queen can be said to be able to count the number of her close, intimate friends on one hand. society > communication > correspondence > letter > letter or note [phrase] > concluding phrases 1454 Ld. Scales in (2004) II. 92 Youre frend, The Lord Scales. 1529 T. Wolsey in W. B. Scoones 11 Youre olde brynger up and lovying frende. 1584 B. R. in tr. Herodotus To Rdr. I ende. Your very friende. B. R. 1650 King Charles II in (1880) 254 Your most affectionate frinde, Charles R. 1661 J. Taylor in E. M. Thompson (1878) I. 27 Your Lorps most endeared, as most obliged, freind and servant. 1740 G. Fisher (ed. 5) 53 Your cordial and real Friend, and very humble Servant, Peter Pitiful. 1798 S. T. Coleridge Let. in (1911) I. 161 May God love you and me, who am, with most unauthorish feelings, your true friend. 1804 H. K. White Let. 20 Oct. in (1807) I. 136 Your friend, and fellow-traveller in the tearful sojourn of life. 1849 J. R. Lowell 14 Oct. (1894) I. 167 I remain very sincerely (and dilatorily) Your friend. 1899 W. G. Howell xvii. 253 I remain your sympathetic friend—Vandyke Brown. 1931 Aug. 284/1 I am proud to subscribe myself as your friend of olden times—and now. 2005 B. Keating & S. Keating (2006) 46 I shall be happy to hear from you. Until then, my little maid of Lesbos, I shall remain your ‘Sapphic friend’. 2. A person who is not hostile or an enemy. the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] > friend > as opposed to enemy OE Cynewulf 953 Elene gehyrde hu se feond ond se freond geflitu rærdon, tireadig ond trag, on twa halfa, synnig ond gesælig. lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius (Bodl.) (2009) I. xxxvii. 346 Se þe hiora [sc. þegna] welt ne myrnð nauþer ne friend ne fiend þe ma þe wedende hund. a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 231 (MED) Him a þance befell to underȝeite wa an alle his cyne rice him were frend oðer fend, hold oðer fa. c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) (1940) l. 147 (MED) Þe maked..of heame hine, of fa freont, help of þet te hearmið. in R. H. Robbins (1959) 55 (MED) Knoweþ ȝour freend fro ȝour foo. c1400 (?a1300) (Laud) (1952) l. 122 He degysed hym onon Þat hym ne knew frende ne fon. c1485 ( G. Hay (2005) 209 Thare was nane excepcioun maid, nouthir of jnglis na franche, frende na fa. 1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. O3v, in (rev. ed.) To thy enemies..thou art placable: to thy friends, inexorable. 1611 J. Davies 221 The friend that fainteth is a foe. 1683 R. Dixon iii. iv. 26 Indians Sacrifice to this Fiend, To pacifie their Foe, and make him their Friend. 1702 I. ii. 112 Every man unwisely thought him whom he found an Enemy to his Enemies, a Friend to all his other affections. 1782 J. Priestley I. Pref. 20 Whether it be by a friend or an enemy, I shall be glad. 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality xiii, in 1st Ser. IV. 281 I hae been willing to save the life o friend and foe. 1881 J. Spedding I. 130 A true soldier, prepared to defend his position against whomsoever, friend or enemy. 1927 L. M. Sears iv. 106 His insistence upon religious toleration had made him enemies in some quarters, but had raised up friends in others. 1973 P. Arnold & C. Davis 103/1 Kelly equalized for Arsenal..by evading the legs of friend and foe alike. 2003 14 Apr. 29/3 A U.S. News reporter watched the special forces A-teams and civic affairs units work to distinguish friend from foe. society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > alliance or confederacy > ally eOE tr. Orosius (BL Add.) (1980) iv. viii. 99 Hannibal gecyþde þone niþ & þone hete þe he beforan his fæder geswor.., þæt he næfre ne wurde Romana freond. OE tr. (1995) §25. 240 He [sc. King Porus] seoðþan wæs me freond & eallum Greca herige & min gefera & gefylcea. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1963) l. 278 Þe king him-self fleh, he iseih his frend [c1300 Otho men] fallen. Muchel folc þer was of-sclawen. a1400 (?a1350) (Egerton) (1927) l. 232 Of ffrendes [a1425 Linc. Inn freondis] haue y now ful muche nede, Þat al Troy is þus destroyde. c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 5366 (MED) Troyens..gadre frendis in contres al aboute. a1513 W. Dunbar Flyting in (1998) I. 203 My freyindis thow reprovit with thy pen. Thow leis, tratour. c1540 (?a1400) (2002) f. 120v Fforto beri þe bodys of hor bold frendys. 1600 W. Shakespeare v. i. 26 Loren. Who comes so fast in silence of the night? Messen. A friend . View more context for this quotation 1623 J. Bingham tr. Xenophon 36 Passe you not with much labour many plaines, that are friend to vs? 1649 O. Cromwell 19 Dec. (1845) I. 410 I ordered Colonel Zanchy..to march..to the relief of our friends. 1696 tr. J. Dumont 175 The French, whom they call Friends and Allies. 1713 J. Withers (title) The Dutch better friends than the French. 1793 E. Burke (1844) IV. 153 The sending of the troops..to extirpate our friends in Poitou. 1827 H. Hallam II. xvi. 576 The Pretender..had friends in the tory government more sincere..than [the earl] of Oxford. 1877 15 Dec. 513/1 We of the West and of the army claim in any Association bearing the name ‘National’ an equal chance with our friends of the East. 1949 24 Oct. 97/2 Be unswervingly loyal to all his party friends, even if they turn into five-percenters. 1971 B. W. Aldiss 205 Our friends and allies of the Nepalese army! 1994 29 Dec. 151/3 Newt Gingrich and his conservative friends have upended the decadent status quo of American politics. 2003 8 Mar. a16/2 The United States and Britain would then launch their war—France could boast to its Arab friends that it had resisted to the last. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > [noun] OE (Mercian) x. 21 Tradet autem frater fratrem in mortem..et insurgent filiumparentes et morte eos adficiant: sellaþ þonne broþer oþerne in dead..& ariseþ suna wið freondum [OE West Saxon Gospels: Corpus ongen magas] & deaþe hiae cwelmaþ. OE (Nero) ii. lxxiiia. 360 Gif heo..wer geceose, þonne þolige heo..ealra þæra æhta, þe heo þurh ærran wer hæfde; & fon þa nehstan frynd [L. (Quadripartitus) proximi parentes prioris uiri] to ðam landan & to þan æhtan. a1225 (c1200) (1888) 41 Of his aȝene wiue and ec of his auene frienden [MS friennden]. a1375 (c1350) (1867) l. 325 (MED) Y hope þat hal þi kin..swiche grace may þe falle, þat alle þi frendes fordedes faire schalstow quite. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 3016 (MED) For þe birth of ysaac, Gret ioi can his frendes mak. 1490 W. Caxton tr. (1885) ix. 225 For who that betraieth..his frende carnall ought not to lyve nor have ever ony worshyp. 1502 tr. (de Worde) ii. viii. sig. k.viv All the sones and doughters of Adam & of Eue the whiche were our fyrst frendes. 1532 in L. M. Munby (1981) 10 My body to be buryede in the churche yerde..most nexte unto my frendis. c1550 (1979) 3/14 The nobil princis & princessis of France, quhilkis ar ȝour natiue frendis of consanguinite and affinite. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. i. 106 She..is promis'd by her friends Vnto a youthfull Gentleman of worth. View more context for this quotation 1672 R. Wiseman i. x. 130 The Child returned to her friends perfectly in health. 1721 J. Kelly 103 Friends agree best at a distance. By Friends here is meant Relations. 1774 D. Graham (ed. 3) xi. 129 The gen'ral..gave her leave, on the next day, Of her friends to go and take farewel; Her mother heart-sore grief did feel. 1846 W. Cross v. 46 I have some bawbees in the bank; for I got the feck o' fifty pound left me by a far-awa' freen'. 1896 D. S. Meldrum 244 He had but ae freend leevin' then: a cuisin that married Sandy Broun in Balwhinnie. 1924 ‘O. Douglas’ xiv. Ay, they tell me ye have bairns in the hoose. They'll be freends—relations? 1995 D. Purves 7 For aw that, A daursay ye'r a kynd o ferr cuisin an we gang back a lang tyme. Sae you an me is freins in a wey. 1998 T. P. Dolan (1999) (at cited word) ‘Is John a friend of ours?’—‘Indeed he is: he's our cousin’ (AF, Cavan). 4. the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > [noun] > supporter or encourager OE Will of Wulfgeat (Sawyer 1534) in D. Whitelock (1930) 54 He bit his hlaford for Godes lufan þæt he beo his wifes freond & his dohter. lOE (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 656 Ic Oswi Norþhimbre kyning þeos mynstres freond & þes abbotes Saxulf hit loue mid Cristes mel. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1963) l. 809 In-to France he ferde þer he freond [c1300 Otho frendes] funde to þon kaisere & to his tueolf iferen. a1382 (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Prov. xxii. 11 Who looueth clennesse of herte, for the grace of his lippis shal han the king frend. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 14569 To iurselem rede we þou wende, For þar es communli þi freind. 1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie (1928) II. 264 Wt that a freynd of his cryd fy and vp ane arrow drew. 1610 II. 1 Macc. vii. 7 Let him punish al his frends and ayders. 1612 H. Peacham ii. iv Shee is a friend to all studies, especially poetry. 1710 Ld. Shaftesbury 30 The Minister, who was no Friend to the young Nobleman. 1782 J. Priestley II. ix. 206 The Gnostics..were no friends to marriage. 1814 J. Austen 404 To be the friend of the poor and oppressed! Nothing could be more grateful to her. 1874 J. Parker xviii. 344 Physical science has a friend in every theologian. 1922 F. Simmonds tr. S. Reinach iii. 75 The Borgia Pope..a man of taste and a friend to the arts, but a debauchee who scandalised even his contemporaries. 1952 W. G. Sumner viii. 99 They must regard any one who assumes the role of a friend of humanity as impertinent. 1976 Apr. 24/2 Running after the Tasaday, he shouted, ‘I come as a friend. I mean no harm.’ 2010 25 Oct. (Viewspaper section) 5/1 The BBC attracted so much criticism that it was short of friends when the Coalition reached for the axe. the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > [noun] > that which or one who helps or means of help OE Ælfric Let. to Wulfgeat (Hatton) in B. Assmann (1889) 6 Ðæt halige Godes word is witodlice þin freond. lOE Distichs of Cato (Trin. Cambr.) lii, in (1972) 90 12 Seo ceole is ðære wambe freond [L. amica]. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xi. xii. 590 Mist is frende to þeoves and to yueldoers, for he hidiþ here spyen[g]s [MS spyers] and waytynges. a1400 tr. Lanfranc (Ashm.) (1894) 150 Wherfore spiritus exaliþ, þe whiche þat ben freendis [L. amicabile] boþe to þe body and also to þe soule. 1572 T. Wilson f. 10 His treasure is his chiefe assuraunce and best frende. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. ii. 458 Good Expedition be my friend . View more context for this quotation 1671 J. Narborough Jrnl. in (1711) i. 186 Here Brandy was our best Friend, for it kept them always Fox'd. 1677 T. D'Urfey iii. 26 Rust adds to an Antiquity, 'tis our Friend. a1721 M. Prior (1723) 263 Those Points indeed you quaintly prove, But Logick is no Friend to Love. 1753 xxvi. 166 A Man's best Friend is his Money. 1825 July 239/2 Oh yes; a very dangerous publication that, Helton; it is no friend to our cause, doctor. 1870 June 439 Art has been a powerful ally of religion in past ages, and will be a useful friend to it in ages to come. 1887 18 July 65/2 A hair pin is a woman's best friend. It fits a multiplicity of uses. 1949 J. Styne & L. Robin (song) 4 A kiss on the hand may be quite Continental But Diamonds Are A Girl's Best Friend. 1998 5 Aug. i. 7/1 The seven-spot ladybird..is a friend of gardeners and farmers because of its voracious appetite for aphids. 2008 Summer 57/3 Chiffon separates are a girl's best friend this season. the world > the supernatural > deity > Christian God > [noun] > as protector OE 144 Si me dryhten freond, se ðe her on eorþan ær þrowode on þam gealgtreowe for guman synnum. OE (1992) viii. 146 Ic [sc. se ælmigtiga God] wæs þin fæder & þin dryhten & emne eallinga þin freond geworden. c1275 ( Agreement with Ordric the Cellarer, Bury St. Edmunds in A. J. Robertson (1956) 220 God seonde heore frieond þe worden sancte Ædmund. a1400 (c1300) Serm. on Gospels (Coll. Phys.) in J. Small (1862) 23 Crist..warnes us ful fair als frend. a1500 (a1460) (1994) I. ii. 19 Cam, I reyde thou so teynd That God of heuen be thi freynd. a1513 W. Dunbar (1998) I. 265 Hald God thy freind, evir stabill be him stand. c1600 J. Bryan in E. Farr (1845) II. 333 God help to me doth send, And to my succour-giuers Is an assisting friend. 1681 J. Flavell xii. 258 O what a lovely friend is Jesus Christ to Believers! 1754 Earl of Chatham (1804) iv. 26 His never-failing Almighty Friend. 1791 M. De Fleury 48 My glorious, all-sufficient friend. 1826 Mar. 118/1 We confide in Him as our Almighty Friend and Saviour. 1872 E. P. Roe i. 2 ‘How can you feel so toward our Best Friend?’ ‘What kind of a friend has He been to me, pray? Has not my life been one long series of misfortunes?’ 1905 E. G. White 249 Whatever our sorrow, bereavement, or loneliness, we have a sympathizing Friend. 1978 M. E. Stamm 6 Oct. He is near to you today wherever you are, whatever your need, and walks with you as your close Companion and Friend. 2010 C. F. Stanley 7 Beyond our earthbound friendships is the love of Christ, who is our dearest Friend. 1911 433/2 He is a Knight of the Legion of Honor, a member of the Friends of the Louvre, and has a fine collection of modern paintings. 1927 20 July 17/6 The Dean and Chapter of Canterbury are forming a society of men and women to be known as ‘The Friends of Canterbury Cathedral’. 1963 22 Apr. 7/3 The twenty more or less aristocratic Friends of the Tate Gallery. 1971 7 July 24 The Friends of the Lake District, a conservationist body which has already fought Manchester Corporation over its water extraction plans. 2004 4 Nov. 36/2 Proceeds benefit the Friends of the French Culinary Institute.., a group that raises money and provides scholarships to prospective culinary students. the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] > state of being acquainted > acquaintance OE (Corpus Cambr.) xx. 13 Ða cwæð he andswarigende hyra anum, Eala þu freond [L. amice], ne do ic þe nænne teonan. OE On Epacts (Calig. A.xv) in P. S. Baker & M. Lapidge (1995) 430 Nim, leofa freond, nigonteoða geares þæt þu do twelf to þam ehtatynum epacten. c1275 Doomsday (Calig.) in C. Brown (1932) 45 (MED) Comeþ her, mine freond [c1250 Trin. Cambr. mine frents], oure sunnes forto lete. c1300 St. Dunstan (Laud) l. 83 in C. Horstmann (1887) 21 ‘Mine leue frend,’ seide þis holie Man. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxvi. 50 Frend, wherto art thou comen? a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 3229 ‘Frend,’ he said, ‘þou wend in hij vntil mesopotani.’ 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) ii. l. 89 Gud freynd, pray I the, The schirreffis serwand thow wald lat him be. 1508 J. Fisher sig. aa.ii Frendes this day I shall not declare to you ony parte of the epystle. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart I. f. cclxiii Frende appease yourselfe, thou shalte be well payed or this day be ended; kepe the nere me. a1625 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Coxcombe ii. iii, in (1647) sig. Nn4v/1 Stand further friend, I doe not like your roperunners. 1677 P. A. in R. Cary sig. hv Even so our studious Friend..is intent On Books and Reading. 1757 Bp. W. Warburton (1809) xcvi. 229 Pray ask our friend of St John's whether my..philosophy be right. 1767 J. O'Keeffe ii. i. 23 So, friend, you're pimping for your master; well, I'll reward you a little for your trouble. 1830 1 209 Our friend the Intoxicator is an Irishman. 1884 20 May 8/2 I should like to exchange a word with my friend ‘Spectator in Hallamshire’ who, I regret to say, is not as reliable in fact and argument as he is pleasant in wit or humour. 1901 R. Kipling xii. You mustn't bang about as though Delhi station belonged to you, my friend. 1916 R. Kay 79 The third is our mysterious friend, the tramp, that I saw in the old Meeker House. 1956 M. Dickens x. 181 Jin, this is Ed Morris, a business friend of mine. 1965 N. Mailer i. 15 ‘Ain't you got any consideration?’ he asked. ‘Up your ass, friend.’ 2000 Feb. 11/1 If our friend the QS [sc. quantity surveyor] were more knowledgeable about lighting, then he or she would..study in more depth the alternatives being put forward. the mind > emotion > love > a lover > [noun] OE Cynewulf 102 Wiðsæcest þu to swiþe sylfre rædes þinum brydguman... He is to freonde god. OE 47 Min freond siteð under stanhliþe storme behrimed, wine werigmod... Dreogeð se min wine micle modceare. OE 44 Ides sceal dyrne cræfte, fæmne hire freond gesecean, gif heo nelle on folce geþeon þæt hi man beagum gebicge. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) iii. l. 274 Unto hire dedly frend sche wrot. 1490 W. Caxton tr. xviii. sig. Evj Playse the thenne to haue mercy of this poure desolate frende [sc. Dido] that shalle be sone broughte to the poynte mortalle. 1598 W. Shakespeare v. ii. 404 O neuer will I..come in vizard to my friend, Nor woo in rime like a blind harpers songue. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. iv. 29 He hath got his friend with childe. View more context for this quotation ?1680 (single sheet) Each had their private friend. 1765 S. Foote i. 18 When a gentleman wanted a friend, I could supply him with choice in an hour. 1865 A. J. Munby Diary 14 Nov. in D. Hudson (1972) 214 A gentleman, a Major in the 3rd Buffs, took her and is a ‘friend’ to her still. 1898 C. M. Yonge viii. 102 Oh no, ma'am, he is a real gentleman, but I can't—no, I can't. I ought not—my friend, he would not like it. 1967 11 Dec. 1/8 The boy's mother..was joined..by a man described as her ‘friend’. The mother is apparently divorced. 1988 P. Monette xi. 289 Then Sheldon's current friend came over. 1996 R. Allsopp (at cited word) Friend, a lover; a sexual mate. Commonly so used in funeral announcements of older folk. 7. Chiefly with capital initial. 1653 G. Fox (1698) 20 Friends,..Fear not the Powers of Darkness, but keep your Meetings, and meet in that, which keeps you over them. 1669 A. Travers & E. Coleman in S. Crisp 17 Friend Eliz. Atkinson, We have taken some notice of thy abusive slanderous Pamphlet against the Quakers, whom thou hast confessed to have walked nine years amongst. 1710 R. Steele No. 204. ⁋6 A Quaker..with an Air of good Nature and Charity calls you Friend. 1749 H. Fielding III. vii. x. 75 The Quaker began to be moved by some Spirit or other, probably that of Curiosity, and said, ‘Friend, I perceive some sad Disaster hath befallen thee.’ View more context for this quotation 1801 M. Edgeworth Angelina in II. 63 ‘Nay, keep it, friend, keep it,’ said Dinah Plait. 1843 C. F. Briggs xii. 119 ‘Friend,’ replied the quaker, ‘I have given thee shelter and saved thy life, and I would have given thee food and a bed for the night, but thy profane language has proved thee unworthy to remain beneath this roof.’ 1876 M. F. Tupper ii. iii. 33 Well, I opined Friend Franklin must have known. 1926 May 18/3 True to the Quaker custom, he employed no title in addressing the President. ‘Friend George, thee will find in the Creek Chief a miracle among men.’ 1978 J. A. Michener vi. 399 ‘I do like six to a game... Friend Paxmore, would you take a hand?’ ‘I would not,’ the Quaker said. 2010 (Nexis) 26 Dec. 28 ‘Friend,’ said the Quaker to one who sympathised with a neighbour's distress, ‘I pity five dollars. How much dost thou pity?’ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Quakerism > [noun] > person 1656 in (Friends' Hist. Soc.) (1913) 11 People being generally caueliers rose vpon friends & crually abused them. 1662 W. Bayly (title) A general epistle to all Friends, who are called and gathered of God, called Quakers. 1679 24 He passes for one of their Friends. 1708 J. Whiting (title) A catalogue of Friends books; written by many of the people, called Quakers. 1796 T. Twining (1893) 67 It is probable that his name is held in respect by the ‘Friends’ of Pennsylvania. 1851 22 Nov. 339/1 Her father, a strict and so-called ‘plain Friend’, was always, in her eyes, not only the best Quaker, but the best man she ever knew. 1870 J. G. Whittier in 19 Apr. 411/2 I am not blind to the shortcomings of Friends. 1930 Apr. 7/1 Absolute sincerity and simplicity are the more important for Friends because of another characteristic of the Quaker methods—the willingness to see both sides of a question. 1964 Aug. 42/2 Rather than passively frowning on war, the Friends have sought ways to alleviate it. 1999 23 July 2/2 As another young Friend who has lived, breathed and slept Quakerism from day one, I agreed with what she was saying. society > armed hostility > warrior > [noun] > champion or fighter in single combat > second 1709 R. Steele No. 39. ¶22 Modish came with his Friend to the Place of Combat; there the Principals put on their Pumps. 1763 Sept. 1763/1 He would not then enter farther into that affair, his friend being present, and no gentleman on the part of Mr. Forbes. 1801 M. Edgeworth I. iv. 116 Miss Honour O'Grady would be her friend upon the occasion. 1840 T. S. Fay I. xvi. 135 I will have nothing to do with a duel. You must seek some other friend! 1874 E. B. de Fonblanque 16 The matter was at this point referred to two ‘friends’, by whom a hostile meeting was arranged. 1951 G. Heyer xiii. 200 ‘Tomfoolery!’ Ulverston said shortly. ‘You may name your friends! They will hear from mine!’ 2006 L. Allen (2010) xxii. 268 ‘I am at your disposal, my lord. Please name your friends.’ ‘I find you ravishing my affianced bride and you expect the honour of a duel?’ the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > discharge of menses > [noun] 1889 A. Barrère & C. G. Leland I. 366/2 ‘The flag's up’ refers to menses, varied to ‘I've got my grandmother’, ‘my friends’. 1948 4 185 List of expressions [for menstruation]..My friend is here. 1974 J. Lahr 94 ‘Take your pants off, darling.’ ‘I've got “my friend”.’ 1982 A. Walker 161 My friend comes. And cramps and aches and pains. 2003 K. Ficera 148 Calling menopause ‘the event’ is, to say the least, as misleading as calling your period your ‘friend’. 1982 Mar. 6 (advt.) More than just a friend. 1994 May 58/2 In this layback crack the runners must be placed while climbing; take large nuts and friends. 2002 J. Simpson (2003) xii. 182 I placed a Friend, an expanding camming device, in the crack and clipped it to the blue rope. 2003 29 May e26/3 With 977 first-degree friends and counting, she is the friendliest member in my personal network. 2003 30 July f1/4 Andy D. Hinkhouse has connections—about 58,000 ‘friends’. 2008 D. R. Dewberry in T. L. Adams & S. A. Smith v. 88 Members are allowed to add new friends and delete friends. 2012 Mar. 82/1 I sent her a friend request. †B. adj.the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [adjective] OE 912 He bið þam godum glædmod on gesihþe, wlitig, wynsumlic, weorude þam halgan, on gefean fæger, freond ond leoftæl, lufsum ond liþe leofum monnum to sceawianne þone scynan wlite. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. lxvii. 958 Freissh breed and clene ymade of whete is most frende [L. amicabilis] and acordynge to kynde. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 2v (MED) Socrates or Plato is frend, but soþfastnes or treuþe is more frend. 1574 E. Hellowes tr. A. de Guevara 44 The Citie of Sagunto was alwayes friend and allied with the Romanes. 1600 E. Blount tr. G. F. di Conestaggio 33 They were in a strong lodging, ioyning to a friend towne. Phrases P1. OE 144 Si me dryhten freond. OE tr. Bede (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) v. xvii. 464 He hine bæd & het, þæt he inlice þam biscope freond wære [L. amicum episcopo fieri]: & he swa wæs. a1400 tr. Lanfranc (Ashm.) (1894) 150 (MED) Spiritus exaliþ, þe whiche þat ben freendis [L. amicabile] boþe to þe body and also to þe soule. c1405 (c1375) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 637 To thise grete Conquerours two Fortune was first freend and siththe a foo. 1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara 244 The Indian Comarcans being..friends to Cortez,..gaue vnto him golde..and vittayles. 1631 B. Jonson Divell is Asse iv. vii. 22 in II H' is friend to him, with whom I ha' the dependance. 1719 W. Wood (ed. 2) 76 I have shewn, how much it concerns the Landed and Trading Interests to be Friends to each other. 1876 ‘M. Twain’ 225 The Widow's been good friends to me sometimes. 1947 Dec. 43/2 Frémont was the kind who could be friend to a scout like Kit Carson or to the highest government official. 2011 T. Modleski in T. M. Leitch & L. A. Poague ix. 169 In the novel, the policeman who is friend to the Buntings..is a more likable fellow. 1481 (a1470) J. Tiptoft tr. Cicero (Caxton) sig. c5 Good men may neuir be frendes with suche as be noughty. 1598 W. Shakespeare iii. iii. 182 I am good friends with my father and may do any thing. View more context for this quotation 1600 W. Shakespeare i. i. 86 Mess. I will holde friends with you Ladie. View more context for this quotation 1658 Earl of Monmouth tr. P. Paruta i. vii. 345 Their forwardness, and willingness to keep friends with Cesar. 1697 W. Dampier ii. 23 A party of 500, or 600 men..may do it without asking leave of the Indians; though it be much better to be friends with them. 1823 J. Wilson xxiii. 190 Will you be friends with me again, Mary? 1883 W. E. Norris v. 137 You must keep friends with her, or she may do you an ill turn one of these days. 1909 86/2 Those which resort to holes or burrows manage to keep friends with others who enter the same retreats. 1955 G. Greene 94 I don't smoke - except opium. Give one to the guards. We'd better stay friends with them. 2005 M. M. Frisby xxxii. 230 When somebody dicks you that hard it's no way in hell that you could be friends with them again. the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > make friends with [verb (transitive)] 1561 tr. Erasmus sig. Gii Make frendes with the foode of iniquity. 1600 W. Shakespeare i. i. 213 Get postes and letters, and make friends with speed. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. ii. 168 Implore her..that she make friends To the strict deputie. View more context for this quotation 1771 J. Johnson Let. 1 Dec. in (1979) 18 In order to make friends with you. 1822 14 Dec. 2/1 It is now all settled—they are both satisfied and have made friends. 1848 W. M. Thackeray lvi. 509 That poor widow made friends of Mrs. Veal, for reasons of her own. 1915 D. H. Lawrence xiii. 353 She made friends with the Standard Three teacher. 1943 E. Blyton iv. 28 Now she's making friends with Sadie because one day she'll be rich. Nasty little humbug! 2010 (Nexis) 17 July c3 She soon makes friends with the bookseller Henry Knox, himself an affirmed rebel. the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > on friendly terms [phrase] 1543 J. Bale sig. Fij Yf yt were of the worlde, the fleshe, or the deuyll, yt schuld haue the clergye to frynde. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) v. i. 139 From him Giue you all greetings, that a King (at friend) Can send his Brother. View more context for this quotation 1651 N. Bacon 297 The People..had God to Friend in all. 1657 R. Ligon 108 By his own Industry, and activity, (having youth and strength to friends,) raise his fortune. 1703 II. vii. 177 The King had no Port to Friend, by which he could bring Ammunition to Oxford. 1716 A. Pope tr. Homer II. viii. 250 Sole should he sit, with scarce a God to Friend. OE (1956) 10 Amicus in necessitate probandus est, æt þearfe man sceal freonda cunnian. a1450 (a1400) (BL Add. 36523) 98 When tyme cometh thou art in nede; Than ogh men frenshep to shewe in dede.] a1456 (a1449) J. Lydgate (1934) ii. 755 Ful weele is him þat fyndeþe a freonde at neede. 1599 R. Barnfield in W. Shakespeare et al. (new ed.) sig. D7v Hee that is thy friend indeede, Hee will helpe thee in thy neede. 1659 S. Clarke vii. 57 By them [sc. afflictions] we are enabled to discerne our friends..; He who is a friend in need, is a friend indeed. 1678 J. Ray (ed. 2) 142 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 1708 O. Dykes 202 For a Friend in Time of Need (and no other) is a Friend in Deed. 1786 II. 128 Well, if the proverb says true, that a friend in need is a friend indeed, what shall we not say in praise of Mr. Wilmot? 1866 C. Reade III. xv. 321 You came to my side when I was in trouble... A friend in need is a friend indeed. 1909 15 July 3/3 The late Marquis..was a friend in need to the Franciscan Order. 1995 29 Mar. 67/2 You feel obliged to be at the beck and call of a friend in need, but if your heart's not in it, forget it. 2012 (Nexis) 24 July (Business section) a10 A friend in need is a friend indeed, but personal relationships can be jeopardized by borrowing money from..people you care about. 1956 Mar. 290/1 In France..he is regarded as an interpreter and friend of the United States. But..I am reminded of the old phrase, ‘With such a friend, who needs an enemy?’ 1965 28 511 I was told early this morning by some of my friends, with friends like that who needs enemies ?—[many of you] have a lot of unusual questions. 1968 H. S. Thompson Let. 24 Sept. in (2000) 128 With friends like you, Dr. [Martin Luther] King didn't need enemies. 1979 C. Osborne 199 With friends like this, Auden and Isherwood must have thought, who needs enemies? 2006 8 May 26 A man who found a live hand grenade took it to a friend's house to show him... A police spokesman said: ‘With friends like him, who needs enemies?’ P4. society > faith > aspects of faith > piety > [noun] > person OE Ælfric Homily: Sermo ad Populum (Corpus Cambr. 188) in J. C. Pope (1967) I. 421 Ælc man ðe Godes freond is sceolde swyðe æfstan æfre mid godum weorcum, þæt he Gode gecwemde. lOE St. James the Greater (Vesp.) in R. D.-N. Warner (1917) 21 Soðlice ure fæder Abraham wæs geteald to Godes freond [L. amicus autem dei Abraham pater noster appellatus est] ær þan þe he embsnyðen wære. c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) (1940) l. 77 Þus habbeð godes freond al þe frut of þis worlt. c1384 (Royal) (1850) James ii. 23 Abraham..is clepid the frend of God [L. amicus Dei appellatus est]. 1575 tr. T. Lever (new ed.) ii. sig. Aviiiv Abraham..was by imputation of righteousnesse taken and named to be the friende of God. 1699 G. Garden iii. 199 The Friend of God acts always with Meekness and Indifferency. 1847 22 501 These are the divine words spoken of one whose implicit obedience obtained for him the distinctive appellation of the ‘Friend of God’. 1964 A. M. Stibbs (title) God's friend: studies in the life of Abraham. 2010 21 June (Viewspaper section) 10/4 We produced a ‘road map’—run by a Quartet and led by our old Friend of God, Tony Blair. P5. the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > intercession or influence on someone's behalf > [noun] > one who > in high places a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer (Hunterian) (1891) l. 5541 For freend in court ay better is Than peny in [his] purs [Fr. Qu'ades vaut miex amis en voie, Que ne font deniers en corroie]. 1654 D. Dickson cv. 17. 51 When the Lord was to bring his people into Egypt, he provided so as they should have a friend at Court before they came. 1886 23 Sept. 11/2 Despite the activity of the squatters' friends ‘at court’ (that is, in the public land offices at Sydney). 1954 C. P. Snow 111 I teased him about his friends at court. 1980 26 Sept. 13/1 He spotted me as a potential friend at court. P6. 1604 Abp. G. Abbot iii. 121 If any other did but baye..against this his setled common-wealth, he was not amicus Curiæ, a friende to the Courte. 1689 J. Hawles 9 Any person whatever may rectify or inform a Court or Judge publickly and privately, as amicus curiæ, a Friend to the Court, or a Friend to Justice. 1776 Aug. 537/1 He said, that if counsel were called upon as Amici Curiæ, as indifferent friends of the court,..nobody stood there more indifferent than himself. 1839 Speech T. Williams in 127 He merely stood by the side of the judges as a friend of the court, who might be considered privileged to throw out any suggestion which might be required. 1891 E. E. Hale in Feb. 420/1 This observation, thrown out by a friend of the court, is commended to the critics. 1929 J. H. Ralston xxxiii. 332 Any lawyer may appear and present his views as a friend of the Court. 1954 W. Healey in C. B. Vedder viii. 264 By request during three years I sat as ‘friend to the court’ in Chicago. 1986 G. Horne xvi. 210 With others he tried to file a friend of the court brief with the United States Supreme Court, but their motion was denied. 2007 8 Dec. 143 He was later removed from the case..and..was asked instead to file a brief as a ‘friend of the court’. P7. the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > intercession or influence on someone's behalf > [noun] > one who > in high places 1646 T. Edwards Pref. sig. 4v To do it [sc. write] in a time when the Sectaries had so many friends in high places.., I believe no wise man who considers it will call it Self-seeking. 1826 Sept. 568 It is truly lamentable to think that these unprincipled men should find friends in high places to aid and abet their wickedness. 1898 W. A. Hammond xxvi. 260 Thou wilt discover that thy friends in high places care nothing for thee. 1970 P. Berton vi. ii. 229 It was more than merely useful to have a friend in high places; for a contractor it was virtually mandatory. 2008 July 78/1 The groom was a thirtysomething American lawyer with friends in high places. P8. a1641 J. Everard (1653) 665 They [sc. the Athenians] had a strange way..[of] calling things and persons by their contraries; as to call their common Hangman, the..Friend of the people. 1675 H. Neville tr. N. Machiavelli Hist. Florence in iii. 61 Many other acts of beneficence to several Citizens, and friends of the people. 1731 W. Arnall 3 The Power of the State is at present employed against the Friends of the People. 1792 F. Burney (1972) II. 2 The pretended Friends of the People..wait but the stilling the present ferment of loyalty to come forth. 1804 H. H. Brackenridge II. ii. iii. 130 But the people-pleaser is not always the friend of the people. 1886 Feb. 216 If I should ever be tempted to take a part in public affairs, it shall be simply as a friend of the people. 1988 P. Kantor & S. David vii. 120 The three men resembled one another in that they won and held power through populist-style demagoguery, becoming outspoken ‘friends of the people’. 2012 (Nexis) 13 Mar. 3 His strength was that he was more than a good lawyer—he was a friend of the people and spoke their language. P9. Chiefly British. In set phrases, as a form of address in specific formal contexts. When used to address an opponent sometimes with ironic connotation. a. In parliamentary contexts. (a) 1727 W. Shippen 10 In Regard to my Honourable Friend—I ask Pardon—I should have said, the Honourable Person, for there is no Friendship betwixt us. 1838 R. I. Wilberforce & S. Wilberforce IV. xxxi. 329 ‘If there is any one,’ said Mr. Canning, ‘who..knows exactly what will carry the House along with him, it certainly is my honourable friend the member for Bramber.’ 1922 J. Joyce ii. 302 Arising out of the question of my honourable friend,..may I ask [etc.]. 1971 16 Sept. 632/1 When a Minister replies to a Parliamentary Question by saying..‘I will write to my Honourable Friend’ (if the MP is a member of the Minister's Party) does he ever do so? 1992 H. Robertson 32 In debate, MPs..refer to their opponent across the floor as ‘my honourable friend’.., often with exaggerated politeness or sarcasm. 2012 (Nexis) 28 Feb. 14 Rising to answer the question, he will often begin with a few words of praise (‘A typically acute point by my honourable friend!’). (b) 1740 Dec. 592/1 If the Demands of the Nation are thought worthy of Regard, this Motion, of my noble Friend's..will not be rejected. 1838 (1st Sess., 13th Parl.) 2 1231/1 I have also been told that my Noble Friend..made use of not a very refined or courtly word, when he said that I had ‘bolted’. 1884 Sir S. Northcote in 2 Apr. 8/5 My noble friend [sc. Ld. R. Churchill] is very adroit and agile in the positions he has taken up. 1934 22 Dec. 1163/1 It is to me a matter of no little regret that I feel myself compelled to oppose a Bill introduced by my noble friend Lord Elibank. 2007 J. Moran xv. 187 During a debate in the Lords about the new forecasts, a peer asked, ‘Will my noble friend consider looking into the gravely suspicious circumstance that..the weather always seems better on Sky?’ (c) 1742 X. 95 I am..glad of having one Opportunity of speaking on the same Side of the Question with my right honourable Friend. 1792 47 Let it not be thought, Sir, either of my Right Honourable Friend who sits near me, or of myself, that it was for our own sakes that we went into that minute detail. 1827 G. Canning 6 Mar. (1828) VI. 155 I assure my right honourable friend..that I am perfectly ready to vote for securities; but I am not to be set down as a security-grinder. 1910 G. K. Chesterton (1913) ii. iv. 106 Names are forbidden [in the House of Commons], and a man must call his own father ‘my right honourable friend the member for West Birmingham’. 2009 (Nexis) 19 Nov. 4 Addressing the Prime Minister..Mr Jenkins said: ‘My right honourable Friend will be aware of the recent discovery in Staffordshire of the largest collection of Anglo Saxon gold ever found.’ b. 1769 Dec. 580/1 My learned friend has likewise observed, that if all solicitations of this nature were cognizable in this court, your Lordship would have little else to do. 1840 in 157 If my learned friend had had patience, he would not have interrupted me. 1888 H. R. Haggard xxi. 253 The young lady was not the purely impassive medium in this matter that my learned friend, Mr. Short, would lead the Court to believe. 1941 P. Carr ii. 28 The opposing barrister rises—they always refer to each other as ‘my learned friend’. 1986 P. O'Brian viii. 251 My learned friend will most zealously call half a dozen ostlers and chambermaids to prove it. 2012 (Nexis) 23 July (Business section) 6 The legal convention of referring to the lawyer on the other side as ‘my learned friend’ in court when you may actually think he is a complete numpty..springs to mind. 1682 A. Behn v. 52 Ha, who's there?.. What art thou, friend or foe?.. If thou'rt a friend, approach. 1775 G. M. A. Baretti 111/1 Chi siete voi? Amico o nimico? Who are you? Friend or foe? 1827 S. T. Mitchell 9 ‘Are you British or Continental, friend or foe?’ said he to the stranger. 1884 11 Apr. 7/3 The powerful voice of the Raven was heard to utter the challenge—‘Who goes there? Art thou friend or foe?’ 1973 J. T. Rosenthal i. 19 In a passage in Beowulf the hero and his companions..are challenged... The challenge is expected to elicit an honest answer.., as with the challenge, ‘who goes, friend or foe?’ 2010 N. De Sielvie 226 Who goes there? Answer me, friend or foe? Quick before I shoot! P11. 1969 17 Sept. 21/1 The activation of..Friends of the Earth, a nonprofit membership organization, was announced by Mr. Brower. 1986 2 11/2 Nuaulu hunters on the Indonesian island of Seram have a vandalistic attitude to the rain forest that any self-respecting Friend of the Earth would find positively obscene. 1991 A. Roddick i. 26 The Body Shop has combined with Friends of the Earth, Survival International and Greenpeace to run joint campaigns on acid rain, recycling.., the green consumer and genocide of indigenous tribes. 2012 (Nexis) 6 Sept. Bees are losing their habitats and are under threat from pesticides, so Friends of the Earth want the government to reduce pesticide use. P12. 1995 A. Morissette Head over Feet in (sheet music) 39 You're the best list'ner that I've ever met. You're my best friend, best friend with benefits. 1996 Turbo & Red in alt.personals (Usenet newsgroup) 6 Apr. We are a Portland Couple looking for a single female... This is not an ad for just sex, as we are looking for a friend as well. I guess you could say, ‘A friend with Benefits’. 1997 Re: YANT (yet another new term) in alt.polyamory (Usenet newsgroup) 5 Aug. [It's pretty descriptive of when a good friend is also someone with whom I share sex, but with whom I'm not in a relationship per se.] I've always liked ‘friend with access’ or ‘friend with benefits’. 1999 I. 35 I guess before, like over the summer, we were just friends with benefits. 2005 (Nexis) 18 Mar. r32 These kids don't date, they ‘hook up’ and they have ‘friends with benefits’. 2012 R. Ryle vi. 250 One of the first studies conducted on friends with benefits, or the FWB phenomenon, was among Michigan State University students. Compounds C1. Objective. a. 1587 J. Hooker Chron. Ireland 182/2 in (new ed.) II He receiued his iust reward of..a freend killer. 1872 R. Monckton Milnes Let. 3 Jan. in (1890) II. xvii. 259 Office is a terrible friend-killer. 2010 (Nexis) 25 Feb. He earned the nickname the ‘friend-killer’ for his..willingness to kill those within his own cartel. 1580 T. Lupton 118 The chiefe friende and friendmaker is money. 1835 F. Chamier I. ix. 130 Latterly we had been like brothers—misfortune being a great friend-maker. 2011 B. Taylor xv Our Harleys were two-wheeled friend-makers. They were cross-generational and cross-cultural. b. 1614 R. Tailor iv. sig. E4v I could now tell to friend betraying man, How blacke sinne is hatefull trechery. 1904 W. E. Chancellor & F. W. Hewes i. iv. 94 History will forget the unshamed complacent Indian women, and the pilfering, friend-betraying men..and will remember the Hurons. 2008 A. W. Wood 266 I thought that my acts of friend-betrayal are much more important than the (objectively worse) friend-betraying actions of others. 1846 R. Browning Soul's Trag. in i Luitolfo was the proper Friend-making, everywhere friend-finding soul. 1953 25 May 49 (heading) Fact hunting, friend finding. 2007 (Nexis) 23 Oct. a1 If a friend-finding service is viewed as too intrusive, said Mark Collins, vice president for consumer data at AT&T's wireless unit, ‘that is a negative for us’. 1846 R. Browning Soul's Trag. in i Luitolfo was the proper Friend-making, everywhere friend-finding soul. 1994 May 27/1 So if you want to be huge success in Network Marketing, turn yourself into a friend-making machine. C2. Complementary. 1620 J. Melton 74 In fawning and friend-seeming shewes. 1655 sig. A5 His Friend seeming Foe. C3. 1596 W. Warner (rev. ed.) ix. lxv. 215 Henrie, Duke of Buckingham, third Richards friend-foe. 1599 J. Sylvester tr. J. Du Nesme 45 The frend-foe strangers With vs, against vs. 1841 App. Feb. 288/1 Some foe-friend or friend-foe may know perhaps that General Harrison himself does not know me. 1997 G. Penny tr. H.-P. Schwarz 60 He would have been no politician if he had not put the Free Democrats in the friend-foe category. 1625 Relation J. Wilson in S. Purchas IV. vi. xiv. 1261 The Generall altered his determination, and agreed to ioyne with their friend Indians against the Caribes their enemies. 1682 M. Rowlandson (ed. 2) xii. 32 Mine eyes have seen this fellow afterwards walking up and down Boston, under the appearance of a Friend-Indian. 1726 S. Penhallow 101 They..then march'd to Saco, where they slew David Hill a Friend Indian. 1764 W. Johnson Let. 28 Apr. in E. O′Callaghan (1856) VII. 629 A large body of our Friend Indians are in readiness to join the few Troops who are to proceed this way. 1857 C. W. Elliott I. 362 Church, being out on a scout, with a friend-Indian, discovered an Indian sitting silently on the opposite bank. 1944 H. Footner xx. 311 They didn't often kill white men, but they were fond of butchering the ‘friend Indians’ who were Maryland's wards—and buffers! 1969 J. R. Brackett ii. 13 It was declared felony, in 1649, to take or sell any friend Indian, without license from the Governor. 2011 O. Stanwood vi. 196 The combination of Catholic Mohawks and Abenakis then endeavored to tempt the ‘friend Indians’ who lived in New England to join the plot. society > armed hostility > peace > [noun] > pipe of 1775 J. Adair 167 Indian methods of making peace..They first smoke out of the friend-pipe, and eat together. 1906 ‘C. E. Craddock’ ix. 157 He had thought only of soothing their rancors and smoking the ‘friend pipe’. The freakish fierce temper of the Cherokees could not be trusted. a1661 T. Fuller (1662) Warw. 119 His friend-pretending Foes. 1632 R. Brome Prol. sig. A4v Gallants and Friends-spectators will yee see A strain of Wit that is not Poetry? 1994 C. O. Knudsen 54 The girls are led to the foothills of the beautiful mountain... They are followed by female relatives and friend-spectators. 1999 No. 36 73/1 I see an allusion to the transfer or passage from the self-reflection of the artist to that of the friend-spectator..standing before the image. the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [adjective] > having friends ?c1615 (1830) 110 The wther..being weill freindstead in that toune, compeiris. 1637 S. Rutherford (1863) I. 462 I am sure that while Christ lives, I am well enough friend-stead. the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [adjective] > having friends > having many friends a1618 J. Sylvester Sonnets vii, in (1880) II. 322 Our friend-strong Muse shall use the helpe of Strangers. 1994 J. Astrof & M. Sikowitz (transcribed from TV programme) Ser. 1 Episode 7 Never gonna happen... You and Rachel... You waited too long to make your move, and now you're in the friend zone. 1995 10 Mar. b5/1 The dumper tries to convince you that all along you were in the ‘friend zone’ and should have stayed there. 2005 (National ed.) 23 Nov. b5/3 Once a boy and a girl have entered the ‘friend zone’ in a relationship, there's no turning it into sweet romance. 2010 J. Wilson i. 10 I..had spent an entire summer trying to convince her to fall in love with me, but had remained squarely in the friend zone. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022). friendv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: friend n. Etymology: < friend n. Compare Middle Dutch vrunden (1477 in Teuthonista in an isolated attestation; early modern Dutch vrienden ), Middle Low German vrunden , Middle High German vriunden (German (now rare, only in a small number of fixed collocations) freunden ; the usual German word is befreunden befriend v.). Compare later befriend v. ?c1225 (?a1200) (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 308 Ne Make ȝe nane Purses forto freonden ow wið. a1470 T. Malory (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 427 He woll so frende hym there [sc. at King Arthur's court] that he woll nat sette by your malyce. the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > make friends with [verb (transitive)] 1483 in J. Stuart (1852) V. 26 Eftir that thai wer frendit and accordit apon certane debate..betuixt thame. a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun (Nero) vii. l. 1008 And eftyr son freyndit weyr Þe kynge Dauid of Scotlande And Stewyn þan kynge of Inglande. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in iii. f. ccclxi Charyte is loue, and loue is charyte, god graunt vs al therin to be frended. 1587 A. Fleming et al. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1346/2 What freendship he had shewed..both by his owne purse, as also by freending them to some of the popes chamber. 1604 T. Wright (new ed.) i. x. 37 Others you have, soone angrie, soone friended. a1700 in R. Pitcairn (1830) 42 The King gart thame drink togidder, and schaik handis, and freindit thame. 3. the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > make friends with [verb (transitive)] > try to be friendly with the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > support or encourage [verb (transitive)] 1550 J. Heywood iii. sig. Av Freende they any, That flater many? 1591 H. Savile tr. Tacitus iv. 198 Kings which frended the cause. 1608 G. Chapman ii. i. 170 Who cannot friend himself is foe to any. a1618 J. Sylvester tr. G. Fracastoro (1620) sig. D Shee all the gods requires To friend her love, and further her desires. a1698 W. Row Suppl. in R. Blair (1848) (modernized text) xii. 434 Reports came that the King would friend Lauderdale. 1725 J. Strype (ed. 2) II. xvi. 571 Hoping he would friend him in his reasonable ‘Causes’. 1729 S. Madden iv. i. 42 Her friending, or opposing our Designs, Import us highly. 1855 R. C. Singleton tr. Virgil Eclogues iv, in tr. Virgil I. 27 Do thou but at his birth the boy..O chaste Lucina, friend. 1896 A. E. Housman lxii And I will friend you, if I may, In the dark and cloudy day. 1931 J. L. Mitchell vi. 163 Lost, fantastically tragic, perhaps I could have helped him, perhaps friended him. 1981 S. King in July 146/1 ‘The hawk..a fine weapon. How long did it take you to train the bastard?’.. ‘I friended him.’ the world > action or operation > advantage > be advantageous or beneficial to [verb (transitive)] > be advantageous or favourable to 1598 R. Barret v. 143 If they be not friended with hedge, ditch, or some such place of aduantage. 1609 W. Shakespeare i. ii. 74 Well the Gods are aboue, time must friend or endwell. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iv. v. 16 Disorder that hath spoyl'd vs, friend vs now. View more context for this quotation 1622 M. Drayton xxii. 35 But friended with the Flood, the Barons hold their strength. 1719 T. Southerne i. i. 7 There the Street is narrow, and may friend our Purpose well. 1860 M. Arnold St. Brandan in July 134 That germ of kindness..outlives my doom, And friends me in the pit of fire. 1896 A. E. Housman xlv. 69 'Twill hurt, but here are salves to friend you, And many a balsam grows on ground. 1933 H. M. Ayres 80 So I shall do ever while my sword holds out. Oft it has friended me, ere ever I slew Daeghrefn before the eyes of the Frankish host. 1984 M. S. K. Baluch II. ii. 296 Both time and circumstances friended him, and never made him fawn, beg and seek. the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > make friends with [verb (transitive)] > act as friend to or befriend a1592 R. Greene (1598) v. sig. K4 Princes whilst you friend it thus in one, Me thinks of friendship, Nano shall haue none. 1873 ‘Thomson’ in II. 70 A silly brash at times it teuk, But aye they friend it like a keuk. 1889 E. M. Willoughby 251 We'll friend it with his kin! 1952 M. Kerr vi. 60 She said if he wanted to friend her he would have to go to her mother and ask her. 1976 3 777 His thirteen-year-old daughter was friending with a man in his early twenties. 2010 J. Coomansingh 9 Everybody in Grande did know bout everybody business..who frenning with who, who mamaguying who,..and even who dog bite who. 2004 (Electronic ed.) 4 Mar. [He] clearly just spends his days sitting by his laptop indiscriminately friending people. 2004 12 Dec. a24/5 To list someone as a facebook friend. As in, ‘I just friended her’. 2006 D. Tapscott & A. D. Williams ii. 49 Even top-drawer music and movie stars have profiles, and fans can ‘friend’ them as well. 2011 J. Gurtler i. 8 Make sure you friend me so I can see the pics after you post them. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.adj.eOE v.?c1225 |
