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单词 frenchman
释义

Frenchmann.

Brit. /ˈfrɛn(t)ʃmən/, U.S. /ˈfrɛn(t)ʃmən/
Inflections: Plural Frenchmen.
Forms: see French adj. and n. and man n.1
Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: French adj., man n.1
Etymology: < French adj. + man n.1 Compare French français Frenchman (see French adj. and n.). With sense 1 compare French n. and Frank n.1 With sense 6 compare earlier French partridge n. at French adj. and n. Compounds 1c.In Old English and early Middle English the first element is usually treated as a normal adjective inflected for case and number. Usually written as two words before the mid 15th cent.
1.
a. A man of French birth or nationality; (also) a francophone man.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > French nation > [noun] > native or inhabitant of France
FrenchmanOE
monsieur?a1513
Gaul1630
frog1657
Gallic1755
mounseer1755
parleyvoo1755
frog-eater1766
Galloman1787
mossoo1809
Frencher1826
Frenchy1829
parley1831
crapaud?c1834
wi-wi1841
froggy1853
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.i) anno 1052 Hi..geutlageden þa ealle frencisce men þe ær unlage rærdon..& unræd ræddon into ðissum earde.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1052 Ða geaxode Rotberd arcebiscop & þa frencisce menn þet.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3821 Ælc Frensc-mon þe wes aht. hæfð hine seolfne bi-þoht.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 297 (MED) He up wiþ a staf..and smoot þe Frensche man of þe heed.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 239 (MED) Þat mast ys worþ for frenche man.
?c1430 (?1382) J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 516 Sharper enemys and traitours þan Frensshe men and alle oþere naciouns.
1480 W. Caxton Chron. Eng. (1482) ccxliv. 295 The kyng..was wonder sore agreued and right euyll payed toward the frensshmen.
1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus i. f. 35 The spanyardes, franchmen, and germanes.
1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1483/2 The Frenchmen were comming with their conuey of victualles to refreshe the Towne.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 125 The breast is by the Frenchmen called peculiarly Hampan.
1661 S. Pepys Diary 11 Sept. (1970) II. 177 My wife's brother..and his servant, a Frenchman.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 135. ¶1 An eminent Person..us'd in his private Offices of Devotion, to give Thanks to Heaven that he was Born a Frenchman.
1769 F. Brooke Hist. Emily Montague x. 60 I have only examined the landscape about Quebec, and have given very little attention to the figures... One might safely walk in a wood by moonlight with the most agreeable Frenchman here.
1782 W. Cowper Truth in Poems 303 The Frenchman first in literary fame.
1841 T. A. Trollope Summer W. France I. i. 5 The generality of Frenchmen, too, are naturally averse to travelling.
1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 1 Mar. 4/1 The millions of population that it contains seem to a Frenchman new to England so strangely hierarchised that he is at first bewildered.
1928 Observer 22 July 12 The Frenchman loves to make fun of ‘paperasserie’, the elaborate and meticulous bureaucracy, whose spirit he really admires in his heart.
1994 S. Romaine Lang. in Society ii. 40 A Frenchman who spoke Breton and French would not be considered bilingual because Breton is of low status and considered a patois.
2005 M. Jagger tr. A. Fomenko History II. 120/1 A certain Frenchman by the name of Choiseul-Gouffier had made several expeditions to the North-Western Anatolia.
b. A man of ancient Gaul. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of ancient or medieval Europe > the Gauls > [noun] > native or inhabitant of Gaul
Frenchmanc1275
Gaula1387
Menapian1565
Gallo-Roman1861
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11885 Þa iherden þa Frence men þat at Rome wes Maximien.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 271 (MED) Afterward he come and brak the siege of Frensche men.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 5929 (MED) Þoo had kyng alisaunder yment..werren vpon Fraynsshe men.
a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) viii. xi. 35 Quhou the Franchmen dyd the ȝet assaill.
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxii. lvii. 467 A Frenchman together with a French woman.
2. A French ship. Now chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessels from specific country or region > [noun] > from other specific countries or regions
Frenchman1473
Spaniard1537
Easterling1563
Flemingc1595
Levantisco1597
Burgundian1601
Irishman1645
Japanner1719
Bermudian1769
American1782
Swede1799
Australian1850
Liberian1971
1473 Paston Lett. III. 81 A few Frenchmen be whyrlyng on the coasts.
1488 Paston Lett. III. 344 They had nott seylyd not paste vj. leges butt they aspied a Frencheman [etc.].
1548 Misc. Spald. C. V. 52 To pas on ane Frencheman..deliuerit Wat Andersone, 2 s.
1582 R. Madox Diary 8 May in Elizabethan in 1582 (1976) 131 M. Owtreads ship..had geven such a salt to a Frenchman as made hir beshrew hir own selfe, so that now she lay wounded at Dartmowth.
1608 E. Grimeston tr. J. F. Le Petit Gen. Hist. Netherlands vi. 269 Two shippes of warre Frenchmen, ranne along the coast of Holland, who with their long boats went some-times to land, to surprize some of the Country-men, if they could in their beds.
1650 Mercurius Politicus No. 9. 144 A French man laden with Arms.
1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 228 The English Ship, tho' she did not sail so well as the Frenchman, was a bigger Ship, and strong built.
1798 T. Dibdin Mouth of Nile i. 5 D'ye see that fleet of Frenchmen off the coast! a vessel from it has just put into yonder Bay; a whole legion of red night-caps have landed.
1835 Naut. Mag. 4 738 We hailed a Ship which answred [sic] she was a frenchman from Marseilles.
1889 Daily News 21 Oct. 6/5 The vessel..proved to be a Frenchman.
1909 Times 14 Oct. 12/6 While there was still ample time for the German vessel to pass under the Frenchman's stern, the latter starboarded and continued starboarding.
1969 J. Coggins Ships & Seamen Amer. Revol. xxi. 199/2 The British had already formed line on the same (port) tack as the French..before the last of the Frenchmen were clear of the Cape.
1996 R. J. Martin & J. B. Havens Chief 42 In April 1798, the ship Nonpareil is taken off the Florida coast by a Frenchman from Guadeloupe.
3. colloquial. A speaker or scholar of French. Obsolete.Frequently with modifying word to indicate degree of proficiency.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > postulated Italo-Celtic > Romance > French > person speaking
Frenchman1670
francophone1900
1670 C. Cotton in tr. G. Girard Hist. Life Duke of Espernon Pref. sig. av The greater part of them being better Frenchmen, than I pretend to be.
1784 S. Johnson Let. 2 Sept. (1994) IV. 390 Your critick seems to me to be an exquisite Frenchman; his remarks..would..have escaped me.
1792 P. Wyndham in B. Ward Dawn Catholic Revival (1909) II. 15 Should be much obliged to you if you would give them [sc. French refugee priests] faculties to hear [i.e. confess] one another, for I am not Frenchman enough for that.
1828 J. Bentham Wks. (1843) I. 247 The subject was not without its difficulties; the language French: I am but a sorry Frenchman now; I was, I imagine, not quite so bad an one then.
1862 J. Timbs School-days Eminent Men (rev. ed.) 236 While there [sc. at Oxford] Mr. Fox read hard..and by the advice of a friend, he made himself an excellent Frenchman.
4. North American. In Virginian tobacco cultivation: a plant that is tall and attenuated, and so of little value. Cf. French v. 5. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > yielding drug or narcotic > [noun] > tobacco-plant
nicotian1577
queen mother herb1577
queen's herb1577
tobacco1577
nicotiana1600
Frenchman1693
sot-weed1698
tobacco-plant1761
1693 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 17 948 French-men they [sc. Virginians] call those Plants, whose Leaves do not spread and grow large, but rather spire upwards, and grow tall.
1896 P. A. Bruce Econ. Hist. Virginia I. 439 The plants..showed..a tendency to lag in their growth and to take a spiral shape. For this reason they were always referred to as ‘Frenchmen’, a people who were associated in the Virginian mind with tallness and attenuation in form.
1944 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. ii. 66 Frenchman, Frenchmen, stalk(s) with short, erect small leaves and worthless as to quality. E. Va.
5. An adapted knife used as a tool when pointing brick- or stonework.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > [noun] > masons' and bricklayers' tools > for marking or filling joints
jointer1700
jointing-rule1700
Frenchman1885
grouter1961
1885 Spons' Mechanics' Own Bk. 591 This Frenchman is simply an old dinner-knife ground to a point, the tip of which is turned down square to form a hook.
1934 T. S. Eliot Rock i. 22 Fancy anyone not knowin' that a Frenchman's a pointin' tool!
1966 W. G. Nash Brickwork 1 iii. 40 The frenchman is not generally purchased but is usually made from an old table knife.
1991 APT Bull. 23 44/3 The groove could also be cut with a ‘Frenchman’, a tool invariably recommended for trimming the pointing. It was typically described as being made from an old dinner knife.
6. The red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa, esp. as a game bird.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Phasianidae (pheasants, etc.) > [noun] > member of genus Alectoris > alectoris rufa (red-legged partridge)
French partridge1611
red-legged partridge1678
red partridge1704
bartavel1774
red-leg1798
Guernsey partridge1802
Frenchman1893
1893 Baily's Mag. Oct. 258/1 The red leg, the very much-abused ‘Frenchman’ of the English fields.
1920 F. M. Ogilvie Field Observ. Brit. Birds 58 A Frenchman..has a loud, combative call.
1965 P. Wayre Wind in Reeds iii. 41 If they are Frenchmen, they may refuse to fly and simply run in front of the dog.
2006 Field July 47/3 While the greys came over in tight coveys which burst in a dizzying explosion of birds the split second they saw the guns, the Frenchmen came over in ones and twos and were easier to pick off.

Derivatives

ˈFrenchmanlike adv. and adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > French nation > [adverb]
Frenchlya1522
French-likea1557
Frenchmanlike1760
Frenchily1855
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > French nation > [adjective] > like
Frenchc1400
Frenchified1600
Frenchmanlike1807
Frenchy1826
1760 S. Derrick Lett. (1767) I. vi. 24 Having twice run round us, which she [sc. a French privateer] did with ease.., she then, French-man like, sheered off.
1807 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. 5 560 The character of Orasmane is somewhat too chivalrous and Frenchmanlike for an Eastern sultan.
1873 Times 27 Aug. 4 French-man-like, he is so bored by the triste aspect of everything around him.., that he is dying to be off.
1945 A. Bryant Years of Victory iii. 69 Pitt's niece..found them perfectly at ease and engaged, Frenchmanlike, in dressing their hair and attending to their persons.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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