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单词 frontier
释义

frontiern.adj.

Brit. /ˈfrʌntɪə/, /frʌnˈtɪə/, /ˈfrɒntɪə/, U.S. /frənˈtɪ(ə)r/
Forms: Middle English frounter(e, -teere, -tier, -tor, fron-, frowntere, Middle English–1500s frontyer, Middle English–1600s fronter, 1500s frontour, 1500s–1600s frontire, 1500s– frontier. Also fronture n. (obsolete).
Etymology: < Old French frontier (masculine), frontiere (feminine) (modern French frontière ), < front front n. Compare Provençal fronteira forehead, Italian frontiera, Spanish frontera, Portuguese fronteira frontier.
A. n.
1.
a. The front side; the forepart. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > front > [noun]
foremostc1275
headc1275
foreparty1398
forepartc1400
foresidec1400
devant1411
fronture1417
fore-endc1425
frontierc1430
forefront1488
forehead1525
frontc1540
vaunt1589
proscenium1648
frontside1697
van1726
fore-piece1788
façade1839
fore1888
c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (Percy Soc.) 16 Att ffrountor of thees welles clere, Ther whas a scripture commendyng ther lycour.
1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia i. sig. Gvv The forefrontes or frontiers of the .ii. corners [of the haven]..be very..daungerous.
a1552 J. Leland Itinerary (1710) I. 86 The fronter of the which Ward in the Entering is exceding stronge with Toures and Portecoleces.
b. The side that fronts in a specified direction. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > quality of having sides or being a side > [noun] > fact of having distinct sides > one or other side or hand > side facing specific direction
frontier1598
1598 R. Hakluyt tr. W. de Rubruquis in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 95 The principal wife placeth her court on the West frontier.
c. The forehead. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > forehead > [noun]
foreheadc1000
frontc1290
brow1535
frontier1583
frontispiecea1625
forestam1790
1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. Fii Their bolstred heir..standeth crested round about their frontiers.
2. = frontlet n. 4. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > artefacts > cloths, carpets, cushions > cloth (general) > altar cloth > [noun] > at front > over upper part
frontlet1536
frontier1618
superfrontal1847
1618 ( Inventory in E. Peacock Eng. Church Furnit. (1866) 182 Item syx alter towelles of lynnen cloth the first with a frounter pailed read white and black..the 5th with a frountier of burde Alisander.
3. The front line or foremost part of an army. Hence ‘attack, resistance’ in to make frontier (tr. Old French faire frontière). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > part of army by position > [noun] > van or front
forerunnerseOE
vantward1297
formerward13..
forme-ward13..
vamward1338
fronta1375
pointa1382
frontier?a1400
vawarda1400
forayc1425
avantwardc1440
avant-garde1470
vanward1476
vantguard1485
vanguard1487
foreward1490
forefront1513
foremen1577
forefight?1611
vaunta1616
van1633
first line1663
front line1677
firing line1859
?a1400 Morte Arth. 2898 Frykis one the frowntere welle a fyve hundreth.
1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy (1555) i. ix In the frounter [1513 frountell] many manly man With sharpe speres first together ran.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cclv. 378 He sent them into Poicters to kepe the citie, and to make fronter there agaynst the frenchemen.
4.
a. singular and plural. The part of a country which fronts or faces another country; the marches; the border or extremity conterminous with that of another.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > boundary > [noun]
goalc1350
bounda1387
list1389
finea1400
frontier1413
enda1425
limit1439
buttal1449
headroom1462
band1470
mete?1473
buttinga1475
bounder1505
pale?a1525
butrelle1546
scantlet1547
limesa1552
divisec1575
meta1587
line1595
marginc1595
closure1597
Rubicon1613
bournea1616
boundary1626
boundure1634
verge1660
terminary1670
meta1838
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > boundary > [noun] > land-boundary > of a region or territory
terma1382
frontier1413
rind1530
terminus?1605
barrier1709
bound-line1850
borderline1869
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > part of country or district > [noun] > border district(s) > border(s)
frontier1413
limitationa1475
skirt1488
limity1523
rind1530
border1535
ambit1597
verges1680
county line1776
land-board1790
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > quality of being restricted or limited > [noun] > limit > a farthest limit
ultimo1622
solsticea1631
ultimuma1657
frontier1672–3
upshot1699
ultimatum1748
verge1796
edge1911
the frozen limit1916
1413 Pilgr. Sowle (1483) iv. xxx. 80 To kepe the frounters of the reame fro perille of enemyes.
1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes iii. xxii. 215 The fronteres of Caleys.
1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII c. 48 On ye east partes and frontours of this his realm.
1601 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Trauellers Breuiat 129 Vpon another frontire lye the Spaniards.
1648 T. Gage Eng.-Amer. xx. 157 After the two daies we drew neer unto the Heathens Frontiers.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 129. ¶8 A Country Church upon the Frontiers of Cornwall.
1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. 126 It might be dangerous to weaken the defence of the frontier.
1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Calderon i. 64 He..received an order to join the army on the frontiers.
1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Sketches (1873) II. i. ii. 84 He found a difficulty in defending his frontier towards Persia.
1956 E.-J. Finbert Israel 2 [Israel's] land frontiers are spread over 951 k. (591 miles).
1964 Ann. Reg. 1963 306 A U.N. observer would be sent to the Yemen-Saudi frontier.
figurative and in extended use.1672–3 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd i. 39 Those Churches which are seated nearer upon the Frontire of Popery.1738 Tom King's, or Humours Cov. Garden 3 A spacious Plain..Whose large Frontiers with Pallisados bound From Trivia's Filth inshrines the hallow'd Ground.1768 W. Wilkie Rake & Hermit 65 Faith in the utmost frontier stands.1839 R. I. Murchison Silurian Syst. i. xxvii. 350 Along this portion of their frontier, the Upper Silurian Rocks [etc.].1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 150 A few seditious persons..had gone very near to the frontier of treason.1870 F. M. Müller Sci. Relig. (1873) 391 Even in this more general study of mankind, the frontiers of language and race ought never to disappear.
b. U.S. ‘That part of a country which forms the border of its settled or inhabited regions: as (before the settlement of the Pacific coast), the western frontier of the United States’ ( Cent. Dict.). Also in specific use (see quot. 1894 and D.A.).
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > part of country or district > [noun] > border district(s)
end-landc1175
marcha1325
bounds1340
coast1377
marcherc1475
border1489
marchland1536
confines1548
front1589
limitrophe1589
commark1612
land-march1614
frontier1676
Border-sidea1700
borderland1813
border-countryc1885
rimland1942
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town, village, or collection of dwellings > [noun] > parts of town or village
town end1192
west end1428
head1458
townhead1536
frontier1894
1676 W. Berkeley Let. 1 Apr. in W.E. Washburn Governor & Rebel (1957) 184 We have now such a strength on the frontiers of al our Plantations that we cannot feare them [sc. the Indians] if they were ten times more in number then they are.
1756 G. Washington Let. in Writings (1889) I. 360 The intent of sending men hither was to protect the frontier inhabitants.
1842 Amer. Pioneer 1 226 Of all the men I ever knew he was the best qualified to live on a frontier where there were savages..to contend with.
1870 R. W. Emerson Civilization in Wks. (1906) III. 8 'Tis wonderful how soon a piano gets into a log-hut on the frontier.
1894 F. J. Turner Frontier in Amer. Hist. 3 What is the frontier?.. In the census reports it is treated as the margin of that settlement which has a density of two or more to the square mile.
2004 D. R. Lewis in W. F. Deverell Compan. Amer. West viii. 171 Historians of the western frontier disagree over the number of homicides in the late nineteenth century.
5.
a. A fortress on the frontier; a frontier town.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fort or fortified town > [noun] > fort on frontier
barrier1600
frontier1604
milecastle1708
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > town by situation
thoroughfare1424
thoroughfare town1515
outtown?1517
sea-town1578
frontier1604
by-town1683
out-borough1832
out-township1837
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iv. iv. 9 + 7 Goes it against the maine of Poland sir, Or for some frontire?
c1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1641 (1955) II. 39 We landed at..Gorcum that night; a very strong & considerable frontiere.
1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World ii. 42 It [sc. Baldivia] was a Fortification, and a Frontier.
1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 721 [Natchitoches in Louisiana] was a frontier on the Spanish settlements.
b. A barrier against attack. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defence > [noun] > means of defence
hornc825
defencec1350
garnisonc1386
wall1412
fencec1440
defensoryc1475
fencing1489
muniment1546
frontier1589
bar1603
1589 P. Ive Pract. Fortification 1 in tr. R. Beccarie de Pavie Instr. Warres A Forte not placed where it were needefull, might skantly be accompted for frontier.
1648 T. Gage Eng.-Amer. xv. 105 This Province..which is a Frontier against those Heathens.
1664 in G. Miege Relation of Three Embassies (1669) 170 His Navies do carry a moveable Frontire to all the habitable World.
a1712 W. Edmundson Jrnl. (1715) 133 Three Hundred Firelocks, as a Frontier, to intercept the English Soldiers.
6. A settler on the frontier; a frontier-man.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > colonist or settler > [noun] > frontiersman or pioneer
dew-beatera1670
frontier1677
frontierman1782
pathfinder1840
frontager1893
old residenter1898
1677 W. Hubbard Narr. Troubles with Indians New-Eng. 51 The Frontiers discerning Indians in..the Swamp, fired immediately upon them.
7. elliptical. = Frontier Colt n. at Compounds. U.S.
ΚΠ
1918 C. E. Mulford Man from Bar-20 v. 50 He..did not care to call attention to his wooden-handled, flare-butt Frontiers.
B. adj.
1. Of or belonging to the frontier of a country; situated on the frontier, bordering; const. to. Also, characteristic of people living at a frontier; pioneering; primitive.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > colonist or settler > [adjective] > characteristic of frontiersman
frontier1523
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > part of country or district > [adjective] > border (district)
frontier1523
finitivec1550
limitany1611
bordering1612
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxiii. 135 The erle..departed his people into dyuers garysons, to kepe fronter warre.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 34 The dyuersite of pronuncyacion of the other frontier countreys.
1611 T. Coryate Crudities sig. Zz4v This Bommel is the farthest frontier towne westward of Gelderland.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 43 Diuers frontier Cities and Castles.
a1645 W. Browne tr. M. Le Roy Hist. Polexander (1647) iii. iii. 87 A desert which is frontire betweene Guinea and Senega.
a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 116 Held there way towards Bayone a City Frontier to Spain.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 466 Dreaded through..Gaza's frontier bounds. View more context for this quotation
1701 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1852) II. 20 Leaving that most ffronter part..Denuded of..Defence.
1756 G. Washington Let. in Writings (1889) I. 360 The intent of sending men hither was to protect the frontier inhabitants.
1827 J. F. Cooper Prairie I. xiv. 209 If you come a foot nigher, you shall have frontier punishment.
1840 J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. 34 489 The comparatively petty interest of some frontier dispute.
1854 H. D. Thoreau Walden 14 It would be some advantage to live a primitive and frontier life, though in the midst of an outward civilization, if only to learn what are the gross necessaries of life.
1856 C. M. Yonge Cameos xxxvi, in Monthly Packet Jan. 8 A few of the frontier castles had fallen into his hands.
1902 S. J. Weyman In Kings' Byways i. 137 In the summer of 1706..one of the Austrian captains sat down before the frontier town of Huymonde, in Spanish Flanders, and prepared to take it.
1958 Spectator 14 Feb. 206/3 The connection in him between his ‘frontier’ mentality and his secret craving for respectability.
1960 Guardian 8 Dec. 8/2 I don't know about university education. In ‘frontier’ societies it is perhaps not a good thing.
1963 A. Heron Towards Quaker View of Sex 64 In frontier conditions or settled agricultural societies children represent an economic asset.
1968 Mrs. L. B. Johnson Diary 2 Oct. in White House Diary (1970) 714 There..came into being today the North Cascades National Park in the State of Washington—an area that's called the American Alps and is still very much frontier.
2. Fronting; opposite. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > opposite position > [adjective] > facing
butting1447
obvious1603
frontier1609
abuttinga1616
confronting1710
1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus Rom. Hist. 106 With readie minds..they breake through the frontier bankes over-against them.

Compounds

Frontier Colt n. U.S. a Colt revolver for frontier use.
ΚΠ
1918 C. E. Mulford Man from Bar-20 viii. 78 A plain Frontier Colt peeked coyly from his hip.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

frontierv.

Brit. /ˈfrʌntɪə/, /frʌnˈtɪə/, /ˈfrɒntɪə/, U.S. /frənˈtɪ(ə)r/
Etymology: < frontier n.
1. intransitive. To be a frontier, or as a frontier; to border on or upon. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > boundary > bound or form boundary of [verb (transitive)]
terminate?a1425
border1570
limit1578
frontier1599
lista1600
bound1601
confine1601
bounder1636
verge1817
delimit1879
1599 R. Hakluyt tr. R. Reineccius in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) II. i. 15 The countrey called Suet..frontering vpon the countrie of the Damascenes.
1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie ii. sig. Rr4v As far Westward as the River Tibiscus, where it frontired on the Iazyges Metanastæ.
2. transitive.
a. To look upon the frontier, boundary, or coast of; to face. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > opposite position > be opposite (something) [verb (transitive)] > face (of things)
face1567
affront1575
frontier1579
regard1585
front1609
confront1610
to stand to ——1632
outfront1883
1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin vii. 371 They sawe their armie so hardie as to encampe in that valley frontyred with troublesome mountains, and in the middest of the enemies countrey.
1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie ii. 32 Being that part of the country a frontering the sea.
a1849 J. C. Mangan Poems (1859) 227 The bridge that, bounding Life's domain, frontiers the wold of death.
b. To stand in front of; to bar, oppose. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > absence of movement > render immobile [verb (transitive)] > stop the movement of > cause to be arrested or intercepted in progress
warna1250
foreclosec1290
dit1362
stayc1440
stopc1440
set1525
suppress1547
bar1578
frontier1589
stay1591
intercepta1599
to cut off1600
interpose1615
lodgea1616
obstruct1621
stifle1629
sufflaminate1656
stick1824
to hold up1887
1589 P. Ive Pract. Fortification 29 in tr. R. Beccarie de Pavie Instr. Warres So small Forts may well serue to hinder the courses of a small number, but not to frontier a forcible enemie.
a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 21 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) Now that it is no more a border, nor frontired with enemies.

Derivatives

ˈfrontiering adj. Obsolete occupying the frontier or border; neighbouring.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabiting a type of place > [adjective] > dwelling on border
frontieringc1600
c1600 J. Dymmok Treat. Ireland (1842) 35 His Lordship..repared the breaches of the castle, and placed such a garrison in the same as might anoy the fronteringe rebells.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online September 2018).
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n.adj.?a1400v.1579
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