† fremen.

Forms: Old English fręmu, freomo, Middle English freme, Middle English freoma, freome, Middle English southern vreme.

Etymology: Old English fręmu strong feminine, noun of quality < the same Germanic base as frame adj.¹

Obsolete.

Advantage, benefit, profit. Cf. frame n. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > advantage > [noun]

fremea700

redeeOE

noteeOE

goodOE

goodnessOE

framec1175

winc1175

bihevec1230

behoofc1275

advantagec1300

prowc1300

wellc1300

wainc1315

profita1325

bewaynec1375

vantagec1380

goodshipc1390

prewa1400

steada1400

benefice1426

vailc1430

utilityc1440

of availc1450

prevaila1460

fordeal1470

winning1477

encherishingc1480

benefit1512

booty1581

emolument1633

handhold1655

withgate1825

cui bono1836

a700 Epinal Gloss. 135 Beneficium, fremu.

c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xiv. §1 Hwelc fremu is ðe ðæt, ðæt þu wilnige þissa andweardena gesælþa.

c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 84 Þonne ys wen þæt hyt him cume to mycelre freme.

a1175 Cott. Hom. 217 Þat we hine [God] lufie..naht him to mede ac us to freme and to fultume.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 100 Forþu dest me freome [c1230 Corpus Cambr. freame, a1250 Nero god] & harmest þe seoluen.

1258 Charter Henry III in J. Tyrrell Gen. Hist. Eng. (1700) II. App. 25 Ure treowthe for the freme of the Loande.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 339 He deð him-selua freoma [c1300 Otho mansipe] þa helpeð his freondene.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 69 Yef enye of hare uryendes ham wylleþ rede and hare ureme ssewy naȝt ham nolleþ yhere.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† fremev.

Forms: Old English–Middle English fręmian, fręmman, Middle English freme(n, -ien, ( fremmen, froemen, southern vreomien).

Etymology: Old English fręmian , fręmman transitive and intransitive = Old Frisian fremma , Old Saxon fremmian , Old High German (gi-)fremen , Old Norse fremja < Old Germanic *framjan , < *fram forward: see from prep., adv., and conj.In Old English originally a weak verb of Class I (fremman ), showing West Germanic consonant gemination; a later analogical by-form (fremian ) with endings of weak Class II is widely attested. The latter also shows forms with back mutation (e.g. freomian ), levelled throughout the paradigm from (past tense and past participle) forms where a back vowel followed (see A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §211). The vocalism of the early Middle English form freamie (compare quots. c1225², ?c1225 at sense 1) is difficult to explain; the form occurs in the so-called ‘AB language’ of the south-west midlands in which the digraph ea usually reflects an underlying Old English æ , which it is not easy to account for here. However, back mutation of Old English æ (arising from Second Fronting) to ea is a common feature of many weak Class II verbs in the West Mercian dialect of Vespasian Psalter, originally in the past tense, but subsequently levelled throughout the paradigm (see A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §206); the existence of these verbs might perhaps have led to a further analogical alteration of the stem vowel of the early Middle English weak Class II verb fremie , probably aided by the influence of the corresponding noun form freame frame n. and by the close association between forms of synonymous freme v. and frame v. (compare variant readings in quots. c1225¹, c1225² at sense 1). This explanation seems preferable to alternative explanations offered for the form. R. Furuskog ( Studia Neophil. 19 (1946) 126–7) suggests that the Old English antecedent of freamie underwent back mutation at the same early stage as the antecedent of the noun freame (see discussion at frame n.), but this is unlikely because, whereas evidence for the noun and its derivatives is clearly indicated as early as the time of writing of Vespasian Psalter, analogical weak Class II forms of Old English fremman do not appear until later. A. Zettersten ( Stud. Dial. & Vocab. Ancrene Riwle (1965) 235, 238–9) takes the antecedent of freamie to be not Old English fremman (or fremian ) but framian frame v., and subject to the same process of Second Fronting, back mutation in the past tense, and levelling of forms, as described above, but this is unlikely because of the consistency with which in the Old English (West Mercian) precursor of the AB language a before a nasal appears to have been rounded to o (compare Old English fromian frame v. in Vespasian Psalter).

Obsolete.

1. transitive. To help forward, promote the interests of; to benefit; to refresh (with food, etc.). Also, to indulge.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > advantage > be advantageous or beneficial [verb (intransitive)]

dowc950

frameOE

fremeOE

helpc1000

gainc1175

holdc1175

vail1303

yainc1325

it is speedfulc1340

profit1340

speedc1380

prowa1400

bootc1400

prevailc1450

avail1489

mister1490

skill1528

stead1594

advantagea1616

conduce1624

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feed or nourish [verb (transitive)] > refresh with food

fremeOE

refection?c1450

refect1488

hearten1586

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > promotion or help forward > promote or help forward (a person, plan, etc.) [verb (transitive)]

furtherc888

fremeOE

filsenc1175

fosterc1175

speeda1240

theec1250

advancec1300

upraisea1340

increasec1380

forthbearc1400

exploit?a1439

aid1502

to set forward(s)1530

farther1570

facilite1585

to set forthward1588

forward1598

facilitate1599

accommodate1611

succeed1613

bespeed1615

to set (a person) on (also upon) his (also her, etc.) legs1632

subserve1645

push1758

support1779

leg up1817

OE Andreas (1932) 934 Þæt ic eaðe mæg anra gehwylcne fremman ond fyrþran freonda minra.

OE Beowulf 1832 Ic on Higelace wat..þæt he mec fremman wile wordum ond weorcum.

a1225 Leg. Kath. 2367 Ha..bisohte..þæt he for his freolec, firstede hire & fremede.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 103 Us forto frourin & to fremien [a1250 Titus framen].

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 439 Þet tu understonde hu lutel hit freameð [a1250 Titus frameð] ham ȝet her i þis worlt.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 208 Ȝef þu hauest..ei oðer þing þet ham walde fremien [c1230 Corpus Cambr. freamien, a1250 Nero ureomien].

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1245 Ghe gan fremen ysmael Wið watres drinc and bredes mel.

2. intransitive. (a) To profit, be of service. (b) To gain ground, make progress; = frame v. 1, 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > continuing > progress, advance, or further continuance > progress or advance in an action [verb (intransitive)] > make progress or advance (of action or operation)

fremec1000

furtherc1200

profit1340

to go onc1449

grow1487

to commence to, intoa1500

framea1529

to get ground?1529

movec1540

work1566

promove1570

advance1577

devolve1579

to come on1584

progress1612

to gain ground1625

germinate1640

proceed1670

to gather ground1697

march1702

to make its way1711

to come forward1722

develop1744

to turn a wheel1864

shape1865

come1899

c1000 Ælfric Genesis xxxvii. 20 Ðonne biþ gesyne, hwæt him his swefn fremion.

c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xvi. 26 Hwæt fremað ænegum menn þeah he [etc.].

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 111 Ne ligge nefre on þine heorde, þet hauelese monnam meie fremian.

a1300 E.E. Psalter lxxxviii[i]. 22 Noghte freme in him sal þe faa.

3. transitive. To accomplish, effect, perform.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > carrying out > execute, perform, or carry out [verb (transitive)]

lasteOE

ylastc888

wieldeOE

doeOE

dreeOE

forthOE

fremeOE

workOE

affordOE

full-bringc1175

fulfila1225

perfurnisha1325

complishc1374

performc1384

achievea1393

chevisea1400

practic?a1425

exploitc1425

execute1477

furnish1477

through1498

practa1513

enure1549

chare1570

enact1597

act1602

to carry out1608

outcarry1611

celebrate1615

complya1616

peract1621

tide1631

implement1837

OE Beowulf 2800 Fremmað gena leoda þearfe.

OE Genesis 30 Þæs engles mod þe þone unræd ongan ærest fremman.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11981 Heo scullen me mon-radene mid monscipe fremmen [c1300 Otho bi-take].

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 441 Alle haueden sworen..That he sholden hise wille freme.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	freme
释义	† fremen. Forms: Old English fręmu, freomo, Middle English freme, Middle English freoma, freome, Middle English southern vreme. Etymology: Old English fręmu strong feminine, noun of quality < the same Germanic base as frame adj.¹ Obsolete. Advantage, benefit, profit. Cf. frame n. 1. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > advantage > [noun] fremea700 redeeOE noteeOE goodOE goodnessOE framec1175 winc1175 bihevec1230 behoofc1275 advantagec1300 prowc1300 wellc1300 wainc1315 profita1325 bewaynec1375 vantagec1380 goodshipc1390 prewa1400 steada1400 benefice1426 vailc1430 utilityc1440 of availc1450 prevaila1460 fordeal1470 winning1477 encherishingc1480 benefit1512 booty1581 emolument1633 handhold1655 withgate1825 cui bono1836 a700 Epinal Gloss. 135 Beneficium, fremu. c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xiv. §1 Hwelc fremu is ðe ðæt, ðæt þu wilnige þissa andweardena gesælþa. c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 84 Þonne ys wen þæt hyt him cume to mycelre freme. a1175 Cott. Hom. 217 Þat we hine [God] lufie..naht him to mede ac us to freme and to fultume. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 100 Forþu dest me freome [c1230 Corpus Cambr. freame, a1250 Nero god] & harmest þe seoluen. 1258 Charter Henry III in J. Tyrrell Gen. Hist. Eng. (1700) II. App. 25 Ure treowthe for the freme of the Loande. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 339 He deð him-selua freoma [c1300 Otho mansipe] þa helpeð his freondene. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 69 Yef enye of hare uryendes ham wylleþ rede and hare ureme ssewy naȝt ham nolleþ yhere. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † fremev. Forms: Old English–Middle English fręmian, fręmman, Middle English freme(n, -ien, ( fremmen, froemen, southern vreomien). Etymology: Old English fręmian , fręmman transitive and intransitive = Old Frisian fremma , Old Saxon fremmian , Old High German (gi-)fremen , Old Norse fremja < Old Germanic framjan , < fram forward: see from prep., adv., and conj.In Old English originally a weak verb of Class I (fremman ), showing West Germanic consonant gemination; a later analogical by-form (fremian ) with endings of weak Class II is widely attested. The latter also shows forms with back mutation (e.g. freomian ), levelled throughout the paradigm from (past tense and past participle) forms where a back vowel followed (see A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §211). The vocalism of the early Middle English form freamie (compare quots. c1225², ?c1225 at sense 1) is difficult to explain; the form occurs in the so-called ‘AB language’ of the south-west midlands in which the digraph ea usually reflects an underlying Old English æ , which it is not easy to account for here. However, back mutation of Old English æ (arising from Second Fronting) to ea is a common feature of many weak Class II verbs in the West Mercian dialect of Vespasian Psalter, originally in the past tense, but subsequently levelled throughout the paradigm (see A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §206); the existence of these verbs might perhaps have led to a further analogical alteration of the stem vowel of the early Middle English weak Class II verb fremie , probably aided by the influence of the corresponding noun form freame frame n. and by the close association between forms of synonymous freme v. and frame v. (compare variant readings in quots. c1225¹, c1225² at sense 1). This explanation seems preferable to alternative explanations offered for the form. R. Furuskog ( Studia Neophil. 19 (1946) 126–7) suggests that the Old English antecedent of freamie underwent back mutation at the same early stage as the antecedent of the noun freame (see discussion at frame n.), but this is unlikely because, whereas evidence for the noun and its derivatives is clearly indicated as early as the time of writing of Vespasian Psalter, analogical weak Class II forms of Old English fremman do not appear until later. A. Zettersten ( Stud. Dial. & Vocab. Ancrene Riwle (1965) 235, 238–9) takes the antecedent of freamie to be not Old English fremman (or fremian ) but framian frame v., and subject to the same process of Second Fronting, back mutation in the past tense, and levelling of forms, as described above, but this is unlikely because of the consistency with which in the Old English (West Mercian) precursor of the AB language a before a nasal appears to have been rounded to o (compare Old English fromian frame v. in Vespasian Psalter). Obsolete. 1. transitive. To help forward, promote the interests of; to benefit; to refresh (with food, etc.). Also, to indulge. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > advantage > be advantageous or beneficial [verb (intransitive)] dowc950 frameOE fremeOE helpc1000 gainc1175 holdc1175 vail1303 yainc1325 it is speedfulc1340 profit1340 speedc1380 prowa1400 bootc1400 prevailc1450 avail1489 mister1490 skill1528 stead1594 advantagea1616 conduce1624 the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feed or nourish [verb (transitive)] > refresh with food fremeOE refection?c1450 refect1488 hearten1586 the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > promotion or help forward > promote or help forward (a person, plan, etc.) [verb (transitive)] furtherc888 fremeOE filsenc1175 fosterc1175 speeda1240 theec1250 advancec1300 upraisea1340 increasec1380 forthbearc1400 exploit?a1439 aid1502 to set forward(s)1530 farther1570 facilite1585 to set forthward1588 forward1598 facilitate1599 accommodate1611 succeed1613 bespeed1615 to set (a person) on (also upon) his (also her, etc.) legs1632 subserve1645 push1758 support1779 leg up1817 OE Andreas (1932) 934 Þæt ic eaðe mæg anra gehwylcne fremman ond fyrþran freonda minra. OE Beowulf 1832 Ic on Higelace wat..þæt he mec fremman wile wordum ond weorcum. a1225 Leg. Kath. 2367 Ha..bisohte..þæt he for his freolec, firstede hire & fremede. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 103 Us forto frourin & to fremien [a1250 Titus framen]. c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 439 Þet tu understonde hu lutel hit freameð [a1250 Titus frameð] ham ȝet her i þis worlt. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 208 Ȝef þu hauest..ei oðer þing þet ham walde fremien [c1230 Corpus Cambr. freamien, a1250 Nero ureomien]. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1245 Ghe gan fremen ysmael Wið watres drinc and bredes mel. 2. intransitive. (a) To profit, be of service. (b) To gain ground, make progress; = frame v. 1, 2. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > continuing > progress, advance, or further continuance > progress or advance in an action [verb (intransitive)] > make progress or advance (of action or operation) fremec1000 furtherc1200 profit1340 to go onc1449 grow1487 to commence to, intoa1500 framea1529 to get ground?1529 movec1540 work1566 promove1570 advance1577 devolve1579 to come on1584 progress1612 to gain ground1625 germinate1640 proceed1670 to gather ground1697 march1702 to make its way1711 to come forward1722 develop1744 to turn a wheel1864 shape1865 come1899 c1000 Ælfric Genesis xxxvii. 20 Ðonne biþ gesyne, hwæt him his swefn fremion. c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xvi. 26 Hwæt fremað ænegum menn þeah he [etc.]. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 111 Ne ligge nefre on þine heorde, þet hauelese monnam meie fremian. a1300 E.E. Psalter lxxxviii[i]. 22 Noghte freme in him sal þe faa. 3. transitive. To accomplish, effect, perform. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > carrying out > execute, perform, or carry out [verb (transitive)] lasteOE ylastc888 wieldeOE doeOE dreeOE forthOE fremeOE workOE affordOE full-bringc1175 fulfila1225 perfurnisha1325 complishc1374 performc1384 achievea1393 chevisea1400 practic?a1425 exploitc1425 execute1477 furnish1477 through1498 practa1513 enure1549 chare1570 enact1597 act1602 to carry out1608 outcarry1611 celebrate1615 complya1616 peract1621 tide1631 implement1837 OE Beowulf 2800 Fremmað gena leoda þearfe. OE Genesis 30 Þæs engles mod þe þone unræd ongan ærest fremman. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11981 Heo scullen me mon-radene mid monscipe fremmen [c1300 Otho bi-take]. c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 441 Alle haueden sworen..That he sholden hise wille freme. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.a700v.OE
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