fraternaladj.n.

Brit.

/frəˈtəːnl/, U.S.

/frəˈtərn(ə)l/

Etymology: < Latin frāternus ( < frāter brother) + -al suffix¹. Compare French fraternel.

A. adj.

a. Of or pertaining to brothers or a brother; characteristic of a brother, brotherly.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > love > [adjective] > characterized by brotherly love

brotherlyeOE

fraternala1513

philadelphian1615

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > sibling > brother > relationship of brothers > [adjective]

brotherlyeOE

fraternec1470

fraternala1513

brotherlike1543

confraternal1889

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cxvi. f. liii^v His Uncle Chilperich bare to warde the sayd Gunthranus not very fraternall loue.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. LLLiiii The prayer, that fraternall charite or brotherly loue commendeth before god.

1656 A. Cowley Pindaric Odes Olympique Ode v Those kind pious glories do deface The old Fraternal quarrel of thy Race.

1737 R. Glover Leonidas i. 247 Sorrows, which fraternal love in vain Hath strove to sooth.

1850 C. Kingsley Alton Locke II. xviii. 277 The great new world—new Church I should have said—of enfranchised and fraternal labour.

1876 L. Stephen Hours in Libr. 2nd Ser. v. 207 More than one modern writer has expressed a fraternal affection for Addison.

b. fraternal order n. U.S. a brotherhood or friendly society.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > a brotherhood

brotherhead1389

brotherhood1389

fraternity1389

frarya1400

confraternityc1475

confrairy1525

fratry?1533

order1686

brothership1691

confrérie1803

fraternal order1862

1862 Amer. Odd Fellow Jan. 38/2 As a Fraternal Order our star will wax, and mount toward the zenith.

1905 D. G. Phillips Plum Tree 267 Local machine leaders of Scarborough's party, with corruptible labor and fraternal order leaders.

c. fraternal polyandry, a form of polyandry in which brothers hold a wife in common; fraternal twin, a dizygotic twin.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > types of marriage custom or practice > [noun] > polygamy > polyandry

polyandry1680

polyandrism1801

polyandrianism1820

polyandria1866

fraternal polyandry1896

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > twins > a twin > fraternal

fraternal twin1896

fraternal1911

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [noun] > offspring > multiple offspring: twins > twins: one of > twin: specific type

identical twin1889

fraternal twin1896

fraternal1911

identical1917

1896 W. Crooke Tribes & Castes N.-W. Provinces & Oudh II. 445 On this fraternal polyandry, see Westermarck.

1904 H. H. Wilder in Amer. Jrnl. Anat. 3 389 Corresponding to this hypothesis..we may designate these two types [of twin] respectively as Fraternal and Duplicate, thus doing away with the misleading and inapplicable terms ‘identical’ and ‘homologous’ as applied to the one type, and furnishing a distinguishing term for the other, which seems thus far to have remained without a name.

1917 H. H. Newman Biol. of Twins i. 8 Biologists have for some time recognized at least two distinct types of human twins: fraternal and duplicate. Fraternal twins may or may not be same-sexed, are usually no more alike than are brothers and sisters, and are believed to be dizygotic, derived from two fertilized eggs.

1921 E. Westermarck Hist. Human Marriage (ed. 5) III. xxix. 116 Fraternal polyandry is more or less common in vast districts of the Himalayan region..chiefly among people of Tibetan affinities.

1921 E. Westermarck Hist. Human Marriage (ed. 5) III. xxix. 122 The mountaineers of the Himalayas are not the only people in Northern India that practise fraternal polyandry.

1937 R. H. Lowie Hist. Ethnol. Theory (1938) v. 47 Patrilineal descent results from patrilocal residence with fraternal polyandry.

1938 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 356 Comparing the separated identical twins with the fraternal twins it was found that in some of the physical characteristics,..separated identicals were more alike than fraternals.

1941 J. S. Huxley Uniqueness of Man ii. 48 Fraternal twins of like sex, though as we would expect they show considerably less resemblance than identical twins, are more alike than pairs of brothers or sisters born at different times.

1953 R. L. Beals & H. Hoijer Introd. Anthropol. xiv. 429 The ideal pattern of marriage in Toda culture is fraternal polyandry, which dictates that when a woman marries a man she becomes, in theory at least, the wife of all his brothers, both the living and those as yet unborn.

B. n.

A fraternal twin.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > twins > a twin > fraternal

fraternal twin1896

fraternal1911

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [noun] > offspring > multiple offspring: twins > twins: one of > twin: specific type

identical twin1889

fraternal twin1896

fraternal1911

identical1917

1911 Jrnl. Morphol. 22 859 Were it possible in a number of cases to determine by examination of the placental relationships of new-born twins whether they were duplicates or fraternals..we would have facts from which we could with confidence draw conclusions.

1935 R. S. Woodworth Psychol. (ed. 10) vii. 144 The question is whether identical twins are more alike mentally than fraternals or than siblings.

1939 Nature 18 Nov. 870/1 The quintuplets were unlike at birth but have become..more similar than fraternals.

Derivatives

fraˈternally adv. in a fraternal manner.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > sibling > brother > relationship of brothers > [adverb]

brotherlya1450

brotherlike1565

fraternally1611

brotherlywise1834

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Fraternellement, fraternally, brotherly.

1727 in N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II

1812 Examiner 4 May 284/2 So fraternally gigantick were his imagination and his intellect.

1873 J. A. Symonds Stud. Greek Poets xii. 412 Children of the earth..the Greeks loved all fair and fresh things of the open world fraternally.

1882 R. Temple Men & Events ii. 19 The sitting Director..entreated us..to think kindly, even fraternally, regarding the Natives of India.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	fraternal
释义	fraternaladj.n. Brit. /frəˈtəːnl/, U.S. /frəˈtərn(ə)l/ Etymology: < Latin frāternus ( < frāter brother) + -al suffix¹. Compare French fraternel. A. adj. a. Of or pertaining to brothers or a brother; characteristic of a brother, brotherly. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > love > [adjective] > characterized by brotherly love brotherlyeOE fraternala1513 philadelphian1615 society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > sibling > brother > relationship of brothers > [adjective] brotherlyeOE fraternec1470 fraternala1513 brotherlike1543 confraternal1889 a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cxvi. f. liii^v His Uncle Chilperich bare to warde the sayd Gunthranus not very fraternall loue. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. LLLiiii The prayer, that fraternall charite or brotherly loue commendeth before god. 1656 A. Cowley Pindaric Odes Olympique Ode v Those kind pious glories do deface The old Fraternal quarrel of thy Race. 1737 R. Glover Leonidas i. 247 Sorrows, which fraternal love in vain Hath strove to sooth. 1850 C. Kingsley Alton Locke II. xviii. 277 The great new world—new Church I should have said—of enfranchised and fraternal labour. 1876 L. Stephen Hours in Libr. 2nd Ser. v. 207 More than one modern writer has expressed a fraternal affection for Addison. b. fraternal order n. U.S. a brotherhood or friendly society. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > a brotherhood brotherhead1389 brotherhood1389 fraternity1389 frarya1400 confraternityc1475 confrairy1525 fratry?1533 order1686 brothership1691 confrérie1803 fraternal order1862 1862 Amer. Odd Fellow Jan. 38/2 As a Fraternal Order our star will wax, and mount toward the zenith. 1905 D. G. Phillips Plum Tree 267 Local machine leaders of Scarborough's party, with corruptible labor and fraternal order leaders. c. fraternal polyandry, a form of polyandry in which brothers hold a wife in common; fraternal twin, a dizygotic twin. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > types of marriage custom or practice > [noun] > polygamy > polyandry polyandry1680 polyandrism1801 polyandrianism1820 polyandria1866 fraternal polyandry1896 society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > twins > a twin > fraternal fraternal twin1896 fraternal1911 the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [noun] > offspring > multiple offspring: twins > twins: one of > twin: specific type identical twin1889 fraternal twin1896 fraternal1911 identical1917 1896 W. Crooke Tribes & Castes N.-W. Provinces & Oudh II. 445 On this fraternal polyandry, see Westermarck. 1904 H. H. Wilder in Amer. Jrnl. Anat. 3 389 Corresponding to this hypothesis..we may designate these two types [of twin] respectively as Fraternal and Duplicate, thus doing away with the misleading and inapplicable terms ‘identical’ and ‘homologous’ as applied to the one type, and furnishing a distinguishing term for the other, which seems thus far to have remained without a name. 1917 H. H. Newman Biol. of Twins i. 8 Biologists have for some time recognized at least two distinct types of human twins: fraternal and duplicate. Fraternal twins may or may not be same-sexed, are usually no more alike than are brothers and sisters, and are believed to be dizygotic, derived from two fertilized eggs. 1921 E. Westermarck Hist. Human Marriage (ed. 5) III. xxix. 116 Fraternal polyandry is more or less common in vast districts of the Himalayan region..chiefly among people of Tibetan affinities. 1921 E. Westermarck Hist. Human Marriage (ed. 5) III. xxix. 122 The mountaineers of the Himalayas are not the only people in Northern India that practise fraternal polyandry. 1937 R. H. Lowie Hist. Ethnol. Theory (1938) v. 47 Patrilineal descent results from patrilocal residence with fraternal polyandry. 1938 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 356 Comparing the separated identical twins with the fraternal twins it was found that in some of the physical characteristics,..separated identicals were more alike than fraternals. 1941 J. S. Huxley Uniqueness of Man ii. 48 Fraternal twins of like sex, though as we would expect they show considerably less resemblance than identical twins, are more alike than pairs of brothers or sisters born at different times. 1953 R. L. Beals & H. Hoijer Introd. Anthropol. xiv. 429 The ideal pattern of marriage in Toda culture is fraternal polyandry, which dictates that when a woman marries a man she becomes, in theory at least, the wife of all his brothers, both the living and those as yet unborn. B. n. A fraternal twin. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > twins > a twin > fraternal fraternal twin1896 fraternal1911 the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [noun] > offspring > multiple offspring: twins > twins: one of > twin: specific type identical twin1889 fraternal twin1896 fraternal1911 identical1917 1911 Jrnl. Morphol. 22 859 Were it possible in a number of cases to determine by examination of the placental relationships of new-born twins whether they were duplicates or fraternals..we would have facts from which we could with confidence draw conclusions. 1935 R. S. Woodworth Psychol. (ed. 10) vii. 144 The question is whether identical twins are more alike mentally than fraternals or than siblings. 1939 Nature 18 Nov. 870/1 The quintuplets were unlike at birth but have become..more similar than fraternals. Derivatives fraˈternally adv. in a fraternal manner. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > sibling > brother > relationship of brothers > [adverb] brotherlya1450 brotherlike1565 fraternally1611 brotherlywise1834 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Fraternellement, fraternally, brotherly. 1727 in N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II 1812 Examiner 4 May 284/2 So fraternally gigantick were his imagination and his intellect. 1873 J. A. Symonds Stud. Greek Poets xii. 412 Children of the earth..the Greeks loved all fair and fresh things of the open world fraternally. 1882 R. Temple Men & Events ii. 19 The sitting Director..entreated us..to think kindly, even fraternally, regarding the Natives of India. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.a1513
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